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id="toc-Controversial_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_outside_toxicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_outside_toxicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Use outside toxicology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_outside_toxicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_heavy_metals_based_on_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_heavy_metals_based_on_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 List of heavy metals based on density </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_heavy_metals_based_on_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_use_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_use_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Origins and use of the term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_use_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Biological role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Toxicity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Toxicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_heavy_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_heavy_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Environmental heavy metals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_heavy_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_heavy_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_heavy_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Other heavy metals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_heavy_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Exposure sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation,_abundance,_occurrence,_and_extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation,_abundance,_occurrence,_and_extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Formation, abundance, occurrence, and extraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation,_abundance,_occurrence,_and_extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weight-_or_density-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight-_or_density-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Weight- or density-based </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight-_or_density-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strength-_or_durability-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strength-_or_durability-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Strength- or durability-based </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strength-_or_durability-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_and_chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_and_chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Biological and chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_and_chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colouring_and_optics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colouring_and_optics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Colouring and optics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colouring_and_optics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics,_magnets,_and_lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics,_magnets,_and_lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Electronics, magnets, and lighting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics,_magnets,_and_lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Nuclear </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Heavy metal element</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فلز ثقيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلز ثقيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1r_metallar" title="Ağır metallar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağır metallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ভারী ধাতু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারী ধাতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ауыр металдар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ауыр металдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тежки метали – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тежки метали" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%A1ki_metal" title="Teški metal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Teški metal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metall_pesant" title="Metall pesant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metall pesant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%9B%C5%BEk%C3%A9_kovy" title="Těžké kovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Těžké kovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungmetal" title="Tungmetal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tungmetal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwermetalle" title="Schwermetalle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwermetalle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raskmetallid" title="Raskmetallid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raskmetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Βαρέα μέταλλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαρέα μέταλλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_pesado" title="Metal pesado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metal pesado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezmetalo" title="Pezmetalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pezmetalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_astun" title="Metal astun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metal astun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فلز سنگین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلز سنگین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment-trace_m%C3%A9tallique" title="Élément-trace métallique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élément-trace métallique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_pesado" title="Metal pesado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metal pesado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="중금속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중금속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ծանր մետաղներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծանր մետաղներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam berat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eungm%C3%A1lmur" title="Þungmálmur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þungmálmur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallo_pesante" title="Metallo pesante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metallo pesante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מתכות כבדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתכות כבדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მძიმე ლითონები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მძიმე ლითონები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ауыр металдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ауыр металдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smagie_met%C4%81li" title="Smagie metāli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smagie metāli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunkusis_metalas" title="Sunkusis metalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sunkusis metalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neh%C3%A9zf%C3%A9m" title="Nehézfém – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nehézfém" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Logam berat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_berat" title="Logam berat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Logam berat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwaar_metaal" title="Zwaar metaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwaar metaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="重金属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="重金属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungmetall" title="Tungmetall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tungmetall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungmetall" title="Tungmetall – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tungmetall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swoormetall" title="Swoormetall – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swoormetall" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metale_ci%C4%99%C5%BCkie" title="Metale ciężkie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metale ciężkie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_pesado" title="Metal pesado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metal pesado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metale_grele" title="Metale grele – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metale grele" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8F%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Тяжёлые металлы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тяжёлые металлы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals" 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Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cite_check plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text. The reason given is: Checking of some of the sources indicated that many were incorrect, so everything needs to be checked. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit">check for citation inaccuracies</a>. (August 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Loosely defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about dense metallic elements. For toxic metals, see <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Toxic heavy metal</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Heavy metal (disambiguation)">Heavy metal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Osmium_crystals.jpg/260px-Osmium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Osmium_crystals.jpg/390px-Osmium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Osmium_crystals.jpg/520px-Osmium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4824" data-file-height="3099" /></a><figcaption>Crystals of <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, a heavy metal nearly twice as dense as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodic table forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#Detailed_table" title="Periodic table">18-column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#The_long-_or_32-column_table" title="Periodic table">32-column</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">extended</a> forms</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">D. Mendeleev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asia</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element names</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By periodic table structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a> (1–18)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 element">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (noble gases)</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a> (1–7, ...)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a> (s, p, d, f, ...)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallic classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">dividing metals and nonmetals</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">nonmetal halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">Light metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">Main-group elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium</a> elements</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">trans-</a> actinides</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">List of chemical elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">by abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in human body</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">by atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">by isotope stability</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">by symbol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties of elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">Relative atomic mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Pauling</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Data pages for elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">affinity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li>Heat <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">capacity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">of fusion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li>Thermal <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">conductivity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#eeeeff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry Portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Heavy metals is a controversial and ambiguous term <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002-2">[2]</a> for <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> elements with relatively high <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">densities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weights</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic numbers</a>. The criteria used, and whether <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloids</a> are included, vary depending on the author and context and has been argued should not be used.<a href="#cite_note-PourretBollinger2021-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> A heavy metal may be defined on the basis of density, atomic number or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_property" title="Chemical property">chemical behaviour</a>. More specific definitions have been published, none of which have been widely accepted. The definitions surveyed in this article encompass up to 96 out of the 118 known <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a>; only <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> meet all of them. Despite this lack of agreement, the term (plural or singular) is widely used in science. A density of more than 5 g/cm3 is sometimes quoted as a commonly used criterion and is used in the body of this article. The earliest known metals—common metals such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, and precious metals such as <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>—are heavy metals. From 1809 onward, <a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">light metals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, were discovered, as well as less well-known heavy metals including <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>. Some heavy metals are either essential nutrients (typically iron, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, copper and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>), or relatively harmless (such as <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, silver and <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>), but can be toxic in larger amounts or certain forms. Other heavy metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, mercury, and lead, are highly poisonous. Potential sources of heavy metal poisoning include <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural runoff">agricultural runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">occupational exposure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paint" title="Environmental impact of paint">paints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treated_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Treated wood">treated timber</a>. Physical and chemical characterisations of heavy metals need to be treated with caution, as the metals involved are not always consistently defined. As well as being relatively dense, heavy metals tend to be less <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reactive</a> than lighter metals and have far fewer <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxides</a>. While it is relatively easy to distinguish a heavy metal such as <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> from a lighter metal such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, a few heavy metals, such as zinc, mercury, and lead, have some of the characteristics of lighter metals; and lighter metals such as <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a>, and titanium, have some of the characteristics of heavier metals. Heavy metals are relatively rare in the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth#Crust" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Earth">Earth's crust</a> but are present in many aspects of modern life. They are used in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Golf_club" title="Golf club">golf clubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cars">cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_oven" title="Self-cleaning oven">self-cleaning ovens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_terminology">Controversial terminology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Controversial terminology">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC), which standardizes nomenclature, says "the term heavy metals is both meaningless and misleading".