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Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich." class=""><span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Mitus" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Website"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Anfang</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristicas_e_cunfinaziun_da_la_noziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristicas_e_cunfinaziun_da_la_noziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Caracteristicas e cunfinaziun da la noziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caracteristicas_e_cunfinaziun_da_la_noziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorgia_da_la_noziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorgia_da_la_noziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istorgia da la noziun</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorgia_da_la_noziun-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Istorgia da la noziun umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorgia_da_la_noziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temp_medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temp_medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Temp medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temp_medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaschientscha_ed_illuminissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaschientscha_ed_illuminissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Renaschientscha ed illuminissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaschientscha_ed_illuminissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romantica_e_19avel_tschientaner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romantica_e_19avel_tschientaner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Romantica e 19avel tschientaner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romantica_e_19avel_tschientaner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20avel_tschientaner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20avel_tschientaner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>20avel tschientaner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20avel_tschientaner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects_dal_mitus_en_las_scienzas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects_dal_mitus_en_las_scienzas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aspects dal mitus en las scienzas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspects_dal_mitus_en_las_scienzas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Aspects dal mitus en las scienzas umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aspects_dal_mitus_en_las_scienzas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Il_mitus_en_la_filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_mitus_en_la_filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Il mitus en la filosofia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_mitus_en_la_filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il_mitus_en_il_structuralissem_e_poststructuralissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_mitus_en_il_structuralissem_e_poststructuralissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Il mitus en il structuralissem e poststructuralissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_mitus_en_il_structuralissem_e_poststructuralissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il_mitus_en_la_psicologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_mitus_en_la_psicologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Il mitus en la psicologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_mitus_en_la_psicologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitus_e_ritual_en_l’antropologia_sociala_e_culturala_anglosaxona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitus_e_ritual_en_l’antropologia_sociala_e_culturala_anglosaxona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mitus e ritual en l’antropologia sociala e culturala anglosaxona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitus_e_ritual_en_l’antropologia_sociala_e_culturala_anglosaxona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il_mitus_ord_vista_da_la_sociologia,_politologia_ed_istoriografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_mitus_ord_vista_da_la_sociologia,_politologia_ed_istoriografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Il mitus ord vista da la sociologia, politologia ed istoriografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_mitus_ord_vista_da_la_sociologia,_politologia_ed_istoriografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitus_e_scienza_da_las_religiuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitus_e_scienza_da_las_religiuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mitus e scienza da las religiuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitus_e_scienza_da_las_religiuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitus_e_scienza_litterara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitus_e_scienza_litterara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Mitus e scienza litterara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitus_e_scienza_litterara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tips_e_funcziuns_da_mitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tips_e_funcziuns_da_mitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tips e funcziuns da mitus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tips_e_funcziuns_da_mitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derasaziun_dals_mitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derasaziun_dals_mitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Derasaziun dals mitus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derasaziun_dals_mitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitus_contemporans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitus_contemporans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mitus contemporans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitus_contemporans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maldiever_e_critica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maldiever_e_critica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Maldiever e critica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maldiever_e_critica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Annotaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Litteratura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colliaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colliaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Colliaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colliaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Zu einem Artikel in einer anderen Sprache gehen. Verfügbar in 92 Sprachen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 Sprachen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite" title="Mite – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mite" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الأسطورة – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأسطورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="শ্ৰুতিকথা – assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্ৰুতিকথা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitu" title="Mitu – asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mitu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mif" title="Mif – aserbeidschanic" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mif" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbeidschanic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%81" title="میف – Südaserbaidschanisch" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="Südaserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%84" title="Міф – bieloruss" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruss" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%82" title="Міт – Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мит – bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="পৌরাণিক কাহিনী – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পৌরাণিক কাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite" title="Mite – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mite" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACng-u%C3%A2" title="Sìng-uâ – Min Dong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sìng-uâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Min Dong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ئوستوورە – curd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئوستوورە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDtus" title="Mýtus – tschec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mýtus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tschec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%B7%D1%B3%D1%8A" title="Мѷѳъ – slav da baselgia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мѷѳъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slav da baselgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84)" title="Халап (миф) – tschuvasch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Халап (миф)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tschuvasch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myte" title="Myte – danais" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Myte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos" title="Mythos – tudestg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mythos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μύθος – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth" title="Myth – englais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Myth" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – spagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C3%BCt" title="Müüt – eston" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Müüt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eston" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اسطوره – persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسطوره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myytti" title="Myytti – finlandais" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Myytti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDta" title="Mýta – feroais" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mýta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythe" title="Mythe – franzos" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mythe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franzos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – Frankoprovenzalisch" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Frankoprovenzalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myte" title="Myte – fris" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Myte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotas" title="Miotas – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99r-sgeulachd" title="Ùr-sgeulachd – gaelic scot" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ùr-sgeulachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic scot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombe%27ugua%27u" title="Mombe'ugua'u – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mombe'ugua'u" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A1" title="מיתוס – ebraic" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיתוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5" title="कल्पित कथा/मिथ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कल्पित कथा/मिथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADtosz" title="Mítosz – ungarais" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mítosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Առասպել – armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առասպել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Առասպել – Westarmenisch" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Առասպել" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Westarmenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytho" title="Mytho – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mytho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitos" title="Mitos – indonais" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mitos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – talian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="神話 – giapunais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapunais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitos" title="Mitos – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mitos" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="მითი – georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მითი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Миф – casac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="casac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94" title="신화 – corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Миф – kirghis" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Миф" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos" title="Mythos – luxemburgais" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mythos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – Ladinisch" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitas" title="Mitas – lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABts" title="Mīts – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedr%C3%A0" title="Fedrà – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fedrà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мит – macedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Домог – mongolic" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Домог" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitos" title="Mitos – malaic" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mitos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="ဒဏ္ဍာရီ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒဏ္ဍာရီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythe" title="Mythe – ollandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mythe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ollandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myte" title="Myte – norvegiais nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Myte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiais nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myte" title="Myte – norvegais bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Myte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegais bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mite" title="Mite – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mite" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raagamtaa" title="Raagamtaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raagamtaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A5" title="ਮਿਥ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – polac" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%81%D8%A7%DD%A8%DB%8C" title="دیومالائی کہاݨی – Westliches Panjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیومالائی کہاݨی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Westliches Panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito" title="Mito – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Миф – russ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – serbo-croat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDtus" title="Mýtus – slovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mýtus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit" title="Mit – sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miti" title="Miti – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Miti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мит – serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitos" title="Mitos – sundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mitos" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myt" title="Myt – svedais" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Myt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisasili" title="Kisasili – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisasili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/micidekay_a_kungku" title="micidekay a kungku – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="micidekay a kungku" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தொன்மம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொன்மம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Устура – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Устура" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="เรื่องปรัมปรา – tailandais" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรื่องปรัมปรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Миф – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Миф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%94sr%C9%9Bmka" title="Bɔsrɛmka – twi" lang="tw" 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Erscheinungsbild"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Erscheinungsbild</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ord Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="rm" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Dosso_Dossi_(Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_de_Lutero)_(Italian_(Ferrarese)_-_Mythological_Scene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dosso_Dossi_%28Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_de_Lutero%29_%28Italian_%28Ferrarese%29_-_Mythological_Scene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Dosso_Dossi_%28Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_de_Lutero%29_%28Italian_%28Ferrarese%29_-_Mythological_Scene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dosso_Dossi_%28Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_de_Lutero%29_%28Italian_%28Ferrarese%29_-_Mythological_Scene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Dosso_Dossi_%28Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_de_Lutero%29_%28Italian_%28Ferrarese%29_-_Mythological_Scene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dosso_Dossi_%28Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_de_Lutero%29_%28Italian_%28Ferrarese%29_-_Mythological_Scene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/480px-Dosso_Dossi_%28Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_de_Lutero%29_%28Italian_%28Ferrarese%29_-_Mythological_Scene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3498" data-file-height="3948" /></a><figcaption>‹Scena mitologica› da Dosso Dossi (ca. 1524)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <b>mitus</b> (dal grec vegl μῦθος, ‹sun, pled, discurs, raquint, istorgia legendara, ditga›, latin mythus) è en sia muntada oriunda in raquint. En il mitus religius vegn l’existenza dals umans colliada cun il mund dals dieus u spierts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mitus fan valair che quai ch’els expriman correspundia a la vardad. Envers questa pretensiun d’esser vardaivels è gia sa drizzada la critica da l’illuminissem grec dal temp dals presocratichers (p.ex. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenophanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenophanes (n'exista betg)">Xenophanes</a>, enturn 500 a.C.). Per ils sofists furma il mitus il cuntrast tar il logos, il qual emprova da giustifitgar a basa da cumprovas raziunalas la vardad da sias pretensiuns.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En in senn pli vast designescha il term ‹mitus› er persunas, chaussas u eveniments da gronda muntada simbolica. En la lingua da mintgadi vegn l’adjectiv ‹mitic› savens duvrà en il senn da ‹fabulus, legendar›. Sco ulteriura muntada pussaivla da ‹mitus› è la finala da numnar in’imaginaziun faussa u ina manzegna (p.ex. «il mitus da la creschientscha economica infinita»).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La summa da tut ils mitus d’in pievel, d’ina cultura, d’ina religiun vegn numnà mitologia (dal grec vegl μυθολογία).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uschia discurr’ins per exempel da la mitologia dals Grecs, dals Romans, dals Germans. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caracteristicas_e_cunfinaziun_da_la_noziun">Caracteristicas e cunfinaziun da la noziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifitgar secziun: Caracteristicas e cunfinaziun da la noziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Caracteristicas e cunfinaziun da la noziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Levi-strauss_260.