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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Revere_the_Emperor_and_expel_the_barbarians!"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Revere_the_Emperor_and_expel_the_barbarians!""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>"Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians!"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Revere_the_Emperor_and_expel_the_barbarians!"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Shimonoseki_Straits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Shimonoseki_Straits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Battle of Shimonoseki Straits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Shimonoseki_Straits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_battle,_July_20,_1863" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_battle,_July_20,_1863"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First battle, July 20, 1863</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_battle,_July_20,_1863-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Diplomatic negotiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_battle,_September_5–6,_1864" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_battle,_September_5–6,_1864"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Final battle, September 5–6, 1864</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_battle,_September_5–6,_1864-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="حملة شيمونوسيكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حملة شيمونوسيكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شیمونوسکی بومباردیمانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمونوسکی بومباردیمانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Shimonoseki" title="Emgann Shimonoseki – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Shimonoseki" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardement_von_Shimonoseki" title="Bombardement von Shimonoseki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bombardement von Shimonoseki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeo_de_Shimonoseki" title="Bombardeo de Shimonoseki – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bombardeo de Shimonoseki" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="جنگ شیمونوسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ شیمونوسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardement_de_Shimonoseki" title="Bombardement de Shimonoseki – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bombardement de Shimonoseki" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%AA%A8%EB%85%B8%EC%84%B8%ED%82%A4_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="시모노세키 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시모노세키 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanye_Shimonoseki" title="Kampanye Shimonoseki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kampanye Shimonoseki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_di_Shimonoseki" title="Campagna di Shimonoseki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna di Shimonoseki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardement_van_Shimonoseki" title="Bombardement van Shimonoseki – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bombardement van Shimonoseki" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E9%96%A2%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="下関戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="下関戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atak_na_Shimonoseki_(1864)" title="Atak na Shimonoseki (1864) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atak na Shimonoseki (1864)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeio_de_Shimonoseki" title="Bombardeio de Shimonoseki – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bombardeio de Shimonoseki" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бои за Симоносеки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бои за Симоносеки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimonoseki_Bombard%C4%B1man%C4%B1" title="Şimonoseki Bombardımanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şimonoseki Bombardımanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сімоносекська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сімоносекська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1o_k%C3%ADch_Shimonoseki" title="Pháo kích Shimonoseki – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháo kích Shimonoseki" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E9%97%9C%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="下關戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="下關戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_Campaign&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Shimonoseki Campaign</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of military engagements in 1863–1864 between Japan and Western Powers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shimonoseki+campaign%22">"Shimonoseki campaign"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shimonoseki+campaign%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shimonoseki+campaign%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shimonoseki+campaign%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shimonoseki+campaign%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shimonoseki+campaign%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Shimonoseki campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a> conflicts</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choshu-Battery-Capture-Shimonoseki-1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Choshu-Battery-Capture-Shimonoseki-1864.jpg/300px-Choshu-Battery-Capture-Shimonoseki-1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Choshu-Battery-Capture-Shimonoseki-1864.jpg/450px-Choshu-Battery-Capture-Shimonoseki-1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Choshu-Battery-Capture-Shimonoseki-1864.jpg/600px-Choshu-Battery-Capture-Shimonoseki-1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="998" /></a></span><br />Capture of a Choshu battery at Shimonoseki by British sailors and marines; picture taken by <a href="/wiki/Felice_Beato" title="Felice Beato">Felice Beato</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>20 July – 14 August 1863<br />(3 weeks and 4 days)</li> <li>5–6 September 1864<br />(1 day)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Strait">Shimonoseki</a>, Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/14px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/22px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/28px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="221" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū Domain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Leopold_Kuper" title="Augustus Leopold Kuper">Augustus Kuper</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Benjamin Jaurès">Benjamin Jaurès</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands"><img alt="Kingdom of the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Casembroot" title="François de Casembroot">François de Casembroot</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/David_McDougal" title="David McDougal">David McDougal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain"><img alt="Chōshū Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/14px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/22px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/28px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Takachika" title="Mōri Takachika">Mōri Takachika</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain"><img alt="Chōshū Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/14px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/22px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/28px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C5%8Dri_Motochika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mōri Motochika (page does not exist)">Mōri