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002-2">[2]</a> The IUPAC report focuses on the legal and toxicological implications of describing "heavy metals" as toxins when there is no scientific evidence to support a connection. The density implied by the adjective "heavy" has almost no biological consequences and pure metals are rarely the biologically active substance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002795-5">[5]</a> This characterization has been echoed by numerous reviews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliKhan2018-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENieboerRichardson1980-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwinMarshall1999-8">[8]</a> The most widely used toxicology textbook, Casarett and Doull’s toxicology<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoyerClarkson1996839-9">[9]</a> uses "toxic metal" not "heavy metals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002795-5">[5]</a> Nevertheless many scientific and science related articles continue to use "heavy metal" as a term for toxic substances <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourretBollingerHursthouse2021-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> To be an acceptable term in scientific papers, a strict definition has been encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-Rain-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_outside_toxicology">Use outside toxicology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use outside toxicology">edit</a>]</div> Even in applications other than toxicity, there no widely agreed criterion-based definition of a heavy metal. Reviews have recommended that it not be used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourretBollingerHursthouse2021-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Different meanings may be attached to the term, depending on the context. For example, a heavy metal may be defined on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the distinguishing criterion might be <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> or the chemical behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkes-16">[16]</a> Density criteria range from above 3.5 g/cm3 to above 7 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-Duffus798-17">[17]</a> Atomic weight definitions can range from greater than <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> (atomic weight 22.98);<a href="#cite_note-Duffus798-17">[17]</a> greater than 40 (excluding <a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-</a> and <a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> metals, hence starting with <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Rand-18">[18]</a> or more than 200, i.e. from <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin-19">[19]</a> Atomic numbers are sometimes capped at 92 (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Lyman-20">[20]</a> Definitions based on atomic number have been criticised for including metals with low densities. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">group (column) 1</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> has an atomic number of 37 but a density of only 1.532 g/cm3, which is below the threshold figure used by other authors.<a href="#cite_note-Duffus797-21">[21]</a> The same problem may occur with definitions which are based on atomic weight.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="font-size:90%; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align:center; padding:2px; background:#f8f8f8; float:right; margin-left:20px; max-width: 400px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20">Heat map of heavy metals in the periodic table </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 1">1 </a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 2">2 </a> </td> <td style="background: #E5E4E2; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td style="background: #E5E4E2; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 3">3 </a> </td> <td style="background: #E5E4E2; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td style="background: #d8d8d8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="background:#d8d8d8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 4">4 </a> </td> <td style="background:#d8d8d8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td style="background:#d8d8d8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:2px dashed black; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:2px dashed black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 5">5 </a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:2px dashed black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:2px dashed black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="5%" style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 6">6 </a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:2px dashed black; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffa6a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffa6a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffa6a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:2px dashed black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 7">7 </a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:2px dashed black; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:2px dashed black; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:2px dashed black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:2px dashed black; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:7px" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:2px dashed black; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td width="3.03%" style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:2px dashed black; border-right:2px dashed black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:2px dashed black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:2px dashed black; border-bottom:2px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:8px" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="19"> <table style="font-size:90%; width:95%; line-height:1.2;"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <td style="width:22%" align="right">Number of criteria met: Number of elements: </td> <td style="width:11%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">   10 3 </div> </td> <td style="width:11%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   9 5 </div> </td> <td style="width:11%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   8 14 </div> </td> <td style="width:11%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   6–7 56 </div> </td> <td style="width:11%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   4–5 14 </div> </td> <td style="width:11%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   1–3 4 </div> </td> <td style="width:11%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   0 3 </div> </td> <td style="width:11%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetals</a> 19 </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="font-size:90%; padding-right:10px; padding-left:10px; text-align:left">This table shows the number of heavy metal criteria met by each metal, out of the ten criteria listed in this section i.e. two based on <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>, three on <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a>, two on <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a>, and three on chemical behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-31">[n 1]</a> It illustrates the lack of agreement surrounding the concept, with the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>. Six elements near the end of <a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">periods</a> (rows) 4 to 7 sometimes considered metalloids are treated here as metals: they are <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> (Ge), <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> (As), <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> (Se), <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> (Sb), <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> (Te), and <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a> (At).<a href="#cite_note-Vernon-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[n 2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> (Og) is treated as a nonmetal. <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px dashed black; padding-right:5px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left">Metals enclosed by a dashed line have (or, for At and Fm–Ts, are predicted to have) densities of more than 5 g/cm3. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia">United States Pharmacopeia</a> includes a test for heavy metals that involves precipitating metallic impurities as their coloured <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USP-23">[23]</a> On the basis of this type of chemical test, the group would include the <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkes-16">[16]</a> A different chemistry-based approach advocates replacing the term "heavy metal" with two groups of metals and a gray area. Class A metal ions prefer <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> donors; class B ions prefer <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> donors; and borderline or ambivalent ions show either class A or B characteristics, depending on the circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The distinction between the class A metals and the other two categories is sharp. The class A and class B terminology is analogous to the <a href="/wiki/HSAB_theory" title="HSAB theory">"hard acid" and "soft base"</a> terminology sometimes used to refer to the behaviour of metal ions in inorganic systems.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> The system groups the elements by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{m}^{2}r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{m}^{2}r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bdf73ae24b9f5e2700d66cf6ba31977815ada3d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.648ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{m}^{2}r}"> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb527ad02937e44b7e1e06f84afe6ca5b4875606" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.599ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{m}}"> is the metal ion <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"> is its <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radius</a>. This index gauges the importance of <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> interactions vs <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond"> ionic</a> interactions for a given metal ion.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> This scheme has been applied to analyze biologically active metals in sea water for example,<a href="#cite_note-Rain-12">[12]</a> but it has not been widely adopted.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_heavy_metals_based_on_density">List of heavy metals based on density</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of heavy metals based on density">edit</a>]</div> A density of more than 5 g/cm3 is sometimes mentioned as a common heavy metal defining factor<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> and, in the absence of a unanimous definition, is used to populate this list and, unless otherwise stated, guide the remainder of the article. <table class="wikitable" style="max-width: 800px; border-collapse: collapse;" summary="This table lists all 84 heavy metals grouped informally into six categories: four categories for those mainly produced by commercial mining and two categories for those mainly produced by nuclear synthesis. Each of the six categories begins with a micro periodic table highlighting the elements in the category. The title of the periodic table names the category; its caption explains the category. After the periodic table, each category includes a list of elements. Some element names are followed by footnote markers which are explained at the end of the table."> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #eee8aa">Produced mainly by commercial mining (informally classified by economic significance) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="micro-periodic-table-title" aria-describedby="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="float:right; background:#f8f8f8; padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; text-align:center;"> <div id="micro-periodic-table-title" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:0.15em 0.3em; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; font-weight:bold;">Strategic (30)</div> <div style="margin: 0.15em 0; display:table-row;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div id="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="font-size:85%; line-height:100%; display:table-caption; caption-side:bottom;">Considered vital to multiple nations' strategic interests<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><hr />These 30 include 22 listed here and 8 below (6 precious & 2 commodity).