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Levi-strauss_260.jpg/220px-Levi-strauss_260.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Levi-strauss_260.jpg/330px-Levi-strauss_260.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Levi-strauss_260.jpg/440px-Levi-strauss_260.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Claude Lévi-Strauss (2005)</figcaption></figure> <p>En il 19avel e 20avel tschientaner fruntan ins sin definiziuns dal term ‹mitus› che sa differenzieschan fermamain ina da l’autra. L’idea ch’igl existia ‹il› mitus en il senn d’ina moda da raquintar ch’includia tut las culturas ha chattà blers aderents dal temp dal neoumanissem. La psicoanalisa u la scola antropologica da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss (n'exista betg)">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> han sviluppà vinavant quest’idea en il 20avel tschientaner.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cuntrari a las furmas narrativas parentadas sco ditga, legenda, fabla u paraula, vegn il mitus – il qual stgaffescha identitad, explitgescha il mund a moda cumplessiva, dat senn a la vita e serva sco orientaziun religiusa – considerà sco raquint ch’intermediescha in’experientscha da la vita pli u main coerenta, cumplessiva. </p><p>En tscherts mitus interpreteschan ed explitgeschan ils umans sasezs, lur cuminanza u eveniments mundials resp. l’ir dal mund en general. Andaments regulars e cuntinuants en la natira u en l’ambient social vegnan attribuids ad istorgias da la creaziun dal mund divinas. Situads ordaifer il temp istoric sa splegan mitus en in spazi dominà da forzas u persunificaziuns numinusas. </p><p>Areguard il cuntegn vegnan mitus magari sutdividids en mitus cosmogenics u cosmologics, che tematiseschan l’origin u la furma dal mund, sco er en mitus antropogens che tractan la creaziun u l’origin da l’uman. Medemamain vegn savens empruvà da far la differenza tranter mitus d’origin e da motivaziun per explitgar tscherts rituals, usits u instituziuns, e mitus da fundaziun che dattan scleriment davart l’origin da tscherts lieus e citads; vitiers vegnan mitus istorics davart il temp tempriv d’ina stirpa u d’in pievel e mitus eschatologics che sa refereschan a la fin dal mund. Tar sistems mitologics cumplexs èsi però grev da vulair far ina tala differenziaziun. </p><p>Tenor in maletg ideal che vegn savens allegà, èn «mitus originars»<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sa sviluppads en culturas senza scrittiras e vegnids dads vinavant a bucca tras in circul da persunas elegì sco sacerdots, chantadurs u patriarcs. Ch’ins ha pli tard mess quels en scrit, rimnà, ordinà e codifitgà en genealogias e manuals canonics vegn magari interpretà sco segn che la vigur tradiziunala dals mitus haja cumenzà a laschar suenter. </p><p>En religiuns senza scrittira giogan raquints tradids a bucca ina rolla cumparegliabla a las sontgas scrittiras en las religiuns mundialas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quels servan per part anc oz a dar vinavant u mantegnair la cretta e las ideas da las valurs ch’èn colliadas cun quella.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schebain tals raquints sa laschan subsummar sut la noziun europeica ‹mitus› è contestà. L’etnolog e perscrutader da mitus dals pievels indigens da l’<a href="/wiki/America_dal_Nord" title="America dal Nord">America dal Nord</a> e da l’<a href="/wiki/America_dal_Sid" title="America dal Sid">America dal Sid</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Boas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Boas (n'exista betg)">Franz Boas</a> ha gia proponì il 1914 da duvrar sper la noziun mitus ils geners narrativs ch’ils raquintaders sezs allegheschan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El ha vis en ils mitus d’ina vart in spievel da la cultura materiala e spiertala dal pievel respectiv, ma ha da l’autra vart er constatà ch’igl existan istorgias (folk tales) che sa derasan en furma simplifitgada lunsch sur ils spazis culturals or e cumparan en diversas parts dal mund. Independentamain da tuttas emprovas da vulair cunfinar in da l’auter mitus e raquint sa maschaidan tenor Boas lur elements specifics a moda inseparabla: il mitus accentueschia l’element etnic-particular e furmia en quest senn in’autobiografia etnografica; l’istorgia possia però er migrar.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La medema posiziun represchenta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elke_Mader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elke Mader (n'exista betg)">Elke Mader</a> che perscrutescha a medem temp vegls mitus indians sco er mitus moderns.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perquai che ‹mitus› è in term talmain vast, èsi usità oz en la litteratura scientifica da definir mintgamai a l’entschatta d’in tractat en tge senn ch’el vegn duvrà. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorgia_da_la_noziun">Istorgia da la noziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifitgar secziun: Istorgia da la noziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Istorgia da la noziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antica">Antica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifitgar secziun: Antica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Antica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Beginning_Iliad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beginning_Iliad.svg/240px-Beginning_Iliad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beginning_Iliad.svg/360px-Beginning_Iliad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Beginning_Iliad.svg/480px-Beginning_Iliad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Cumenzament da l’‹Ilias› da Homer</figcaption></figure> <p>L’idea d’autoritad, vardad superiura e relevanza generala (inclus il privel da tschorventar) n’è betg stada colliada da l’entschatta ennà cun la noziun mitus. Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenophanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenophanes (n'exista betg)">Xenophanes</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hekataios_da_Milet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hekataios da Milet (n'exista betg)">Hekataios da Milet</a> eran mitus invenziuns immoralas u ridiculas ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epicur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epicur (n'exista betg)">Epicur</a> ha refusà a moda radicala tut ils mitus che tractan il mund dals dieus. Dapi il 5avel tschientaner a.C. hai dà emprovas da giustifitgar surtut ils mitus da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homer (n'exista betg)">Homer</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theagenes_da_Rhegion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theagenes da Rhegion (n'exista betg)">Theagenes da Rhegion</a>, che vala sco fundatur da l’interpretaziun allegorica da Homer, sco er la stoa consideravan ils mitus da dieus sco allegorias da la natira. Zeus per exempel interpretavan els sco allegoria dal tschiel. </p><p>Daspera è sa sviluppada in’interpretaziun raziunalistica dal mitus. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euhemeros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euhemeros (n'exista betg)">Euhemeros</a> ha manà enavos ils mitus da dieus sin l’idea che retgs sco benefacturs da l’umanitad sajan vegnids divinisads per lur merits, tuttina sco che quai dueva succeder en il cult dals regents hellenistics e pli tard dals regents romans. Er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaiphatos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaiphatos (n'exista betg)">Palaiphatos</a> ha manà enavos ils mitus grecs sin relaziuns ed eveniments istorics. Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poseidonios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poseidonios (n'exista betg)">Poseidonios</a> percunter, il fundatur da l’interpretaziun istorica dals mitus, conservan quels la savida d’in temp dad aur daditg passà.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Platon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platon (n'exista betg)">Platon</a> pudeva in mitus cumpigliar elements vairs e nunvairs; als poets cusseglia el da scriver sche pussaivel mitus vairs. Il gener litterar dals uschenumnads mitus platonics percunter po cumpigliar texts fitg differents: sumeglias, metafras, experiments mentals. En ses dialog ‹Timaios› ha Platon stgaffì in mitus davart la stgaffiziun dal mund (cosmogonia). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristoteles (n'exista betg)">Aristoteles</a> conceda ad in mitus be la pussaivladad da s’avischinar a la vardad. Per el era in mitus l’imitaziun d’in’acziun, pia d’insatge muventà, cuntrari als caracters statics che na furmavan per el anc nagin’ovra poetica. Sco mitus valess pia da discurrer da l’uman che va enstagl da be caracterisar sia moda dad ir. Aristoteles ha considerà ses text sco ina sort instrucziun da diever per poets. Il mitus era per el ina caracteristica d’ina tragedia reussida. Medemamain tar Aristoteles sa reducescha la noziun mitus a la muntada che dueva restar en diever fin oz, numnadamain quella dals tipics mitus grecs da dieus ed eroxs. </p><p>Dal temp dal helenissem ed en l’antica romana è il mitus vegnì propagà e duvrà adina dapli sco instrument pedagogic-moral, uschia per exempel da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dion_Chrysostomos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dion Chrysostomos (n'exista betg)">Dion Chrysostomos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temp_medieval">Temp medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifitgar secziun: Temp medieval" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Temp medieval"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il cristianissem ha surtut considerà il mitus sco teologia pajauna concurrenta. Ma pervi d’ina tscherta toleranza ha quel tuttina survivì sco part da la furmaziun d’in pitschen dumber da spirituals e poets (uschia per exempel tar Dante, tar il qual sa maschaidan fascinaziun e refusa, tar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_von_W%C3%BCrzburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad von Würzburg (n'exista betg)">Konrad von Würzburg</a> ed en ils ‹<a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmina_Burana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carmina Burana (n'exista betg)">Carmina Burana</a>›). La religiun cristiana è però stada confruntada cun la sfida da demunisar la mitologia grecoroman, surtut quella dals dieus, e da ‹neutralisar› quella tras moralisaziun allegorisanta. Tras quai han ins attribuì al mitus ina funcziun pedagogica sumeglianta a la legenda; la noziun dal mitus n’è betg pli vegnida duvrada. Il mund curtais dal temp medieval è percunter sa servì dals ‹romans› antics per legitimar dinastias e stgaffir identitad. In exempel per quest’uschenumnada origo gentis furma il roman dad ‹Eneas› da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_von_Veldeke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich von Veldeke (n'exista betg)">Heinrich von Veldeke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snorri_Sturluson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snorri Sturluson (n'exista betg)">Snorri Sturluson</a> ha considerà las chanzuns da dieus dal nordic vegl en la glisch d’in sincretissem pajaun tardiv-cristian. El ha però furnì explicaziuns raziunalisticas per la divinisaziun da Freyr e Njörd: Tar quels sa tractia oriundamain da retgs svedais; lur veneraziun sa basia apparentamain sin il fatg che quels hajan procurà a lur pievel bainstanza, racoltas ritgas e gronds muvels; sinaquai sajan s’unidas las rollas dal retg bainvulent e dal dieu da la fritgaivladad.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaschientscha_ed_illuminissem">Renaschientscha ed illuminissem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifitgar secziun: Renaschientscha ed illuminissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Renaschientscha ed illuminissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Charles_de_Brosses_-_Charles_Nicolas_Cochin_II.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Charles_de_Brosses_-_Charles_Nicolas_Cochin_II.jpeg/180px-Charles_de_Brosses_-_Charles_Nicolas_Cochin_II.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Charles_de_Brosses_-_Charles_Nicolas_Cochin_II.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Charles de Brosses</figcaption></figure> <p>Dal temp da la <a href="/wiki/Renaschientscha" title="Renaschientscha">renaschientscha</a> e da l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Umanissem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umanissem (n'exista betg)">umanissem</a> han ins puspè recepì pli ferm la mitologia classica, senza però prender serius quella en il senn religius. </p><p>La classica franzosa dal 17avel tschientaner sa lascha caracterisar tras la stretga colliaziun tranter mitus e destin inevitabel. Quai sa lascha explitgar tras il fatg ch’ils mitus antics èn s’emancipads da quel temp adina dapli dals raquints biblics. Il drama classic ha dà a temas politics moderns la furma da mitus antics. La teoria dal drama moderna sa lascha manar enavos sin la teoria da las tragedias anticas e sin la recepziun cristiana da quellas: Il destin tragic d’in erox sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edipus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edipus (n'exista betg)">Edipus</a> è predestinà ed inevitabel. L’idea cristiana da la predestinaziun parta percunter da la pussaivladad da ricla e misericordia, pia da princip da la libra voluntad, tar la quala è però definì cleramain tge ch’è bun e tge ch’è nausch. Cun accentuar l’aspect da l’inevitabel sco ch’el è fixà en ils models classics, s’exprima ina revolta cunter ideas da morala che dueva sviluppar si’atgna tradiziun e tanscher fin al determinissem scientific (archetips, conflict d’Edipus, cumplex d’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electra (n'exista betg)">Electra</a>, analisa dal destin e.a.). </p><p>L’<a href="/wiki/Illuminissem" title="Illuminissem">illuminissem</a> ha vis il mitus sco stgalim preliminar vers il pensar abstract ed ha considerà quel sco surmuntà. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Brosses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles de Brosses (n'exista betg)">Charles de Brosses</a> ha refusà la pussaivladad da l’interpretaziun allegorica dal mitus ed ha vis en quel in product da l’ignoranza; en il fetischissem dal mitus ha el cret d’avair scuvert la furma originara da las religiuns pajaunas.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Er per intents d’educaziun etica-morala èn ins sa servids en la fasa tempriva da l’illuminissem da cuntegns dals mitus antics. En quest connex pudeva il term mitus signifitgar tant la structura da basa d’in’acziun narrativa sco er la morala sezza. L’idea dal mitus sco morala ha alura remplazzà pli e pli la muntada oriunda dal mitus sco tecnica narrativa. Pervi da la sperdita da pussanza da las baselgias da lez temp han blers clamà suenter in’alternativa per ils raquints biblics ch’avevan pers lur autoritad. Tradiziunalmain han epos e dramas antics surpiglià questa rolla. Il mund dals mitus antics ha stgaffì in spazi liber, betg occupà da las ideas religiusas conservativas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romantica_e_19avel_tschientaner">Romantica e 19avel tschientaner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifitgar secziun: Romantica e 19avel tschientaner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Romantica e 19avel tschientaner"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuntrari a las epocas precedentas n’ha la romantica betg resguardà il mitus sco mund cuntrari al religius, mabain sco renovaziun da quel. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Paul (n'exista betg)">Jean Paul</a> ha considerà l’allontanament dal «preschent terrester» al «futur celest» sco mitus central da ses temp e sco funtauna da tutta poesia romantica.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per la gronda part dals romantichers han mitus però surtut furmà sabientschas zuppadas che derivan d’in temp primar che pensava en maletgs. Questa poetisaziun dal mitus ha manà tranter il 1800 ed il 1840 a la dumonda suenter l’origin da las mitologias dal mund. Ils poets romantics ch’èn s’occupads da questa dumonda han recurrì sper ils mitus grecs adina dapli a la mitologia medievala «nordica», pli tard er a la mitologia indica. Quest’ultima ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schlegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Schlegel (n'exista betg)">Friedrich Schlegel</a> considerà sco l’expressiun d’ina religiun originara ch’ils spirituals hajan preservà a moda esoterica, che saja vegnida communitgada vers anora be a moda simbolic-mitica e la quala saja sa mantegnida en ils misteris dals Grecs. Ils mitus uneschan quasi ils elements poetics da la lingua originara ad in maletg dal mund cumplessiv. En la filosofia da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schelling (n'exista betg)">Schelling</a> na furma il mitus betg il product dal pensar da l’uman, mabain l’uman para il cuntrari dad esser in instrument dal mitus. Per Schelling e Schlegel n’è betg pli la filosofia, mabain la poetica en furma d’ina «nova mitologia» la «magistra da l’umanitad» (chapì surtut en in senn estetic).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L’autoritad da quest mitus – ch’è bain ida a perder, ma che vegn adina puspè evocada – daventa in tema central dal temp. Surtut las giuvnas naziuns sa stentan da reconstruir e rimnar mitus naziunals e da transfurmar quels en ovras poeticas da tempra naziunal-romantica (p.ex. en Finlanda il ‹Kalevala›). Per cuntanscher quest intent n’han ins er betg desistì da ficziun (p.ex. il ‹Kalevipoeg› da l’Estonia) e da sfalsificaziun (il mitus dad Ossian apparentamain celtic). En la stenta da chattar mitus originars è sa mussà l’effect limità da l’illuminissem, il qual aveva empruvà d’eliminar quels sco engion da vart dals sacerdots. </p><p>Per <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> è il mitus l’emprova da dar furma en l’imaginaziun a las forzas elementaras cun elavurar la natira a moda artistica. Quel furmia in’impurtanta funtauna istorica areguard la fantasia dal pievel; ma cun la dominaziun da la natira progredenta daventia il mitus adina dapli danvanz.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/160px-Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/240px-Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/320px-Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2813" /></a><figcaption>Friedrich Max Müller</figcaption></figure> <p>Influenzas darvinisticas sa mussan tar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Max Müller (n'exista betg)">Friedrich Max Müller</a>, il scienzià da religiun e lingua ch’ha operà ad Oxford. Tenor Müller eran mitus oriundamain raquints prescientifics che servivan ad explitgar fenomens da la natira (p.ex. il curs dal sulegl). Lur furma persunifitgada da pli tard hajan quels survegnì en il decurs dals millennis tras defurmaziun linguistica dal cuntegn oriund: Dal pled sanscrit dyaús (tschiel glischant) sajan sa furmads ils nums dals dieus dal tschiel e babs dals dieus Dyaus Pita («bab dal tschiel»), Zeus Patir (Ζεὺς πατὴρ), Jupiter, Tyr (Ziu) etc. </p><p>Tenor <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, ch’è vegnì influenzà da Müller, furma il malesser en la cultura da la moderna l’expressiun d’ina sperdita dals mitus. Il mitus furmia «in’abreviaziun da l’appariziun» (‹Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik›, 1872). Questa retorica ha fin oz tradiziun: «A l’uman modern senza mitus manca la forza d’abreviar, da limitar l’orizont, la quala presta il mitus. Il mitus furma la matrix (furma d’organisaziun) dal maletg dal mund – el creescha in maletg dal mund e circumdescha il mund cun maletgs» (Norbert Bolz, ‹Eine kurze Geschichte des Scheins›, 1991). </p><p>Il mitus stgaffescha savida tras il raquint, cuntrari a l’explicaziun scientifica. Da questa differenziaziun che <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristoteles (n'exista betg)">Aristoteles</a> aveva duvrà per sutdivider las scienzas sa serva la romantica en il 19avel tschientaner per giustifitgar il raquintar envers l’explitgar e per accentuar la muntada da paraulas e chanzuns popularas. La tradiziun orala dals mitus è perquai savens vegnida resguardada sco cumprova per l’enclegientscha d’in ‹pievel› cun quels e schizunt per considerar quest ultim sco autur collectiv originar. </p><p>En il medem context istoric croda la giustificaziun da l’irraziunal envers il raziunal. Sco cuntrast dal mitus vegn savens chapì il logos, il qual è accessibel al discurs raziunal. Cuntrari a l’istorgia na sa laschan ils cuntegns dal mitus betg verifitgar u sfalsifitgar ed èn colliads pli tgunsch cun ina cretta collectiva en sia realitad u vardad. </p><p>Cun la noziun dal mitus è colliada dapi il 19avel tschientaner l’idea d’in’affirmaziun repetitiva areguard las experientschas che l’uman fa e ses raquintar davart quellas che s’oppona ad in’idea dal temp lineara ed a la cretta en il progress. Abstrahà dals mitus da stgaffiziun tracta il mitus tenor quest’idea constellaziuns e conflicts che sa repetan a moda ciclica. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goethe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goethe (n'exista betg)">Goethe</a> ha chapì il mitus sco «savida davart l’uman en in senn superiur». Areguard sia structura repetitiva al numna el «la vardad reflectada d’in preschent vegliander» (1814). Da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nietzsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nietzsche (n'exista betg)">Nietzsche</a> deriva l’expressiun dal «return perpeten» (1888). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Mann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Mann (n'exista betg)">Thomas Mann</a> ha definì l’essenza dal mitus sco «preschent atemporal, sempitern» (1928). Il mitus saja situà «avant la schientscha, pertge ch’il mitus furma il fundament da la vita: el è il schema atemporal, la furmla pietusa en ils quals la vita entra cun reproducir ses tratgs or dal subconscient».<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20avel_tschientaner">20avel tschientaner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifitgar secziun: 20avel tschientaner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: 20avel tschientaner"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vers l’onn 1900 èn ideas romanticas e neoumanisticas sa colliadas cun las enconuschientschas da l’etnologia e psicologia scientifica. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigmund Freud (n'exista betg)">Sigmund Freud</a> ha sviluppà l’idea che mitus sa laschian interpretar sco projecziuns da problems ed experientschas umanas sin creatiras surumanas. Savens vegn l’agir dals dieus represchentà en il mitus sa referind a las relaziuns da l’uman (a moda antropomorfa). Crititgà en quest connex è vegnì l’eurocentrissem da Freud, numnadamain il fatg ch’el ha generalisà ed applitgà caracteristicas da la mitologia greca sin tut il mund. </p><p>Tuttina sco Freud è er <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.G._Jung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.G. Jung (n'exista betg)">C.G. Jung</a> s’interessà per il mitus. Cuntrari a Freud, il qual chapescha il mitus sco sublimaziun da process da suppressiun psichics, vesa Jung en il mitus in spievel d’in subconscient collectiv che s’exprima en archetips atemporals, ils quals sa manifesteschan en differentas culturas a moda concordanta. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_L%C3%A9vy-Bruhl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (n'exista betg)">Lucien Lévy-Bruhl</a> ha mess en fatscha a la tradiziun raziunalistica l’idea da furmas da savida che sajan da princip differentas e tar las qualas tutgia er il mitus sco imaginaziun collectiva. Quel furmia l’expressiun da la colliaziun da gruppas cun lur passà ed a medem temp in med da rinforzar lur solidaritad. </p><p>Dal temp da las guerras mundialas, cur ch’ins ha vis smanatschads ils urdens e las valurs da fin qua ed è da l’autra vart stà confruntà cun in pluralissem adina pli vast, è creschida la cretta en l’universalitad d’imaginaziuns miticas independentamain da culturas e maletgs dal mund. En quest connex èn ins er sa stentà da liberar il mitus da la reproscha dal ‹primitiv›, sco ch’ha per exempel fatg quai il scienzià da litteratura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Jolles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Jolles (n'exista betg)">André Jolles</a> cun ses cudesch ‹Einfache Formen› (1930).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects_dal_mitus_en_las_scienzas">Aspects dal mitus en las scienzas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifitgar secziun: Aspects dal mitus en las scienzas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=8" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Aspects dal mitus en las scienzas"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Codex_Borgia_(Lacambalam,_2002).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Codex_Borgia_%28Lacambalam%2C_2002%29.JPG/200px-Codex_Borgia_%28Lacambalam%2C_2002%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Codex_Borgia_%28Lacambalam%2C_2002%29.JPG/300px-Codex_Borgia_%28Lacambalam%2C_2002%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Codex_Borgia_%28Lacambalam%2C_2002%29.JPG/400px-Codex_Borgia_%28Lacambalam%2C_2002%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Ils dieus aztecs Quetzalcoatl e Mictlantecuhtli</figcaption></figure> <p>Il 20avel tschientaner ha empruvà da reabilitar il mitus, betg cun metter en dumonda che quel vegnia remplazzà tras la scienza moderna, mabain cun mussar che quel haja ina tut autra funcziun che la scienza resp. che quel n’exprimia nagut davart la vita fisica, mabain stoppia vegnir legì a moda simbolica. Quest’ultima varianta en tutta cas lascha da la vart ina retscha d’impurtantas funcziuns dal mitus che duain – tranter auter – er vegnir discutadas qua sutvart. Ultra da quai pon ins, areguard la discussiun dals ultims decennis, constatar ch’igl è en general difficil da vulair chattar cleras lingias da svilup. L’indolog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Witzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Witzel (n'exista betg)">Michael Witzel</a> crititgescha che la perscrutaziun saja segnada vers la fin dal 20avel tschientaner d’in’interpretaziun mintgamai monolaterala areguard las funcziuns dal mitus e ch’ils aspects cumparatistics vegnian negligids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il_mitus_en_la_filosofia">Il mitus en la filosofia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifitgar secziun: Il mitus en la filosofia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=9" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Il mitus en la filosofia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gia ils presocratichers posiziuneschan il mitus sco cuntrast tar l’enconuschientscha dal logos; dapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristoteles (n'exista betg)">Aristoteles</a> vegn il cumenzament dal pensar scientific manà enavos sin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thales_da_Milet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thales da Milet (n'exista betg)">Thales da Milet</a> ed interpretà sco cumenzament da la filosofia insumma. En vista a quai è il mitus stà reservà sinaquai als poets, e quai fin ch’ils babs da la baselgia èn s’exprimids encunter ils dieus grecs, ils quals «èn uschia sco gnanc ils umans na dastgan esser»<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Quest ‹absolutissem teologic› ha dominà fin en il temp da la renaschientscha e dal baroc, cur ch’ils dieus eran gia daditg puspè returnads en la litteratura e pictura, entant che la filosofia als adattava anc adina cun agid da l’allegoria en il maletg dal mund cristian. </p><p>Pir a basa dal maletg da dieu da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinoza (n'exista betg)">Spinoza</a>, da la noziun da la scienza da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacon (n'exista betg)">Bacon</a> e da l’empirissem da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hobbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hobbes (n'exista betg)">Hobbes</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Locke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locke (n'exista betg)">Locke</a>, ha l’illuminist tempriv <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giambattista_Vico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giambattista Vico (n'exista betg)">Giambattista Vico</a> pudì sviluppar l’onn 1725 en sia ‹Scienza nuova› ina nova filosofia da l’istorgia; tenor quella vegn la vardad poetologica-allegorica dals mitus remplazzada en il temp tempriv da l’uman tras il svilup da la schientscha raziunala, la quala flaivlenta però l’imaginaziun e maina perquai puspè ad in declin, fin ch’ina ‹nova scienzia› – la quala Vico situescha en ses temp – fa puspè avanzar l’uman.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A l’entschatta da la moderna n’è la teologia alura definitivamain betg pli abla da segirar la legitimaziun da l’urden cristian envers la societad en transfurmaziun. Da l’autra vart na po però er la scienza empirica ch’è daventada dal temp da l’illuminissem la nova norma betg remplazzar la religiun, «damai che la scienza definescha ses champ d’applicaziun e da valur da princip en furma d’ipotesas. Ed ipotesas na tanschan betg a legitimar pussanza statala».<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En quest ambient crescha la muntada da la filosofia; sut il nov primat da la libertad e sa referind als postulats da la raschun pratica da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kant (n'exista betg)">Kant</a> sa sviluppa enturn las persunas-clav da l’idealissem tudestg sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegel (n'exista betg)">Hegel</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schilling (n'exista betg)">Schilling</a> (‹Das älteste Systemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus›, 1797) la pretensiun suenter ina «nova mitologia» en furma d’ina «mitologia da la raschun»: «La filosofia sto vegnir mitologica per far daventar sensuals ils filosofs.» Il mitus resta sinaquai in dals temas centrals da l’idealissem tudestg. </p><p>Tras intermediaziun dal scolar da Schelling <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Jakob_Bachofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Jakob Bachofen (n'exista betg)">Johann Jakob Bachofen</a> è er Nietzsche s’interessà per il cuntrapol da la classicitad hellenistica, numnadamain – sco ch’ha formulà gia Schelling – il «fund betg olimpic sutvart la clerezza apollonica dal mund dals dieus homeric»<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bachofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bachofen (n'exista betg)">Bachofen</a> ha sviluppà vinavant quest patratg al cuntrast tranter il dionisic e l’apollonic, in’idea che <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nietzsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nietzsche (n'exista betg)">Nietzsche</a> ha recepì il 1871 en ‹Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik›. Culminar dueva questa «remitisaziun»<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sco fundament per la muntada ch’il mitus dueva cuntanscher en il 20avel tschientaner en si’ovra ‹Also sprach Zarathustra› dal 1885. Il ‹return etern› che Nietzsche postulescha là n’è betg da chapir a moda metafisica, mabain sco idea provocanta co interpretar l’istorgia da l’umanitad. </p><p>Questa tradiziun, bain ina da las pli influentas entaifer la filosofia dal temp preschent, tanscha sur Nietzsche, Freud ed il structuralissem franzos fin en la postmoderna; ed adina resta qua la structura dal mitus in tema central. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Cassirer (n'exista betg)">Ernst Cassirer</a> percunter s’interessescha or d’ina perspectiva epistemologica per la posiziun dal mitus entaifer il sistem da las furmas simbolicas. El caracterisescha il mitus sco atgna «furma da pensar» sper la lingua, l’art e la scienza. Quella è caracterisada tras il fatg ch’il mitus na fetschia, sco il ritual religius, nagina differenza tranter differents stgalims da realitad (immanenza/transcendenza); el na fetschia ultra da quai nagina differenza tranter percepziun imaginada e reala (siemi/stadi alert) e na tiria nagin cunfin cler tranter la sfera da la vita e da la mort. El n’enconuschia nagina categoria da l’ideal, pertge che tut – er la malsogna e la culpa – possia furmar il tema central. Ed er persunas u fatgs allontanads vegnan en dumonda sco causa u impuls per eveniments («post hoc ergo propter hoc»). Cun questa descripziun suonda Cassirer pli u main a quai che <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_L%C3%A9vy-Bruhl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (n'exista betg)">Lucien Lévy-Bruhl</a> designescha sco pensar prelogic. Sco fenomen che stgaffescha simbols e stgaffescha ‹mund› sa lascha il mitus considerar or da questa perspectiva sco equivalent a la scienza moderna.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suandond la tradiziun dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Gehlen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Gehlen (n'exista betg)">Arnold Gehlen</a> accentuescha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Blumenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Blumenberg (n'exista betg)">Hans Blumenberg</a> la muntada dal mitus sco furma d’elavurar experientschas existenzialas che surdumondan l’uman. Il ‹narrativ› dal mitus mussia co vegnir a frida cun questas situaziuns ed haja uschia per l’uman ina «funcziun da distgargia» (Arnold Gehlen). Caracteristic saja il fatg ch’il mitus na sa laschia betg transponer en lingua clera, betg metaforica. Gist sia polivalenza al dettia sia ritgezza e pussibiliteschia d’al interpretar ed applitgar en differentas crisas. Uschia furma il mitus bain ina da las respostas las pli originaras sin il basegn da l’uman suenter orientaziun e segirezza en vista a l’«absolutissem da la realitad». El correspunda a la structura oriunda dal pensar da l’uman: ina tema diffusa paralisescha, uschia che l’uman sa stenta da transfurmar quella en in respect che sa referescha ad in object, cun il qual sa lascha viver meglier. Per quest intent inventa el nums, istorgias e connexs che rendan l’ester enconuschent, ch’explitgeschan il nunexplitgabel e che dattan num a quai che na sa lascha betg numnar.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenberg_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenberg-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il scriptur e filosof franzos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Camus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Camus (n'exista betg)">Albert Camus</a> ha represchentà il 1942 en ‹Le Mythe de Sisyphe› la figura antica da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisifus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisifus (n'exista betg)">Sisifus</a> sco uman ch’è potenzialmain autonom e perquai cuntent: En l’absurditad perseveranta d’ina lavur da Sisifus sa mussia la libertad da l’uman pli tgunsch che en sia submissiun sut autoritads. </p><p>Er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_H%C3%BCbner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Hübner (n'exista betg)">Kurt Hübner</a> ha tractà en sias ovras ‹Kritik der wissenschaftlichen Vernunft› e ‹Die Wahrheit des Mythos› il mitus sco atgna concepziun da la realitad ed è s’occupà cun la raziunalitad e vardad da quel.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il_mitus_en_il_structuralissem_e_poststructuralissem">Il mitus en il structuralissem e poststructuralissem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifitgar secziun: Il mitus en il structuralissem e poststructuralissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=10" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Il mitus en il structuralissem e poststructuralissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Punishment_sisyph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Punishment_sisyph.jpg/180px-Punishment_sisyph.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Punishment_sisyph.jpg/270px-Punishment_sisyph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Punishment_sisyph.jpg/360px-Punishment_sisyph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>Sisifus (maletg da Tizian, ca. 1548/49)</figcaption></figure> <p>Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss (n'exista betg)">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> furma il mitus ina structura protologica fundamentala dal pensar uman che cumpara en tut las culturas. En il decurs d’in mitus po capitar tut, quel n’enconuscha nagina cuntinuitad. Tuttina sa lascha quest «pensar selvadi»<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ordinar sco tut il pensar en pèrs opposts che n’èn betg sa sviluppads d’ina imaginaziun infinita, mabain ch’ins ha gudagnà tras observaziun e furmaziun d’ipotesas (ed entaifer ils extrems dals quals il mitus propona savens ina via d’amez). En quai sumeglian els las sistematicas dal mund modern. Ultra da quai porschan quests pèrs opposts ina retscha da schliaziuns per la cuntradicziun che l’uman pertschaiva sasez a medem temp sco part da la natira e sco creatira culturala.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il «pensar selvadi» (Lévi-Strauss) immanent al mitus è tuttina stringent sco il pensar modern; el sa differenziescha da quel tras quai ch’el è adattà a la sfera da la percepziun concreta, entant ch’il pensar abstract-scientific s’auza sur quella. Il pensar selvadi furmia «ina translaziun d’ina percepziun inconscienta da la vardad dal determinissem». A l’interpretaziun sa porscha en questa moda «in schema cun vigur infinita». Tuttina sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tylor (n'exista betg)">Tylor</a> accentuescha <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9vi-Strauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lévi-Strauss (n'exista betg)">Lévi-Strauss</a> uschia la funcziun dal mitus da diriger la cogniziun; las funcziuns emoziunalas dal mitus, per exempel si’abilitad d’elavurar temas existenzialas, vegnan percunter messas uschia in pau a chantun. L’acziun e l’interpretaziun narrativa, uschia vegn argumentà, daventian secundars envers la structura cognitiva che stgaffescha urden; la sintaxa dal mitus è per uschè dir pli impurtanta che sia semantica.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sper Lévy-Strauss èn er auters scienziads s’occupads dals mitus betg ord perspectiva istorica, mabain cun l’interess da cumparegliar las structuras. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Dumézil (n'exista betg)">Georges Dumézil</a> vesa, cuntrari als pèrs opposts da Lévy-Strauss e ses scolars, en ils mitus indoeuropeics temprivs in pensar en trais classas, il qual structurescha il panteon e l’entir urden sacral ed è er da chattar en las castas indicas ed en ils trais stans europeics (sacerdots, guerriers e purs).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il model che prevala savens en la perscrutaziun structurala è quel da la classificaziun da las linguas indoeuropeicas en furma d’in arber genealogic che duai gidar a reconstruir ina lingua primara ipotetica. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Lincoln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Lincoln (n'exista betg)">Bruce Lincoln</a> volva enturn quest model ed analisescha la diromaziun dals mitus indoeuropeics originars (p.ex. il narrativ dals frars *Manu – in sacerdot, il qual correspunda structuralmain ad Odin u Romulus – e *Yemo – Ymir u Remus, in retg). Questas differentas adattaziuns dal mitus originar interpretescha Lincoln, en la tradiziun dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Gramsci (n'exista betg)">Antonio Gramsci</a>, sco narrativs autoritativs, tras ils quals vegnan, sco en il sistem da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dum%C3%A9zil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumézil (n'exista betg)">Dumézil</a>, fixads ils cunfins da las classas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Witzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Witzel (n'exista betg)">Michael Witzel</a> perscrutescha ils mitus da blers pievels ord vista linguistica ed a moda cumparatistica ed istorica. El extenda il model structural-genetic da l’indogermanistica cun cumparegliar la structura da mitus da tut las regiuns grondas linguisticas e culturalas ed integrescha aspects istorics en si’analisa cumparatistica. Da sias lavurs resulta che mitus cumplexs, structurads hajan – auter che quai ch’avevan postulà divers auters scienziads – tuttavia gia pudì sa furmar fitg baud, avant 50 000 fin 20 000 onns. El argumentescha quai tranter auter cun il fatg ch’igl existian dapi var 40 000 fin 50 000 onns linguas cun ina structura sintactica cumplexa<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, uschia che tradiziuns oralas hajan pudì vegnir dadas vinavant dapi lura a las proximas generaziuns. Gist il fatg che quellas sajan concepidas en furma structurada (sco story-line) explitgeschia daco che quellas sajan vegnidas dadas vinavant sur uschè lungs spazis da temp a moda uschè stabila.