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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Early missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Arrival of the Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Maya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>New Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Missionary work of the Catholic Church</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian mission</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a> work of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has often been undertaken outside the geographically defined <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">religious orders</a> who have people and material resources to spare, and some of which specialized in missions. Eventually, parishes and dioceses would be organized worldwide, often after an intermediate phase as an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_prefecture" title="Apostolic prefecture">apostolic prefecture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">apostolic vicariate</a>. Catholic mission has predominantly been carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> in practice. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, missionary work is organised by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_times">New Testament times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New Testament times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Middle Ages, Christian <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> and missionaries (such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Adalbert of Prague</a>) fostered formal education and learning of religion, beyond the boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Roman Empire">old Roman Empire</a>. In the seventh century, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> sent missionaries, including <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>, into England. The <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish mission</a> began in 563 CE. </p><p>In the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montecorvino" title="John of Montecorvino">John of Montecorvino</a>, and Giovanni ed' Magnolia) were sent as missionaries to the Near and Far East. Their travels took them as far as China, in an attempt to convert the advancing <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> to Christianity, especially the <a href="/wiki/Great_Khans" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khans">Great Khans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. (<i>See also <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a>.</i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Discovery">Age of Discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Age of Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_missions" title="Protectorate of missions">Protectorate of missions</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> established a number of <a href="/wiki/Mission_(station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (station)">missions</a> in the Americas and other colonies through the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> in order to spread Catholicism in the New World and to convert the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> and other indigenous people. At the same time, missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Dominicans were moving into Asia and the Far East. The Portuguese sent missions into Africa. These are some of the most well-known missions in history. </p><p>In the empires ruled by both <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, religion was an integral part of the state and evangelization was seen as having both secular and spiritual benefits. Wherever these powers attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade, and colonization. The Catholic world order was challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. Theoretically, it was repudiated by <a href="/wiki/Grotius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotius">Grotius</a>'s <i>Mare Liberum</i>. Portugal's and Spain's colonial policies were also challenged by the Catholic Church itself. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Congregatio_de_Propaganda_Fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregatio de Propaganda Fide">Congregatio de Propaganda Fide</a> in 1622 and attempted to separate the churches from the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> kingdoms. </p><p>While missions in areas ruled by Spanish and Portuguese, and to a lesser extent, the French, are associated with <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a> and oppression, and often operated under the sponsorship and consent of colonial governments, those in other portions of the world (notably <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> mission to China, and the work of other Jesuit missionaries in the Nagasaki region in Japan) were focused on the conversion of individuals within existing social and political structures, and often operated without the consent of local government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic Church in India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_missionaries">Early missionaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India#History" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic Church in India § History</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_of_Monte_Corvino" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Monte Corvino">John of Monte Corvino</a> was a Franciscan sent to China to become prelate of Peking in around 1307. He traveled from Persia and moved down by sea to India in 1291, to the <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> region or "Country of St. Thomas". There he preached for thirteen months and baptized about one hundred people. From there Monte Corvino wrote home, in December 1291 (or 1292), giving one of the earliest noteworthy accounts of the Coromandel coast furnished by any Western European. Traveling by sea from Mailapur, he reached China in 1294, appearing in the capital "Cambaliech" (now Beijing).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friar <a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a> arrived in India in 1321. He visited Malabar, touching at Pandarani (20 m. north of Calicut) at Cranganore and at Kulam or Quilon, proceeding thence, apparently, to Ceylon and to the shrine of St Thomas at Maylapur near Madras. He writes that he had found the place where Thomas was buried. </p><p>The French Dominican missionary Father <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Catala" title="Jordan Catala">Jordanus</a> Catalani followed in 1321–22. He reported to Rome, apparently from somewhere on the west coast of India, that he had given Christian burial to four martyred monks. Jordanus is known for his 1329 <i>Mirabilia</i> describing the marvels of the East: he furnished the best account of Indian regions and the Christians, the products, climate, manners, customs, fauna and flori given by any European in the Middle Ages – superior even to Marco Polo's. </p><p>In 1347, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Marignolli" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni de Marignolli">Giovanni de Marignolli</a> visited the shrine of St Thomas near the modern Madras, and then proceeded to what he calls the kingdom of Saba and identifies with the Sheba of Scripture, but which seems from various particulars to have been Java. Taking ship again for Malabar on his way to Europe, he encountered great storms. </p><p>Another prominent Indian traveler was Joseph, priest over Cranganore. He