</div> </div> </td> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a><abbr title="metalloid">†</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a><abbr title="metalloid">†</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a></li></ul></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="micro-periodic-table-title" aria-describedby="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="float:right; background:#f8f8f8; padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; text-align:center;"> <div id="micro-periodic-table-title" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:0.15em 0.3em; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; font-weight:bold;">Precious (8)</div> <div style="margin: 0.15em 0; display:table-row;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div id="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="font-size:85%; line-height:100%; display:table-caption; caption-side:bottom;">Rare and costly<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></div> </div> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="width:75%;">Strategic: <hr width="95%" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a></li></ul></div> </div> </td> <td style="width:25%;">Non-strategic: <hr width="85%" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"> </li></ul></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="micro-periodic-table-title" aria-describedby="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="float:right; background:#f8f8f8; padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; text-align:center;"> <div id="micro-periodic-table-title" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:0.15em 0.3em; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; font-weight:bold;">Commodity (9)</div> <div style="margin: 0.15em 0; display:table-row;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div id="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="font-size:85%; line-height:100%; display:table-caption; caption-side:bottom;">Traded by the <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> on the <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">LME</a></div> </div> </td> <td> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="width:25%;">Strategic: <hr width="85%" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li></ul></div> </div> </td> <td style="width:75%;">Non-strategic: <hr width="95%" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="micro-periodic-table-title" aria-describedby="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="float:right; background:#f8f8f8; padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; text-align:center;"> <div id="micro-periodic-table-title" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:0.15em 0.3em; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; font-weight:bold;">Minor (14)</div> <div style="margin: 0.15em 0; display:table-row;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div id="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="font-size:85%; line-height:100%; display:table-caption; caption-side:bottom;">Neither strategic, precious, nor commodity</div> </div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a><abbr title="metalloid">†</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a><abbr title="metalloid">†</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a></li></ul></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background: #eee8aa">Produced mainly by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">artificial transmutation</a> (informally classified by stability) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="micro-periodic-table-title" aria-describedby="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="float:right; background:#f8f8f8; padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; text-align:center;"> <div id="micro-periodic-table-title" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:0.15em 0.3em; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; font-weight:bold;">Long-lived (14)</div> <div style="margin: 0.15em 0; display:table-row;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div id="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="font-size:85%; line-height:100%; display:table-caption; caption-side:bottom;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</a> greater than 1 day</div> </div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> ☢<abbr title="natural but uncommon">¶</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> ☢<abbr title="natural but uncommon">¶</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> ☢<abbr title="natural but uncommon">¶</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> ☢<abbr title="natural but uncommon">¶</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> ☢<abbr title="natural but uncommon">¶</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> ☢<abbr title="natural but uncommon">¶</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> ☢<abbr title="natural but uncommon">¶</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> ☢<abbr title="natural but uncommon">¶</abbr></li></ul></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="micro-periodic-table-title" aria-describedby="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="float:right; background:#f8f8f8; padding:0.3em; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; text-align:center;"> <div id="micro-periodic-table-title" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:0.15em 0.3em; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; font-weight:bold;">Ephemeral (17)</div> <div style="margin: 0.15em 0; display:table-row;"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div id="micro-periodic-table-caption" style="font-size:85%; line-height:100%; display:table-caption; caption-side:bottom;">Half-life less than 1 day</div> </div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> ☢<abbr title="astatine">‡</abbr> <abbr title="natural but uncommon">¶</abbr></li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> ☢</li><li style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> ☢</li></ul></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-color:white; background:white; line-height:1.2;"> <table style="max-width: 707px"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top"><abbr title="metalloid">†</abbr></td> <td>Antimony, arsenic, germanium and tellurium are commonly recognised as <a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloids</a><a href="#cite_note-Vernon-32">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top"><abbr title="astatine">‡</abbr></td> <td>Astatine is predicted to be a metal.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top">☢</td> <td>All <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of these 34 elements are unstable and hence radioactive. While this is also true of bismuth, it is not so marked since its half-life of 19 billion billion years is over a billion times the 13.8-billion-year estimated <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top"><abbr title="natural but uncommon">¶</abbr></td> <td>These nine elements do occur naturally but in amounts too small for economically viable extraction.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_use_of_the_term">Origins and use of the term</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins and use of the term">edit</a>]</div> The heaviness of <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">naturally occurring metals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telluric_iron" title="Telluric iron">iron</a> may have been noticed in <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> and, in light of their <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleability</a>, led to the first attempts to craft metal ornaments, tools, and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> In 1817 the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Gmelin" title="Leopold Gmelin">Leopold Gmelin</a> divided the elements into nonmetals, light metals, and heavy metals.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Light metals had densities of 0.860–5.0 g/cm3; heavy metals 5.308–22.000.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The term heavy metal is sometimes used interchangeably with the term heavy element. For example, in discussing the history of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">nuclear chemistry</a>, Magee<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> notes that the actinides were once thought to represent a new heavy element transition group whereas <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Seaborg</a> and co-workers "favoured ... a heavy metal <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">rare-earth</a> like series ...". The counterparts to the heavy metals, the light metals, are defined by <a href="/wiki/The_Minerals,_Metals_%26_Materials_Society" title="The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society">The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society</a> as including "the traditional (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, and other reactive metals) and emerging light metals (composites, laminates, etc.)"<a href="#cite_note-TMS-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:90%"> <caption>Amount of heavy metals in an average 70 kg human body </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Element</th> <th colspan="2">Milligrams<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></td> <td align="right">4000 </td> <td align="left">4000<div style="width:80px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td> <td align="right">2500 </td> <td align="left">2500<div style="width:50px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[n 3]</a></td> <td align="right">120 </td> <td align="left">120<div style="width:2.4px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></td> <td align="right">70 </td> <td align="left">70<div style="width:1.4px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[n 4]</a></td> <td align="right">30 </td> <td align="left">30<div style="width:0.6px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="left">20<div style="width:0.4px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a></td> <td align="right">20 </td> <td align="left">20<div style="width:0.4px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[n 5]</a></td> <td align="right">15 </td> <td align="left">15<div style="width:0.3px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[n 6]</a></td> <td align="right">14 </td> <td align="left">14<div style="width:0.28px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="left">12<div style="width:0.24px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<a href="#cite_note-59">[n 7]</a></td> <td align="right">200 </td> <td align="left">200<div style="width:4px;height:10px;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">Total</td> <td>7000</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Essential_trace_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential trace element">Essential trace element</a></div> Trace amounts of some heavy metals, mostly in period 4, are required for certain biological processes. These are <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blood#Oxygen_transport" title="Blood">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport</a>); <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">complex syntheses and cell metabolism</a>); <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">hydroxylation</a>);<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">enzyme regulation</a> or functioning); <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> utilisation); <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">cell growth</a>); <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> (metabolic growth in some animals and possibly in humans) and <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> functioning and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> production).<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> Periods 5 and 6 contain fewer essential heavy metals, consistent with the general pattern that heavier elements tend to be less abundant and that scarcer elements are less likely to be nutritionally essential.<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Period_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 5">period 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> is required for the <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> reactions; <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> is used by some marine <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a> for the same purpose; and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> may be required for growth in a few species.<a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Period_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 6">period 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> is required by some <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> and bacteria for <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic process">metabolic processes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> A deficiency of any of these period 4–6 essential heavy metals may increase susceptibility to <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal poisoning">heavy metal poisoning</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> (conversely, an excess may also have <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal#Major_and_minor_metal_toxins" title="Toxic heavy metal">adverse biological effects</a>). An average 70 kg <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">human body</a> is about 0.01% heavy metals (~7 g, equivalent to the weight of two dried peas, with iron at 4 g, zinc at 2.5 g, and lead at 0.12 g comprising the three main constituents), 2% light metals (~1.4 kg, the weight of a bottle of wine) and nearly 98% nonmetals (mostly <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>).<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[n 8]</a> A few non-essential heavy metals have been observed to have biological effects. <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a>, germanium (a metalloid), indium, and most lanthanides can stimulate metabolism, and titanium promotes growth in plants<a href="#cite_note-68">[60]</a> (though it is not always considered a heavy metal). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Toxic heavy metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal_toxicity" title="Metal toxicity">Metal toxicity</a></div> Heavy metals are often assumed to be highly toxic or damaging to the environment.<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> Some are, while certain others are toxic only if taken in excess or encountered in certain forms. Inhalation of certain metals, either as fine dust or most commonly as fumes, can also result in a condition called <a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">metal fume fever</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_heavy_metals">Environmental heavy metals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmental heavy metals">edit</a>]</div> Chromium, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead have the greatest potential to cause harm on account of their extensive use, the <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> of some of their combined or elemental forms, and their widespread distribution in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_chromium" title="Hexavalent chromium">Hexavalent chromium</a>, for example, is highly toxic[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as are mercury vapour and many mercury compounds.<a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a> These five elements have a strong affinity for sulfur; in the human body they usually bind, via <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiol</a> groups (–SH), to <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> responsible for controlling the speed of metabolic reactions. The resulting sulfur-metal bonds inhibit the proper functioning of the enzymes involved; human health deteriorates, sometimes fatally.<a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> Chromium (in its hexavalent form) and arsenic are <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>; cadmium causes a <a href="/wiki/Itai-itai_disease" title="Itai-itai disease">degenerative bone disease</a>; and mercury and lead damage the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromium crystals and 1 cm3 cube"><img alt="A silvery finger of chromium irregularly encrusted with diamond-like chunks of chromium of varying size. There is also a one-third sized version of the finger and three roughly hewn gem-like chunks of chromium, as well as the cube. There is a partial reflection of one of the three gem-like chunks in one of the faces of the cube." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/165px-Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/248px-Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5279" data-file-height="3153" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> crystals and 1 cm3 cube</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsen_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsenic, sealed in a container to stop tarnishing"><img alt="Two dull silver clusters of crystalline shards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/165px-Arsen_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/248px-Arsen_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/330px-Arsen_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="255" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a>, sealed in a container to stop tarnishing</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cadmium bar and 1 cm3 cube"><img alt="A more or less smooth silvery finger of cadmium with some slightly angled faces plus a dull cube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/165px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/248px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg/330px-Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5220" data-file-height="3378" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> bar and 1 cm3 cube</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mercury being poured into a petri dish"><img alt="A silvery molasses- like liquid being poured into a circular container with a height equivalent to a smaller coin on its edge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/152px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/229px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg/304px-Pouring_liquid_mercury_bionerd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1311" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> being poured into a <a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">petri dish</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oxidised lead nodules and 1 cm3 cube"><img alt="Three, dark broccoli shaped clumps of oxidised lead with grossly distended buds, and a cube of lead which has a dull silvery appearance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/165px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/248px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Lead_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5260" data-file-height="3341" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div align="center"><a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Oxidised</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> nodules and 1 cm3 cube</div></div> </li> </ul> Lead is the most prevalent heavy metal contaminant.