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Da la valaivladad ed actualitad permanenta da la structura dal mitus s’occupa la semiologia, per exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Barthes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Barthes (n'exista betg)">Roland Barthes</a> en si’ovra ‹Mythologies› (‹Mythen des Alltags›). A moda critica sa posiziunesch la postmoderna percunter envers il mitus sco model d’explitgar il mund. Per la gronda part dals poststructuralists e linguists (sco gia per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Camus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Camus (n'exista betg)">Albert Camus</a>) furman mitus texts autonoms ch’èn spartids da mintga pratica rituala e tar ils quals i n’è betg decisiv da vulair specular davart lur origin u intent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il_mitus_en_la_psicologia">Il mitus en la psicologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifitgar secziun: Il mitus en la psicologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=11" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Il mitus en la psicologia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge_-_Tor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge_-_Tor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge_-_Tor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge_-_Tor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge_-_Tor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge_-_Tor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge_-_Tor%27s_Fight_with_the_Giants_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3063" data-file-height="4430" /></a><figcaption>Thor (da Mårten Eskil Winge, 1872)</figcaption></figure> <p>Gia en l’antica hai dà tendenzas d’interpretar ils eveniments che vegnan represchentads en il mitus sco simbol per la psica umana. Uschia ha per exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucretius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucretius (n'exista betg)">Lucretius</a> preschentà en sia poesia didactica ‹De rerum natura› ina tala interpretaziun, empruvond d’explitgar ils famus turments da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalos (n'exista betg)">Tantalos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tityos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tityos (n'exista betg)">Tityos</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisyphos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisyphos (n'exista betg)">Sisyphos</a> or da ses maletg dal mund naturalistic-raziunal.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenor el represchenta la tema da Tantalos davant il crap che ballantscha sur ses chau la tema permanenta da l’uman envers ils dieus che puneschan. Tityos na senta nagina dolur perquai che evlas al stgarpan or dal corp il gnirom che crescha suenter d’in cuntin, mabain perquai ch’el sa consumescha en mal d’amur. E Sisifus è il simbol per l’uman che sa sfadia senza paus, che na sa cuntenta mai cun quai ch’el ha cuntanschì e che na vegn mai a ruaus. </p><p>Per la psicologia dals pievels e teoria d’appercepziun da la segunda mesadad dal 19avel tschientaner represchentava il mitus la concepziun e moda da pensar da l’uman primitiv, per il qual mintga contemplaziun sviluppava ina muntada simbolica (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Wundt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Wundt (n'exista betg)">Wilhelm Wundt</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heymann_Steinthal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heymann Steinthal (n'exista betg)">Heymann Steinthal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Meyer (n'exista betg)">Eduard Meyer</a>); cun religiun n’haja quai da far nagut. Er per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dilthey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Dilthey (n'exista betg)">Wilhelm Dilthey</a> na sa tractavi tar il mitus betg da religiun, mabain d’in stadi dal svilup intellectual. </p><p>Dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Bastian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Bastian (n'exista betg)">Adolf Bastian</a>, il fundatur dal Museum d’etnologia a Berlin, deriva l’idea dal «patratg elementar»<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, pia da mitus originars che cumparian en lieus dal mund fitg allontanads, uschia ch’els na sajan apparentamain betg vegnids derasads tras diffusiun, vul dir tras contact tranter las singulas societads. El ha explitgà quest fenomen tras l’omogenitad da la psica umana ed ha uschia fullà via al concept dals archetips da <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.G._Jung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.G. Jung (n'exista betg)">C.G. Jung</a>, cumbain ch’el è a medem temp s’associà a las teorias da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tylor (n'exista betg)">Tylor</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigmund Freud (n'exista betg)">Sigmund Freud</a> ha differenzià il 1899 en si’ovra ‹Traumdeutung› tranter la muntada manifesta (verbala) e la muntada latenta (simbolica) da mitus resp. da siemis. Al nivel manifest fa per exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edipus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edipus (n'exista betg)">Edipus</a> naufragi vulend mitschar dal destin ch’al era vegnì preditg. Al nivel latent però ha el success cun cuntentar ses desideris zuppads. Sin in nivel anc pli profund sa lascha il lectur resp. siemiader tschiffar dal mitus e daventa danovamain l’autur da quel, numnadamain en quel senn ch’el vegn da cuntentar ses giavischs zuppads cun viver quels a moda simbolica. Mitus n’èn pia nagut auter che siemis rendids publics.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A las lavurs temprivas da Freud è sa referì <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Rank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Rank (n'exista betg)">Otto Rank</a>, il qual ha medemamain considerà siemis sco moda da cuntentar sentiments zuppads a moda simbolica; ultra da quai ha el però elavurà a basa da 30 mitus ina structura d’acziun differenziada da l’erox dal mitus, surtut en l’emprima mesadad da la vita fin ch’il jau è s’etablì.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Gustav Jung (n'exista betg)">Carl Gustav Jung</a> descriva mitus sco expressiun d’archetips, pia da musters da represchentaziun e d’acziun betg individuals mabain collectivs ch’èn francads profund en il subconscient ed ils quals pon cumparair dapertut – en il siemi, en visiuns, en paraulas. Cuntrari als archetips inconscients furman mitus però per Jung elavuraziuns conscientas («secundaras») da quests archetips. Surtut ils mitus dals dieus – ils dieus simboliseschan ils archetips dals geniturs – represchentan a moda bain visibla (antropomorfa) l’agir dad umans, il qual vegn be projectà en il mund dals dieus. Archetips e mitus pon ir a perder sur lung temp u vegnir supprimids, sco per exempel il mitus da la divinitad mamma en il cristianissem, la quala cumpara però puspè en furma da la veneraziun da Maria (uschenumnà atavissem). </p><p>Per C.G. Jung è il mitus er collià cun privels: Uschia mainia la ferma identificaziun cun archetips sco quel dal puer aeternus (giuvenil perpeten) e da la gronda mamma en la vegliadetgna da creschì psichicamain ad ina vita sco uffant pitschen perpeten. L’archetip sco tal saja bain ina realitad ch’ins stoppia acceptar; ma quai na muntia betg ch’ins stoppia dar si l’agen jau a favur dal subconscient.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L’antagonissem tranter mitus ed illuminissem han ils represchentants dal concept da l’archetip la finala interpretà a favur dal mitus: Il mitus vegn considerà sco repetiziun rituala d’eveniments primars, sco elavuraziun narrativa da temas e speranzas originaras da l’uman. En questa funcziun haja el in cler avantatg envers sistems da noziuns. Mitus pon valair tenor quest puntg da vista sco interpretaziun dal mund simbolica en furma narrativa e cuntegnair vardads fundamentalas areguard la vita umana ch’als rendan nundestruibels. Il filolog classic e scienzià da religiun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ker%C3%A9nyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kerényi (n'exista betg)">Karl Kerényi</a> ha discurrì en quest connex da la psicologia sco mitologia individuala e da la mitologia sco psicologia collectiva.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il linguist e mitolog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Campbell (n'exista betg)">Joseph Campbell</a> vala sco fundatur da la perscrutaziun da mitus cumparatistica. En si’ovra ‹The Hero with a Thousand Faces› (1949) na perscrutescha el betg sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rank (n'exista betg)">Rank</a> l’uffanza e giuventetgna, mabain ils mitus da la segunda fasa da la vita: il viadi da l’erox sco partenza en in nov mund ed il reussir en vista a privels ed aventuras. Per el expriman mitus aspects tut normals dal svilup da la persunalitad. Campbell accentuescha las adattaziuns localas e limitaziuns dals mitus elementars universals, las qualas sajan succedidas dapi il temp da las culturas autas temprivas per motivs da la legitimaziun da pussanza e da l’integraziun sociala. Quest’absorpziun da mitus haja culminà dal temp da la <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_mundiala" title="Segunda Guerra mundiala">Segunda Guerra mundiala</a>. Sco furma d’adattaziun specifica dal mitus a la societad americana ha el identifitgà il monomitus dal lone rider che cumbatta cunter il nausch. Il film e la televisiun sajan ils lieus, nua ch’ils mitus cuntinueschian oz a sa sviluppar.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Er l’etnolog american <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Dundes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Dundes (n'exista betg)">Alan Dundes</a> considerescha il mitus ord vista da la psicologia dal subconscient sco sistem da giavischs. Dundes ha rendì visibels ils numerus giavischs zuppads e las utopias che sa concentreschan en mitus e paraulas, ha però laschà averta la dumonda, tge funcziun ch’il mitus gioghia cur ch’i sa tractia da chanalisar entaifer la societad quests giavischs. En la tradiziun da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Eliade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mircea Eliade (n'exista betg)">Mircea Eliade</a> ha el però attribuì al mitus, cuntrari a la paraula, ina muntada sacrala; en quel sa manifesteschia il surnatiral. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Winnicott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Winnicott (n'exista betg)">Donald Winnicott</a>, in represchentant da la scola britannica da la teoria da las relaziuns d’objects, ha vis en il mitus in champ intermediar, il qual distgargia l’uman da l’incumbensa stentusa da stuair metter d’in cuntin en relaziun in cun l’auter la realitad interna ed externa. Il mitus furmia la cuntinuaziun dal gieu d’uffant en la fasa da transiziun vers il mund dals creschids; tuttina sco l’art e la religiun stgaffeschia quel en il mund exteriur in nov mund da muntada e segirezza.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ozendi considerescha la gronda part dals represchentants da la psicologia dal subconscient la rolla dal mitus sco positiva per il svilup normal dal jau. Quel na porschia betg be satisfacziun simbolica per ils supprimiders e neurotichers e na sustegnia betg la fugia dal mund sco il siemi, mabain doceschia sco experientscha collectiva la renunzia sapientiva, la sublimaziun e la confruntaziun cun la realitad. En quest reguard sa differenzieschia il mitus a moda fundamentala dal siemi – uschia il psicoanaliticher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Arlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Arlow (n'exista betg)">Jacob Arlow</a>, ma er da la paraula, la quala furmia en cumparegliaziun cun ils eroxs dal mitus in’instanza da socialisaziun pli miaivla, che funcziunia en il mintgadi – uschia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Bettelheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Bettelheim (n'exista betg)">Bruno Bettelheim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitus_e_ritual_en_l’antropologia_sociala_e_culturala_anglosaxona"><span id="Mitus_e_ritual_en_l.E2.80.99antropologia_sociala_e_culturala_anglosaxona"></span>Mitus e ritual en l’antropologia sociala e culturala anglosaxona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifitgar secziun: Mitus e ritual en l’antropologia sociala e culturala anglosaxona" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=12" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Mitus e ritual en l’antropologia sociala e culturala anglosaxona"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Delphi_Greece_(08).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Delphi_Greece_%2808%29.jpg/220px-Delphi_Greece_%2808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Delphi_Greece_%2808%29.jpg/330px-Delphi_Greece_%2808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Delphi_Greece_%2808%29.jpg/440px-Delphi_Greece_%2808%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Delfi, Grezia</figcaption></figure> <p>La scola britannica da l’antropologia sociala ha surtut perscrutà la relaziun tranter mitus e ritual. Caracteristic è ses access interdisciplinar ch’ha enserrà da l’entschatta ennà aspects etnologics, sociologics, da la scienza da la religiun e da l’antica, orientalistics, psicologics, da la teoria da l’evoluziun e filologics. Quests studis ha reprendì la scola americana da l’antropologia culturala, fundada da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Boas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Boas (n'exista betg)">Franz Boas</a>. </p><p>Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Burnett Tylor (n'exista betg)">Edward Burnett Tylor</a> sa tracti tar il mitus (il qual el attribuescha a la domena da la religiun) d’ina sort protoscienza, la quala stat tar il ritual en la medema relaziun sco la scienza tar la tecnica: rituals vegnan sviluppads tenor Tylor a basa da mitus (uschenumnà ritual-from-myth approach) e servan a l’emprova da dominar u controllar la natira; i sa tracta pia tar quels per uschè dir da mitus applitgads. Pervi da la regularitad dals rituals sa lascha il mitus quasi chapir sco lescha ch’accumpogna l’acziun respectiva. Ed ils mitus na vegnan betg pli duvrads en quel mument che religiuns modernas sa basan sin in’etica e metafisica sviluppada.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Robertson_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Robertson Smith (n'exista betg)">William Robertson Smith</a> han mitus percunter be furmà explicaziuns per rituals religius, dals quals l’origin n’era betg (pli) enconuschent. Uschia accumpognan ils vegls pievels per exempel il ciclus da la vegetaziun tras rituals. Dals cults da vegetaziun vegl orientals è sa mantegnì tar ils Grecs be pli il mitus dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adonis (n'exista betg)">Adonis</a> (uschenumnà myth-from-ritual approach). En il medem senn ha er il teoreticher da litteratura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Edgar_Hyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Edgar Hyman (n'exista betg)">Stanley Edgar Hyman</a> postulà ch’il ritual (prelogic) saja pli vegl ch’il mitus, e che quest ultim saja pli tard sa fatg independent sco explicaziun per fenomens da la natira.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robertson_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robertson Smith (n'exista betg)">Robertson Smith</a> ha influenzà las vastas lavurs da <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James George Frazer (n'exista betg)">James George Frazer</a> areguard il dieu da la vegetaziun che mora cun tagliar e mular il graun e che renascha puspè la primavaira, sco ch’el vegn descrit en il mitus d’Adonis che deriva oriundamain da l’Asia dal Vest. Ils dieus eran per Frazer be simbols per process natirals. Il natural law man saja tuttavia stà abel da pensar a moda logica, el saja però sa servì da rituals magics en quel mument ch’el saja arrivà als cunfins da sia chapientscha da la natira causala; ed en quel mument che quests rituals hajan disditg – per exempel en cas da nauschas racoltas –, al haja il mitus, pia la cretta en pussanzas invisiblas, gidà a vegnir a frida cun ils cunfins da sia pussanza. Il mitus descrivia en quest senn process natirals; el precedia il ritual, il qual daventia in process puramain agricul.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La filologa classica <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Ellen_Harrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Ellen Harrison (n'exista betg)">Jane Ellen Harrison</a> percunter attribuescha al mitus surtut ina muntada performativa: ella al considerescha sco ina furma dal ritual transfurmada en lingua, pia sco ina sort act da discurrer, il qual possedia però sez qualitads magicas.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitus servan tant per Frazer sco er per Harrison a proteger rituals dad ir en emblidanza e d’integrar novs commembers en la cuminanza. Els pon sa far independents e sa schliar dal ritual; ubain ch’il ritual sa fa independent e vegn exequì per sasez, quai che furma per Harrison l’origin da mintga furma d’art. </p><p>La rolla da mitus e rituals sco instanzas da socialisaziun, ma er sco simbolisaziun d’agressiuns e ritus da mazzament, accentuescha il filolog classic tudestg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Burkert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Burkert (n'exista betg)">Walter Burkert</a> che considerescha, sco il perscrutader dals Navajo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clyde_Kluckhohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clyde Kluckhohn (n'exista betg)">Clyde Kluckhohn</a>, mitus e ritual sco elements ch’èn bain sa sviluppads independentamain in da l’auter, ma dals quals l’effect rinforza in l’auter. Il ritual transfurmia in simpel raquint en ina norma sociala; il mitus attribueschia a l’agir uman ina legitimaziun divina. </p><p>Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronisław Malinowski (n'exista betg)">Bronisław Malinowski</a> n’è betg stada en il center la funcziun da legitimaziun rituala, mabain sociala dal mitus. El ha considerà mitus sco legitimaziun accumpagnanta u posteriura da rituals; i dettia però er bleras activitads dal mintgadi tar las qualas vegnian medemamain raquintads mitus, ubain mitus d’eroxs che duain animar a suandar l’exempel. Mitus e ritual na sajan pia betg colliads necessariamain in cun l’auter. Mitus e rituals na servian betg en emprima lingia ad explitgar fenomens natirals u fisicals, mabain a dumagnar sfidas socialas. Il mitus duaja giustifitgar reglas, rituals ed usits morals malempernaivels. El n’haja betg la funcziun d’explitgar ils rituals, mabain legitimeschia quels tras quai ch’el situeschia lur origin en temps daditg vargads. Uschia simplifitgeschia il mitus als umans d’als acceptar. Mitus na furmian betg be ina part da l’imaginaziun, reflexiun u explicaziun, mabain tuttavia er dals elements funcziunals (economics, socials u religius), pragmatics e performativs d’ina cultura e tras quai d’ina realitad che determineschia la moda d’agir. Perquai sa laschian mitus be chapir sco part da las acziuns che incumbensas specificas adempleschan en societads specificas e be cun observar ed en il dialog cun ils mythmakers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sa referind a Malinowski argumentescha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Eliade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mircea Eliade (n'exista betg)">Mircea Eliade</a> che blers rituals vegnian be pratitgads, perquai ch’ins possia sa referir ad in mitus d’origin u possia imitar ina figura mitica che duaja avair fundà il ritual. Mitus na legitimeschan però tenor Eliade betg be rituals, mabain decleran l’origin dals pli differents fenomens. Il mitus haja en in tschert senn la funcziun d’ina maschina dal temp: el avischinia ils umans als vegls dieus ed eroxs.