journeyed to Babylon in 1490 and then sailed to Europe and visited Portugal, Rome, and Venice before returning to India. He helped to write a book about his travels entitled <i>The Travels of Joseph the Indian</i> which was widely disseminated across Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_of_the_Portuguese">Arrival of the Portuguese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arrival of the Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India#History" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic Church in India § History</a></div> <p>The introduction of Catholicism in India begins from the first decade of 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese missionaries there. In the 16th century, the proselytization of Asia was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Portugal#Religion" title="Portugal">Portuguese colonial policy</a>. With the Papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Romanus_Pontifex" title="Romanus Pontifex">Romanus Pontifex</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written on 8 January 1455 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> to <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">King Afonso V</a> of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, the patronage for the propagation of the Christian faith (see "<a href="/wiki/Padroado" title="Padroado">Padroado</a>") in Asia was given to the Portuguese, who were rewarded with the right of conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Daus_33_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daus_33-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The missionaries of the different orders (<a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>, etc.) flocked out with the conquerors, and began at once to build churches along the coastal districts wherever the Portuguese power made itself felt. </p><p>The history of Portuguese missionaries in India starts with the neo-apostles who reached <a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a> near Kozhikode on 20 May 1498 along with <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which represented less than 2% of the total population<sup id="cite_ref-Global_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the largest Christian church within India.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was seeking to form anti-<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> alliances with pre-existing Christian nations. The lucrative spice trade attracted the Portuguese crown.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the second expedition under Captain <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>, the Portuguese fleet consisted of 13 ships and 18 priests anchored at Cochin on 26 November 1500. Cabral soon won the goodwill of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Raja of Cochin</a> who allowed four priests to do apostolic work among the early Christian communities scattered in and around Cochin. Thus missionaries established a Portuguese mission in 1500. Dom <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>, the first Portuguese Viceroy, got permission from the Kochi Raja to build two church edifices – <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Basilica">Santa Cruz Basilica</a> (1505) and <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Church,_Kochi" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Church, Kochi">St. Francis Church</a> (1506) using stones and mortar which were unheard of at that time, as local prejudices were against such a structure except for a royal palace or a temple. </p><p>In the beginning of the 16th century, the whole of the East was under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Lisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Lisbon">Archdiocese of Lisbon</a>. On 12 June 1514, Cochin and Goa became two prominent mission stations under the newly created <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Funchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Funchal">Diocese of Funchal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, in the Atlantic. In 1534 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> by the Bull Quequem Reputamus raised Funchal to an <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">archdiocese</a> with <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Goa">Goa</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a>, placing the whole of India under the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Goa">diocese of Goa</a>. This created an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> – <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Funchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Funchal">Funchal</a>, with a jurisdiction extending potentially over all past and future conquests from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p><p>The first converts to Christianity in Goa were native Goan women who married Portuguese men that arrived with Afonso de Albuquerque during the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">Portuguese conquest of Goa</a> in 1510.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/220px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/330px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg/440px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman_and_Christian_Indian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, from the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a> (c. 1540)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the mid-16th century, the city of <a href="/wiki/Velha_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Velha Goa">Goa</a>, was the center of <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese rulers implemented state policies encouraging and even rewarding conversions among <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> subjects, it would be false to ascribe the large number of conversions to force. The rapid rise of converts in Goa was mostly the result of Portuguese economic and political control over the Hindus, who were vassals of the Portuguese crown.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time many <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> from Portugal migrated to India as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">inquisition in Portugal</a>. Many of them were suspected of being <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jew">Crypto-Jews</a>, converted Jews who were secretly practicing their old religion, and were considered a threat to the solidarity of Christian belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Daus_61_66_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daus_61_66-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>, in a 1545 letter to <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, requested the <a href="/wiki/Goan_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a>, but it was not set up until 1560.