<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> Levels in the aquatic environments of industrialised societies have been estimated to be two to three times those of pre-industrial levels.<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> As a component of <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyl_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraethyl lead">tetraethyl lead</a>, (CH 3CH 2) 4Pb, it was used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> from the 1930s until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> Although the use of leaded gasoline was largely phased out in North America by 1996, soils next to roads built before this time retain high lead concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> Later research demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between the usage rate of leaded gasoline and violent crime in the United States; taking into account a 22-year time lag (for the average age of violent criminals), the violent crime curve virtually tracked the lead exposure curve.<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> Other heavy metals noted for their potentially hazardous nature, usually as toxic environmental pollutants, include manganese (central nervous system damage);<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> cobalt and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> (carcinogens);<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> copper,<a href="#cite_note-Tokar-80">[72]</a> zinc,<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> selenium<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine</a> disruption, <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital disorders</a>, or general toxic effects in fish, plants, birds, or other aquatic organisms); tin, as <a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">organotin</a> (central nervous system damage);<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> antimony (a suspected carcinogen);<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> (central nervous system damage).<a href="#cite_note-Tokar-80">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[n 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[n 10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_heavy_metals">Other heavy metals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other heavy metals">edit</a>]</div> A few other non-essential heavy metals have one or more toxic forms. Kidney failure and fatalities have been recorded arising from the ingestion of germanium dietary supplements (~15 to 300 g in total consumed over a period of two months to three years).<a href="#cite_note-Tokar-80">[72]</a> Exposure to <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">osmium tetroxide</a> (OsO4) may cause permanent eye damage and can lead to respiratory failure<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> and death.<a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a> Indium salts are toxic if more than few milligrams are ingested and will affect the kidneys, liver, and heart.<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">Cisplatin</a> (PtCl2(NH3)2), an important drug used to <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">kill cancer cells</a>, is also a kidney and nerve poison.<a href="#cite_note-Tokar-80">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> compounds can cause liver damage if taken in excess; insoluble uranium compounds, as well as the dangerous <a href="/wiki/Radiation_damage" title="Radiation damage">radiation</a> they emit, can cause permanent kidney damage.<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_sources">Exposure sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Exposure sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cement#Heavy_metal_emissions_in_the_air" title="Cement">Cement § Heavy metal emissions in the air</a></div> Heavy metals can degrade air, water, and <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>, and subsequently cause health issues in plants, animals, and people, when they become concentrated as a result of industrial activities.<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> Common sources of heavy metals in this context include vehicle emissions;<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a> motor oil;<a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a> fertilisers;<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a> glassworking;<a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a> incinerators;<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Treated_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Treated wood">treated timber</a>;<a href="#cite_note-102">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)#Materials" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">aging water supply infrastructure</a>;<a href="#cite_note-103">[93]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> floating in the world's oceans.<a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> Recent examples of heavy metal contamination and health risks include the occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a>, in Japan (1932–1968; lawsuits ongoing as of 2016);<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bento_Rodrigues_dam_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bento Rodrigues dam disaster">Bento Rodrigues dam disaster</a> in Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> high levels of lead in drinking water supplied to the residents of <a href="/wiki/Flint_water_crisis" title="Flint water crisis">Flint</a>, Michigan, in the north-east of the United States<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_heavy_metal_in_drinking_water_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Hong Kong heavy metal in drinking water incidents">2015 Hong Kong heavy metal in drinking water incidents</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation,_abundance,_occurrence,_and_extraction">Formation, abundance, occurrence, and extraction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Formation, abundance, occurrence, and extraction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance of the chemical elements</a></div> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="font-size:90%; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; text-align:center; padding:2px; background:#f8f8f8; float:right; margin-left:20px; max-width: 400px; margin-bottom:5px"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:5px" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr> <th style="line-height:8px" colspan="20">Heavy metals in the Earth's crust: </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20">abundance and main occurrence or source<a href="#cite_note-111">[n 11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 1">1 </a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="17"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 2">2 </a> </td> <td style="background:##f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td style="background:##f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="background:##f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid ##f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 3">3 </a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 4">4 </a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6d2ff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 5">5 </a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffff; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid black"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px dashed black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px dashed black; border-top:1px dashed black; border-right:1px dashed black; border-bottom:1px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px dashed black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"> I </a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="5%" style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 6">6 </a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px dashed black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px dashed black; border-top:1px dashed black; border-right:1px dashed black; border-bottom:1px dashed black"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px dashed black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px dashed black; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#ffd2a6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td width="5%" style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 7">7 </a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid black"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px dashed black; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid black"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid black"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right: 1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_2_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#a6ffa6; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="background:#f8f8f8; border-left:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-top:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-right:1px solid #f8f8f8; border-bottom:1px solid #f8f8f8"> </td> <td style="border-right:1px solid black"> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid black"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:8px" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="10"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Most abundant (56,300 ppm by weight)</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Rare (0.01–0.99 ppm)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="10"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Abundant (100–999 ppm)</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Very rare (0.0001–0.0099 ppm)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left; font-size:90%" colspan="10"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Uncommon (1–99 ppm)</div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:8px">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="text-align:left; padding-left: 10px;">Heavy metals left of the dividing line occur (or are sourced) mainly as <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Lithophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">lithophiles</a>; those to the right, as <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Chalcophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">chalcophiles</a> except gold (a <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Siderophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">siderophile</a>) and tin (a lithophile). </td></tr></tbody></table> Heavy metals up to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_peak" title="Iron peak">vicinity of iron</a> (in the periodic table) are largely made via <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a>. In this process, lighter elements from hydrogen to <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> undergo successive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a> reactions inside stars, releasing light and heat and forming heavier elements with higher atomic numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-112">[101]</a> Heavier heavy metals are not usually formed this way since fusion reactions involving such nuclei would consume rather than release energy.<a href="#cite_note-113">[102]</a> Rather, they are largely synthesised (from elements with a lower atomic number) by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a>, with the two main modes of this repetitive capture being the <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a>. In the s-process ("s" stands for "slow"), singular captures are separated by years or decades, allowing the less stable nuclei to <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[103]</a> while in the r-process ("rapid"), captures happen faster than nuclei can decay. Therefore, the s-process takes a more or less clear path: for example, stable cadmium-110 nuclei are successively bombarded by free neutrons inside a star until they form cadmium-115 nuclei which are unstable and decay to form indium-115 (which is nearly stable, with a half-life 30,000 times the age of the universe). These nuclei capture neutrons and form indium-116, which is unstable, and decays to form tin-116, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-112">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[n 12]</a> In contrast, there is no such path in the r-process. The s-process stops at bismuth due to the short half-lives of the next two elements, polonium and astatine, which decay to bismuth or lead. The r-process is so fast it can skip this zone of instability and go on to create heavier elements such as <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> and uranium.<a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a> Heavy metals condense in planets as a result of stellar evolution and destruction processes. Stars lose much of their mass when it is <a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass_loss" title="Stellar mass loss">ejected</a> late in their lifetimes, and sometimes thereafter as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a> merger,<a href="#cite_note-119">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[n 13]</a> thereby increasing the abundance of elements heavier than helium in the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>. When gravitational attraction causes this matter to coalesce and collapse, <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">new stars and planets are formed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[109]</a> The Earth's crust is made of approximately 5% of heavy metals by weight, with iron comprising 95% of this quantity. Light metals (~20%) and nonmetals (~75%) make up the other 95% of the crust.<a href="#cite_note-Lide-108">[98]</a> Despite their overall scarcity, heavy metals can become concentrated in economically extractable quantities as a result of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_formation" title="Mountain formation">mountain building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geological processes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[110]</a> Heavy metals are found primarily as <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Lithophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">lithophiles</a> (rock-loving) or <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Chalcophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">chalcophiles</a> (ore-loving). Lithophile heavy metals are mainly f-block elements and the more reactive of the <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> elements. They have a strong affinity for oxygen and mostly exist as relatively low density <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">silicate minerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[111]</a> Chalcophile heavy metals are mainly the less reactive d-block elements, and period 4–6 <a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> metals and metalloids. They are usually found in (insoluble) <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide minerals">sulfide minerals</a>. Being denser than the lithophiles, hence sinking lower into the crust at the time of its solidification, the chalcophiles tend to be less abundant than the lithophiles.