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witzel percunter considerescha la relaziun tranter mitus e ritual sco chicken-and-egg-discussion che na sa laschia betg decider. </p><p>Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robin_Horton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robin Horton (n'exista betg)">Robin Horton</a> (* 1932) èn models explicativs dal mund cun in caracter persunalisant (mitic) betg colliads da princip cun in pensar ‹primitiv› u religius, mabain sa furman en in ambient, en il qual existan chaussas che n’èn betg calculablas u betg enconuschentas, pia en culturas betg industrialisadas. Quest context social determinescha la furma dal pensar: Uschia vegnan attribuidas en religiuns africanas las ultimas decisiuns da princip a creatiras antropomorfas.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Popper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Popper (n'exista betg)">Karl Popper</a> ha radicalisà la tesa da Horton e di ch’i n’existia nagina differenza fundamentala tranter la structura dal mitus e quella da la scienza occidentala; quest’ultima è però integrada en ina cultura da discussiun e controllabla, il mitus percunter betg.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uschia sa preschenta el, sco blers etnologs britannics, en ina posiziun cuntraria a l’etnolog franzos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_L%C3%A9vy-Bruhl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (n'exista betg)">Lucien Lévy-Bruhl</a>, il qual considerescha il pensar mitic da princip sco prelogic. Er l’antropolog da cultura polonais-american <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Radin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Radin (n'exista betg)">Paul Radin</a> crititgescha Lévy-Bruhl. El è da l’avis che umans en societads ‹primitivas› eran er abels da pensar a moda betg mitica, gea filosofica. La differenza tranter il pensar da l’uman ordinari che tendeschia vers il mitus sco explicaziun mecanica da process che sa repetan (en il senn dal «return perpeten» da Nietzsche) ed il pensar da persunalitads excepziunalas saja avant maun en tuttas societads a medema moda.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ozendi considerescha l’etnologia l’intenziun da vulair determinar la rolla dal mitus tenor ils criteris structurals e funcziunalistics da Malinowski e d’auters auturs sco memia normativa e statica. Enstagl accentuescha ella l’evoluziun permanenta dals mitus en il process da la midada cuntinuanta da la societad. Uschia sa drizza l’interess da la perscrutaziun pli ferm sin la rolla activa dals mythmakers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Campbell (n'exista betg)">Joseph Campbell</a> ha differenzià en quest senn gia pli baud tranter mitus ch’èn confurm a las normas e che sustegnan il status quo social e tals che dattan perditga d’innovaziun sociala tras rumper cun success convenziuns (p.ex. il mitus da Prometheus). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il_mitus_ord_vista_da_la_sociologia,_politologia_ed_istoriografia"><span id="Il_mitus_ord_vista_da_la_sociologia.2C_politologia_ed_istoriografia"></span>Il mitus ord vista da la sociologia, politologia ed istoriografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifitgar secziun: Il mitus ord vista da la sociologia, politologia ed istoriografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=13" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Il mitus ord vista da la sociologia, politologia ed istoriografia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_(1916)_(14801987593).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg/160px-Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg/240px-Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg/320px-Myths_and_legends_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281916%29_%2814801987593%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>Illustraziun tar in’ediziun da mitus e legendas da la Babilonia ed Assiria (1916)</figcaption></figure> <p>Entaifer las scienzas socialas e l’istoriografia vegnan d’ina vart intercurids ils process da la furmaziun da mitus (moderns), per l’autra furman mitus istorics tuttavia funtaunas che servan a dar invista en la structura sociala respectiva (p.ex. las analisas da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Dumézil (n'exista betg)">Georges Dumézil</a>). Adina dapli reflectescha l’istoriografia dapi la vieuta culturala davart la noziun dal mitus per se e perscrutescha la furmaziun da tradiziuns, la memoria collectiva sco er mentalitads. </p><p>Il fundament da la perscrutaziun da mitus sociologica ha stgaffì <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Durkheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Durkheim (n'exista betg)">Émile Durkheim</a> cun sias retschertgas davart il totemissem en l’Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El n’è betg partì d’in paradigma evoluziunistic – ch’avess laschà spetgar in urden ‹primitiv› – mabain ha realisà ch’ils Aborigins avevan stgaffì sistems religius cumplexs ch’ademplivan funcziuns sumegliantas sco las religiuns mundialas. L’element central da tut religius è per Durkheim la differenziaziun tranter duas sferas spartidas dal tuttafatg: il sontg ed il profan. En la moderna secularisada remplazza en l’imaginaziun collectiva da l’uman la societad la religiun: Ils umans moderns crain en l’urden social ed endrizzan instituziuns e rituals per stabilisar quel. A moda sumeglianta definescha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bellah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bellah (n'exista betg)">Robert Bellah</a> sco religiun civila la cumpart religiusa da la cultura civila entaifer ina democrazia, tras il qual vegn erigì sur quella in baldachin protegind da vardads da cardientscha e mitus che legitimeschan las reglas socialas. </p><p>Per il socialist franzos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Sorel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Sorel (n'exista betg)">Georges Sorel</a> – che considerava sco irrelevanta la dumonda quant vardaivels che mitus sajan – furman mitus percunter ideologias empalantas, quasi maletgs da las grondas battaglias che ston vegnir battidas per tschentar la societad sin novs fundaments morals; els han en quest senn ina funcziun mobilisanta (sco il mitus da la chauma generala dals sindicalists, il mitus marxistic da la crisa finala da sistem chapitalistic u il cumbat catolic tranter satan e la baselgia).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedict_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benedict Anderson (n'exista betg)">Benedict Anderson</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> furman tut las cuminanzas pli grondas che surpassan la communicaziun survesaivla dal vitg (face-to-face) cuminanzas imaginadas; quellas basegnan ideas cuminaivlas pussantas. Quai na vala betg be per las societads modernas che Anderson ha intercurì, mabain tuttavia er per mitus istorics e da fundaziun temprivs, sco per exempel l’ovra deuteronomica che legitimescha il svilup d’in stadi central giudaic e che represchenta ils motivs per ses declin ord vista teologica. </p><p>Il scienzià da giurisprudenza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Depenheuer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Depenheuer (n'exista betg)">Otto Depenheuer</a> fa endament che bleras teorias da stadi e da dretg vegnan segiradas tras mitus, uschia per exempel il ‹Leviathan› da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hobbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hobbes (n'exista betg)">Thomas Hobbes</a>. Per Depenheuer (sco er per Nietzsche) è tant il mitus religius sco er il mitus politic in «maletg dal mund concentrà» che respunda «per tema da la contingenza, nunsurvesaivladad e mancanza d’orientaziun» e che stgaffescha coerenza ed in sentiment d’esser en buns mauns e d’identitad tras structuras che sa concentreschan a l’essenzial e cun reducir cumplexitad.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er il stadi raziunalistic, il dretg e la constituziun n’èn betg libers da musters da pensar mitologics, da raquints e dals rituals respectivs. Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Salzborn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Salzborn (n'exista betg)">Samuel Salzborn</a> è la finamira dal mitus politic la finala da reconciliar ils cuntrasts e da schliar ambivalenzas, pia ina sort management da conflict simbolic. En quai suonda el Lévi-Strauss.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il diever da la noziun ‹mitus› en il mintgadi, che metta quel en cuntrast cun la ‹vardad›, ignorescha ord vista sociologica il fatg che constructs mentals ed imaginaziuns collectivas furman cun il medem dretg ina part da la realitad ed objects da perscrutaziun legitims sco fatgs istorics e socials. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Waechter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthias Waechter (n'exista betg)">Matthias Waechter</a> definescha il mitus ord vista sociologica sco suonda: «Il mitus sa referescha ad in’istorgia vivida communablamain e segnada d’individis extraordinaris (...). En rom dal process da mitologisaziun vegn quella schliada dal context direct, istoric ed auzà ad in nivel atemporal; ils protagonists principals vegnan munids cun attributs transcendentals.» Al mitus cumpeta ina posiziun-clav tar l’acquist, la legitimaziun e la stabilisaziun d’autoritad politica. Las catastrofas dal 20avel tschientaner han manà ad in’inflaziun en la producziun da mitus, pertge che en temps da crisas èn il regl suenter mobilisaziun politica ed il basegn da chattar senn e confiert spezialmain gronds. </p><p>Mitus da persunas na sa restrenschan betg a sistems autoritars, dictatorics: er republicas modernas carismatiseschan manaders, sco per exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atat%C3%BCrk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atatürk (n'exista betg)">Atatürk</a> en la <a href="/wiki/Tirchia" title="Tirchia">Tirchia</a>. E societads pluralisticas mitiseschan moviments opposts cun lur eroxs respectivs, sco per exempel ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a> la cultura dals stadis dal sid ch’è svanida (Johnny Reb) ed il mitus dals liberaturs dals sclavs (Billy Yank). Er subculturas ch’èn socialmain proscrittas e lur eroxs ed adversaris pon daventar l’object da mitus (p.ex. Al Capone u Eliot Ness e la gruppa dals incorruptibels). Gist ils Stadis Unids èn segnads d’ina producziun infinita da mitus d’eroxs e socials – per part en extrema simplificaziun metaforica – da <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Washington (n'exista betg)">George Washington</a> «che na scheva mai manzegnas» sur il melting pot fin al simpel gidanter che daventa milliunari. </p><p>Ozendi è d’ina vart la tecnica sezza daventada in mitus; da l’autra vart han las tecnologicas d’infurmaziun midà a moda radicala la moda e maniera co che mitus moderns sa furman e sa sviluppan. Quels naschan oz or d’in process communicativ, en il qual ils producents e recipients interageschan. Uschia sa furma ina dumonda suenter adina novs mitus ed in martgà per mitus d’art producids a moda commerziala, e quai en rom da la globalisaziun surtut per mitus transnaziunals che sa laschan recepir independentamain da la cultura (p.ex. Star Wars). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitus_e_scienza_da_las_religiuns">Mitus e scienza da las religiuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifitgar secziun: Mitus e scienza da las religiuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=14" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Mitus e scienza da las religiuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a> analisescha entaifer il <a href="/wiki/Nov_Testament" title="Nov Testament">Nov Testament</a> ils models d’explicaziun e las forzas ch’opereschan en il mund (p.ex. ‹satan›) che paran a l’emprima egliada primitivs. El recumonda da leger quests models a moda simbolica e differenziescha tranter demitologisaziun e demitisaziun. Entant ch’el definescha quest’ultima sco l’emprova da chattar per ils mitus in element central che sa lascha cumprovar scientificamain e da sbittar il rest dal mitus, sa tracti tar la demitologisaziun da chattar l’element simbolic central da quel. In mitus chapì en questa moda na tracta betg il mund sez, mabain il viver e sentir da l’uman en il mund. Il mitus exprima pia «co che l’uman chapescha sasez en il mund»<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; el vul vegnir interpretà a moda antropologica, betg cosmologica. Il Nov Testament tracta tenor quest’interpretaziun il sentiment d’alienaziun dals umans che n’han anc betg chattà dieu, e dal sentiment d’unitad cun il mund da quels ch’al han gia chattà. Per pudair acceptar mitus, ston ins pia crair vinavant en Dieu – uschia la critica da Segal.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A moda sumeglianta demitologisescha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Jonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Jonas (n'exista betg)">Hans Jonas</a> la Gnosis e reducescha quella sin il fatg da l’alienaziun dals umans. Per pudair defender en questa moda la mitologia gnostica sto el però «demitisar» quella cun unfrir tut las cumparts che stattan en cuntradicziun cun la scienza moderna. Entant che blers teoretichers dal mitus – surtut Tylor – consideravan l’effect dal mitus precis en quai ch’el vegniva prendì serius, partan ils scienzads da las religiuns moderns dal cuntrari, numnadamain da quai che lur effect (per cristians moderns) sa sviluppia pir cun als leger a moda simbolica resp. allegorica. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:WahineTane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WahineTane.jpg/160px-WahineTane.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WahineTane.jpg/240px-WahineTane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/WahineTane.jpg/320px-WahineTane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Rangi e Papa, ils emprims umans en il mitus da creaziun dals Maori</figcaption></figure> <p>Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mircea_Eliade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mircea Eliade (n'exista betg)">Mircea Eliade</a> n’èn ils mitus betg da leger a moda simbolica. Cuntrari a l’antropologia sociala ed etnologia anglosaxona na considerescha ella quels però betg sco explicaziuns dal return perpeten dals fenomens, mabain sco mitus d’origin e da fundaziun ch’expriman in sistem coerent areguard las realitads las pli profundas, pia in sistem metafisic. Il mitus furmia la «recitaziun rituala dal mitus cosmogonic, la reactualisaziun da l’eveniment primordial» tras il qual l’uman vegnia projectà a l’origin dal mund ed unì cun ils dieus. Quest'unificaziun revocheschia la spartiziun ch’haja gì lieu cun bandunar il paradis. Il ‹niz› dal mitus consistia en la confruntaziun cun il divin. Quai na saja la scienza betg abla da prestar e perquai dovria l’uman modern il mitus, er sch’el na veglia betg s’identifitgar cun dieus, mabain cun eroxs profans. A la fin dals quints n’haja pia gnanc gì lieu ina secularisaziun: schizunt il kino porschia ozendi a l’uman modern la pussaivladad «da bandunar il temp».<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witzel postulescha che l’idea da l’origin divin dal tschiel, da la terra e da l’uman na saja betg sa derasada tras diffusiun. La finala sa laschian tuttas religiuns autas manar enavos sin quest’idea che tutga tar quai ch’el numna il cumplex da mitus laurasian dal paleolitic tardiv che saja sa diromà cun la derasaziun da l’uman modern. Quel cuntegna ils elements da la creaziun, da la mort e da la renaschientscha (dals animals e dals umans), furma pia ina metafra che descriva il ciclus vital da l’uman. En il temp neolitic saja quest patratg vegnì sviluppà vinavant a l’idea da la derivanza dal sulegl; unfrendas d’animals e rituals schamanistics sajan vegnids remplazzads tras la veneraziun da plantas e l’idea da la renaschientscha da la terra la primavaira – pli tard tras dieus da la vegetaziun antropomorfs sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osiris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osiris (n'exista betg)">Osiris</a> ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adonis (n'exista betg)">Adonis</a>. A medem temp han las elitas exclus dal temp da la furmaziun da stadis tempriva las classas inferiuras u castas dal privilegi da la derivanza divina, uschia en l’<a href="/wiki/Egipta" title="Egipta">Egipta</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China (n'exista betg)">China</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Giapun" title="Giapun">Giapun</a> e tar ils <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inca (n'exista betg)">Inca</a> ed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aztecs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aztecs (n'exista betg)">Aztecs</a>; en il decurs dal temp ha quest svilup per part er manà a cuntradicziuns e conflicts interns entaifer la construcziun dals mitus. Sut influenza dal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrissem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoroastrissem (n'exista betg)">zoroastrissem</a> monoteistic cun ses dualissem da bun e nausch saja l’idea d’ina renaschientscha «automatica» ida a perder. L’element paleolitic da l’unfrenda d’animals saja però sa mantegnida fin oz en furma simbolica (‹tschut da Dieu›). L’islam furmia la varianta la pli moderna ed abstracta da las religiuns mundialas, ma la festa da l’unfrenda sa refereschia anc adina a la tradiziun dal temp da crap.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitus_e_scienza_litterara">Mitus e scienza litterara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifitgar secziun: Mitus e scienza litterara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=15" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Mitus e scienza litterara"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collià cun il ritual sa lascha il mitus chapir sco text da diever magic u religius. Tenor opiniun da blers scienziads daventa quel pir lura litteratura, pia in text autonom, sch’el vegn spartì dal ritual. Igl è significativ ch’ils mitus antics ‹pajauns› han savens survivì senza las ideas ed ils rituals religius ch’eran colliads cun quels. Auter sa preschenta la situaziun tar ils mitus dal <a href="/wiki/Vegl_Testament" title="Vegl Testament">Vegl Testament</a>: Quels èn oz per gronda part be enconuschents entaifer las cuminanzas giudaicas e cristianas.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er la gronda part da las ditgas nordicas ch’èn vegnidas dadas vinavant be en furma litterara – e ch’eran dal temp ch’ins las ha nudà per part gia influenzadas dal cristianissem – chaschunan al lectur odiern gronds problems da chapientscha. Quai è però d’attribuir main al fatg che las ideas u ils rituals magic-schamanistics u religius ch’eran oriundamain colliads cun quests mitus n’èn oz strusch pli enconuschents, mabain a la furma poetica affectada, tecnicamain fitg pretensiusa e segnada d’elements enigmatics, quai che serviva a ses temp a preleger ils texts davant retgs ed aristocrats. Da vulair sparter il mitus oriund da l’invenziun litterara n’è oz strusch pli pussaivel.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antropologs e filologs classics britannics han empruvà repetidamain da deducir l’origin da raquints mitics da rituals ch’han pers lur senn u ch’èn svanids. <a href="/w/index.php?title=FitzRoy_Somerset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FitzRoy Somerset (n'exista betg)">FitzRoy Somerset</a> è per exempel da l’avis che mitus d’eroxs n’hajan lur origin betg en l’istorgia, mabain en rituals che na vegnian betg pli pratitgads. Quai che restia sajan eroxs idealisads cun ina biografia ideala.