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href="#The_Nguyễn_Campaign_against_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nguyễn_Campaign_against_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Vietnamese_Martyrs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Vietnamese_Martyrs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of Vietnamese Martyrs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Vietnamese_Martyrs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_being_promoted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_being_promoted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Causes being 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rtires_vietnamitas" title="Mártires vietnamitas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mártires vietnamitas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_du_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="Martyrs du Viêt Nam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martyrs du Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijetnamski_mu%C4%8Denici" title="Vijetnamski mučenici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vijetnamski mučenici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martir_Vietnam" title="Martir Vietnam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martir Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martiri_del_Vietnam" title="Martiri del Vietnam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martiri del Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafiadini_wa_Vietnam" title="Wafiadini wa Vietnam – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wafiadini wa Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Roman Catholic Saints</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:gold;">Vietnamese Martyrs</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Martyrs_of_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/Martyrs_of_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Martyrs_of_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Martyrs_of_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1745–1862, present-day <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Martyred by</th><td class="infobox-data">Vietnamese rulers (Trịnh, Tây Sơn, and Nguyễn dynasties)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Means of martyrdom</th><td class="infobox-data category">varies (from dying in prison to death by a thousand cuts)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatified</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>May 27, 1900, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li><li>May 20, 1906 & May 2, 1909, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li><li>April 29, 1951, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">June 19, 1988, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, <span class="nowrap">by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Sở Kiện, Hà Nam, Vietnam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">November 24 <small>(memorial, <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a>)</small><br /> 33rd Sunday in Ordinary Time <small>(solemnity, Vietnam)</small> <br /> First Sunday in September <small>(feast, Vietnam, pre-canonization)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vietnamese Martyrs</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Các Thánh Tử đạo Việt Nam</i>), also known as the <b>Martyrs of <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></b>, collectively <b>Martyrs of Annam</b> or formerly <b>Martyrs of Indochina</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> who were <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. On June 19, 1988, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese" title="Overseas Vietnamese">overseas Vietnamese</a> worldwide gathered at St. Peter's Square for the celebration of the canonization of 117 Vietnamese Martyrs, an event organized by Monsignor <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Ho%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Trần Văn Hoài">Trần Văn Hoài</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(liturgy)" title="Memorial (liturgy)">memorial</a> in the current <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> is on <a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> as <b>Saint Andrew Dung-Lac and Companions</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Anrê Dũng-Lạc và các bạn tử đạo</i>), although many of these saints have a second memorial, having been beatified and inscribed on the local calendar prior to the canonization of the group. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Martyrs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vatican estimates the number of Vietnamese martyrs at between 130,000 and 300,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Vatican_See_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatican_See-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Paul II decided to <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonize</a> both those whose names are known and unknown, giving them a single feast day. </p><p>The Vietnamese Martyrs fall into several groupings: those of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionary era of the 18th century and those killed in the politically inspired persecutions of the 19th century. A representative sample of only 117 martyrs—including 96 Vietnamese, 11 Spanish Dominicans, and ten French members of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> (Missions Etrangères de Paris (MEP))—were beatified on four separate occasions: 64 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> on May 27, 1900; eight by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> on May 20, 1906; 20 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> on May 2, 1909; and 25 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> on April 29, 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-KatNo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KatNo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 117 of these Vietnamese Martyrs were canonized on June 19, 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A young Vietnamese Martyr, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn" title="Andrew of Phú Yên">Andrew of Phú Yên</a>, was beatified in March 2000, by Pope John Paul II. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_martyrs_Paul_Mi_Pierre_Duong_Pierre_Truat_18_December_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vietnam_martyrs_Paul_Mi_Pierre_Duong_Pierre_Truat_18_December_1838.jpg/220px-Vietnam_martyrs_Paul_Mi_Pierre_Duong_Pierre_Truat_18_December_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vietnam_martyrs_Paul_Mi_Pierre_Duong_Pierre_Truat_18_December_1838.jpg/330px-Vietnam_martyrs_Paul_Mi_Pierre_Duong_Pierre_Truat_18_December_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vietnam_martyrs_Paul_Mi_Pierre_Duong_Pierre_Truat_18_December_1838.jpg/440px-Vietnam_martyrs_Paul_Mi_Pierre_Duong_Pierre_Truat_18_December_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2686" /></a><figcaption>Vietnamese martyrs Paul Mi, Pierre Duong, Pierre Truat, martyred on 18 December 1838</figcaption></figure> <p>Christians at the time were branded on the face with the words "tả đạo" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:左">左</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:道">道</a>, lit. "unorthodox religion")<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and families and villages which subscribed to Christianity were obliterated.