Motochika</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%88%A9%E5%85%83%E5%91%A8" class="extiw" title="jp:毛利元周">jp</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain"><img alt="Chōshū Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/14px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/22px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/28px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Takasugi_Shinsaku" title="Takasugi Shinsaku">Takasugi Shinsaku</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain"><img alt="Chōshū Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/14px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/22px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg/28px-Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akane_Taketo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akane Taketo (page does not exist)">Akane Taketo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%A6%B0%E6%AD%A6%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="jp:赤禰武人">jp</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Land:</b><br />2,000<br /><b>Sea:</b><br />28 <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Land:</b><br />1,500<br />100 <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">artillery pieces</a><br /><b>Sea:</b><br />6 warships<br />40 <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">war-junks</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 12 killed<br />50 wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 18 killed<br />29 wounded<br />2 ships destroyed<br />1 ship damaged<br />60 cannons captured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tench%C5%ABgumi_incident" title="Tenchūgumi incident">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mito_Rebellion" title="Mito Rebellion">Mito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmon_incident" title="Kinmon incident">Hamaguri Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_expedition" title="First Chōshū expedition">1st Chōshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">2nd Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_expedition" title="Second Chōshū expedition">2nd Chōshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Incident" title="Kobe Incident">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_incident" title="Sakai incident">Sakai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Dutch_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Dutch colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Dutch_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Dutch colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_colonial_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:96%;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire"><span class="wrap">Dutch colonial conflicts</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>17th century</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantam" title="Battle of Bantam">Bantam (1601)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Amboina" title="Capture of Amboina">Amboina (1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)" title="Siege of Malacca (1606)">Malacca (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado" title="Battle of Cape Rachado">Cape Rachado (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mozambique_(1607)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1607)">Mozambique (1607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mozambique_(1608)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1608)">Mozambique (1608)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands (1609–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_invasion_of_Johor" title="Acehnese invasion of Johor">Johor (1613)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">Macau (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Pescadores (1622–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Salvador">Salvador (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filips_van_Zuylen%27s_campaign_agaisnt_Luanda" title="Filips van Zuylen's campaign agaisnt Luanda">Luanda (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Persian Gulf (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Salvador">Salvador (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)" title="Battle of Elmina (1625)">Elmina (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_Matanzas" title="Battle in the Bay of Matanzas">Cuba (1628)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Batavia" title="Siege of Batavia">Batavia (1628–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)" title="Siege of Recife (1630)">Recife (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jambi" title="Battle of Jambi">Jambi (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay (1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_pacification_campaign_on_Formosa" title="Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa">Taiwan (1635–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mata_Redonda" title="Battle of Mata Redonda">Brazil (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Liuqiu Island (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Porto_Calvo" title="Campaign of Porto Calvo">Porto Calvo (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">Elmina (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)" title="Battle of Goa (1638)">Goa (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Salvador (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">Mormugão (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Itamaracá (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Ceylon (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">Malacca (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Luanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Luanda">Luanda (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">Taiwan (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Taiwan (1642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Chile (1643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Cambodian–Dutch War">Cambodia (1643–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">New Netherland (1643–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Carical_Conflict" title="Dano-Carical Conflict">India (1644-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocas" title="Battle of Tabocas">Tabocas (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casa_Forte" title="Battle of Casa Forte">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Philippines (1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Kombi (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">Guararapes (1648)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Guararapes (1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Huaiyi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Guo Huaiyi Rebellion">Taiwan (1652)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife_(1652-54)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Recife (1652-54)">2nd Recife (1652-1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_May_1654" title="Action of 2 May 1654">2nd Colombo (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mannar_(1658)" title="Battle of Mannar (1658)">Mannar (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Malabar_(1658-1663)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Malabar (1658-1663)">Malabar (1658-1663)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Wars" title="Esopus Wars">New Netherland (1659–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Cape Colony (1659-1677)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia">Formosa (1661–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan-Dutch_War_(1670-1675)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandyan-Dutch War (1670-1675)">Ceylon (1670-1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masulipatnam" title="Battle of Masulipatnam">India (1673)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunajaya_rebellion" title="Trunajaya rebellion">Java (1674–80)</a></li></ul> <p><b>18th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="First