<sup id="cite_ref-Daus_61_66_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daus_61_66-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1557 <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Goa">Goa</a> was made an independent archbishopric, with suffragan sees at <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Cochin">Cochin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Malacca">Malacca</a>. The whole of the East was under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Goa">Goa</a> and its boundaries extended to almost half of the world: from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, to Burma, China, and Japan in East Asia. In 1576 the suffragan See of Macao (China) was added, and in 1588 that of Funai in Japan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1597 the death of the last <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishop</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archdeacon_Abraham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archdeacon Abraham (page does not exist)">Archdeacon Abraham</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>, an ancient body formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg200893Wilmshurst2000343_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg200893Wilmshurst2000343-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave the then Archbishop of Goa <a href="/wiki/Aleixo_de_Menezes" title="Aleixo de Menezes">Menezes</a> an opportunity to bring the native church under the authority of the Catholic Church. He was able to secure the submission of <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdeacon George">Archdeacon George</a>, the highest remaining representative of the native church hierarchy. Menezes convened the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Diamper" title="Synod of Diamper">Synod of Diamper</a> between 20 and 26 June 1599,<sup id="cite_ref-synod_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synod-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which introduced a number of reforms to the church and brought it fully into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> of the Catholic Church. Following the Synod, Menezes consecrated Jesuit Francis Ros as Archbishop of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Angamal%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Angamalé">Archdiocese of Angamalé</a> for the Saint Thomas Christians – another suffragan see to Archdiocese of Goa – and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinisation</a> of St Thomas Christians started. Most eventually accepted the Catholic faith but some switched to West Syrian rite. The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> were pressured to acknowledge the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-synod_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-synod-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resentment of these measures led to some part of the community to join the <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Thoma I">Thomas</a> in swearing never to submit to the Portuguese or to accept Communion with Rome, in the <a href="/wiki/Coonan_Cross_Oath" title="Coonan Cross Oath">Coonan Cross Oath</a> in 1653.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Angamaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Angamaly">Diocese of Angamaly</a> was transferred to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Craganore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Craganore (page does not exist)">Diocese of Craganore</a> in 1605, and in 1606 a sixth suffragan see to Goa was established at San Thome, Mylapore, near the modern Madras. The suffragan sees added later to Goa were the prelacy of Mozambique in 1612 and Peking and Nanking in China in 1690.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Missionary work progressed on a large scale and with great success along the western coasts, chiefly at Chaul, Bombay, Salsette, Bassein, Damao, and Diu, as well as on the eastern coasts at San Thome of Mylapore as far as Bengal. In the southern districts the Jesuit mission in Madura was the most famous. It extended to the Krishna River, with a number of outlying stations beyond it. The mission of Cochin on the Malabar Coast was also one of the most fruitful. Several missions were also established in the interior northwards, e.g., that of Agra and Lahore in 1570 and that of Tibet in 1624. Still, even with these efforts, the greater part even of the coast line was by no means fully worked, and many vast tracts of the interior northwards were practically untouched.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the decline of Portuguese power other colonial powers – the Dutch and British and Christian organisations – gained influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portuguese shipping arrived in Japan in 1543<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> missionary activities in Japan began in earnest around 1549, performed in the main by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> until <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a>-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a> orders such as the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> gained access to Japan. Of the 95 Jesuits who worked in Japan up to 1600, 57 were Portuguese, 20 were Spaniards and 18 Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesuit Fathers <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francisco Xavier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosme de Torres, and John Fernandes were the first to arrive at <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> with hopes of bringing Christianity and Catholicism to Japan. </p><p>Spain and Portugal disputed the attribution of Japan. Since neither could colonize it, the exclusive right to propagate Christianity in Japan meant the exclusive right to trade with Japan. Portuguese-sponsored Jesuits under <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Valignano" title="Alessandro Valignano">Alessandro Valignano</a> took the lead in proselytizing in Japan over the objection of the Spaniards. This fait accompli was approved in <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> of 1575, which decided that Japan belonged to the Portuguese diocese of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. In 1588 the diocese of Funai (<a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>) was founded under Portuguese protection. </p><p>In rivalry with the Jesuits, Spanish-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a> entered Japan via <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. While criticizing Jesuit activities, they actively lobbied the Pope. Their campaigns resulted in <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a>'s decree of 1600 which allowed Spanish <a href="/wiki/Friars" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars">friars</a> to enter Japan via the Portuguese Indies, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a>'s decree of 1608 which abolished the restrictions on the route. The Portuguese accused Spanish Jesuits of working for their homeland instead of their patron. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athanasii_Kircheri..._China_monumentis_(1667)_%22Frontispicio%22_(22629197626).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Athanasii_Kircheri..._China_monumentis_%281667%29_%22Frontispicio%22_%2822629197626%29.jpg/200px-Athanasii_Kircheri..._China_monumentis_%281667%29_%22Frontispicio%22_%2822629197626%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Athanasii_Kircheri..._China_monumentis_%281667%29_%22Frontispicio%22_%2822629197626%29.jpg/300px-Athanasii_Kircheri..._China_monumentis_%281667%29_%22Frontispicio%22_%2822629197626%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Athanasii_Kircheri..._China_monumentis_%281667%29_%22Frontispicio%22_%2822629197626%29.jpg/400px-Athanasii_Kircheri..._China_monumentis_%281667%29_%22Frontispicio%22_%2822629197626%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">frontispiece</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>'s 1667 <i><a href="/wiki/China_Illustrata" title="China Illustrata">China Illustrata</a></i>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> adoring the <a href="/wiki/Christogram#IHS" title="Christogram">monogram of Christ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> while <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Schall_von_Bell" title="Johann Adam Schall von Bell">Johann Adam Schall von Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> labor on the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit China missions</a> below.