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il muster da la vita da l’erox represchenta il retg sco salvader mitic che figurescha sco exempel per ils manaders politics reals e che s’unfrescha per ses pievel ubain vegn stgatschà dal tron. Cun quest muster sa cunfan per exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edipus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edipus (n'exista betg)">Edipus</a> u il retg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saul (n'exista betg)">Saul</a>. </p><p>Entant che <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Burkert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Burkert (n'exista betg)">Walter Burkert</a> accentuescha ils tratgs cuminaivels da mitus, ditga e paraula sco furmas narrativas tradiziunalas surindividualas (il mitus faschond però diever da nums propris reals), cunfinescha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Jolles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Jolles (n'exista betg)">André Jolles</a> il mitus da las duas autras furmas narrativas betg tras il muster narrativ respectiv, mabain a basa da la tenuta envers il mund ch’è mintgamai differenta: la ditga concepescha il mund sco famiglia ed interpretescha quel «tenor la noziun da la stirpa, da l’arber genealogic, da la consanguinitad»; la paraula è segnada d’in’etica che respunda «a la dumonda: ‹Co stoi ir en il mund?›»; il mitus percunter è segnà d’in sguard examinant. Correspundentamain pudess ins discurrer tar il mitus d’in fundament plitost antropologic che litterar.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divers scienziads da litteratura vesan en il mitus l’origin d’auters geners litterars (dramatics), surtut da la tragedia. Girard per exempel constatescha ch’il pievel lascha expulsar u mazzar ses erox perquai che quel è la culpa da lur miseria (p.ex. Edipus sco motiv per la pesta) e Fraser tracta l’exempel dal dieu da las plantas (u dal dieu che n’è betg pli fritgaivel) e che sto vegnir mazzà – en il senn d’in ritual da fritgaivladad – per che la natira possia sa regiuvinar. Il teoreticher dal drama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Fergusson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Fergusson (n'exista betg)">Francis Fergusson</a> fa da qua la punt tar l’origin dal drama: Er quel tractia en emprima lingia da suffrientscha e salvament, betg però dal dieu che vegn unfrì tras il pievel, mabain ch’unfrescha sasez. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Murray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert Murray (n'exista betg)">Gilbert Murray</a>, ch’ha sviluppà vinavant la teoria dal dionisic da Nietzsche, vesa l’origin da la tragedia en il mitus e ritual dal patiment, da la mort e resurrecziun dal spiert u demuni da l’onn, in saut dionisic sontg ch’era segnà dals elements cumbat, sconfitta, epifania ed al qual èn vegnids agiuntads pli tard ils elements lamentaschun e rapport dal mess. A questa posiziun èn s’unids fin oz blers auters scienziads. </p><p>Per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Burke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Burke (n'exista betg)">Kenneth Burke</a> furman mitus metafisica transponida en raquints. Quels expriman a moda simbolica insatge ch’ils umans da culturas temprivas n’eran betg abels d’exprimer cun pleds. Uschia considerescha el per exempel ils sis dis da la creaziun sco emprova da sutdivider il mund en sis categorias.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Che la postmoderna reducescha il mitus sin in spir raquint ed al separa dal ritual, furma ord vista da quests access ina trivialisaziun dal mitus. </p> <dl><dt>Mitus en la litteratura</dt></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/190px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/285px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/380px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3223" /></a><figcaption>Dante e Beatrice guardan en il parvis (illustraziun da Gustave Doré tar la ‹Divina Commedia› da Dante)</figcaption></figure> <p>Per la cultura europeica han ils mitus grecoromans gì da vegl ennà ina muntada tut speziala. Dapi l’‹Ilias› e l’‹Odissea› da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homer (n'exista betg)">Homer</a> e la ‹Teogonia› da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hesiod (n'exista betg)">Hesiod</a> fan ils cuntegns da quels part dal canon litterar ed han chattà adina novas elavuraziuns artisticas. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallimachos_da_Kyrene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kallimachos da Kyrene (n'exista betg)">Kallimachos da Kyrene</a> ha rimnà vers 270 a.C. mitus da fundaziun ed ha unì quels en si’ovra ‹Aitia›. Dal temp dals Romans ha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovid (n'exista betg)">Ovid</a> rimnà en sias ‹Metamorfosas› mitus da transfurmaziun. Entant ch’ils mitus antics eran colliads stretgamain cun fenomens da la natira ed eran orientads a quest mund, als han ils babs da la baselgia plitost chapì or da la perspectiva cristiana-ecclesiastica sco exempels morals. Pli tard en il decurs dal temp cristian han ins cumpilà novs mitus, orientads a l’auter mund e cun ina tenuta ostila envers la natira; en quels sa manifestescha il dualissem etic ed il cumbat etern tranter il bun ed il nausch, Dieu e satan. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrarca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrarca (n'exista betg)">Petrarca</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dante (n'exista betg)">Dante</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaucer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaucer (n'exista betg)">Chaucer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakespeare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakespeare (n'exista betg)">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milton (n'exista betg)">Milton</a> e blers auters èn puspè sa servids en lur ovras da mitus antics, ils quals als han furnì nundumbraivels motivs litterars. L’idea dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristoteles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristoteles (n'exista betg)">Aristoteles</a> che la tragedia duaja tractar da «megliers umans» ha manà en il 17avel tschientaner a l’uschenumnada clausula dals stans, la quala ha resalvà il mitus ad in mund aristocratic da dieus e nobels, excludend ils burgais. Sco restanza da questa cunfinaziun ch’era a ses temp ordvart brisanta, è per part anc sa mantegnida l’idea ch’il mitus tractia da dieus e la ditga d’umans (cumbain che per exempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edipus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edipus (n'exista betg)">Edipus</a> è in prinzi e nagin dieu). </p><p>Dapi la fin dal 18avel tschientaner è la mitologia classica sco segn per surmuntar la classica franzosa aristocratica vegnida remplazzada da cuntegns medievals ed exotics, ils quals han da lur vart cuntanschì muntada mitica. La classica da Weimar percunter ha empruvà d’avrir ils temas litterars classics a la burgaisia e d’als tegnair en questa moda en vita. Als mitus antics sco tals èn ins puspè recurrì pli ferm vers la fin dal 19avel tschientaner; diversas ovras da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Giraudoux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Giraudoux (n'exista betg)">Jean Giraudoux</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Camus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Camus (n'exista betg)">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Anouilh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Anouilh (n'exista betg)">Jean Anouilh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Paul_Sartre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Paul Sartre (n'exista betg)">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_O%E2%80%99Neill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene O’Neill (n'exista betg)">Eugene O’Neill</a> sa refereschan savens gia en il titel a quels. </p><p>Exempels per mitus ch’èn sa sviluppads en il temp modern e ch’ins chatta en il fratemp en numerusas variaziuns furman figuras sco Faust u Don Juan. Sin exempels antics sa laschan per encunter manar enavos figuras sco Pygmalion u Romeo e Giulietta. Er mitus litterars moderns sco Star Wars suondan il tipic curs da la vita d’eroxs antics e sa servan d’elements dals mitus classics sco il labirint, il cussegliader sabi u il guardian a la sava. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tips_e_funcziuns_da_mitus">Tips e funcziuns da mitus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifitgar secziun: Tips e funcziuns da mitus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=16" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Tips e funcziuns da mitus"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considerond il mitus sco raquint che «descriva il mund cun far urden cun quel»<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, sa laschan differenziar divers tips u funcziuns da mitus: </p> <ul><li>Teogonias raquintan da la derivanza e dal destin dals dieus (cf. la teogonia da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hesiod (n'exista betg)">Hesiod</a> e la teogonia orfica).</li> <li>Mitus comsogonics u cosmologics raquintan da l’origin resp. da la creaziun dal mund ed explitgeschan la concepziun ed il decurs dal quel (p.ex. la cosmogonia africana, il mitus da creaziun indoeuropeic).</li> <li>Antropogonias rapportan da l’origin da l’uman, sco per exempel il mitus dad Ask ed Embla e da la creaziun da l’uman or da las larmas dal dieu dal sulegl Re.</li> <li>Mitus da fundaziun mainan enavos la construcziun d’in sanctuari u d’ina citad ubain l’etnogenesa d’in pievel u d’ina stirpa (etnogonia) sin dieus u eroxs.</li> <li>Mitus d’origin (er mitus genealogics u origines gentium) duain elevar la muntada da dinastias regentas u d’entirs pievels tras chadainas da derivanza fictivas.</li> <li>Mitus genealogics u sociogonias legitimeschan tschertas lingias da derivanza u pretensiuns da possess; quels èn savens colliads cun mitus d’origin (p.ex. Landnámabók ed Íslendingabók cun la tesa da la derivanza apparenta dals retgs nordics dals Trojans).</li> <li>Mitus istorics servan en blers cas a deducir in’identitad naziunala (p.ex. il Deuteronomium ch’explitgescha l’origin dal stadi gidieu u il mitus da Tell en Svizra). Quels furman ils precursurs dals mitus politics moderns che sa collian savens senz’interrupziun in cun l’auter. Uschia ha per exempel il mitus dals Bogomils servì tant en l’Austria-Ungaria suenter il 1900 sco er en la Jugoslavia moderna vers il 1970 a stgaffir ina cuntinuitad etnica da la noblezza bogomilica dal temp medieval tar l’elita bosniac-muslima moderna senza stuair recurrer al criteri d’identitad da la cretta muslima.</li> <li>Mitus d’eroxs tractan d’umans cun forzas surumanas u da mez dieus che sa sfadian da cuntanscher grondas finamiras che surpassan las abilitads da l’uman ordinari. Lur forza creativa e spiert d’invenziun na tschessan mai (sco tar Odisseus); lur ovras fan dad els in exempel per auters. Savens vegnan els divinisads pervi da lur prestaziuns (Heracles, Indra). Mitus d’eroxs moderns servan stedi a reschims autoritars u totalitars sco meds da motivaziun.</li> <li>Mitus etiologics decleran fenomens en il mund, en la natira che basegnan in’explicaziun speziala.</li> <li>Mitus soteriologics raquintan da l’arrivada d’in spendrader che duai purtar al mund il salvament.</li> <li>Mitus che raquintan d’eroxs da cultura sco Prometheus, Maui u Huangdi descrivan l’invenziun u la surdada d’impurtantas tecnicas culturalas, las qualas vegnan savens enguladas dals dieus. Quels èn parentads cun mitus da furbazs (trickster-myths) che rapportan d’umans u mez dieus creativs ch’èn abels da realisar acts da creaziun surprendents. En blers cas èn ils purtaders da cultura er dieus agrars e dieus dals morts en ina, quai che renviescha al stgomi permanent tranter quests dus champs.</li> <li>Mitus eschatologics raquintan da las ‹ultimas chaussas› (eschata), che succedan a la fin dal temp u suenter la mort.</li> <li>Antimitus u mitus da destrucziun: Entant ch’ils mitus da creaziun duain explitgar l’existenza da l’uman en il mund, emprova l’antimitus da bandir resp. d’explitgar a moda raziunala tut quai che periclitescha u metta en dumonda l’existenza da quel.</li></ul> <p>Uschia sa laschan grondas parts da la <a href="/wiki/Bibla" title="Bibla">Bibla</a> – la quala ins ha considerà tradiziunalmain sco mund cuntrari al «mitus» antic-pajaun – leger sco collecziun da mitus. A ses temp (1836) ha questa tesa da <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Friedrich_Strauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Friedrich Strauss (n'exista betg)">David Friedrich Strauss</a> muntà ina gronda provocaziun. La Genesis dal Pentateuch cuntegna en quest senn raquints mitics sco per exempel davart la creaziun dal mund en set dis u davart il paradis. I mancan però tscherts aspects ch’èn tipics per auters mitus da creaziun. Uschia na datti, pervi da la perspectiva monoteistica, nagins conflicts entaifer in panteon politeistic; ed ils conflicts tranter dieu ed ils umans derivan sulettamain dals putgads da quests ultims. Entant ch’il diluvi deriva en il model babilonic dal raquint biblic (l’epos Atraḫasis) d’in conflict tranter diversas divinitads, sto la Bibla chattar auters culpants: la nauschadad generala dals umans serva sco motivaziun, ma fa medemamain l’impressiun d’esser ina giustificaziun insuffizienta per in chasti uschè grev.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En pli manca l’imaginaziun d’in act da creaziun divin, da la creaziun dal mund sco victoria d’in demiurg sur forzas demunicas u sur in monster sco persunificaziun dal caos. Pervi da quai sa lascha supponer che la furma da la Genesis sco che nus l’enconuschain oz ha gia percurrì in process da demistificaziun. En pli manca la colliaziun tar ils ciclus da la natira che duain vegnir reprendids en auters cults, quai che lascha cumparair la Genesis per gronda part sco in’ovra relativamain tardiva, motivada e cumponida a moda raziunala. </p><p>Ils motivs ch’èn probablamain vegnids eliminads entaifer la Genesis cumparan en ils mitus da bleras differentas culturas: I sa tracta d’uschenumnads mitologems sco l’origin masculin da la vita, l’uffant originar, l’ov originar, l’assassinat d’uffants ed auters. </p><p>Tar ils manuscrits da mitus che na van betg enavos sin la tradiziun grecoromana tutgan tranter auter: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:GilgameshTablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GilgameshTablet.jpg/180px-GilgameshTablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GilgameshTablet.jpg/270px-GilgameshTablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GilgameshTablet.jpg/360px-GilgameshTablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Tavla cun l’epos da Gilgamesch</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>il mitus d’Osiris</li> <li>l’epos Atraḫasis</li> <li>l’epos da Gilgamesch</li> <li>l’epos Keret ed auters mitus ugaritics</li> <li>la preistorgia en l’emprim cudesch da Moses (Genesis) 1–11</li> <li>Il mitus da creaziun dal persian mesaun Bundahischn</li> <li>Il mitus dal sabi Achiqar</li> <li>Il Grímnismál, la Völuspá e la Ragnarök en l’Edda</li> <li>La Purusha-Sukta en il Rigveda ed auters mitus vedics</li> <li>L’Aitareya Upanishad</li> <li>Ils mitus da l’Avest</li> <li>Il cudesch dals misteris da Henoch</li> <li>il mitus da la creaziun dal mund dals Maya en il Popol Vuh</li> <li>il mitus da furbaz dals Winnebago, documentà da Paul Rabin</li> <li>il ciclus da Finn ed il ciclus dad Ulster dals Celts insulars cun lur elements per part mitics, per part legendars</li></ul> <p>Blers da quests mitus, per exempel l’epos da Gilgamesch u la Ragnarök, na cuntegnan betg be ideas areguard la creaziun dal mund, mabain er represchentaziuns apocalipticas cun projectar en l’avegnir in maletg da la destrucziun dal mund. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derasaziun_dals_mitus">Derasaziun dals mitus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifitgar secziun: Derasaziun dals mitus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=17" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Derasaziun dals mitus"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’origin, la derasaziun e la migraziun da mitus tracta la scienza en rom d’ina perscrutaziun cumparatistica, e quai per part cun accentuar aspects linguistics, per part en furma da l’‹analisa da mitus structurala› che sa basa sin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Levi-Strauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Levi-Strauss (n'exista betg)">Claude Levi-Strauss</a>. Scienziads che s’occupan da la perscrutaziun da mitus cumparatistica èn s’unids en l’International Association for Comparative Mythology (IACM). </p><p>Diffusiunists da cultura sco <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Baumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Baumann (n'exista betg)">Hermann Baumann</a> han postulà in ‹mitus mundial›, il qual saja sa sviluppà en las cuminanzas precursuras da las culturas autas tranter Nil ed Indus, e saja alura sa derasà dapi ca. 3000 a.C. en undas fin en China ed en parts da l’Africa e da l’America. Tar l’inventari da quests mitus tutgan il dieu dal sulegl, ils schumellins divins, l’ov cosmic. </p><p>Gia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Dumézil (n'exista betg)">Georges Dumézil</a>, il qual ha contemplà sco emprim ils mitus indoeuropeics or d’ina perspectiva istoric-cumparativa, e pli tard <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Briquel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique Briquel (n'exista betg)">Dominique Briquel</a> rendan attent al fatg che la (pseudo-)istorgia da la Roma tempriva mussia grondas sumeglientschas cun imaginaziuns che sajan da chattar tar ils pievels indoeuropeics temprivs ed en il Mahābhārata. Quai sa lascha explitgar uschia ch’ils istoriografs romans dal terz tschientaner a.C. han probablamain fatg diever da veglias funtaunas oralas. Er numerus auters mitems sco ils raquints iralandais-valisics davart ils viadis da Brendan u Bran en l’auter mund, ils mitus giapunais davart ils frars Hoori e Hoderi (chatschader e pestgader) u la paraula lituana da Jūratė e Kastytis, ma er la paraula indonaisa da Kawulusan (‹Parpara›) mussan grondas sumeglientschas, in fatg al qual l’antropolog e linguist franzos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Barbaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Barbaro (n'exista betg)">Paolo Barbaro</a> renda attent. El postulescha ch’igl haja existì en il paleoliticum tardiv l’imaginaziun d’in auter mund perpeten e solitari situà en la mar che n’era da quel temp anc betg navigabla. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Berezkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Berezkin (n'exista betg)">Yuri Berezkin</a> è sa servì da metodas d’analisa da facturs per eruir e gruppar en 372 regiuns sin tut ils continents 695 motivs cosmologics ed auters motivs mitologics<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (p.ex. il vegl sulegl avant quel dad oz; ils blers sulegls che brischan bunamain la terra; il sa stizzar dals blers sulegls e glinas; il sulegl che nascha d’ina planta etc.). Uschia al èsi reussì d’eruir diversas cumponentas principalas, pia concepts singuls che sa laschan isolar relativamain bain e che cumparan en blers mitus regiunals. L’emprima cumponenta speziala, la quala represchenta imaginaziuns areguard la cosmogonia, è surtut represchentada en l’entira Eurasia – en spezial però en las regiuns da la Sibiria dal Sid e da la Mongolia ch’èn influenzadas dal schamanissem (quai che correspunda a la derasaziun dal haplotip genetic C3) –, daspera er en l’America dal Nord e l’Africa dal Nord. Il fatg che talas imaginaziuns cumparan en tschertas regiuns a moda concentrada, renviescha ad ina derasaziun da motivs e structuras en rom da l’emprima colonisaziun da l’Eurasia dal Nord tras il Homo sapiens, la quala tanscha lunsch sur il territori linguistic indoeuropeic or ed ha gì lieu pli baud che mintga tradiziun scritta, ma è pli giuvna ch’ils mitus ch’èn derasads per lung da l’emprima unda da migraziun (out of Africa) a l’ur da l’Ocean Indic fin en la Melanesia. Ina segunda cumponenta principala furma ina stresa pli giuvna da mitus da furbazs. Tenor Berezdin èn quels vegnids derasads tras contacts culturals; tenor Witzel èn els però pli vegls e bunamain da chattar en tut il mund. </p><p>En il temp paleolitic tardiv suenter l’emigraziun or da l’Africa – durant il qual saja sa sviluppà il pensar simbolic cumplex ch’haja er chattà si’expressiun artistica, probablamain liada a rituals schemanistics e manà al svilup da novas tecnicas ed armas sco l’artg – situescha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Witzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Witzel (n'exista betg)">Michael Witzel</a> l’origin e la derasaziun dal sistem da mitus derasà en l’Eurasia, numnà dad el «laurasic», ch’è segnà d’in grond dumber da cumponentas communablas.