<a href="#cite_note-125">[112]</a> In contrast, gold is a <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification#Siderophile_elements" title="Goldschmidt classification">siderophile</a>, or iron-loving element. It does not readily form compounds with either oxygen or sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-126">[113]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the Earth">Earth's formation</a>, and as the most <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble</a> (inert) of metals, gold sank into the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth#Core" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Earth">core</a> due to its tendency to form high-density metallic alloys. Consequently, it is a relatively rare metal.<a href="#cite_note-127">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Sentence states Au is rare, but thesis cited states that it is rare in the Earth's crust. This is also an aside in the thesis which does not deal with gold in detail Invalid sourcing. (September 2024)">failed verification</a>] Some other (less) noble heavy metals—molybdenum, <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum group metal">platinum group metals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, rhodium, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, osmium, <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>, and platinum), germanium, and tin—can be counted as siderophiles but only in terms of their primary occurrence in the Earth (core, <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Earth#Mantle" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the Earth">mantle</a> and crust), rather the crust. These metals otherwise occur in the crust, in small quantities, chiefly as chalcophiles (less so in their <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native form</a>).<a href="#cite_note-128">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[n 14]</a> Concentrations of heavy metals below the crust are generally higher, with most being found in the largely iron-silicon-nickel core. <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a>, for example, comprises approximately 1 part per billion of the crust whereas its concentration in the core is thought to be nearly 6,000 times higher.<a href="#cite_note-130">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[117]</a> Recent speculation suggests that uranium (and thorium) in the core may generate a substantial amount of the heat that drives <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> and (ultimately) sustains the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[n 15]</a> Broadly speaking, and with some exceptions, lithophile heavy metals can be extracted from their ores by <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reduction">chemical treatments</a>, while chalcophile heavy metals are obtained by <a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">roasting</a> their sulphide ores to yield the corresponding oxides, and then heating these to obtain the raw metals.<a href="#cite_note-135">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[n 16]</a> Radium occurs in quantities too small to be economically mined and is instead obtained from spent <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[123]</a> The chalcophile platinum group metals (PGM) mainly occur in small (mixed) quantities with other chalcophile ores. The ores involved need to be <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelted</a>, roasted, and then <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">leached</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> to produce a residue of PGM. This is chemically refined to obtain the individual metals in their pure forms.<a href="#cite_note-140">[124]</a> Compared to other metals, PGM are expensive due to their scarcity<a href="#cite_note-141">[125]</a> and high production costs.<a href="#cite_note-142">[126]</a> Gold, a siderophile, is most commonly recovered by dissolving the ores in which it is found in a <a href="/wiki/Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">cyanide solution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[127]</a> The gold forms a dicyanoaurate(I), for example: 2 Au + <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H2O</a> +½ O2 + 4 <a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">KCN</a> → 2 K[Au(CN)2] + 2 <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">KOH</a>. Zinc is added to the mix and, being more <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_series" title="Reactivity series">reactive</a> than gold, displaces the gold: 2 K[Au(CN)2] + Zn → K2[Zn(CN)4] + 2 Au. The gold precipitates out of solution as a sludge, and is filtered off and melted.<a href="#cite_note-144">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> Heavy metals are present in nearly all aspects of modern life. Iron may be the most common as it accounts for 90% of all refined metals. Platinum may be the most ubiquitous given it is said to be[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] found in, or used to produce, 20% of all consumer goods.<a href="#cite_note-145">[129]</a> Some common uses of heavy metals depend on the general characteristics of metals such as <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflectivity</a> or the general characteristics of heavy metals such as density, strength, and durability. Other uses depend on the characteristics of the specific element, such as their biological role as nutrients or poisons or some other specific atomic properties. Examples of such atomic properties include: partly filled <a href="/wiki/D-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="D-orbital">d-</a> or <a href="/wiki/F-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="F-orbital">f- orbitals</a> (in many of the transition, lanthanide, and actinide heavy metals) that enable the formation of coloured compounds;<a href="#cite_note-146">[130]</a> the capacity of most heavy metal ions (such as platinum,<a href="#cite_note-147">[131]</a> cerium<a href="#cite_note-148">[132]</a> or bismuth<a href="#cite_note-149">[133]</a>) to exist in different <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> and are used in catalysts;<a href="#cite_note-150">[134]</a> strong <a href="/wiki/Exchange_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange interactions">exchange interactions</a> in 3d or 4f orbitals (in iron, cobalt, and nickel, or the lanthanide heavy metals) that give rise to magnetic effects;<a href="#cite_note-151">[135]</a> and high atomic numbers and <a href="/wiki/Electron_density" title="Electron density">electron densities</a> that underpin their nuclear science applications.<a href="#cite_note-152">[136]</a> Typical uses of heavy metals can be broadly grouped into the following six categories.<a href="#cite_note-153">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[n 17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight-_or_density-based">Weight- or density-based</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Weight- or density-based">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CelloCloseup1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Looking down on the top of a small wooden boat-like shape. Four metal strings run along the middle of the shape down its long axis. The strings pass over a small raised wooden bridge positioned in the centre of the shape so that the strings sit above the deck of the cello." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CelloCloseup1.jpg/220px-CelloCloseup1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CelloCloseup1.jpg/330px-CelloCloseup1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CelloCloseup1.jpg/440px-CelloCloseup1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>In a <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a> (example shown above) or a <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a> the C-<a href="/wiki/String_(music)" title="String (music)">string</a> sometimes incorporates <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>; its high density permits a smaller diameter string and improves responsiveness.<a href="#cite_note-155">[138]</a></figcaption></figure> Some uses of heavy metals, including in sport, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">military ordnance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear science">nuclear science</a>, take advantage of their relatively high densities. In <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">underwater diving</a>, lead is used as a <a href="/wiki/Ballast" title="Ballast">ballast</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Emsley_2011_286-156">[139]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Handicapping#Horse_racing" title="Handicapping">handicap horse racing</a> each horse must carry a specified lead weight, based on factors including past performance, so as to equalize the chances of the various competitors.<a href="#cite_note-157">[140]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, tungsten, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, or copper inserts in <a href="/wiki/Fairway_(golf)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairway (golf)">fairway</a> <a href="/wiki/Golf_club" title="Golf club">clubs and irons</a> lower the centre of gravity of the club making it easier to get the ball into the air;<a href="#cite_note-158">[141]</a> and golf balls with tungsten cores are claimed to have better flight characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-159">[142]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">fly fishing</a>, sinking fly lines have a <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> coating embedded with tungsten powder, so that they sink at the required rate.<a href="#cite_note-160">[143]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> sport, <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> balls used in the <a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">hammer throw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a> events are filled with lead in order to attain the minimum weight required under international rules.<a href="#cite_note-161">[144]</a> Tungsten was used in hammer throw balls at least up to 1980; the minimum size of the ball was increased in 1981 to eliminate the need for what was, at that time, an expensive metal (triple the cost of other hammers) not generally available in all countries.<a href="#cite_note-162">[145]</a> Tungsten hammers were so dense that they penetrated too deeply into the turf.<a href="#cite_note-163">[146]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ; color: #202122;background-color: cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The higher the projectile density, the more effectively it can penetrate heavy armor plate ... <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> ... are expensive ... <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> offers an appealing combination of high density, reasonable cost and high fracture toughness. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">AM Russell and KL Lee Structure–property relations in nonferrous metals (2005, p. 16)</cite> </div> Heavy metals are used for ballast in boats,<a href="#cite_note-Moore_1984_102-164">[147]</a> aeroplanes,<a href="#cite_note-NMAB1973-165">[148]</a> and motor vehicles;<a href="#cite_note-166">[149]</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Tire_balance" title="Tire balance">balance weights on wheels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshafts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[151]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_clutch" title="Centrifugal clutch">centrifugal clutches</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[152]</a> in situations requiring maximum weight in minimum space (for example in <a href="/wiki/Movement_(clockwork)" title="Movement (clockwork)">watch movements</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NMAB1973-165">[148]</a> In military ordnance, tungsten or uranium is used in <a href="/wiki/Chobham_armour#Heavy_metal_modules" title="Chobham armour">armour plating</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[153]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator" title="Kinetic energy penetrator">armour piercing projectiles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[154]</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">nuclear weapons</a> to increase efficiency (by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">reflecting neutrons</a> and momentarily delaying the expansion of reacting materials).<a href="#cite_note-172">[155]</a> In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> was found to be more effective than copper in <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrator" title="Explosively formed penetrator">explosively formed anti-armour weapons</a> on account of its higher density, allowing greater force concentration, and better deformability.<a href="#cite_note-173">[156]</a> Less-<a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">toxic heavy metals</a>, such as copper, tin, tungsten, and bismuth, and probably manganese (as well as <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, a metalloid), have replaced lead and antimony in the <a href="/wiki/Green_bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Green bullets">green bullets</a> used by some armies and in some recreational shooting munitions.<a href="#cite_note-174">[157]</a> Doubts have been raised about the safety (or <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">green credentials</a>) of tungsten.<a href="#cite_note-175">[158]</a> Because denser materials absorb more of certain types of radioactive emissions such as <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> than lighter ones, heavy metals are useful for <a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">radiation shielding</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Collimator#Neutron,_X-ray,_and_gamma_ray_collimators" title="Collimator">focus radiation beams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Linear_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear accelerator">linear accelerators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a> applications.<a href="#cite_note-176">[159]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strength-_or_durability-based">Strength- or durability-based</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Strength- or durability-based">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A colossal statue of a robed female figure who bears a torch in her raised left hand and a tablet in her other hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg/170px-Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg/255px-Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg/340px-Statue-de-la-liberte-new-york.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> alloy<a href="#cite_note-177">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armature_(sculpture)" title="Armature (sculpture)">armature</a> provides structural strength; a <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> skin confers corrosion resistance.<a href="#cite_note-179">[n 18]</a></figcaption></figure> The strength or durability of heavy metals such as chromium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and lead, as well as their alloys, makes them useful for the manufacture of tools, machinery,<a href="#cite_note-180">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic appliances">appliances</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bradl-181">[163]</a> utensils,<a href="#cite_note-182">[164]</a> pipes,<a href="#cite_note-Bradl-181">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Railroad_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad track">railroad tracks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[165]</a> buildings<a href="#cite_note-184">[166]</a> and bridges,<a href="#cite_note-185">[167]</a> automobiles,<a href="#cite_note-Bradl-181">[163]</a> locks,<a href="#cite_note-186">[168]</a> furniture,<a href="#cite_note-187">[169]</a> ships,<a href="#cite_note-Moore_1984_102-164">[147]</a> planes,<a href="#cite_note-188">[170]</a> coinage<a href="#cite_note-189">[171]</a> and jewellery.