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit China missions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_rites_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese rites controversy">Chinese rites controversy</a></div> <p>The history of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">missions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> or Jesuits in <a href="/wiki/Ming_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Empire">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> stands as one of the notable events in the early history of relations between China and the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, as well as a prominent example of relations between two cultures and belief systems in the pre-modern age. The missionary efforts and other work of the Jesuits in 16th, 17th, and 18th century played a significant role in introducing European <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">culture</a> to China. Their work laid much of the foundation for much of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christian culture in Chinese society</a> today. Members of the Jesuit delegation to China were perhaps the most influential Christian missionaries in that country between the earliest period of the religion up until the 19th century, when significant numbers of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in China">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant_missions_in_China" title="Protestant missions in China">Protestant missions</a> developed. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg/200px-Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg/300px-Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg/400px-Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="3782" /></a><figcaption>A map of the 200-odd Jesuit churches and missions established across China <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1687</span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/200px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/300px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/400px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin</i>, an introduction to Chinese history and philosophy published at Paris in 1687 by a team of Jesuits working under <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couplet" title="Philippe Couplet">Philippe Couplet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandatum_seu_Edictum,_Charles_Maigrot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mandatum_seu_Edictum%2C_Charles_Maigrot.jpg/200px-Mandatum_seu_Edictum%2C_Charles_Maigrot.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mandatum_seu_Edictum%2C_Charles_Maigrot.jpg/300px-Mandatum_seu_Edictum%2C_Charles_Maigrot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Mandatum_seu_Edictum%2C_Charles_Maigrot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maigrot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Maigrot (page does not exist)">Charles Maigrot</a>'s 1693 <i>Mandate</i>, which reopened the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">earlier evangelization under the Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Yuan</a>, by the 16th century there is no reliable evidence for any practicing Christians remaining in China. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese exploration">explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81lvares" title="Jorge Álvares">Jorge Álvares</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> in 1513, establishing direct maritime connection between China and Europe; within six years of the Jesuit's 1540 founding, two Chinese boys were enrolled in their <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College,_Goa" title="Saint Paul's College, Goa">college</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">India</a>. One of them, known by his baptismal name Antonio, travelled with the Jesuit founder <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">St<span class="nowrap"> </span>Francis Xavier</a> when he tried to begin missionary work in China in the early 1550s. Unable to receive permission to enter the country, however, Xavier died on <a href="/wiki/Shangchuan_Island" title="Shangchuan Island">Shangchuan Island</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> in 1552. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> establishing an enclave on <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Island" title="Zhongshan Island">Zhongshan Island</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Macao">Macau Peninsula</a>, Jesuits established a base nearby on <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Green Island</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Macao">SAR</a>'s "Ilha Verde" neighborhood). <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Valignano" title="Alessandro Valignano">Alessandro Valignano</a>, the new regional manager ("visitor") of the order, came to Macau in 1578–1579 and established <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Macau" title="St. Paul's College, Macau">St. Paul's College</a> to begin training future missionaries in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">culture</a> of the Chinese. He requested assistance from the orders' members in Goa in bringing over suitably talented linguists to staff the college and begin the mission in earnest. </p><p>In 1582, Jesuits once again initiated mission work inside China, introducing <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">Western science</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics#Renaissance" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy#Renaissance_period" title="History of astronomy">astronomy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title=" (2024-09-22)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Early_modern_cartography" title="History of cartography">cartography</a>. Missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Schall_von_Bell" title="Johann Adam Schall von Bell">Johann Adam Schall von Bell</a> wrote Chinese catechisms<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made influential converts like <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi</a>, establishing Christian settlements throughout the country and becoming close to the imperial court, particularly its <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a>, which oversaw official <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">astrology</a>. "Jesuits were accepted in late Ming court circles as foreign <a href="/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar-bureaucrat">literati</a>, regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy, calendar-making, mathematics, hydraulics, and geography."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1610, more than two thousand Chinese from all levels of society had converted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Clark has summarized as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>"When all is said and done, one must recognize gladly that the Jesuits made a shining contribution to mission outreach and policy in China. They made no fatal compromises, and where they skirted this in their guarded accommodation to the Chinese reverence for ancestors, their major thrust was both Christian and wise. They succeeded in rendering Christianity at least respectable and even credible to the sophisticated Chinese, no mean accomplishment."