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ils pli vegls mitus sajan vegnids dads vinavant en ina furma surprendentamain conservativa ed hajan er mantegnì sut cundiziuns climaticas e culturals vaira differentas (p.ex. en societads che pratitgavan l’agricultura) elements essenzials, er sche per exempel animals selvadis sco l’urs èn vegnids remplazzads tras animals domesticads sco il chaun u il ren. L’existenza d’ina storyline cumpletta, sco che Witzel la vesa en ils mitus «laurasics», na cuntradi betg, mabain simplifitgescha il dar vinavant quels. La storyline sa laschia extender cuntinuadamain. Schizunt la cultura senza scrittira dals Dayak posseda in stgazi da mitus da radund 15 000 paginas. Cun questa tesa ch’ils mitus dependian da las vias da derasaziun ha Wirtzel refusà la tesa marxistica, ma per part er represchentada dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Durkheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Durkheim (n'exista betg)">Émile Durkheim</a>, che mintga societad stgaffeschia sia surstructura e tras quai sia mitologia confurm a sias cundiziuns da producziun. Bain sajan process d’adattaziun a las cundiziuns dals spazis da viver frequents, ma las adattaziuns cuntegnian adina er motivs da las culturas precedentas. Be pitschnas separaziuns da grondas gruppas sajan spezialmain innovativas en sviluppar vinavant novs mitus. </p><p>En concordanza cun las constataziuns da Berezkin postulescha Witzel ch’igl existian tar blers pievels da l’emisfera nord, dals Indoiranais, Semits e Scits fin tar ils Giapunais, Polinais, Aztecs e Maya, il sistem laurasic (numnà tenor il vegl continent grond Laurasia) en furma d’ina storyline consistenta davent da la cosmogonia fin tar la destrucziun finala dal mund. Percunter n’existia in tal sistem betg tar la gronda part dals pievels da l’Africa en il sid da la Sahara sco er tar ils Aborigins da l’Australia e da la Melanesia. Lur mitus ch’èn bundant pli vegls e ch’èn tranter auter segnads da la mancanza da l’idea d’in origin e d’ina fin dal mund, designescha el tenor il continent grond daditg sparì Gondwana sco «gondwanic». Anc pli veglia saja eventualmain ina stresa da mitus numnada tenor il continent primar Pangea. Il diever da questas noziuns è sa chapescha metaforic; Pangea e Gondwana eran daditg svanids en il paleoliticum, ma la metafra sa referescha a la teoria out of Africa da l’uman modern (Homo sapiens), la quala Witzel considerescha sco centrala per la derasaziun dals mitus. Per el èn quels sa derasads en rom dals moviments da migraziun dals umans durant il temp paleolitic mesaun e tardiv, cur ch’èn er sa furmadas las famiglias da linguas. Transfurmads sajan quests mitus vegnids tras cults da fritgaivladad neolitics e tras mitus che sajan sa furmads en rom da la furmaziun dal stadi tempriva da las culturas autas sco er pli tard tras il giudaissem, budissem e cristianissem. </p><p>Il current da mitus gondwanic saja sa derasà nà da l’Africa dal Sid sur l’Asia dal Sid e las Andamanas fin a Papua, en l’Australia e Tasmania; a quests mitus manchia la cosmologia e l’imaginaziun d’ina creatira suprema ch’intervegnia en il decurs dal mund ed a la quala ils umans possian s’adressar. La derasaziun dal sistem da mitus laurasic pli giuven saja probablamain succedì nà da l’Africa sur l’Asia dal Sidvest fin en l’Europa e l’America e sa cuvria pli u main cun il territori da derasaziun da la famiglia da linguas nostratica (postulada da blers perscrutaders) e cun la derasaziun dals haplotips. Surtut en la Zona dal Sahel haja però gì lieu in stgomi tranter il sistem gondwanic ed il sistem laurasic, e quai en omaduas direcziuns. Tratgs communabels dad omadus sistems saja l’imaginaziun d’ina creatira suprema, per il pli invisibla, che possia punir ils umans, d’in’inundaziun e da figuras da trickster. </p><p>La heuristica da Witzel na furma nagin model da diffusiun u da contact cultural, mabain represchenta ina cladistica genetica analog a l’arber genealogic da las linguas u a la derasaziun da las mutaziuns da l’ADN. Ils mitus dal Vegl Orient e da la Grezia èn entaifer quest model furmas da svilup regiunalas relativamain giuvnas; ils mitus grecs che derivan oriundamain dal cumplex da mitus indoeuropeic han recepì il pli tard dal temp da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Homer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Homer (n'exista betg)">Homer</a> en la Ionia e dal temp da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesiod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hesiod (n'exista betg)">Hesiod</a> ad Attica mitus semitics. Quests mitus èn gia adattads als basegns da legitimaziun d’in’aristocrazia e resplendan las realitads d’ina societad sedentara che pratitgescha l’agricultura, la quala n’existiva betg en questa furma dal temp d’origin dals mitus.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La maioritad dals scienziads odierns snega medemamain process da diffusiun a lunga distanza, favurisescha però – en la tradiziun dad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Bastians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Bastians (n'exista betg)">Adolf Bastians</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gustav_Jung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Gustav Jung (n'exista betg)">Carl Gustav Jung</a> – models psicologics ch’explitgeschan las sumeglientschas tranter ils mitus dal mund a basa d’experientschas umanas u structuras cognitivas universalas. Quest access crititgescha Witzel cun l’argument ch’i vegnia negligì en questa moda la transfurmaziun istorica dals mitus. Uschia stoppian ins per exempel eliminar or dals pli vegls mitus las agiuntas neoliticas davart l’origin dals products da l’agricultura sco ris u tirc u davart la domesticaziun d’animals per pudair reconstruir lur furma oriunda. Indizis per talas transfurmaziuns da pli tard sajan quasi mutaziuns dal mitus, pia innovaziuns che sajan be da chattar en las versiuns pli novas da quel. Talas innovaziuns na furmian betg be ils mitus da fritgaivladad da la cultura da purs neolitica, mabain er ils mitus davart la derivanza divina da las dinastias da regents da las culturas autas temprivas en l’Asia dal Vest, l’ascensiun a tschiel dals regents ubain mitus gidieus, cristians, hinduistics e budistics. Uschia vegnivan ils mitus en la Veglia Egipta quasi rescrits tar mintga midada dals centers religius. Divinitads chinaisas sajan vegnidas istorisadas da dinastias da pli tard, uschia ch’il dieu da l’enviern saja daventà l’«imperatur mellen» Huangdi. Dal ver primar ch’ha creà il mund cun stgavar en la buglia – il qual è documentà sin las Andamanas a moda archeologica enturn 3000 a.C. – è sa sviluppà en il hinduissem la terza incarnaziun da Vishnu, il ver gigant Varaha; ed ils schumellins Manu, il sacerdot, e Yama, il dieu da la mort, èn daventads en la legenda romana Romulus e Remus. Supraposiziuns han per exempel gì lieu cun surpigliar sistems da scrittiras esters (uschia en il Giapun cun surprender las letras chinaisas). En il temp modern han er ideas dal salit neoreligiusas sco per exempel ils cults da Cargo surpostà ils vegls mitus. Vitiers èn vegnidas defurmaziuns per exempel tras missiunaris ch’han nudà ils mitus da pievels senza scrittiras e ch’han adattà quels tenor lur atgnas imaginaziuns sco ch’han fatg quai ils Spagnols cun ils mitus dals Inca ed Aztecs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitus_contemporans">Mitus contemporans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifitgar secziun: Mitus contemporans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=18" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Mitus contemporans"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Da mitus pli novs sa tracti tar mitus politics che duain legitimar sistems politics u svilups da la societad apparentamain inevitabels (p.ex. il mitus dals Stadis Unids sco melting pot che na tschenta betg en il center las differentas tradiziuns naziunalas dals immigrants, mabain lur avegnir communabel) u che duai mobilisar umans per finamiras autoritaras u reschims autoritars (p.ex. il mitus da Langemarck). </p><p>Mitus odierns, ils quals scumbiglian en il senn da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Barthes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Barthes (n'exista betg)">Roland Barthes</a> natira ed istorgia ubain diviniseschan chaussas dal mintgadi, n’èn per ordinari betg pli legitimads a moda religiusa. Els sa basan sin regurdientschas collectivas che na sa laschan betg (pli) verifitgar: sin in coctail da raquints d’enconuschents, da represchentaziuns en il film ed en auters mediums, da tradiziuns e/u experientschas collectivas a las qualas ins sa regorda a moda idealisanta. En furma d’errurs collectivas pon mitus stgaffir coesiun sociala e segirar domini, ma er legitimar subculturas e moviments clandestins. </p><p>En il senn il pli general po in mitus tenor questa definiziun – che n’è betg incontestada – esser ina noziun, in concept (p.ex. ‹giuventetgna›), in muster d’explicaziun, in product cun gronda irradiaziun publica (p.ex. Marilyn Monroe), in eveniment, in moviment social, ina persuna legendara u ina figura d’art da la cultura da pop sco James Bond. Talas persunas vegnan er designadas sco stars, objects sco objects da cult, maletgs sco iconas medialas ed eveniments sco eveniments cun status da cult.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parentà stretgamain cun mitus èn ditgas modernas (urban legends), hoax sco er teorias da conspiraziun. Quels vegnan per ordinari concepids e dads vinavant per in intent politic, psichic u social specific. Ins cumpareglia latiers las expectoraziuns en ils artitgels ‹ditga› e ‹legenda›. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maldiever_e_critica">Maldiever e critica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifitgar secziun: Maldiever e critica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=19" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Maldiever e critica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En il temp da la renaschientscha e dal baroc han ins rescuvert numerus mitus antics; la revalitaziun da quels e lur integraziun en las festas da la cultura curtaisa furman ina caracteristica dal cumenzament da l’absolutissem che tschertgava sias ragischs e sia legitimaziun en il temp eroic classic, savens schizunt en furma d’arbers genealogics fictivs. </p><p>L’opera è sa basada dapi ses origins enturn il 1600 da preferenza sin temas antics mitics (ma er istorics); ad ella èsi reussì d’augmentar considerablamain l’intensitad emoziunala da la recitaziun da mitus. Var 70 operas dal temp tranter 1600 e 2005 sa deditgeschan per exempel be al mitus dad Orfeus. Orfeus ed auters eran figuras d’identificaziun popularas che pudevan, tut tenor ils giavischs e basegns dals incumbensaders, crear sin tribuna effects sombers, amiaivels u dramatics. Dapi la fin dal 18avel tschientaner ed il cumenzament da la burgaisia ch’ha tschertgà novas figuras d’identificaziun, è la reputaziun dals eroxs antics sa persa in pau. Il ciclus dad operas ‹Der Ring des Nibelungen› (1851–1874) da Richard Wagner ha furmà l’emprova da modernisar il ‹mitus›, quai che Nietzsche ha l’emprim beneventà a moda entusiastica e silsuenter refusà decididamain. La construcziun nova da mitus autoritars e naziunalistics tras il moviment naziunal-romantic da bleras naziuns en furma dad epos naziunals dapi il 19avel tschientaner ha er implitgà numerusas pussaivladads da far maldiever da quels. </p><p>La predilecziun per la mitologia germana ch’è sa sviluppada vers la fin dal 19avel tschientaner ha culminà en il naziunalsocialissem. L’ideolog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Rosenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Rosenberg (n'exista betg)">Alfred Rosenberg</a> ha per exempel scrit l’onn 1930 ‹Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts›, in’ovra cun la quala el è sa drizzà cunter il cristianissem e la quala ha chattà gronda derasaziun. </p><p>A moda critica tracta Eric Voegelin las «religiuns politicas» e «mitus politics» cun ils quals el s’occupa en si’ovra monumentala ‹Order and History› (5 toms). El perscrutescha il connex tranter mitus e sistems d’urden politics, e quai dals mitus classics (Mesopotamia, Egipta, Grezia), sur il giudaissem e cristianissem fin tar ils mitus politics moderns dal totalitarissem. </p><p>Er en democrazias modernas han mitus politics adina puspè conjunctura en temps da crisa e da grondas midadas sco er en cas da deficits d’identitad e da legitimaziun. Uschia ha per exempel il mitus da frontier american chattà sut la regenza da <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> en ils Stadis Unids ina renaschientscha. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Jackson Turner (n'exista betg)">Frederick Jackson Turner</a> aveva publitgà il 1893 sia tesa da frontier, en la quala el ha collià il success dal model dals Stadis Unids cun las experientschas da la conquista dal vest. Tenor questa tesa è l’identitad americana sa furmada al cunfin tranter las colonias civilisads dals Europeans e la «cuntrada selvadia». Ils purtaders da quest’identitad han tenor Jackson unì la conscienza da sasez ch’è resultada da la «domesticaziun dals selvadis» cun la forza da quels. </p><p>Er la demitologisaziun tras l’illuminissem po far naufragi, sche l’illuminissem daventa sez in mitus. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Horkheimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Horkheimer (n'exista betg)">Max Horkheimer</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._Adorno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor W. Adorno (n'exista betg)">Theodor W. Adorno</a> han tractà en lur ‹Dialektik der Aufklärung› (1944) co che l’illuminissem ha fatg naufragi en il naziunalsocialissem. Ma er auters mitus sco quel dal progress u dal naziunalissem èn vegnids crititgads en il decurs dal 20avel tschientaner adina pli fitg. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Cassirer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Cassirer (n'exista betg)">Ernst Cassirer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Sorel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Sorel (n'exista betg)">Georges Sorel</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Canetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias Canetti (n'exista betg)">Elias Canetti</a> han en pli mess en discussiun noziuns criticas sco il mitus dal stadi, il mitus istoric u il mitus politic. </p><p>Ina da las pli enconuschentas ovras dals ultims decennis che s’occupan a moda critica cun il mitus furma ‹Mythologies› da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roland_Barthes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roland Barthes (n'exista betg)">Roland Barthes</a> (1957). Punct da partenza per far sias ponderaziuns, uschia Barthes, haja furmà «in sentiment da malpazienza areguard la ‹natiralezza› che la pressa u l’art attribueschian d’in cuntin a la realitad, ina realitad che, schebain ch’ella vegn vivida da nus, n’è betg main istorica. Jau hai pia patì da stuair observar co che ‹natira› ed ‹istorgia› vegnan trasor scumbigliads». Tenor Barthes èsi ina funcziun essenziala dal mitus da plazzar al lieu da l’istorgia da las chaussas ina ‹natira› imaginada. Davos quai sa zuppia in «maldiever ideologic», il qual el è sa stentà da fastizar en sia publicaziun.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L’industria da la reclama moderna tira a niz per motivs commerzials la mitologisaziun da products, uschia per exempel ils novs mitus da la «giuventetgna perpetna» u dal «giudair senza ricla». Entras quai vegn rinforzà in effect che critichers considereschan sco cumponenta elementara dal chapitalissem: il fenomen dal fetischissem da martganzia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotaziuns">Annotaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifitgar secziun: Annotaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=20" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Annotaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Armstrong: <i>Eine kurze Geschichte des Mythos.</i> Minca 2007, p. 7–16; Carl-Friedrich Geyer: <i>Mythos. Formen, Beispiele, Deutungen.</i> Minca 1996, p. 7–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche.</i> Freiburg 1962, tom 7, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Engels: <i>Mythos.</i> En: Gert Ueding (ed.): <i>Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik Online</i>, tom 6, Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen 2003, coll. 80–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Kerényi: <i>Was ist Mythologie?</i> En: Karl Kerényi (ed.): <i>Die Eröffnung des Zugangs zum Mythos</i>, 5. ed., Darmstadt 1996, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht: <i>Präsenz-Spuren. Über Gebärden der Mythographie und die Zeitresistenz des Mythos.</i> En: Udo Friedrich, Bruno Quast (ed.): <i>Präsenz des Mythos. Konfigurationen einer Denkform in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit</i>, de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3110905752" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-090575-2</a>, p. 1–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhard Brandt, Steffen Schmidt (ed.): <i>Mythos und Mythologie.</i> Akademie, Berlin 2004, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/305003775X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-05-003775-X</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Hock: <i>Einführung in die Religionswissenschaft.</i> 4. ed., WBG, Darmstadt 2011, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783534246649" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-534-24664-9</a>, p. 8, 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef Franz Thiel: <i>Religionsethnologie.</i> En: Horst Balz e.a. (ed.): <i>Theologische Realenzyklopädie</i>, tom 28: <i>Pürstinger – Religionsphilosophie.</i> Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1997, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3110190982" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-019098-2</a>, p. 560–565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Boas: <i>Mythology and Folk Tales of the North American Indians.</i> En: <i>Journal of American Folkore</i>, 27, 1914, p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Dundes (ed.): <i>Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth.</i> University of California 1984, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elke Mader: <i>Anthropologie der Mythen: Kultur-und Sozialanthropologie.</i> Vienna 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Louis Brunaux: <i>Druiden: die Weisheit der Kelten.</i> Stuttgart 2009, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Burkert, A. Horstmann: <i>Mythos, Mythologie.</i> En: <i>Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie</i>, tom 6, 1984, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth Lienert: <i>Deutsche Antikenromane des Mittelalters.</i> (<i>Grundlagen der Germanistik</i>, tom 39), Berlin 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Ian Page: <i>Nordische Mythen.</i> Stuttgart 1993, p. 54ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Burkert, A. Horstmann: <i>Mythos, Mythologie.</i> En: <i>Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie</i>, tom 6, 1984, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Paul: <i>Vorschule der Ästhetik.</i> En: Id.: <i>Werke</i>, ed. da Norbert Miller, 4. ed., tom 5, Minca 1980, p. 93s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie.</i> Tom 6, 1984, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Marx: <i>Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. Einleitung.</i> En: <i>Marx-Engels-Werke</i>, tom 13, p. 641s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Mann: <i>Freud und die Zukunft.</i> Epilog tar Sigmund Freud: <i>Abriss der Psychoanalyse.</i> Francfurt a.M. 1973, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">André Jolles: <i>Einfache Formen. Legende, Sage, Mythe, Rätsel, Spruch, Kasus, Memorable, Märchen, Witz.</i> Niemeyer, Halle (Saale) 1930, (reediziun Tübingen 1950, p. 92).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian: <i>Brief an die Heiden.