Javanese War of Succession">Java (1704–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="Second Javanese War of Succession">Java (1719–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Travancore–Dutch War">India (1739–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Java War (1741–1743)">Java (1741–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penfui" title="Battle of Penfui">Penfui (1749)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="Third Javanese War of Succession">Java (1749–57)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1764%E2%80%931766)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)">Ceylon (1764-1766)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negapatam" title="Siege of Negapatam">India (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Trincomalee" title="Capture of Trincomalee">Ceylon (1782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast (1782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony (1795)</a></li></ul> <p><b>19th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_campaign_of_1806%E2%80%9307" class="mw-redirect" title="Java campaign of 1806–07">Java (1806–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Moluccas (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers (1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioners-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Interlude:_the_suppression_of_the_insurrection_of_Pattimura" title="Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies">Ambon (1817)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_expedition_to_Palembang" title="First expedition to Palembang">Palembang (1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_expedition_to_Palembang" title="Second expedition to Palembang">Palembang (1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Sumatra (1821–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_the_West_Coast_of_Borneo" title="Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo">Borneo (1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bone_War" title="First Bone War">Bone (1824–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java (1825–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_on_the_west_coast_of_Sumatra" title="Dutch expedition on the west coast of Sumatra">Aceh (1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Ahanta_War" title="Dutch–Ahanta War">Ahanta (1837–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1846)">Bali (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1848)">Bali (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1849)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1849)">Bali (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_Bovenlanden_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Palembang Bovenlanden Expeditions">Palembang (1851–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_against_the_Chinese_in_Montrado" title="Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado">Montrado (1854–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_Expedition" title="Nias Expedition">Nias (1855–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1858)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1858)">Bali (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bone_War" title="Second Bone War">Bone (1858–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin_War" title="Banjarmasin War">Borneo (1859–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Shimonoseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles for Shimonoseki">Japan (1863–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasoemah_Expedition" title="Pasoemah Expedition">Pasoemah (1864–68)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast_expedition_of_1869%E2%80%9370" title="Dutch Gold Coast expedition of 1869–70">Gold Coast (1869–70)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh (1873–1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_uprising_in_Mandor,_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese uprising in Mandor, Borneo">Mandor (1884–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambi Uprising">Jambi (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edi_Expedition" title="Edi Expedition">Edi (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Lombok_and_Karangasem" title="Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem">Lombok and Karangasem (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedir_Expedition" title="Pedir Expedition">Pedir (1897–98)</a></li></ul> <p><b>20th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Expedition" title="Kerinci Expedition">Kerinci (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Bone_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Bone War">Bone (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1906)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)">Bali (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1908)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)">Bali (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Venezuelan_crisis_of_1908" title="Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908">Venezuela (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Indonesia (1941–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesia (1946–49)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Shimonoseki campaign</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">下関戦争/馬関戦争</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shimonoseki Sensō/Bakan Sensō</i></span>, "Shimonoseki War")</span> was a series of military engagements in 1863 and 1864, fought to control the <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Straits">Shimonoseki Straits</a> of Japan by joint naval forces from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> feudal domain of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chōshū domain">Chōshū</a>, which took place off and on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a>, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Royle2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royle2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite efforts of appeasement by the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> to establish an atmosphere of peaceful solidarity, many feudal <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a></i> remained bitterly resentful of the shogunate's open-door policy to foreign trade. Belligerent opposition to European and American influence erupted into open conflict when the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a>, breaking with centuries of imperial tradition, began to take an active role in matters of state and issued on March 11 and April 11, 1863, his "<a href="/wiki/Order_to_expel_barbarians" title="Order to expel barbarians">Order to expel barbarians</a>" (攘夷実行の勅命 – <i>Jōi jikkō no chokumei</i>). </p><p>The Chōshū clan, under the <i>daimyō</i> <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Takachika" title="Mōri Takachika">Mōri Takachika</a>, began to take action to expel all foreigners after the deadline of the 10th day of the 5th month, according to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a>. Openly defying the shogunate, Mōri ordered his forces to fire without warning on all foreign ships traversing <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Strait">Shimonoseki Strait</a>. This strategic but treacherous 600-meter waterway separates the islands of <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a> and provides a passage connecting the <a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Inland Sea</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>. </p><p>Even before tensions escalated in Shimonoseki Strait, foreign diplomats and military experts, notably U.S. <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States" title="Ambassadors of the United States">Minister</a> to Japan <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Pruyn" title="Robert H. Pruyn">Robert Pruyn</a> and U.S. Navy <a href="/wiki/Captain_(naval)" title="Captain (naval)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/David_McDougal" title="David McDougal">David McDougal</a> had been aware of the precarious state of affairs in Japan. McDougal wrote a letter to the Secretary of the Navy, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a>, dated June 12, 1863, stating, "General opinion is that the government of Japan is on the eve of revolution, the principal object of which is the expulsion of foreigners." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Revere_the_Emperor_and_expel_the_barbarians!""><span id=".22Revere_the_Emperor_and_expel_the_barbarians.21.22"></span>"Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians!"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians!""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SonnoJoi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SonnoJoi.png/80px-SonnoJoi.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/SonnoJoi.png 1.5x" data-file-width="102" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></i>: "Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians!"</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chōshū clan was equipped with mostly antiquated cannons firing cannonballs, but also some modern armament, such as five 8-inch (200 mm) <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_gun" title="Dahlgren gun">Dahlgren guns</a>, which had been presented to Japan by the United States, and three steam warships of American construction: the <a href="/wiki/Barque#Bark" title="Barque">bark</a> <i>Daniel Webster</i> of six guns, the <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> <i>Lanrick</i>, or <i>Kosei</i>, with ten guns, and the steamer <i>Lancefield</i>, or <i>Koshin</i>, of four guns.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attack occurred on June 25, 1863, soon after the Imperial "<a href="/wiki/Order_to_expel_barbarians" title="Order to expel barbarians">Order to expel barbarians</a>" came into effect. The U.S. merchant steamer SS <i>Pembroke</i>, under Captain Simon Cooper, was riding at anchor outside Shimonoseki Strait when it was intercepted and fired upon by two <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a>-built warships belonging to the rebel forces. </p><p>The crew of one enemy vessel taunted the frantic American seamen with a loud and unnerving cry: "Revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians!" (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">尊皇攘夷</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">sonnō jōi</a></i>). Under incessant cannon fire, <i>Pembroke</i> managed to get underway and escape through the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Bungo_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungo Strait">Bungo Strait</a> with only slight damage and no casualties. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z.M._Stoomschip_Medusa_forceert_de_doorgang_door_de_Straat_van_Shimonoseki_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2725.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Z.M._Stoomschip_Medusa_forceert_de_doorgang_door_de_Straat_van_Shimonoseki_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2725.jpeg/220px-Z.M._Stoomschip_Medusa_forceert_de_doorgang_door_de_Straat_van_Shimonoseki_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2725.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Z.M._Stoomschip_Medusa_forceert_de_doorgang_door_de_Straat_van_Shimonoseki_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2725.jpeg/330px-Z.M._Stoomschip_Medusa_forceert_de_doorgang_door_de_Straat_van_Shimonoseki_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2725.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Z.M._Stoomschip_Medusa_forceert_de_doorgang_door_de_Straat_van_Shimonoseki_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2725.jpeg/440px-Z.M._Stoomschip_Medusa_forceert_de_doorgang_door_de_Straat_van_Shimonoseki_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2725.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="7418" data-file-height="4584" /></a><figcaption>The Medusa forces its way through the Shimonoseki strait, by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Eduard_van_Heemskerck_van_Beest" title="Jacob Eduard van Heemskerck van Beest">Jacob Eduard van Heemskerck van Beest</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon arrival in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, Cooper filed a report of the attack and dispatched it to the U.S. Consulate in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, Japan. The next day, the French <a href="/wiki/Aviso" title="Aviso">naval dispatch steamer</a> <a href="/wiki/French_aviso_Kien_Chan_(1860)" title="French aviso Kien Chan (1860)"><i>Kien Chan</i></a> was also riding at anchor outside the strait, when rebel Japanese <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> atop the bluffs surrounding Shimonoseki opened fire on her. <i>Kien Chan</i> sustained damage to its engine and suffered four casualties before escaping to the open ocean. </p><p>On July 11, despite warnings from the crew of the <i>Kien Chan</i>, the 16-gun Dutch warship <i>Medusa</i> cruised into Shimonoseki Strait. Her skipper, Captain <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Casembroot" title="François de Casembroot">François de Casembroot</a>, was convinced that Lord Mōri Takachika would not dare fire on his vessel due to the strength of his ship and longstanding relations between the Netherlands and Japan. </p><p>However, Mōri did just that, pounding <i>Medusa</i> with more than thirty shells and killing or wounding nine seamen. De Casembroot returned fire and ran the rebel gauntlet at full speed, fearful of endangering the life of the Dutch Consul General, who was on board. Within a short time, the Japanese warlord had managed to fire on the flags of most of the nations with consulates in Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Shimonoseki_Straits">Battle of Shimonoseki Straits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Shimonoseki Straits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg/220px-ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg/330px-ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg/440px-ShimonosekiWyomingAttacks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Wyoming_(1859)" title="USS Wyoming (1859)">USS <i>Wyoming</i></a> battling in the Shimonoseki Straits against the Choshu steam warships <i>Daniel Webster</i>, <i>Lanrick</i> and <i>Lancefield</i></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shimonoseki_Straits" title="Battle of Shimonoseki Straits">Battle of Shimonoseki Straits</a></div> <p>In the morning of July 16, 1863, under sanction by Minister Pruyn, in an apparent swift response to the attack on the <i>Pembroke</i>, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Wyoming_(1859)" title="USS Wyoming (1859)">USS <i>Wyoming</i></a>, under Captain McDougal, sailed into the strait and single-handedly engaged the U.S.-built but poorly manned local fleet for almost two hours before withdrawing.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McDougal sank two enemy vessels and severely damaged another one, along with inflicting some forty Japanese casualties. The <i>Wyoming</i> suffered a significant amount of damage, with four crew dead and seven wounded, one later dying of his injuries. The two Japanese steamers sunk by the <i>Wyoming</i> were raised again by Chōshū in 1864 and attached to the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Hagi,_Yamaguchi" title="Hagi, Yamaguchi">Hagi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_battle,_July_20,_1863"><span id="First_battle.2C_July_20.2C_1863"></span>First battle, July 20, 1863</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First battle, July 20, 1863"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShimonosekiFrenchEngagement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ShimonosekiFrenchEngagement.jpg/220px-ShimonosekiFrenchEngagement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ShimonosekiFrenchEngagement.jpg/330px-ShimonosekiFrenchEngagement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ShimonosekiFrenchEngagement.jpg/440px-ShimonosekiFrenchEngagement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>The French engagement at Shimonoseki, with the warships <a href="/wiki/French_aviso_Tancr%C3%A8de_(1862)" title="French aviso Tancrède (1862)"><i>Tancrède</i></a> and <i>Sémiramis</i>, under Rear Admiral Charles Jaurès. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9" title="Le Monde illustré">Le Monde illustré</a></i>, October 10th, 1863.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the heels of McDougal's engagement, on July 20, the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> retaliated for the attack on their merchant ship. The French force consisted of <a href="/wiki/Marine_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (military)">marines</a> and two warships, the <a href="/wiki/Aviso" title="Aviso">aviso</a> <a href="/wiki/French_aviso_Tancr%C3%A8de_(1862)" title="French aviso Tancrède (1862)"><i>Tancrède</i></a> and the Admiral's flagship, <i>Sémiramis</i>. With 250 men, under Captain <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Benjamin Jaurès">Benjamin Jaurès</a>, they swept into Shimonoseki and destroyed a small town, together with at least one artillery emplacement. </p><p>The intervention was supported by the French <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Duchesne_de_Bellecourt" title="Gustave Duchesne de Bellecourt">Gustave Duchesne de Bellecourt</a>, but the French government, once informed, strongly criticized their representatives in Japan for taking such bellicose steps, for the reason that France had much more important military commitments to honour in other parts of the world, and could not afford a conflict in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duchesne de Bellecourt would be relieved from his position in 1864. </p><p>Jaurès was also congratulated by the shogunate for taking such decisive steps against anti-foreign forces, and was awarded a special banner.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_negotiations">Diplomatic negotiations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diplomatic negotiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, the Americans, French, British and Dutch feverishly opened diplomatic channels to negotiate the reopening of the passage to the Inland Sea. Months dragged by with no end in sight to the growing dilemma. By May 1864, various bellicose Japanese factions had destroyed thousands of dollars in foreign property, including homes, churches and shipping. This wanton destruction included the U.S. Legation in <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a>, which housed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Japan">Minister</a> Robert Pruyn. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchAtShimonoseki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/FrenchAtShimonoseki.jpg/220px-FrenchAtShimonoseki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/FrenchAtShimonoseki.jpg/330px-FrenchAtShimonoseki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/FrenchAtShimonoseki.jpg/440px-FrenchAtShimonoseki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> troops taking possession of Japanese cannons at Shimonoseki.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the first half of 1864, as Shimonoseki Strait remained closed to foreign shipping, threats and rumors of war hung in the air, while diplomatic efforts remained deadlocked. Then the British Minister to Japan, <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Alcock" title="Rutherford Alcock">Rutherford Alcock</a>, discussed with his treaty counterparts such as <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> Minister Robert Pruyn and Dutch Minister <a href="/wiki/Dirk_de_Graeff_van_Polsbroek" title="Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek">Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek</a>, the feasibility of a joint military strike against Mōri. </p><p>They were soon making preparations for a combined show of force. Under the wary eyes of the Japanese, fifteen British warships rode anchor alongside four Dutch vessels, while a British regiment from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> augmented their display of military might. The French maintained a minimal naval presence, with the bulk of their forces in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> trying to bolster Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian</a>'s unstable regime. </p><p>The U.S., engaged in its <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, limited itself to demonstrate diplomatic and minimal military support for the allies. In the meantime, Mōri procrastinated in negotiations by requesting additional time to respond to the Allied demands, a response unacceptable to the treaty powers. The allies decided that the time for united action had arrived. </p><p>Despite retaliatory action from the treaty powers, another attack occurred in July 1864 when the rebel forces fired upon the U.S. steamer <i>Monitor</i> after she entered a harbor for coal and water. This provoked further outrage, even after a British squadron delivered a multi-national ultimatum to Mōri, threatening military force if the strait was not opened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_battle,_September_5–6,_1864"><span id="Final_battle.2C_September_5.E2.80.936.2C_1864"></span>Final battle, September 5–6, 1864</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final battle, September 5–6, 1864"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShimonosekiMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ShimonosekiMap.jpg/220px-ShimonosekiMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ShimonosekiMap.jpg/330px-ShimonosekiMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ShimonosekiMap.jpg/440px-ShimonosekiMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Map of the allied attack on Shimonoseki, in September 1864.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleOfShimonoseki2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BattleOfShimonoseki2.jpg/220px-BattleOfShimonoseki2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BattleOfShimonoseki2.jpg/330px-BattleOfShimonoseki2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/BattleOfShimonoseki2.jpg/440px-BattleOfShimonoseki2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>The bombardment of Shimonoseki by the French warship <a href="/wiki/French_aviso_Tancr%C3%A8de_(1862)" title="French aviso Tancrède (1862)"><i>Tancrède</i></a> (background) and the Admiral's flagship, <i>Sémiramis.</i> (foreground), <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Durand-Brager" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager">Jean-Baptiste Henri Durand-Brager</a>, 1865.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Nederlandse,_Engelse,_Franse_en_Amerikaanse_eskaders_in_de_Japanse_wateren_tijdens_de_expeditie_onder_leiding_van_de_Franse_commandant_Constant_Jaur%C3%A8s,_september_1864,_SK-A-2726.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/De_Nederlandse%2C_Engelse%2C_Franse_en_Amerikaanse_eskaders_in_de_Japanse_wateren_tijdens_de_expeditie_onder_leiding_van_de_Franse_commandant_Constant_Jaur%C3%A8s%2C_september_1864%2C_SK-A-2726.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/De_Nederlandse%2C_Engelse%2C_Franse_en_Amerikaanse_eskaders_in_de_Japanse_wateren_tijdens_de_expeditie_onder_leiding_van_de_Franse_commandant_Constant_Jaur%C3%A8s%2C_september_1864%2C_SK-A-2726.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/De_Nederlandse%2C_Engelse%2C_Franse_en_Amerikaanse_eskaders_in_de_Japanse_wateren_tijdens_de_expeditie_onder_leiding_van_de_Franse_commandant_Constant_Jaur%C3%A8s%2C_september_1864%2C_SK-A-2726.