<sup id="cite_ref-Attwater_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attwater-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letters and example of <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophane_V%C3%A9nard" title="Théophane Vénard">Théophane Vénard</a> inspired the young Saint <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a> to volunteer for the <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> nunnery at Hanoi, though she ultimately contracted <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and could not go. In 1865 Vénard's body was transferred to his Congregation's church in Paris, but his head remains in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-KatNo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KatNo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several Catholic <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere dedicated to the Martyrs of Vietnam (Holy Martyrs of Vietnam Parishes), one of the largest of which is located in Arlington, Texas, in the Dallas-Fort Worth area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others can be found in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arlington, Virginia; Richmond, Virginia; and Norcross, Georgia. There are also churches named after individual saints, such as St. Philippe Minh Church in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Boniface, Manitoba">Saint Boniface, Manitoba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Nguyễn_Campaign_against_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century"><span id="The_Nguy.E1.BB.85n_Campaign_against_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century"></span>The Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Martyrs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic Church in Vietnam was devastated during the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Sơn rebellion">Tây Sơn rebellion</a> in the late 18th century. During the turmoil, the missions revived, however, as a result of cooperation between the French Vicar Apostolic Pigneaux de Behaine and Nguyen Anh. After Nguyen's victory in 1802, he was grateful for the assistance received and ensured protection for missionary activities. However, only a few years into the new emperor's reign, there was growing antipathy among officials against Catholicism and missionaries reported that it was purely for political reasons that their presence was tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolerance continued until the death of the emperor and the new emperor, <a href="/wiki/Minh_Mang" class="mw-redirect" title="Minh Mang">Minh Mang</a>, succeeding to the throne in 1820. </p><p>Converts began to be harassed by local governments without official edicts in the late 1820s. In 1831, the emperor passed new laws on regulations for religious groupings in Viet Nam, and Catholicism was then officially prohibited. In 1832, the first act occurred in a largely Catholic village near <a href="/wiki/Hue_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hue (city)">Hue</a>, with the entire community being incarcerated and sent into exile in Cambodia. In January 1833, a new kingdom-wide edict was passed calling on Vietnamese subjects to reject the religion of Jesus and required suspected Catholics to demonstrate their renunciation by walking on a wooden cross. Actual violence against Catholics, however, did not occur until the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt" title="Lê Văn Khôi revolt">Lê Văn Khôi revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the rebellion, a young French missionary priest, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marchand" title="Joseph Marchand">Joseph Marchand</a>, was sick and residing in the rebel citadel of Gia Dinh. In October 1833, an officer of the emperor reported to the court that a foreign Christian religious leader was present in the citadel. This news was used to justify the edicts against Catholicism and led to the first executions of missionaries in over 40 years. The first executed was named <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Isidore_Gagelin" title="François-Isidore Gagelin">Francois Gagelin</a>. Marchand was eventually captured and executed as a "rebel leader" in 1835; he was put to death by "<a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">slow slicing</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further repressive measures were introduced in the wake of this episode in 1836. Before 1836, village heads had only to report to local mandarins about how their subjects had recanted Catholicism. However, after 1836, officials could visit villages and force all the villagers to line up one by one to trample on a cross, and if a community was suspected of harboring a missionary, militia could block off the village gates and perform a rigorous search; if a missionary was found, collective punishment could be meted out to the entire community.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Missionaries and Catholic communities were able to escape punishment through bribery of officials on occasion; they were also sometimes victims of extortion attempts by people who demanded money under the threat that they would report the villages and missionaries to the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The missionary Father Pierre Duclos said: </p> <blockquote><p>with gold bars murder and theft blossom among honest people.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The court became more aware of the problem of the failure to enforce the laws and applied greater pressure on its officials to act; officials who failed to act or those tho who were seen to be acting too slowly were demoted or removed from office (and sometimes were given severe corporal punishment), while those who attacked and killed the Christians could receive promotion or other rewards. Lower officials or younger family members of officials were sometimes tasked with secretly going through villages to report on hidden missionaries or Catholics who had not apostatized.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first missionary arrested during this (and later executed) was the priest <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Cornay" title="Jean-Charles Cornay">Jean-Charles Cornay</a> in 1837. A military campaign was conducted in Nam Dinh after letters were discovered in a shipwrecked vessel bound for Macao. Quang Tri and Quang Binh officials captured several priests along with the French missionary <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dumoulin-Borie" title="Pierre Dumoulin-Borie">Pierre Dumoulin-Borie</a> in 1838 (who was executed). The court translator, Francois Jaccard, a Catholic who had been kept as a prisoner for years and was extremely valuable to the court, was executed in late 1838; the official who was tasked with this execution, however, was almost immediately dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A priest, Father Ignatius Delgado, was captured in the village of <a href="/wiki/Can_Lao" class="mw-redirect" title="Can Lao">Can Lao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Định Province">Nam Định Province</a>), put in a cage on public display for ridicule and abuse, and died of hunger and exposure while waiting for execution; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-clemente-ignacio-delgado-cebrian/">[1]</a> the officer and soldiers that captured him were greatly rewarded (about 3 kg of silver was distributed out to all of them), as were the villagers that had helped to turn him over to the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bishop Dominic Henares was found in Giao Thuy district of Nam Dinh (later executed); the villagers and soldiers that participated in his arrest were also greatly rewarded (about 3 kg of silver distributed). The priest, Father Joseph Fernandez, and a local priest, Nguyen Ba Tuan, were captured in Kim Song, Nam Dinh; the provincial officials were promoted, the peasants who turned them over were given about 3 kg of silver and other rewards were distributed. In July 1838, a demoted governor attempting to win back his place did so successfully by capturing the priest Father Dang Dinh Vien in Yen Dung, Bac Ninh province. (Vien was executed). In 1839, the same official captured two more priests: Father Dinh Viet Du and Father Nguyen Van Xuyen (also both executed).<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Nhu Ly near Hue, an elderly Catholic doctor named Simon Hoa was captured and executed. He had been sheltering a missionary named Charles Delamotte, whom the villagers had pleaded with him to send away. The village was also supposed to erect a shrine for the state-cult, which the doctor also opposed. His status and age protected him from being arrested until 1840 when he was put on trial, and the judge pleaded (due to his status in Vietnamese society as both an elder and a doctor) with him to publicly recant; when he refused, he was publicly executed.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A peculiar episode occurred in late 1839, when a village in <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i_province" title="Quảng Ngãi province">Quảng Ngãi province</a> called Phuoc Lam was victimized by four men who extorted cash from the villagers under threat of reporting the Christian presence to the authorities. The governor of the province had a Catholic nephew who told him about what happened, and the governor then found the four men (caught smoking opium) and had two executed as well as two exiled. When a Catholic lay leader then came to the governor to offer their gratitude (thus perhaps exposing what the governor had done), the governor told him that those who had come to die for their religion should now prepare themselves and leave something for their wives and children; when news of the whole episode came out, the governor was removed from office for incompetence.