<a href="#cite_note-190">[172]</a> They are also used as alloying additives for enhancing the properties of other metals.<a href="#cite_note-192">[n 19]</a> Of the two dozen elements that have been used in the world's monetised coinage only two, carbon and aluminium, are not heavy metals.<a href="#cite_note-193">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[n 20]</a> Gold, silver, and platinum are used in jewellery<a href="#cite_note-197">[n 21]</a> as are, for example, nickel, copper, indium, and cobalt in <a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">coloured gold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Costume_jewelry" title="Costume jewelry">Low-cost jewellery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toy#Safety_regulations" title="Toy">children's toys</a> may be made, to a significant degree, of heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, cadmium, or lead.<a href="#cite_note-199">[178]</a> Copper, zinc, tin, and lead are mechanically weaker metals but have useful <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> prevention properties. While each of them will react with air, the resulting <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patinas</a> of either various copper salts,<a href="#cite_note-200">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_carbonate" title="Zinc carbonate">zinc carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin dioxide">tin oxide</a>, or a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_oxide" title="Lead(II) oxide">lead oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_carbonate" title="Lead carbonate">carbonate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lead_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead sulfate">sulfate</a>, confer valuable <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">protective properties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[180]</a> Copper and lead are therefore used, for example, as <a href="/wiki/Roofing_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Roofing material">roofing materials</a>;<a href="#cite_note-202">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[n 22]</a> zinc acts as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-corrosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corrosion">anti-corrosion</a> agent in <a href="/wiki/Galvanised_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanised steel">galvanised steel</a>;<a href="#cite_note-204">[182]</a> and tin serves a similar purpose on <a href="/wiki/Steel_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel can">steel cans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[183]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The workability and corrosion resistance of iron and chromium are increased by adding <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep resistance</a> of nickel is improved with the addition of thorium.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Tellurium is added to copper (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium_copper" title="Tellurium copper">tellurium copper</a>) and stainless steel to improve their machinability; and to lead to make it harder and more acid-resistant.<a href="#cite_note-206">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_and_chemical">Biological and chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Biological and chemical">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerium(IV)_oxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small colorless saucer holding a pale-yellow powder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cerium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/170px-Cerium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cerium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/255px-Cerium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cerium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/340px-Cerium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">Cerium(IV) oxide</a> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> in <a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_oven" title="Self-cleaning oven">self-cleaning ovens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[185]</a></figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">biocidal</a> effects of <a href="/wiki/Oligodynamic_effect" title="Oligodynamic effect">some heavy metals</a> have been known since antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-208">[186]</a> Platinum, osmium, copper, ruthenium, and other heavy metals, including arsenic, are used in anti-cancer treatments, or have shown potential.<a href="#cite_note-209">[187]</a> Antimony (anti-protozoal), bismuth (<a href="/wiki/Antiulcer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiulcer agent">anti-ulcer</a>), gold (<a href="/wiki/Arthritis#Medications" title="Arthritis">anti-arthritic</a>), and iron (<a href="/wiki/Anti-malarial_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-malarial medication">anti-malarial</a>) are also important in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-210">[188]</a> Copper, zinc, silver, gold, or mercury are used in <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> formulations;<a href="#cite_note-211">[189]</a> small amounts of some heavy metals are used to control algal growth in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[190]</a> Depending on their intended use as fertilisers or biocides, <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrochemicals</a> may contain heavy metals such as chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, or lead.<a href="#cite_note-213">[191]</a> Selected heavy metals are used as catalysts in fuel processing (rhenium, for example), <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a> and fibre production (bismuth), <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter#Construction" title="Catalytic converter">emission control devices</a> (palladium and platinum), and in <a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_oven" title="Self-cleaning oven">self-cleaning ovens</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Cerium_oxide" title="Cerium oxide">cerium(IV) oxide</a> in the walls of such ovens helps <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidise</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>-based cooking residues).<a href="#cite_note-214">[192]</a> In soap chemistry, heavy metals form insoluble soaps that are used in <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">lubricating greases</a>, paint dryers, and <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a> (apart from lithium, the alkali metals and the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> ion form soluble soaps).<a href="#cite_note-215">[193]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colouring_and_optics">Colouring and optics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colouring and optics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neodym(III)sulfat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small translucent, pink-coloured crystals a bit like the colour of candy floss" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Neodym%28III%29sulfat.JPG/220px-Neodym%28III%29sulfat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Neodym%28III%29sulfat.JPG/330px-Neodym%28III%29sulfat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Neodym%28III%29sulfat.JPG/440px-Neodym%28III%29sulfat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>Neodymium sulfate (Nd2(SO4)3), used to colour glassware<a href="#cite_note-216">[194]</a></figcaption></figure> The colours of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">ceramic glazes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paint" title="Environmental impact of paint">paints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigment#Metal-based_pigments" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> are commonly produced by the inclusion of heavy metals (or their compounds) such as chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, molybdenum, silver, tin, <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a>, tungsten, iridium, gold, lead, or uranium.<a href="#cite_note-217">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">Tattoo</a> inks may contain heavy metals, such as chromium, cobalt, nickel, and copper.<a href="#cite_note-218">[196]</a> The high reflectivity of some heavy metals is important in the construction of <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a>, including precision <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical instrument">astronomical instruments</a>. Headlight reflectors rely on the excellent reflectivity of a thin film of rhodium.<a href="#cite_note-219">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics,_magnets,_and_lighting">Electronics, magnets, and lighting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Electronics, magnets, and lighting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topaz_Solar_Farm,_California_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A satellite image of what look like semi-regularly spaced swathes of black tiles set in a plain, surrounded by farmland and grass lands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg/220px-Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg/330px-Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg/440px-Topaz_Solar_Farm%2C_California_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Topaz_Solar_Farm" title="Topaz Solar Farm">Topaz Solar Farm</a>, in southern California, features nine million <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics" title="Cadmium telluride photovoltaics">cadmium-tellurium photovoltaic</a> modules covering an area of 25.6 square kilometres (9.9 square miles).</figcaption></figure> Heavy metals or their compounds can be found in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">electronic components</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_wiring" title="Electrical wiring">wiring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> where they may be used as either conductors, semiconductors, or insulators. Molybdenum powder is used in <a href="/wiki/Circuit_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit board">circuit board</a> inks.<a href="#cite_note-220">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(IV)_oxide" title="Ruthenium(IV) oxide">Ruthenium(IV) oxide</a> coated titanium <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anodes</a> are used for the industrial production of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[199]</a> Home electrical systems, for the most part, are wired with copper wire for its good conducting properties.<a href="#cite_note-222">[200]</a> Silver and gold are used in electrical and electronic devices, particularly in contact <a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">switches</a>, as a result of their high electrical conductivity and capacity to resist or minimise the formation of impurities on their surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-223">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hafnium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium oxide">Hafnium oxide</a>, an insulator, is used as a <a href="/wiki/Voltage_controller" title="Voltage controller">voltage controller</a> in <a href="/wiki/Microchip" class="mw-redirect" title="Microchip">microchips</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tantalum_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum oxide">tantalum oxide</a>, another insulator, is used in <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[202]</a> Heavy metals have been used in batteries for over 200 years, at least since <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a> invented his copper and silver <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a> in 1800.<a href="#cite_note-225">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">Magnets</a> are often made of heavy metals such as manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, niobium, bismuth, praseodymium, neodymium, gadolinium, and <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a>. Neodymium magnets are the strongest type of <a href="/wiki/Magnet#Types_of_permanent_magnets" title="Magnet">permanent magnet</a> commercially available. They are key components of, for example, car door locks, <a href="/wiki/Starter_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Starter motor">starter motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">fuel pumps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Power_window" title="Power window">power windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[204]</a> Heavy metals are used in <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs). <a href="/wiki/Flat_panel_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat panel display">Flat panel displays</a> incorporate a thin film of electrically conducting <a href="/wiki/Indium_tin_oxide" title="Indium tin oxide">indium tin oxide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent lighting">Fluorescent lighting</a> relies on mercury vapour for its operation. <a href="/wiki/Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">Ruby lasers</a> generate deep red beams by exciting chromium atoms in <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum oxide">aluminum oxide</a>; the lanthanides are also extensively employed in lasers. Gallium, indium, and arsenic;<a href="#cite_note-227">[205]</a> and copper, iridium, and platinum are used in LEDs (the latter three in <a href="/wiki/Organic_LED" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic LED">organic LEDs</a>).<a href="#cite_note-228">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear">Nuclear</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nuclear">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotating_anode_x-ray_tube_(labeled).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large glass bulb. Inside the bulb, at one end, is a fixed spindle. There is an arm attached to the spindle. At the end of the arm is a small protuberance. This is the cathode. At the other end of the bulb is a rotatable wide metal plate attached to a rotor mechanism which protrudes from the end of the bulb." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rotating_anode_x-ray_tube_%28labeled%29.jpg/260px-Rotating_anode_x-ray_tube_%28labeled%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rotating_anode_x-ray_tube_%28labeled%29.jpg/390px-Rotating_anode_x-ray_tube_%28labeled%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rotating_anode_x-ray_tube_%28labeled%29.jpg/520px-Rotating_anode_x-ray_tube_%28labeled%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a> with a rotating anode, typically a <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> alloy on a <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> core, backed with <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a><a href="#cite_note-Ball-229">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[n 23]</a></figcaption></figure> Niche uses of heavy metals with high atomic numbers occur in <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic imaging">diagnostic imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a>, and nuclear science. In diagnostic imaging, heavy metals such as cobalt or tungsten make up the anode materials found in <a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">x-ray tubes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tisza-233">[210]</a> In electron microscopy, heavy metals such as lead, gold, palladium, platinum, or uranium have been used in the past to make conductive coatings and to introduce electron density into biological specimens by <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">staining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negative_staining" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative staining">negative staining</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Evaporation_(deposition)" title="Evaporation (deposition)">vacuum deposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[211]</a> In nuclear science, nuclei of heavy metals such as chromium, iron, or zinc are sometimes fired at other heavy metal targets to produce <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element#Super-heavy_elements" title="Transuranium element">superheavy elements</a>;<a href="#cite_note-235">[212]</a> heavy metals are also employed as <a href="/wiki/Spallation#Nuclear_spallation" title="Spallation">spallation</a> targets for the production of <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[213]</a> or isotopes of non-primordial elements such as astatine (using lead, bismuth, thorium, or uranium in the latter case).