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7494" data-file-height="4628" /></a><figcaption>The bombardment of Shimonoseki, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Eduard_van_Heemskerck_van_Beest" title="Jacob Eduard van Heemskerck van Beest">Jacob Eduard van Heemskerck van Beest</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Naval_Brigade_and_Marines_Storming_the_Stockade_at_Shimonoseki_1864.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/British_Naval_Brigade_and_Marines_Storming_the_Stockade_at_Shimonoseki_1864.png/220px-British_Naval_Brigade_and_Marines_Storming_the_Stockade_at_Shimonoseki_1864.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/British_Naval_Brigade_and_Marines_Storming_the_Stockade_at_Shimonoseki_1864.png/330px-British_Naval_Brigade_and_Marines_Storming_the_Stockade_at_Shimonoseki_1864.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/British_Naval_Brigade_and_Marines_Storming_the_Stockade_at_Shimonoseki_1864.png/440px-British_Naval_Brigade_and_Marines_Storming_the_Stockade_at_Shimonoseki_1864.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>The British naval brigade and marines storm the stockade at Shimonoseki, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i>, December 1864.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimonoseki_Cannons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Shimonoseki_Cannons.JPG/220px-Shimonoseki_Cannons.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Shimonoseki_Cannons.JPG/330px-Shimonoseki_Cannons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Shimonoseki_Cannons.JPG/440px-Shimonoseki_Cannons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Replica cannons marking the battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 17, 1864, a squadron consisting of nine British (<a href="/wiki/HMS_Euryalus_(1853)" title="HMS Euryalus (1853)"><i>Euryalus</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Waterloo_(1833)" title="HMS Waterloo (1833)"><i>Conqueror</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tartar_(1854)" title="HMS Tartar (1854)"><i>Tartar</i></a>, <i>Leopard</i>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Barrosa_(1860)" title="HMS Barrosa (1860)"><i>Barrosa</i></a>, <i>Perseus</i>, <i>Argus</i>, <i>Coquette</i>, and <i>Bouncer</i>), four Dutch (<a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Djambi_(1860)" title="HNLMS Djambi (1860)"><i>Djambi</i></a>, <i>Metalen-Kruis</i>, <i>Medusa</i>, and <i>Amsterdam</i>), and three French warships (<a href="/wiki/French_aviso_Tancr%C3%A8de_(1862)" title="French aviso Tancrède (1862)"><i>Tancrède</i></a>, <i>Sémiramis</i>, and <a href="/wiki/French_corvette_Dupleix_(1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="French corvette Dupleix (1861)"><i>Dupleix</i></a>), together with 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a>, marines and sailors, all under the command of <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Leopold_Kuper" title="Augustus Leopold Kuper">Augustus Leopold Kuper</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, steamed out of Yokohama to open Shimonoseki Strait. </p><p>The U.S. chartered steamer <a href="/wiki/USS_Ta-Kiang" title="USS Ta-Kiang"><i>Ta-Kiang</i></a> accompanied the operation in a token show of support. The two-day battle that followed on September 5 and 6 did what the previous operations could not; it destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Domain" title="Chōshū Domain">Chōshū Domain</a>'s ability to wage war on the Western powers. Unable to match the firepower of the international fleet, and amid mounting casualties, <a href="/wiki/Takasugi_Shinsaku" title="Takasugi Shinsaku">Takasugi Shinsaku</a> negotiated peace with the four Western powers and Chōshū forces finally surrendered two days later on September 8, 1864. </p><p>Allied casualties included 72 killed or wounded; although Ernest Satow describes only 8 killed and 30 wounded for the British and two damaged British ships. A full account of the battle is contained in <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Satow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Satow">Ernest Satow</a>'s <i>A Diplomat in Japan</i>. Satow was present as a young interpreter for the British admiral, Augustus Kuper on the British flagship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Euryalus_(1853)" title="HMS Euryalus (1853)">HMS <i>Euryalus</i></a>, commanded by Captain J. H. I. Alexander. It was also the action at which <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Gordon_Boyes" title="Duncan Gordon Boyes">Duncan Gordon Boyes</a> won his <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> (VC) at the age of seventeen. Satow described Boyes as receiving the award "for conduct very plucky in one so young." Another VC winner at Shimonoseki was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pride_(VC)" title="Thomas Pride (VC)">Thomas Pride</a>, and the third was the first American to win the medal, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_Seeley" title="William Henry Harrison Seeley">William Seeley</a>. De Casembroot wrote his account of the events in <i>De Medusa in de wateren van Japan, in 1863 en 1864</i>. </p><p>The stringent accord, drawn up in the wake of the ceasefire and negotiated by U.S. Minister Pruyn, included an indemnity of $3,000,000 from the Japanese, an amount equivalent to the cost of about 30 steamships at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tokugawa shogunate proved unable to pay such an amount, and this failure became the basis of further foreign pressure to open Japanese ports; Japan was forced to choose between paying compensation of three million piastres and opening another port on the Inland Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Akamatsu2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akamatsu2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harbour of <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo</a> was opened to foreign trade, and customs tariffs were lowered uniformly to 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1883, twenty years after the first battle to reopen the strait, the United States quietly returned $750,000 to Japan, which represented its share of the reparation payment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamaguri_rebellion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hamaguri_rebellion.jpg/220px-Hamaguri_rebellion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hamaguri_rebellion.jpg/330px-Hamaguri_rebellion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hamaguri_rebellion.jpg/440px-Hamaguri_rebellion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3721" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>Chōshū forces attacked Shogunal forces in Kyōto on August 20, 1864, in the <a href="/wiki/Kinmon_incident" title="Kinmon incident">Kinmon incident</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Right after the foreign interventions, the Shogunal government also launched its own preparations for a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> against Chōshū, the <a href="/wiki/First_Ch%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_expedition" title="First Chōshū expedition">First Chōshū expedition</a>. The expedition was aimed at punishing the 1864 <a href="/wiki/Kinmon_incident" title="Kinmon incident">Kinmon incident</a> in which Chōshū forces attacked Shogunal forces in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. The expedition was however cancelled after a compromise was brokered, involving the <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheading</a> of the leaders of the rebellion. </p><p>At the same time as this campaign, the British Royal Navy engaged <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> samurai at the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Bombardment of Kagoshima</a>, one of the several engagements of the Japanese conflict of 1863 and 1864. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Closely resembling the series of little conflicts fought by the European powers in Asia, Africa and elsewhere during the nineteenth century, the troubles in Japan seemed to exemplify their <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a>, a prevalent tool in imperialism. Bitter resentment against foreign influence made the Chōshū clan feel justified in engaging in acts of military provocation in defiance of their own government. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShimonosekiCannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ShimonosekiCannon.jpg/220px-ShimonosekiCannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ShimonosekiCannon.jpg/330px-ShimonosekiCannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ShimonosekiCannon.jpg/440px-ShimonosekiCannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>A cannon captured by the French at Shimonoseki. Today on display at the northern gate of <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. <i>Lower right inset</i>: the emblem (<a href="/wiki/Mon_(badge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon (badge)">mon</a>) of the Mōri clan inscribed on top of the cannon.</figcaption></figure> <p>While it was bitterly embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s government was carefully watched by the world for signs of weakness and indecision. The actions of <i>USS Wyoming</i> made it the first foreign warship to offensively uphold treaty rights with Japan; this fact coupled with the possibility that the events would mire the U.S. in a foreign war made the battle of Shimonoseki a significant engagement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the battles of Shimonoseki Strait were mere footnotes in the histories of the European powers, an interesting aspect of the affair was the resourcefulness displayed by the Japanese. The feudal Japanese had not set eyes on a steam-powered ship until Commodore Perry's arrival only a decade before <i>USS Wyoming<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>s battle. Yet they had rapidly advanced in such a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Magoc2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoc2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shimonoseki city government in 2004, in recognition of the importance of the bombardment in Japanese history, placed several life-size replicas of the guns used by Chōshū. The replicas are made of hollow steel and include coin-operated sound effects and smoke from the barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Royle2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Royle2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStephen_A._Royle2017" class="citation book cs1">Stephen A. Royle (21 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Anglo-Korean Relations and the Port Hamilton Affair, 1885-1887</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-73787-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-73787-6"><bdi>978-1-351-73787-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Korean+Relations+and+the+Port+Hamilton+Affair%2C+1885-1887&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1-351-73787-6&rft.au=Stephen+A.+Royle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzUlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimonoseki+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navyandmarine.org/ondeck/1863shimonoseki.htm">The Battle of the Straits of Shimonoséki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/wyoming-i.html">"Wyoming I (Sloop of War)"</a>. <i>NHHC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHHC&rft.atitle=Wyoming+I+%28Sloop+of+War%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fship-histories%2Fdanfs%2Fw%2Fwyoming-i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimonoseki+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medzini, p.44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medzini, p.46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satow, p86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akamatsu2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akamatsu2010_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Akamatsu2010" class="citation book cs1">Paul Akamatsu (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TIVeBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>Meiji 1868: Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Japan</i></a>. Routledge. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92827-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-92827-7"><bdi>978-1-136-92827-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meiji+1868%3A+Revolution+and+Counter-Revolution+in+Japan&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-1-136-92827-7&rft.au=Paul+Akamatsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTIVeBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimonoseki+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satow, p145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magoc2015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magoc2015_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_J._Magoc2015" class="citation book cs1">Chris J. Magoc (14 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMEnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA242"><i>Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-430-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-430-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-430-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperialism+and+Expansionism+in+American+History%3A+A+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Cultural+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%26%2391%3B4+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+A+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Cultural+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-430-8&rft.au=Chris+J.+Magoc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCMEnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimonoseki+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoda2010" class="citation news cs1">Yoda, Hiroko (2 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907064321/http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/play/shimonoseki-japan-now-and-then-424396/">"Ghosts of battles past in Shimonoseki"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/tokyo/play/shimonoseki-japan-now-and-then-424396/">the original</a> on 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghosts+of+battles+past+in+Shimonoseki&rft.date=2010-09-02&rft.aulast=Yoda&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Ftokyo%2Fplay%2Fshimonoseki-japan-now-and-then-424396%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShimonoseki+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Denney, John. <i>Respect and Consideration: Britain in Japan 1853–1868 and beyond</i>. Radiance Press (2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9568798-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9568798-0-6">978-0-9568798-0-6</a></li> <li>Medzini, Meron. <i>French Policy in Japan during the Closing Years of the Tokugawa Regime</i>. Harvard University Press, 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Polak" title="Christian Polak">Polak</a>, Christian. (2001). <i>Soie et lumières: L'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950).</i> Tokyo: <i>Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon,</i> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Christophe_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hachette" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Christophe François Hachette">Hachette</a> Fujin Gahōsha (アシェット婦人画報社).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Satow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Satow">Satow, Ernest</a>, "A Diplomat in Japan", 2006 Stone Bridge Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933330-16-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933330-16-7">978-1-933330-16-7</a></li> <li>__________. (2002). 絹と光: 知られざる日仏交流100年の歴史 (江戶時代-1950年代) <i>Kinu to hikariō: shirarezaru Nichi-Futsu kōryū 100-nen no rekishi (Edo jidai-1950-nendai).