</i> En: Hans Blumenberg: <i>Arbeit am Mythos</i>, Francfurt a.M. 1979, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Horkheimer: <i>Anfänge der bürgerlichen Geschichtsphilosophie.</i> Stuttgart 1930, chap. IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Frank: <i>Der kommende Gott, Vorlesungen über die Neue Mythologie.</i> Francfurt a.M. 1982, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Frank: <i>Neue Mythologie</i>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Blumenberg: <i>Arbeit am Mythos</i>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Cassirer: <i>Philosophie der symbolischen Formen. Zweiter Teil. Das Mythische Denken.</i> Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1973, p. 59–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blumenberg-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Blumenberg_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Blumenberg: <i>Arbeit am Mythos.</i> Francfurt a.M. 1979, p. 9–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kurt Hübner: <i>Kritik der wissenschaftlichen Vernunft</i>. Alber Verlag, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude Lévy-Strauss: <i>Das wilde Denken.</i> Francfurt a.M. 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Segal: <i>Mythos: eine kleine Einführung.</i> Transl. da Tanja Handels, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783150183960" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-15-018396-0</a>, p. 156ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude Lévi-Strauss: <i>Die Struktur der Mythen.</i> En: Günther Schiwy: <i>Der französische Strukturalismus</i>, Reinbek 1969, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Dumezil: <i>Les dieux souverains des Indo-Européens</i> (Paris 1938) e <i>Les dieux des Indo-Européens</i> (Paris 1952).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Lincoln: <i>The Indo-European Myth of Creation.</i> En: <i>History of Religions</i>, 15 (1875) 2, p. 121–145, qua p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Lieberman: <i>Towards an Evolutionary Biology of Language.</i> Harvard University Press, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Witzel 2011, p. 377s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucretius: <i>De rerum natura</i> III, 978–1023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Völkerpsychologie. Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythos und Sitte.</i> 10 toms, Lipsia 1900 fin 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Bastian: <i>Der Menschheitsgedanke durch Raum und Zeit.</i> Berlin 1901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Blumenberg: <i>Arbeit am Mythos.</i> Francfurt a.M. 1979, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Rank: <i>Der Mythos von der Geburt des Helden.</i> 2. ed., Vienna 2000 (= restampa da l’ediziun dal 1922); Maria Leitner: <i>Freud, Rank, und die Folgen: Ein Schlüsselkonflikt für die Psychoanalyse.</i> Vienna 1998, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marie-Louise von Franz: <i>The Problem of the Puer Aeternus.</i> 3. ed., Toronto 2000, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0919123880" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-919123-88-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Kerenyi: <i>Die Mythologie der Griechen.</i> Minca 1966, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Campbell: <i>Myths to live by.</i> Londra 1985 (primediziun New York 1972), p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald W. Winnicott: <i>Vom Spiel zur Kreativität.</i> Stuttgart 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Markus Mühling: <i>Resonanzen: Neurobiologie, Evolution und Theologie. Evolutionäre Nischenkonstruktion, das ökologische Gehirn und narrativ-relationale Theologie.</i> Göttingen 2016, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Segal: <i>Myth: A Very Short Introduction.</i> Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Edgar Hyman: <i>Myth: A Symposion.</i> En: <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>, tom 68, nr. 270, 1955, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Frazer: <i>The Golden Bough.</i> Macmillan, New York 1922, p. 711.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert A. Segal: <i>Myth: A Very Short Introduction.</i> Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 71s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elke Mader: <i>Anthropologie der Mythen.</i> Vienna 2008, chap. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mircea Elidae: <i>Myth and Reality.</i> Harper & Row, New York 1963, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Horton: <i>Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West: Essays on Magic, Religion and Science.</i> 1997, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0521369266" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-36926-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl R. Popper: <i>Vermutungen und Widerlegungen: Das Wachstum der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis.</i> Tübingen 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Radin: <i>Primitive Man as Philosopher.</i> Appleton & Co., New York/Londra 1927, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primitivemanasph031975mbp">(online)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Leslie (ed.): <i>Myth and Mythmaking: Continuing Evolution in Indian Tradition.</i> Londra: Routledge, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse. Le système totémique en Australie.</i> Paris 1912.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges A. Sorel: <i>Über die Gewalt.</i> Francfurt a.M. 1981, p. 30s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Die Erfindung der Nation.</i> 2. ed., Francfurt a.M. 2005, p. 15ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Depenheuer (ed.): <i>Mythos als Schicksal: Was konstituiert die Verfassung?</i> Berlin 2009, p. 7s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Salzborn: <i>Immortalising the Mortal God: Hobbes, Schmitt, and the Ambivalent Foundations of the Modern State.</i> En: <i>Review of History and Political Science</i>, 1/2015, p. 95–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rudolf Bultmann: <i>Neues Testament und Mythologie. Das Problem der Entmythologisierung der neutestamentlichen Verkündigung</i>. En: H.-W. Bartsch (ed.): <i>Kerygma und Mythos</i>, tom 1, 4. ed., Hamburg 1960 (emprim’ediziun 1941).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.A. Segal: <i>Mythos: eine kleine Einführung.</i> 2007, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mircea Eliade: <i>Kosmos und Geschichte.</i> Francfurt a.M. 1984, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Witzel 2011, p. 406ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.A. Segal: <i>Mythos: eine kleine Einführung.</i> 2007, p. 103, 109s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond I. Page: <i>Nordische Mythen.</i> Stuttgart 1993, p. 40ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Raglan: <i>The Hero: A Study in Tradition, Myth and Drama.</i> Dover Publications, 2003 (emprim’ediziun 1936).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Jolles: <i>Einfache Formen.</i> Tübingen 1930, p. 34, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Burke: <i>The Rhetoric of Religion.</i> Boston 1961, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkert: <i>Mythos: Begriff, Struktur, Funktionen</i>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Alberto Soggin: <i>Das Buch Genesis. Kommentar.</i> Darmstadt 1997, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Catalog dals motivs sut <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004806/http://ruthenia.ru/folklore/berezkin/eng.htm">[1]</a>, situaziun dals 15 da schaner 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Witzel 2011, p. 30ss., 376s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuttas indicaziuns tenor Witzel 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephania Wodianka, Juliane Ebert (ed.): <i>Metzler Lexikon moderner Mythen: Figuren, Konzepte, Ereignisse.</i> Springer Verlag 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Barthes: <i>Die große Familie der Menschen.</i> En: Roland Barthes: <i>Mythen des Alltags</i>, Francfurt am Main 1964, p. 7.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratura">Litteratura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifitgar secziun: Litteratura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=21" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Litteratura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Ovras generalas</b> </p> <ul><li>Walter Burkert, Axel Horstmann: <i>Mythos, Mythologie.</i> En: <i>Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie</i>, tom 6, Basilea 1984, p. 280–318.</li></ul> <p><b>Aspects simbolics</b> </p> <ul><li>Friedrich Creuzer: <i>Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker.</i> 1837–1858.</li> <li>Heinrich Zimmer: <i>Indische Mythen und Symbole. Schlüssel zur Formenwelt des Göttlichen.</i> 5. ed., Minca 1993, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3424006939" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-424-00693-9</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Perscrutaziun sociopsicologica</b> </p> <ul><li>Joseph Campbell: <i>Die Masken Gottes</i>. Minca 1996, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3423590343" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-423-59034-3</a>.</li> <li>Norbert Bischof: <i>Das Kraftfeld der Mythen. Signale aus der Zeit, in der wir die Welt erschaffen haben.</i> Piper, Minca/Turitg 1998, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3492226558" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-492-22655-8</a>.</li> <li>Joseph Campbell: <i>Der Heros in tausend Gestalten</i>. Francfurt a.M. 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3458342567" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-458-34256-7</a>.</li> <li>Monika Tworuschka, Udo Tworuschka: <i>Als die Welt entstand…. Schöpfungsmythen der Völker und Kulturen in Wort und Bild.</i> Freiburg i. Br. 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3451285975" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-451-28597-5</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Linguistica</b> </p> <ul><li>Roland Barthes: <i>Mythen des Alltags</i>. Francfurt a.M. 1964, (reed. 2003, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3518124250" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-12425-0</a>).</li> <li>Karl-Heinz Bohrer (ed.): <i>Mythos und Moderne. Begriff u. Bild e. Rekonstruktion.</i> Francfurt a.M. 1983, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3518111442" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-11144-2</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Scienza litterara</b> </p> <ul><li>Almut-Barbara Renger: <i>Zwischen Märchen und Mythos: die Abenteuer des Odysseus und andere Geschichten von Homer bis Walter Benjamin. Eine gattungstheoretische Studie.</i> Metzler, Stuttgart e.a. 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3476019861" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-476-01986-1</a>.</li> <li>Dieter Borchmeyer: <i>Mythos.</i> En: Dieter Borchmeyer, V. Zmegac (ed.): <i>Moderne Literatur in Grundbegriffen</i>, Tübingen 1994, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3484106522" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-484-10652-2</a>, p. 292–308.</li></ul> <p><b>Politologia</b> </p> <ul><li>William Hardy McNeill: <i>Mythistory, or Truth, Myth, History, and Historians.</i> En: <i>The American Historical Review</i>, 91, 1986, p. 1–10.</li> <li>Michael Ley: <i>Mythos und Moderne. Über das Verhältnis von Nationalismus und politischen Religionen</i>. Vienna/Cologna/Weimar 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3205773128" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-205-77312-8</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Etnologia</b> </p> <ul><li>Claude Lévi-Strauss, Jean-Pierre Vernant e.a.: <i>Mythos ohne Illusion</i>. Francfurt a.M. 1984, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3518112201" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-11220-1</a>.</li> <li>Claude Lévi-Strauss: <i>Mythos und Bedeutung</i>. Francfurt a.M. 1980, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3518110276" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-11027-6</a>.</li> <li>Elke Mader: <i>Anthropologie der Mythen</i>. Facultas-WUV, Vienna 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783708900193" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-7089-0019-3</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Scienza da las religiuns</b> </p> <ul><li>Hermann Gunkel: <i>Genesis.</i> 9. ed., Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3525516517" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-525-51651-7</a> (= reediziun da la 3. ediziun dal 1910).</li> <li>Rudolf Karl Bultmann: <i>Neues Testament und Mythologie. Das Problem der Entmythologisierung der neutestamentlichen Verkündigung (1941).</i> En: H.-W. Bartsch (ed.): <i>Kerygma und Mythos. Ein theologisches Gespräch</i>, tom 1, 4. ed., Reich, Hamburg 1960, p. 15–48.</li> <li>Bruce Lincoln: <i>Myth, Cosmos, and Society: Indo-European Themes of Creation and Destruction.</i> Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge 1986, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/0674597753" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-674-59775-3</a>.</li> <li>Karl Kerényi: <i>Die Eröffnung des Zugangs zum Mythos.</i> Darmstadt 1989, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3534131681" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-534-13168-1</a>.</li> <li>Jan Assmann: <i>Revolution und Mythos</i>. Ed. da Dietrich Hardt, Francfurt a.M. 1992, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3596109647" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-596-10964-7</a>.</li> <li>Mircea Eliade: <i>Die Religionen und das Heilige</i>. Francfurt a.M. 1998, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/345833887X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-458-33887-X</a>.</li> <li>Walter Burkert: <i>Antike Mythen in der europäischen Tradition</i>. Tübingen 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3893082980" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89308-298-0</a>.</li> <li>Jan Assmann: <i>Thomas Mann und Ägypten. Mythos und Monotheismus in den Josephsromanen.</i> Minca 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3406549772" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-54977-2</a>.</li> <li>Annette Zgoll, Reinhard Gregor Kratz (ed.): <i>Arbeit am Mythos</i>. Tübingen 2013, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783161518003" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-16-151800-3</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Filosofia</b> </p> <ul><li>Ernst Cassirer: <i>Philosophie der symbolischen Formen. Zweiter Teil. Das Mythische Denken.</i> Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1973, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3534059387" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-534-05938-7</a>.</li> <li>Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno: <i>Dialektik der Aufklärung. Philosophische Fragmente.</i> Amsterdam 1947, (reediziun: 2003, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3596506697" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-596-50669-7</a>).</li> <li>Hans Blumenberg: <i>Arbeit am Mythos</i>. Francfurt a.M. 1979, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3518075152" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-07515-2</a>, (reediziun: 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3518294059" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-29405-9</a>).</li> <li>Hans Poser (ed.): <i>Philosophie und Mythos</i>. Berlin/New York 1979, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3110076012" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-007601-2</a>.</li> <li>Kurt Hübner: <i>Die Wahrheit des Mythos</i>. Minca 1985, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3406307736" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-406-30773-6</a>.</li> <li>Kurt Hübner: <i>Mythos (philosophisch).</i> En: <i>Theologische Realenzyklopädie</i>, Berlin/New York, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3110022184" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-002218-4</a>.</li> <li>Ernst Mally: <i>Erlebnis und Wirklichkeit. Einleitung zur Philosophie der Natürlichen Weltauffassung</i>. Julius Klinkhardt, Lipsia 1935.</li> <li>William Hardy McNeill: <i>Mythistory, or Truth, Myth, History, and Historians.</i> En: <i>The American Historical Review</i>, 91, 1986, p. 1–10.</li> <li>Christoph Jamme: <i>Gott an hat ein Gewand. Grenzen und Perspektiven philosophischer Mythos-Theorien der Gegenwart.</i> Francfurt a.M. 1999, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3518290339" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-518-29033-9</a>.</li> <li>Markus Höfner: <i>Sinn, Symbol, Religion. Theorie des Zeichens und Phänomenologie der Religion bei Ernst Cassirer und Martin Heidegger.</i> Tübingen 2008, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783161497544" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-16-149754-4</a>.</li> <li>Tobias Weilandt: <i>Das Verhältnis von Sprache und Mythos als symbolische Formen. Die Frage nach dem Fundament der Kultur</i>. Minca 2009, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783899759556" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-89975-955-6</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Ulteriur</b> </p> <ul><li>Thomas Blisniewski: <i>Auswahlbibliographie zur antiken Mythologie und ihrem Fortleben.</i> Cologna 1993.</li> <li>Wilfried Barner (ed.): <i>Texte zur modernen Mythentheorie.</i> Reclam, Stuttgart 2003 <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3150176425" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-15-017642-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colliaziuns">Colliaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifitgar secziun: Colliaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitus&action=edit&section=22" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Colliaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Myths?uselang=rm">Commons: Mitus</a></span></b> – Collecziun da maletgs, videos e datotecas d'audio</div> <ul><li>Matthias Waechter: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docupedia.de/zg/Mythos">Mythos</a>.</i> En: <i>Docupedia Zeitgeschichte</i>, 11 da favrer 2010</li> <li>Joseph Campbell: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050916022333/http://www.sukhavati.de/"><i>Mythologie, Symbole, Kunst und Mystik</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mythentor.de/">Nums e chavazzins da la mitologia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128153324/http://www.ethmundo.de/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=149&Itemid=75"><i>Mythen als Schlüssel zur Gesellschaft</i></a>, intervista cun Guido Sprenger</li> <li>Hubert Irsigler: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/wibilex/das-bibellexikon/lexikon/sachwort/anzeigen/details/mythos/ch/cf099eb92e77eb6083d42e5f443485a7/"><i>Mythos</i></a>, sin: www.bibelwissenschaft.de</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitus&oldid=166132">https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitus&oldid=166132</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Kategorien" title="Spezial:Kategorien">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:Seiten,_die_magische_ISBN-Links_verwenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden (n'exista betg)">Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Gener_litterar" title="Categoria:Gener litterar">Gener litterar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Religiun" title="Categoria:Religiun">Religiun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Artitgels_recumandads_(Litteratura)" title="Categoria:Artitgels recumandads (Litteratura)">Artitgels recumandads (Litteratura)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è vegnida modifitgada l'ultima giada ils 29. matg 2024 a las 01:28.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.grok.se/rm/latest30/Mitus">Statistica d'access per questa pagina</a><br /><br /> Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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