<a href="#cite_note-Brown-237">[214]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Criteria used were density:<a href="#cite_note-Duffus798-17">[17]</a> (1) above 3.5 g/cm3; (2) above 7 g/cm3; atomic weight: (3) > 22.98;<a href="#cite_note-Duffus798-17">[17]</a> (4) > 40 (excluding <a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-</a> and <a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> metals);<a href="#cite_note-Rand-18">[18]</a> (5) > 200;<a href="#cite_note-Baldwin-19">[19]</a> atomic number: (6) > 20; (7) 21–92;<a href="#cite_note-Lyman-20">[20]</a> chemical behaviour: (8) United States Pharmacopeia;<a href="#cite_note-USP-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> (9) Hawkes' periodic table-based definition (excluding the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Hawkes-16">[16]</a> and (10) Nieboer and Richardson's biochemical classifications.<a href="#cite_note-Nieboer_1980_4-26">[26]</a> Densities of the elements are mainly from Emsley.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-27">[27]</a> Predicted densities have been used for <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HoffBon-28">[28]</a> Indicative densities were derived for <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> based on their atomic weights, estimated <a href="/wiki/Metallic_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic radius">metallic radii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and predicted <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">close-packed</a> crystalline structures.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Atomic weights are from Emsley,<a href="#cite_note-Emsley-27">[27]</a> inside back cover </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Metalloids were, however, excluded from Hawkes' periodic table-based definition given he noted it was "not necessary to decide whether semimetals [i.e. metalloids] should be included as heavy metals."<a href="#cite_note-Hawkes-16">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Lead, a <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">cumulative poison</a>, has a relatively high abundance due to its extensive historical use and human-caused discharge into the environment.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Haynes shows an amount of < 17 mg for tin<a href="#cite_note-Haynes-53">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Iyengar records a figure of 5 mg for nickel;<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Haynes shows an amount of 10 mg<a href="#cite_note-Haynes-53">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Selenium is a nonmetal. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Encompassing 45 heavy metals occurring in quantities of less than 10 mg each, including As (7 mg), Mo (5), Co (1.5), and Cr (1.4)<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Of the elements commonly recognised as metalloids, B and Si were counted as nonmetals; Ge, As, Sb, and Te as heavy metals. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ag and Sb appear in the United States Government's Toxic Pollutant List;<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> Mn, Co, and Sn are listed in the Australian Government's National Pollutant Inventory.<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Tungsten could be another such toxic heavy metal.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency_2014-89">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Trace elements having an abundance much less than the one part per trillion of <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>) are not shown. Abundances are from Lide<a href="#cite_note-Lide-108">[98]</a> and Emsley;<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> occurrence types are from McQueen.<a href="#cite_note-McQueen-110">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> In some cases, for example in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Photodisintegration" title="Photodisintegration">high energy gamma rays</a> or in a <a href="/wiki/Rp-process" title="Rp-process">very high temperature hydrogen rich environment</a>, the subject nuclei may experience neutron loss or proton gain resulting in the production of (comparatively rare) <a href="/wiki/P-nuclei" title="P-nuclei">neutron deficient isotopes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> The ejection of matter when two neutron stars collide is attributed to the interaction of their <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a>, possible crustal disruption, and shock heating (which is what happens if you floor the accelerator in a car when the engine is cold).<a href="#cite_note-120">[108]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Iron, cobalt, nickel, germanium and tin are also siderophiles from a whole of Earth perspective.<a href="#cite_note-McQueen-110">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Heat escaping from the inner solid core is believed to generate motion in the outer core, which is made of liquid iron alloys. The motion of this liquid generates electrical currents which give rise to a magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-133">[119]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Heavy metals that occur naturally in quantities too small to be economically mined (Tc, Pm, Po, At, Ac, Np and Pu) are instead produced by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">artificial transmutation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[121]</a> The latter method is also used to produce heavy metals from americium onwards.<a href="#cite_note-137">[122]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Some violence and abstraction of detail was applied to the sorting scheme in order to keep the number of categories to a manageable level. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> The skin has largely turned green due to the formation of a protective <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Antlerite" title="Antlerite">antlerite</a> Cu3(OH)4SO4, <a href="/wiki/Atacamite" title="Atacamite">atacamite</a> Cu4(OH)6Cl2, <a href="/wiki/Brochantite" title="Brochantite">brochantite</a> Cu4(OH)6SO4, <a href="/wiki/Cuprous_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuprous oxide">cuprous oxide</a> Cu2O, and <a href="/wiki/Tenorite" title="Tenorite">tenorite</a> CuO.<a href="#cite_note-178">[161]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> For the lanthanides, this is their only structural use as they are otherwise too reactive, relatively expensive, and moderately strong at best.<a href="#cite_note-191">[173]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Welter<a href="#cite_note-194">[175]</a> classifies <a href="/wiki/Coinage_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coinage metal">coinage metals</a> as <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a> (e.g., silver, gold, platinum); heavy metals of very high durability (nickel); heavy metals of low durability (copper, iron, zinc, tin, and lead); and <a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">light metals</a> (aluminium). </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Emsley<a href="#cite_note-196">[176]</a> estimates a global loss of six tonnes of gold a year due to 18-carat wedding rings slowly wearing away. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Sheet lead exposed to the rigours of industrial and coastal climates will last for centuries<a href="#cite_note-Emsley_2011_286-156">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Electrons impacting the tungsten anode generate X-rays;<a href="#cite_note-230">[208]</a> rhenium gives tungsten better resistance to thermal shock;<a href="#cite_note-231">[209]</a> molybdenum and graphite act as heat sinks. Molybdenum also has a density nearly half that of tungsten thereby reducing the weight of the anode.<a href="#cite_note-Ball-229">[207]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmsley2011">Emsley 2011</a>, pp. 288, 374 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffus2002_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuffus2002">Duffus 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-PourretBollinger2021-3"><a href="#cite_ref-PourretBollinger2021_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPourretBollingerHursthouse2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pourret, Olivier; Bollinger, Jean-Claude; Hursthouse, Andrew (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03174937/file/Heavy%20Metal%20March%202021.pdf">"Heavy metal: a misused term?"</a> (PDF). Acta Geochimica. 40 (3): 466–471. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AcGch..40..466P">2021AcGch..40..466P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11631-021-00468-0">10.1007/s11631-021-00468-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232342843">232342843</a>.</cite><span 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Long-standing controversy over the scientific use of the term 'heavy metals'—proposal of a comprehensive definition", Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, pp. 1–25, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02772248.2017.1413652">10.1080/02772248.2017.1413652</a>. Suggests defining heavy metals as "naturally occurring metals having atomic number (Z) greater than 20 and an elemental density greater than 5 g cm−3".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duffus.com/jhduffus1940.htm">Duffus J. H.</a> 2002, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7405x0793.pdf">'Heavy metals'—A meaningless term?"</a>, Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 793–807, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200274050793">10.1351/pac200274050793</a>. Includes a survey of the term's various meanings.</li> <li>Hawkes S. J. 1997, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed074p1374">What is a 'heavy metal'?</a>", Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 74, no. 11, p. 1374, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed074p1374">10.1021/ed074p1374</a>. A chemist's perspective.</li> <li>Hübner R., Astin K. B. & Herbert R. J. H. 2010, "'Heavy metal'—time to move on from semantics to pragmatics?", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Environmental_Monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Environmental Monitoring">Journal of Environmental Monitoring</a>, vol. 12, pp. 1511–1514, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC0EM00056F">10.1039/C0EM00056F</a>. Finds that, despite its lack of specificity, the term appears to have become part of the language of science.</li></ul> Toxicity and biological role <ul><li>Baird C. & Cann M. 2012, Environmental Chemistry, 5th ed., chapter 12, "Toxic heavy metals", <a href="/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company" title="W. H. Freeman and Company">W. H. Freeman and Company</a>, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4292-7704-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4292-7704-1">1-4292-7704-1</a>. Discusses the use, toxicity, and distribution of Hg, Pb, Cd, As, and Cr.</li> <li>Nieboer E. & Richardson D. H. S. 1980, "The replacement of the nondescript term 'heavy metals' by a biologically and chemically significant classification of metal ions", Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3–26, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0143-148X%2880%2990017-8">10.1016/0143-148X(80)90017-8</a>. A widely cited paper, focusing on the biological role of heavy metals.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/12/2467">Association between Heavy Metal Exposure and Parkinson’s Disease: A Review of the Mechanisms Related to Oxidative Stress</a>.</li></ul> Formation <ul><li>Hadhazy A. 2016, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kavlifoundation.org/science-spotlights/cosmic-heavy-metals#.V4MEDleO7OY">Galactic 'gold mine' explains the origin of nature's heaviest elements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524101329/http://www.kavlifoundation.org/science-spotlights/cosmic-heavy-metals#.V4MEDleO7OY">Archived</a> 2016-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Science Spotlights, 10 May, accessed 11 July 2016</li></ul> Uses <ul><li>Koehler C. S. W. 2001, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/tcaw/10/i01/html/01chemch.html">Heavy metal medicine</a>", Chemistry Chronicles, American Chemical Society, accessed 11 July 2016</li> <li>Morowitz N. 2006, "The heavy metals", Modern Marvels, season 12, episode 14, <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">HistoryChannel.com</a></li> <li>Öhrström L. 2014, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/73/tantalum#podcast">Tantalum oxide</a>", Chemistry World, 24 September, accessed 4 October 2016. The author explains how tantalum(V) oxide banished brick-sized mobile phones. Also available as a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/podcast/73/tantalum">podcast</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_metal_element&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heavy_metals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a> 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table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wastewater" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wastewater" title="Template talk:Wastewater"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wastewater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">Acid mine drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment" title="Ballast water discharge and the environment">Ballast water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(coal)" title="Blackwater (coal)">Blackwater (coal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater (waste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" title="Boiler blowdown">Boiler blowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">Brine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower#Wet_cooling_tower_material_balance" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Cooling water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration/Inflow" title="Infiltration/Inflow">Infiltration/Inflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment#Sources_of_industrial_wastewater" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange#Regeneration_wastewater" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper#Water_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">Produced water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_flow" title="Return flow">Return flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis#Waste_stream_considerations" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septage" class="mw-redirect" title="Septage">Septage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">Sewage sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Quality indicators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adsorbable_organic_halides" title="Adsorbable organic halides">Adsorbable organic halides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliform_index" title="Coliform index">Coliform index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">Total suspended solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Treatment options</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">Activated sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_lagoon" title="Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_filtering" title="Carbon filtering">Carbon filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">Chlorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarifier" title="Clarifier">Clarifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">Decentralized wastewater system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_aeration" title="Extended aeration">Extended aeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_lagoon" title="Facultative lagoon">Facultative lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhoff_tank" title="Imhoff tank">Imhoff tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_bioreactor" title="Membrane bioreactor">Membrane bioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactor" title="Rotating biological contactor">Rotating biological contactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">Sewage sludge treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_mining" title="Sewer mining">Sewer mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilization pond">Stabilization pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">Trickling filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">UASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter" title="Vermifilter">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">Wastewater treatment plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disposal options</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation_pond" title="Evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">Injection well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_dumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine dumping">Marine dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">Marine outfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_drain_field" title="Septic drain field">Septic drain field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">Sewage farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" title="Vacuum sewer">Vacuum sewer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sewerage" title="Category:Sewerage">Category: Sewerage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution" title="Template:Pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution" title="Template talk:Pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pollution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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[\"CITEREFBergerBruning1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerryMason1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiddleBush1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonchevKamenska1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonetti_et_al.