</i> Tokyo: Ashetto Fujin Gahōsha, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-573-06210-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-573-06210-8">978-4-573-06210-8</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50875162">50875162</a></li></ul> <p><i>This article incorporates text from OpenHistory.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimonoseki_campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Modern<br />Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kibi_Clan_Rebellion" title="Kibi Clan Rebellion">Kibi Clan Rebellion</a> (463)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hoshikawa_Rebellion" title="Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion">Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion</a> (479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwai_Rebellion" title="Iwai Rebellion">Iwai Rebellion</a> (527)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isshi_incident" title="Isshi incident">Isshi incident</a> (645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinshin_War" title="Jinshin War">Jinshin Rebellion</a> (672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayato_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayato Rebellion">Hayato Rebellion</a> (720–721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Hirotsugu_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion">Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion</a> (740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Nakamaro_Rebellion" title="Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion">Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion</a> (764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengy%C5%8D_no_Ran" title="Tengyō no Ran">Tengyō no Ran</a> (939–940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dgen_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōgen Rebellion">Hōgen Rebellion</a> (1156)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiji_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiji Rebellion">Heiji Rebellion</a> (1160)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishigatani_incident" title="Shishigatani incident">Shishigatani incident</a> (1177)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_H%C5%8Dj%C5%ABjidono" title="Siege of Hōjūjidono">Siege of Hōjūjidono</a> (1184)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennin_Rebellion" title="Kennin Rebellion">Kennin Rebellion</a> (1201)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū Rebellion</a> (1221)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%8D_uprising" title="Shōchō uprising">Shōchō uprising</a> (1428)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABki_War" title="Yūki War">Yūki War</a>(1440-1441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakitsu_uprising" title="Kakitsu uprising">Kakitsu uprising</a> (1441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamashiro_ikki" title="Yamashiro ikki">Yamashiro Rebellion</a> (1485–1493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_Rebellion" title="Kaga Rebellion">Kaga Rebellion</a> (1487–1488)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honn%C5%8D-ji_Incident" title="Honnō-ji Incident">Honnō-ji Incident</a> (1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunohe_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunohe Rebellion">Kunohe Rebellion</a> (1591)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokug%C5%8D_Rebellion" title="Rokugō Rebellion">Rokugō Rebellion</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a> (1637–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keian_Uprising" title="Keian Uprising">Keian Uprising</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakushain%27s_revolt" title="Shakushain's revolt">Shakushain's revolt</a> (1669–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menashi%E2%80%93Kunashir_rebellion" title="Menashi–Kunashir rebellion">Menashi–Kunashir rebellion</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cshio_Heihachir%C5%8D#The_rebellion" title="Ōshio Heihachirō">Ōshio Heihachirō's Rebellion</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teradaya_incident" title="Teradaya incident">Teradaya incident</a> (1862, 1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Shimonoseki Campaign</a> (1863–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tench%C5%ABgumi_incident" title="Tenchūgumi incident">Tenchūgumi incident</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mito_Rebellion" title="Mito Rebellion">Mito Rebellion</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmon_incident" title="Kinmon incident">Kinmon incident</a> (1864)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Rebellion" title="Saga Rebellion">Saga Rebellion</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinp%C5%ABren_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinpūren Rebellion">Shinpūren Rebellion</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akizuki_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Akizuki Rebellion">Akizuki Rebellion</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagi_Rebellion" title="Hagi Rebellion">Hagi Rebellion</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takebashi_incident" title="Takebashi incident">Takebashi incident</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_incident_(1882)" title="Fukushima incident (1882)">Fukushima incident</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichibu_incident" title="Chichibu incident">Chichibu incident</a> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_incident" title="March incident">March incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_incident" title="October incident">October incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Blood_Incident" title="League of Blood Incident">League of Blood Incident</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_incident" title="Military Academy incident">Military Academy incident</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Kyūjō incident</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_incident" title="Matsue incident">Matsue incident</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmu_incident" title="Sanmu incident">Sanmu incident</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima#Coup_attempt_and_ritual_suicide" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima incident</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Riots and<br />civil disorder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Modern<br />Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakitsu_uprising" title="Kakitsu uprising">Kakitsu uprising</a> (1441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%8D_uprising" title="Jōkyō uprising">Jōkyō uprising</a> (1686)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_tax_riots" title="Blood tax riots">Blood tax riots</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_incident" title="Nagasaki incident">Nagasaki incident</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiya_incendiary_incident" title="Hibiya incendiary incident">Hibiya incendiary incident</a> (1905)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_riots_of_1918" title="Rice riots of 1918">Rice riots</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya_incident" title="Shibuya incident">Shibuya incident</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_May_Day" title="Bloody May Day">Bloody May Day</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_riot" title="Shinjuku riot">Shinjuku riot</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Northern Ireland Troubles</a> (1969–mid-1990s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Palliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Palliser">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a> (2001–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2012–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">ISIS war</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIS">Military intervention against ISIS</a> (2014–present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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