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many officials preferred to avoid execution because of the threat to social order and harmony it represented, and resorted to use of threats or torture in order to force Catholics to recant. Many villagers were executed alongside priests according to mission reports. The emperor died in 1841, and this offered respite for Catholics. However, some persecution still continued after the new emperor took office. Catholic villages were forced to build shrines to the state cult. The missionary Father Pierre Duclos (quoted above) died in prison in after being captured on the Saigon river in June 1846. The boat he was traveling in, unfortunately contained the money that was set for the annual bribes of various officials (up to 1/3 of the annual donated French mission budget for Cochinchina was officially allocated to 'special needs') in order to prevent more arrests and persecutions of the converts; therefore, after his arrest, the officials then began wide searches and cracked down on the Catholic communities in their jurisdictions. The amount of money that the French mission societies were able to raise made the missionaries a lucrative target for officials that wanted cash, which could even surpass what the imperial court was offering in rewards. This created a cycle of extortion and bribery which lasted for years.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Vietnamese_Martyrs">List of Vietnamese Martyrs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Martyrs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of Vietnamese Martyrs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Those whose names are known are listed below:<sup id="cite_ref-Vatican_See_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatican_See-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_D%C5%A9ng-L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Andrew Dũng-Lạc">Andrew Dung-Lac An Tran</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thong_Kim_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Thong Kim Nguyen">Andrew Thong Kim Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Trong_Van_Tran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Trong Van Tran (page does not exist)">Andrew Trong Van Tran</a>, layman and soldier</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Tuong_Manh_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Tuong Manh Nguyen (page does not exist)">Andrew Tuong Manh Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Dich_Tien_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Dich Tien Nguyen (page does not exist)">Anthony Dich Tien Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Quynh_Huu_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Quynh Huu Nguyen (page does not exist)">Anthony Quynh Huu Nguyen</a>, layman and doctor</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Thanh-De_Thi_Le&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnes Thanh-De Thi Le (page does not exist)">Agnes Thanh-De Thi Le</a>, laywoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Schoeffler" title="Augustin Schoeffler">Augustin Schoeffler</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a></span>, French priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Huy_Viet_Phan" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine Huy Viet Phan">Augustine Huy Viet Phan</a>, layman and soldier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Moi_Van_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine Moi Van Nguyen">Augustine Moi Van Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_V%C5%A9_V%C4%83n_Du%E1%BB%87" title="Bernard Vũ Văn Duệ">Bernard Vũ Văn Duệ</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celement_Ignatius_Delgado_Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celement Ignatius Delgado Y (page does not exist)">Celement Ignatius Delgado Y</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Spanish bishop</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Cam_Van_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Cam Van Nguyen (page does not exist)">Dominic Cam Van Nguyen</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Dat_Dinh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Dat Dinh (page does not exist)">Dominic Dat Dinh</a>, layman and soldier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Hanh_Van_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominic Hanh Van Nguyen">Dominic Hanh Van Nguyen</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Henares_Minh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Henares Minh (page does not exist)">Dominic Henares Minh</a>, Spanish bishop</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Huyen_Van_Tran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Huyen Van Tran (page does not exist)">Dominic Huyen Van Tran</a>, layman and fisherman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Kham_Trong_Pham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Kham Trong Pham (page does not exist)">Dominic Kham Trong Pham</a>, layman and local judge</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Mau_Duc_Dinh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Mau Duc Dinh (page does not exist)">Dominic Mau Duc Dinh</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Mao_Duc_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Mao Duc Nguyen (page does not exist)">Dominic Mao Duc Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Nhi_Duc_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Nhi Duc Nguyen (page does not exist)">Dominic Nhi Duc Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Ninh_Duy_Tran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Ninh Duy Tran (page does not exist)">Dominic Ninh Duy Tran</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Nguyen_Huy_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Nguyen Huy Nguyen (page does not exist)">Dominic Nguyen Huy Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Toai_Van_Tran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Toai Van Tran (page does not exist)">Dominic Toai Van Tran</a>, layman and fisherman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Trach-Doai_Duc_Vu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Trach-Doai Duc Vu (page does not exist)">Dominic Trach-Doai Duc Vu</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Tuoc_Dinh_Vu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Tuoc Dinh Vu (page does not exist)">Dominic Tuoc Dinh Vu</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Uy_Van_Bui" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominic Uy Van Bui">Dominic Uy Van Bui</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Xuyen_Van_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominic Xuyen Van Nguyen">Dominic Xuyen Van Nguyen</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Phung_Van_Le&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Phung Van Le (page does not exist)">Emmanuel Phung Van Le</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Trieu_Van_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel Trieu Van Nguyen">Emmanuel Trieu Van Nguyen</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Chieu_Van_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Chieu Van Do">Francis Chieu Van Do</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Gil_de_Frederich_Te&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Gil de Frederich Te (page does not exist)">Francis Gil de Frederich Te</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Spanish priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Isidore_Gagelin_Kinh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Isidore Gagelin Kinh (page does not exist)">Francis Isidore Gagelin Kinh</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a></span>, French priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Jaccard_Phan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Jaccard Phan (page does not exist)">Francis Jaccard Phan</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a></span>, French priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Trung_Van_Tran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Trung Van Tran (page does not exist)">Francis Trung Van Tran</a>, layman and military officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Can_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Xavier Can Nguyen">Francis Xavier Can