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooth1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradl2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradyHolum1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrepholMcCreight2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrysonHammond2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkett2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBánfalvi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasey1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakhmouradianSmithKynicky2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers1743\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandlerRoberson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChawlaChawla2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenHuang2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoptuikLehnerPretorias2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClegg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClose2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClugstonFlemming2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeStuart2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotton1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrundwell_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCui_et_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDapenaTeves1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeZuane1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_the_Navy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeschlag2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesoize2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDev2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Maio2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_Maio2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffus2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbbingGammon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdelstein_et_al.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisler1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliot1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFournier1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrick2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrommerStabulas-Savage2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGidding1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGmelin1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsmith1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorbachevZamyatninLbov1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordhHeadrick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoyerClarkson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenbergPatterson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGribbon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGschneidner1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuandalini_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuneyZagury2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabashi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadhazy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarveyHandleyTaylor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkes1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermannHoffmannAshcroft2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerron2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmanLeePershina2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHousecroft2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell_et_al.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHübnerAstinHerbert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIUPAC2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIkehata_et_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Antimony_Association2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Platinum_Group_Metals_Associationn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmailKhulbeMatsuura2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyengar1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonSummitt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJärup2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKantra2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellerWolfShani2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolthoffElving1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorenman1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozinHansen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarSrivastavaSrivastava1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLach_et_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandisSofieldYu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane_et_al.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeper1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemly1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLide2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiens2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLima_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitasovShatskiy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivesey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivingston1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongo1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLove1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKayMacKayHenderson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacintyre1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagee1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagill1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinCoughtrey1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassarani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasters1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatyiBaboian1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcColm1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCurdy1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLemore2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcQueen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellor1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreRamamoorthy1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorstein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoselle2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajaVolesky2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakbanpoteMeesungnoenPrasad2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamlaMangseKoleosoOgbaga2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathans1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Materials_Advisory_Board1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Materials_Advisory_Board1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Organization_for_Rare_Disorders2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatural_Resources_Canada2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNdiokwere1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNieboerRichardson1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNieboerRichardson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNzierżanowskiGawroński2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhlendorf2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOndreičkaKortusGinter1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOngTanCheung1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_English_Dictionary1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacheco-TorgalJalaliFucic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadmanabhan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanDai2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParish1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerryVanderklein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickering1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodosek2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodsiki2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPourretBollingerHursthouse2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreschel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreuss2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrieto2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghuramSoma_RajuSriramulu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainbow1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandWellsMcCarty1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasic-MilutinovicJovanovic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRebhandl_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRehder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenner_et_al.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidpath2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRockhoff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoeRoe1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellLee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusyniak_et_al.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamsonov1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweitzer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweitzerPesterfield2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScoullos_et_al.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelinger1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeymourO\u0026#039;Farrelly2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawSahuMishra1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShedd2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidgwick1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilva2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpolek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStankovicStankovic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_Water_Control_Resources_Board1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTechnical_Publications1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Minerals,_Metals_and_Materials_Society2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_United_States_Pharmacopeia1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorneRoberts1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTisza2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTokar_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasikRatajewicz1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopp1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorrice2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTretkoff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSEPA1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Government2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValkovic1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanGelder2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenner_et_al.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenugopalLuckey1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolesky1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangHuCheng2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarth1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeart1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeberRutula2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelter1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWijayawardenaMegharajNaidu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingerson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong_et_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWulfsberg1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWulfsberg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadavAntonySubba_Reddy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangJollyO\u0026#039;Keefe1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYousif2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Gleich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Zeerleder1949\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 17,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 225,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bartable\"] = 11,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite check\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 8,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 8,\n [\"Doi\"] = 41,\n [\"Element cell-asterisk\"] = 8,\n [\"Element color\"] = 4,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 225,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 230,\n [\"Hr\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 132,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 3,\n [\"Legend\"] = 13,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Navbox periodic table\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"PMC\"] = 2,\n [\"PMID\"] = 3,\n [\"Periodic table (micro)\"] = 6,\n [\"Pollution\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Requested move notice\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sidebar periodic table\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 8,\n [\"Val\"] = 3,\n [\"Wastewater\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","22.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","280","18.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","16.9"],["?","240","15.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.6"],["\u003CModule:Footnotes:163\u003E","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::newTitle","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","40","2.6"],["[others]","160","10.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-98vmp","timestamp":"20241124053440","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Heavy metal element","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heavy_metal_element","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q105789","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q105789","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2015-05-10T00:34:24Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T11:16:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0c\/Osmium_crystals.jpg","headline":"loosely defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties"}</script> </body> </html>