Nguyen</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Xavier_Mau_Trong_Ha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Xavier Mau Trong Ha (page does not exist)">Francis Xavier Mau Trong Ha</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_Caste%C3%B1eda_Gia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth Casteñeda Gia">Hyacinth Casteñeda Gia</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Spanish priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Nam_Mai_Do&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Nam Mai Do (page does not exist)">James Nam Mai Do</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Cornay" title="Jean-Charles Cornay">Jean-Charles Cornay</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a></span>, French priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Hermosilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Hermosilla">Jerome Hermosilla</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Spanish bishop</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dat_Viet_Doan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dat Viet Doan (page does not exist)">John Dat Viet Doan</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoan_Trinh_Doan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hoan Trinh Doan">John Hoan Trinh Doan</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Louis_Bonnard_Huong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Louis Bonnard Huong (page does not exist)">John Louis Bonnard Huong</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a></span>, French priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Baptist_Con_Ngoc_Tran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Baptist Con Ngoc Tran (page does not exist)">John Baptist Con Ngoc Tran</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Baptist_Thanh_Van_Dinh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Baptist Thanh Van Dinh (page does not exist)">John Baptist Thanh Van Dinh</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Mary_D%C3%ADaz_Sanjurjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Mary Díaz Sanjurjo (page does not exist)">Joseph Mary Díaz Sanjurjo</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Spanish bishop</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Canh_Luong_Hoang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Canh Luong Hoang (page does not exist)">Joseph Canh Luong Hoang</a>, layman and doctor</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Ventosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Fernández de Ventosa (page does not exist)">Joseph Fernández de Ventosa</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Spanish priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hien_Quang_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hien Quang Do">Joseph Hien Quang Do</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Khang_Duy_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Khang Duy Nguyen">Joseph Khang Duy Nguyen</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luu_Van_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Luu Van Nguyen">Joseph Luu Van Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marchand" title="Joseph Marchand">Joseph Marchand</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a></span>, French priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Nghi-Kim_Dinh_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Nghi-Kim Dinh Nguyen (page does not exist)">Joseph Nghi-Kim Dinh Nguyen</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thi_Dang_Le" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Thi Dang Le">Joseph Thi Dang Le</a>, layman and military officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Uyen_Dinh_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Uyen Dinh Nguyen">Joseph Uyen Dinh Nguyen</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vien_Dinh_Dang" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Vien Dinh Dang">Joseph Vien Dinh Dang</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Ta_Trong_Pham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Ta Trong Pham (page does not exist)">Joseph Ta Trong Pham</a>, layman and governor</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Tuc_Quang_Pham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Tuc Quang Pham (page does not exist)">Joseph Tuc Quang Pham</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tuan_Van_Tran" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Tuan Van Tran">Joseph Tuan Van Tran</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tuan_Van_Tran" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Tuan Van Tran">Joseph Tuan Van Tran</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Ngon_Viet_Pham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Ngon Viet Pham (page does not exist)">Lawrence Ngon Viet Pham</a>, layman and soldier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Huong_Van_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Huong Van Nguyen">Lawrence Huong Van Nguyen</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Loan_Ba_Vu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke Loan Ba Vu">Luke Loan Ba Vu</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luke_Thin_Trong_Pham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luke Thin Trong Pham (page does not exist)">Luke Thin Trong Pham</a>, layman and governor</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Tho_Ngoc_Tran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Tho Ngoc Tran (page does not exist)">Martin Tho Ngoc Tran</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Thinh_Duc_Ta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Thinh Duc Ta (page does not exist)">Martin Thinh Duc Ta</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Alonzo_Leciniana_Dau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Alonzo Leciniana Dau (page does not exist)">Matthew Alonzo Leciniana Dau</a>, OP, Spanish priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Phuong-Dac_Van_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Phuong-Dac Van Nguyen (page does not exist)">Matthew Phuong-Dac Van Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Gam_Van_Le" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Gam Van Le">Matthew Gam Van Le</a>, layman and merchant</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melchior_Garc%C3%ADa_Sampedro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melchior García Sampedro (page does not exist)">Melchior García Sampedro</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Spanish bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_H%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Hy" title="Michael Hồ Đình Hy">Michael Hy Dinh Ho</a>, layman and court mandarin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_My_Huy_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael My Huy Nguyen">Michael My Huy Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_The_Duc_Bui" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas The Duc Bui">Nicholas The Duc Bui</a>, layman and soldier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tong_Viet_Buong" title="Paul Tong Viet Buong">Paul Tong Viet Buong</a>, layman and military officer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Duong-Dong_Van_Vu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Duong-Dong Van Vu (page does not exist)">Paul Duong-Dong Van Vu</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hanh_Van_Tran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Hanh Van Tran (page does not exist)">Paul Hanh Van Tran</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Khoan_Khac_Pham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Khoan Khac Pham (page does not exist)">Paul Khoan Khac Pham</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Loc_Van_Le" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Loc Van Le">Paul Loc Van Le</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_My_Van_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul My Van Nguyen (page does not exist)">Paul My Van Nguyen</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ngan_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Ngan Nguyen (page does not exist)">Paul Ngan Nguyen</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tinh_Bao_Le&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Tinh Bao Le (page does not exist)">Paul Tinh Bao Le</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Almat%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Almató (page does not exist)">Peter Almató</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Spanish priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Thuan_Van_Dinh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Thuan Van Dinh (page does not exist)">Peter Thuan Van Dinh</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dung_Van_Dinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Dung Van Dinh">Peter Dung Van Dinh</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Da_Huu_Phan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Da Huu Phan (page does not exist)">Peter Da Huu Phan</a>, layman and carpenter</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Duong_Van_Truong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Duong Van Truong (page does not exist)">Peter Duong Van Truong</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_N%C3%A9ron" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Francis Néron">Peter Francis Néron</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a></span>, French priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hieu_Van_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Hieu Van Nguyen">Peter Hieu Van Nguyen</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Khanh_Hoang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Khanh Hoang (page does not exist)">Peter Khanh Hoang</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Khoa_Dang_Vu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Khoa Dang Vu (page does not exist)">Peter Khoa Dang Vu</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Luu_Van_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Luu Van Nguyen (page does not exist)">Peter Luu Van Nguyen</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Qui_Cong_Doan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Qui Cong Doan (page does not exist)">Peter Qui Cong Doan</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Thi_Van_Truong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Thi Van Truong (page does not exist)">Peter Thi Van Truong</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Truat_Van_Vu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Truat Van Vu (page does not exist)">Peter Truat Van Vu</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Tu_Van_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Tu Van Nguyen (page does not exist)">Peter Tu Van Nguyen</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">OP</a></span>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Tu_Khac_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Tu Khac Nguyen (page does not exist)">Peter Tu Khac Nguyen</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tuan_Ba_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Tuan Ba Nguyen">Peter Tuan Ba Nguyen</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tuy_Le" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Tuy Le">Peter Tuy Le</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Van_Doan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Van Van Doan">Peter Van Van Doan</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Minh_Van_Phan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Minh Van Phan (page does not exist)">Philip Minh Van Phan</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dumoulin-Borie" title="Pierre Dumoulin-Borie">Pierre Dumoulin-Borie</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a></span>, French bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hoa_Dac_Phan" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Hoa Dac Phan">Simon Hoa Dac Phan</a>, layman and doctor</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Theodore_Cuenot_The&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Theodore Cuenot The (page does not exist)">Stephen Theodore Cuenot The</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a></span>, French bishop</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Vinh_Van_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Vinh Van Nguyen (page does not exist)">Stephen Vinh Van Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophane_V%C3%A9nard" title="Théophane Vénard">Théophane Vénard</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">MEP</a></span>, French priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Van_Nguyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas De Van Nguyen">Thomas De Van Nguyen</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Du_Viet_Dinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Du Viet Dinh">Thomas Du Viet Dinh</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Thien_Van_Tran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Thien Van Tran (page does not exist)">Thomas Thien Van Tran</a>, seminarian</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Toan_Dinh_Dao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Toan Dinh Dao (page does not exist)">Thomas Toan Dinh Dao</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Khuong_Tuc_Ngo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Khuong Tuc Ngo (page does not exist)">Thomas Khuong Tuc Ngo</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Berriochoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentine Berriochoa">Valentine Berriochoa</a>, OP, Spanish bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Liem_de_la_Paz" title="Vicente Liem de la Paz">Vincent Phạm Hiếu Liêm</a> (Vicente Liêm de la Paz), OP, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Duong_Van_Pham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent Duong Van Pham (page does not exist)">Vincent Duong Van Pham</a>, layman</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Diem_The_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent Diem The Nguyen (page does not exist)">Vincent Diem The Nguyen</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincent_Tuong_Manh_Nguyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincent Tuong Manh Nguyen (page does not exist)">Vincent Tuong Manh Nguyen</a>, layman and local judge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Yen_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Yen Do">Vincent Yen Do</a>, OP, Vietnamese priest</li></ul> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martyrdom_of_Joseph_Marchand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martyrdom of Joseph Marchand, 1835"><img alt="Martyrdom of Joseph Marchand, 1835" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Martyrdom_of_Joseph_Marchand.jpg/136px-Martyrdom_of_Joseph_Marchand.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Martyrdom_of_Joseph_Marchand.jpg/204px-Martyrdom_of_Joseph_Marchand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Martyrdom_of_Joseph_Marchand.jpg/271px-Martyrdom_of_Joseph_Marchand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marchand" title="Joseph Marchand">Joseph Marchand</a>, 1835</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martyrdom of Saint Pierre Borie, 24 November 1838, Tonkin, Vietnam"><img alt="Martyrdom of Saint Pierre Borie, 24 November 1838, Tonkin, Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg/123px-Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg/185px-Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg/246px-Matyrdom_of_Saint_Pierre_Borie_1838_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">Martyrdom</a> of Saint <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Borie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Borie">Pierre Borie</a>, 24 November 1838, <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>, Vietnam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Charles_Cornay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martyrdom of Jean-Charles Cornay in 1837"><img alt="Martyrdom of Jean-Charles Cornay in 1837" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jean-Charles_Cornay.jpg/144px-Jean-Charles_Cornay.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jean-Charles_Cornay.jpg/216px-Jean-Charles_Cornay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jean-Charles_Cornay.jpg/288px-Jean-Charles_Cornay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Cornay" title="Jean-Charles Cornay">Jean-Charles Cornay</a> in 1837</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Theophane_Venard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Théophane Vénard in chains, martyred in 1861"><img alt="Théophane Vénard in chains, martyred in 1861" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jean-Theophane_Venard.jpg/125px-Jean-Theophane_Venard.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jean-Theophane_Venard.jpg/188px-Jean-Theophane_Venard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jean-Theophane_Venard.jpg/251px-Jean-Theophane_Venard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophane_V%C3%A9nard" title="Théophane Vénard">Théophane Vénard</a> in chains, martyred in 1861</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_being_promoted">Causes being promoted</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Martyrs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes being promoted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn" title="Andrew of Phú Yên">Andrew of Phú Yên</a>, catechist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a> <a href="/wiki/Truong_Buu_Diep" class="mw-redirect" title="Truong Buu Diep">François Xavier Truong Buu Diep</a>, Vietnamese priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%C3%A2n_V%C4%83n" title="Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn">Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">CSsR</a></span>, Religious brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a> <a href="/wiki/Phanxic%C3%B4_Xavi%C3%AA_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanxicô Xaviê Nguyễn Văn Thuận">Phanxicô Xaviê Nguyễn Văn Thuận</a>, Cardinal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Martyrs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Catholic Church in Vietnam">Catholic Church in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church/Patron_Archive/November_24" title="Portal:Catholic Church/Patron Archive/November 24">Vietnamese Martyrs, patron saint archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Martyrs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFD'Emilio1988" class="citation news cs1">D'Emilio, Frances (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/609b979c07c0f1f7cd0c37d7cfff4089">"Pope Canonizes 117 Saints Martyred in Vietnam In Largest Such Ceremony"</a>. AP News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Canonizes+117+Saints+Martyred+in+Vietnam+In+Largest+Such+Ceremony&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=D%27Emilio&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F609b979c07c0f1f7cd0c37d7cfff4089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+Martyrs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican_See-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_See_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_See_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_19880619_martiri_vietnam_it.html">"LA CHIESA NEL VIET-NAM FECONDATA DAL SANGUE DEI MARTIRI"</a>. <i>La Santa Sede</i>. Vatican See<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Santa+Sede&rft.atitle=LA+CHIESA+NEL+VIET-NAM+FECONDATA+DAL+SANGUE+DEI+MARTIRI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fliturgy%2Fsaints%2Fns_lit_doc_19880619_martiri_vietnam_it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+Martyrs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KatNo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KatNo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KatNo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katolsk.no/biografier/historisk/adung_en">St. Andrew Dung-Lac and his 116 companions</a></i>, Attwater dk, Farmer, Lodi, Butler, Den katolske kirke (Catholic Church in Norway)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossette1988" class="citation news cs1">Crossette, Barbara (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/29/world/sainthood-for-117-outrages-vietnam.html">"SAINTHOOD FOR 117 OUTRAGES VIETNAM"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=SAINTHOOD+FOR+117+OUTRAGES+VIETNAM&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Crossette&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F05%2F29%2Fworld%2Fsainthood-for-117-outrages-vietnam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+Martyrs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les Missions Etrangeres</i>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attwater-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Attwater_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Saints</i>. 3rd edition. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051312-4">0-14-051312-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fwdioc.org/news-12-5-11-vietnamese-church.pdf">"Largest U.S. Catholic Vietnamese Church Dedication Set in Arlington"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Catholic Diocese of Fort Worth</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Diocese+of+Fort+Worth&rft.atitle=Largest+U.S.+Catholic+Vietnamese+Church+Dedication+Set+in+Arlington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffwdioc.org%2Fnews-12-5-11-vietnamese-church.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVietnamese+Martyrs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Holy Vietnamese Martyrs Catholic Church, Yager Lane, Austin, TX</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vietnamese Martyrs Catholic Parish, Holbrook Rd, San Antonio, Texas</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Archdiocese of Saint Boniface web-site, Parishes Chaplaincies and Stations, St. Philippe Minh Church, Winnipeg</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramsay-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsay_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Ramsay. "Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyên Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s–1840s Vietnam". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of Southeast Asian Studies">Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</a></i>, Vol. 35, No. 2 (June 2004), pp. 311–328.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Martyrs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Les Missions Etrangères. Trois siecles et demi d'histoire et d'aventure en Asie</i>, Editions Perrin, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02571-7">978-2-262-02571-7</a></li> <li><i>St. Andrew Dung-Lac & Martyrs</i>, by Father Robert F. McNamara, Saints Alive and All God's Children Copyright 1980–2010 Rev. Robert F. McNamara and St. Thomas the Apostle Church.</li> <li><i>Vietnamese Martyr Teaches Quiet Lessons</i>, by Judy Ball, an AmericanCatholic.org Web site from the Franciscans and St. Anthony Messenger Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Martyrs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_Martyrs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/saints/data/country-VN.htm">"Saints and Blesseds of Vietnam"</a> at GCatholic</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/42px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/21px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/42px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nguyễn_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nguyễn_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty#Imperial_rule_(1802–1883)" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Sovereign state</a> (1802–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French protectorates of Annam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a> (1883–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_tinh_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/75px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/113px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/150px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/75px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/113px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/150px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF,_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_(1980)_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_(%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="823" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Sovereign Việt Nam <br />/ Đại Nam<br />(Nhà Nguyễn <br />thời độc lập, <br />茹阮𥱯獨立)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Provinces_of_Southern_Vietnam" title="Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam">Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Saigon" title="Citadel of Saigon">Citadel of Saigon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Nguyen_Campaign_against_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century">Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_Catholic_persecution" title="Tự Đức's Catholic persecution">Tự Đức's Catholic persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A2n_movement" title="Văn Thân movement">Văn Thân movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French protectorate(s)</a><br />(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Cần Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanoi_Rat_Massacre" title="Great Hanoi Rat Massacre">Great Hanoi Rat Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Exhibition" title="Hanoi Exhibition">Hanoi Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Du" title="Đông Du">Đông Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Duy Tân Hội">Duy Tân Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Poison_Plot" title="Hanoi Poison Plot">Hanoi Poison Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_during_World_War_I" title="History of Vietnam during World War I">History of Vietnam during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Revolutionary_Youth_League" title="Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League">Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Travail_movement" title="Le Travail movement">Le Travail movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Ri%E1%BB%81ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8F" title="Phú Riềng Đỏ">Phú Riềng Đỏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Japanese period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese famine of 1945">Vietnamese famine of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">Abdication of Bảo Đại</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Government of the Nguyễn dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam#Kingdom_of_Vietnam_(1802–1883),_Annam_Protectorate_(1883–1945)_and_Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945)" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> (1802–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> (1820–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> (1841–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> (1847–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Dục Đức">Dục Đức</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_H%C3%B2a" title="Hiệp Hòa">Hiệp Hòa</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Kiến Phúc">Kiến Phúc</a> (1883–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a> (1885–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a> (1889–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Duy Tân">Duy Tân</a> (1907–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a> (1916–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> (1925–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ministries & agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Judicature_and_Revision" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Judicature and Revision">Court of Judicial Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Imperial_Entertainments" title="Court of Imperial Entertainments">Court of Imperial Entertainments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Imperial_Stud" title="Court of the Imperial Stud">Court of the Imperial Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Imperial_Sacrifices" title="Court of Imperial Sacrifices">Court of Imperial Sacrifices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Altars" title="Office of the National Altars">Office of the National Altars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hàn lâm viện</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Annam)" title="House of Representatives (Annam)">House of People's Representatives of Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Quốc Tử Giám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Lục bộ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)" title="Ministry of Education (Nguyễn dynasty)">Ministry of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%E1%BB%99i_c%C3%A1c_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)" title="Nội các (Nguyễn dynasty)">Nội các</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_c%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Viện cơ mật">Viện cơ mật</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%91%C3%A0n_cung" title="Đăng đàn cung">Đăng đàn cung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Vietnam" title="List of flags of Vietnam">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%27s_administrative_units" title="Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units">Provincial flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty">Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Vietnamese dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">Provincial administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Đề Đốc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Tuần phủ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_of_Vietnam" title="Viceroys of Vietnam">Tổng Trấn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">French administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Annam" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Annam">Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin">Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Prominent <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_Xu%C3%A2n_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Bạch Xuân Nguyên">Bạch Xuân Nguyên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Xu%C3%A2n_D%E1%BB%A5c" title="Cao Xuân Dục">Cao Xuân Dục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chaigneau" title="Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau">Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marie_Despiau" title="Jean Marie Despiau">Jean Marie Despiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Cao_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Hoàng Cao Khải">Hoàng Cao Khải</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Di%E1%BB%87u" title="Hoàng Diệu">Hoàng Diệu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_K%E1%BA%BF_Vi%C3%AAm" title="Hoàng Kế Viêm">Hoàng Kế Viêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_H%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Hy" title="Michael Hồ Đình Hy">Michael Hồ Đình Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Lê Chất">Lê Chất</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Kh%E1%BA%A3" title="Ngô Đình Khả">Ngô Đình Khả</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Ngô Đình Khôi">Ngô Đình Khôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_T%E1%BB%99" title="Nguyễn Trường Tộ">Nguyễn Trường Tộ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức">Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m" title="Nguyễn Văn Tâm">Nguyễn Văn Tâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%93n" title="Nguyễn Văn Tồn">Nguyễn Văn Tồn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nguyễn Văn Nhơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%BAy" title="Phan Văn Thúy">Phan Văn Thúy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Qu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Phạm Quỳnh">Phạm Quỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Th%E1%BA%ADn_Du%E1%BA%ADt" title="Phạm Thận Duật">Phạm Thận Duật</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n" title="Phan Thanh Giản">Phan Thanh Giản</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Li%C3%AAm" title="Phan Thanh Liêm">Phan Thanh Liêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tri_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Tri Phương">Nguyễn Tri Phương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A2n_V%C4%83n_Nhi%E1%BA%BFp" title="Thân Văn Nhiếp">Thân Văn Nhiếp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tho%E1%BA%A1i_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BA%A7u" title="Thoại Ngọc Hầu">Thoại Ngọc Hầu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh_(mandarin)" title="Tôn Thất Đính (mandarin)">Tôn Thất Đính</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Cao_V%C3%A2n" title="Trần Cao Vân">Trần Cao Vân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Huy_Tr%E1%BB%A9" title="Đặng Huy Trứ">Đặng Huy Trứ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Trương Định">Trương Định</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Minh_Gi%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trương Minh Giảng">Trương Minh Giảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%E1%BA%A5n_B%E1%BB%ADu" title="Trương Tấn Bửu">Trương Tấn Bửu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Nguyễn Văn Tường">Nguyễn Văn Tường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Vannier" title="Philippe Vannier">Philippe Vannier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Military of the Nguyễn dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Battles and wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_wars" title="Tây Sơn wars">Tây Sơn wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)">Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1820)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1820)">Cambodian rebellion (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja_Lidong_rebellion" title="Ja Lidong rebellion">Ja Lidong rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_B%C3%A1_V%C3%A0nh%27s_Rebellion" title="Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion">Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Lao rebellion (1826–1828)">Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1831%E2%80%931834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduai_Kabait_rebellion" title="Nduai Kabait rebellion">Nduai Kabait rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_V%C4%83n_V%C3%A2n%27s_Rebellion" title="Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion">Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katip_Sumat_uprising" title="Katip Sumat uprising">Katip Sumat's Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja_Thak_Wa_uprising" title="Ja Thak Wa uprising">Ja Thak Wa uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt" title="Lê Văn Khôi revolt">Lê Văn Khôi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1840)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1840)">Cambodian rebellion (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Bombardment of Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garnier_Expedition" title="Garnier Expedition">Garnier Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_Th%E1%BA%BF_Insurrection" title="Yên Thế Insurrection">Yên Thế Insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">Pacification of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Thái Nguyên uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vue Pa Chay's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Yên Bái mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Prominent military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_K%E1%BA%BF_Vi%C3%AAm" title="Hoàng Kế Viêm">Hoàng Kế Viêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Lê Văn Khôi">Lê Văn Khôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_C%C6%B0_Trinh" title="Nguyễn Cư Trinh">Nguyễn Cư Trinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức">Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Nguyễn Văn Thành">Nguyễn Văn Thành</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%93n" title="Nguyễn Văn Tồn">Nguyễn Văn Tồn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nguyễn Văn Nhơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tri_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Tri Phương">Nguyễn Tri Phương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%BAy" title="Phan Văn Thúy">Phan Văn Thúy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Minh_Gi%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trương Minh Giảng">Trương Minh Giảng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special administrative regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Principality of Thuận Thành">Principality of Thuận Thành</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Principality of Hà Tiên">Principality of Hà Tiên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_X%C3%A1_and_H%E1%BB%8Fa_X%C3%A1" title="Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá">Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muang_Phuan" title="Muang Phuan">Trấn Ninh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Th%C3%A0nh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Thành Province">Trấn Tây Thành</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces & mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial City of Huế">Imperial City of Huế</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Gate_(Hu%E1%BA%BF)" title="Meridian Gate (Huế)">Meridian Gate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Gia_Long" title="Tomb of Gia Long">Thien Tho Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tomb of Tự Đức">Khiêm Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tomb of Dục Đức">An Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Tomb of Khải Định">Ứng Mausoleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society & culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">Áo dài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_nh%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%C3%AD" title="Đại Nam nhất thống chí">Đại Nam nhất thống chí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_th%E1%BB%B1c_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đại Nam thực lục">Đại Nam thực lục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_L%C3%AA_nh%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%C3%AD" title="Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí">Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BB%A5c" title="Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục">Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n" title="Khăn vấn">Khăn vấn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblocks_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty" title="Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty">Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy,_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial Academy, Huế">Imperial Academy, Huế</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_court_examination_system_in_Vietnam" title="Confucian court examination system in Vietnam">Confucian court examination system in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_H%E1%BB%8Dc_%E2%80%93_Hu%E1%BA%BF_High_School_for_the_Gifted" title="Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted">Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Tr%C3%AD_Tri" title="Hội Trí Tri">Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Free_School" title="Tonkin Free School">Tonkin Free School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cash" title="Vietnamese cash">Cash coins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Tự Đức Thông Bảo">Tự Đức Thông Bảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_B%E1%BA%A3o_Sao" title="Tự Đức Bảo Sao">Tự Đức Bảo Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Khải Định Thông Bảo">Khải Định Thông Bảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Bảo Đại Thông Bảo">Bảo Đại Thông Bảo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_v%C4%83n_(currency_unit)" title="Vietnamese văn (currency unit)">Văn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_m%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Vietnamese mạch">Mạch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">Quán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n" title="Tiền">Tiền</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Colonial currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">French Indochinese piastre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyangyak#In_Vietnam" title="Hyangyak">Hương ước</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">Saigon</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1863)" title="Treaty of Huế (1863)">Huế</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1874)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1874)">Saigon</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Huế</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Huế</a> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Orders, decorations, and medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_(decoration)" title="Bai (decoration)">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Order_of_the_Dragon_of_Annam" title="Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam">Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Kim Khánh">Kim Khánh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_until_1884" title="Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884">Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_of_Sacrifice_to_the_Heaven_and_Earth" title="Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth">Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="House of Nguyễn Phúc">House of Nguyễn Phúc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Wall_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i" title="Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi">Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Annam_and_Tongking" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking">Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tho%E1%BA%A1i_H%C3%A0_Canal" title="Thoại Hà Canal">Thoại Hà Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_T%E1%BA%BF_Canal" title="Vĩnh Tế Canal">Vĩnh Tế Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t" title="Tôn Thất">Tôn Thất</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_gian" title="Việt gian">Việt gian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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