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This influence worked in both directions: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The Jesuits] made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUdías200353_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUdías200353-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ricci and others including <a href="/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri">Michele Ruggieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couplet" title="Philippe Couplet">Philippe Couplet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francois_Noel_(missionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Noel (missionary)">François Noël</a> undertook a century-long effort in translating the <a href="/wiki/Confucian_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian canon">Chinese classics</a> into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and spreading knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">history</a> in Europe, influencing its developing <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscans</a> and other orders of missionaries, however, led to a long-running <a href="/wiki/Chinese_rites_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese rites controversy">controversy over Chinese customs and names for God</a>. The Jesuits, the secularized <a href="/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar-bureaucrat">mandarins</a>, and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> himself maintained that <a href="/wiki/Chinese_veneration_of_ancestors" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese veneration of ancestors">Chinese veneration of ancestors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucius</a> were respectful and secular rituals compatible with <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian doctrine</a>; other orders pointed to the beliefs of the common people of China to show that it was impermissible <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and that the common Chinese names for God confused the Creator with His creation. Acting on the complaint of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Maigrot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Maigrot (page does not exist)">Bishop of Fujian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-meingrot_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meingrot-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a></span> finally ended the dispute with <a href="/wiki/Cum_Deus_Optimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum Deus Optimus">a decisive ban</a> in 1704;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate#Legatus_a_latere" title="Papal legate">legate</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles-Thomas_Maillard_De_Tournon" title="Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon">Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon</a> issued <a href="/wiki/Latae_sententiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Latae sententiae">summary and automatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> of any Christian permitting Confucian rituals as soon as word reached him in 1707.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, however, Tournon and Bishop Maigrot had displayed such extreme ignorance in questioning before the throne that the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by the terms of Ricci's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianzhu_Shiyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tianzhu Shiyi (page does not exist)">Chinese catechism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heycharby_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heycharby-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meingrot_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meingrot-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tournon's policies, confirmed by Clement's 1715 <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_Illa_Die" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex Illa Die">Ex Illa Die</a>...</i>, led to the swift collapse of all of the missions across China,<sup id="cite_ref-heycharby_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heycharby-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the last Jesuits—<a href="/wiki/Fourth_vow" title="Fourth vow">obliged</a> to maintain allegiance to the papal rulings—finally being expelled after 1721.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Catholic mission work began again following the opening up of the country after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> in the 1830s, it was not until 1939 that the church revisited its stance on Chinese customs. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>'s initial move towards greater leniency was subsequently confirmed and expanded by <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maya">Maya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_missions_to_the_Maya" title="Franciscan missions to the Maya">Franciscan missions to the Maya</a></div> <p>There are records of <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> activity on the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> as early as 1519. Throughout the early 16th century the mission movement spread from the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest United States">Southwest United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabig1945342_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabig1945342-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goal of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missions was to spread the <a href="/wiki/Christian_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian faith">Christian faith</a> to the people of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> through "word and example".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinnen1982_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinnen1982-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spreading <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to the newly discovered continent was a top priority, but only one piece of the Spanish colonization system. The influence of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, considering that <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> are sometimes seen as tools of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham199828_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham199828-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabled other objectives to be reached, such as the extension of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a>, culture, and political control to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. A goal was to change the agricultural or nomadic Indian into a model of the Spanish people and society. Basically, the aim was for <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. The missions achieved this by “offering gifts and persuasion…and safety from enemies.” This protection also offered security for the Spanish military operation, since there would be theoretically less warring if the natives were pacified. Thus the missionaries assisted with another aim of the colonizers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee199044_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199044-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano.jpg/300px-Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano.jpg/450px-Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano.jpg/600px-Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano" title="Mission San Juan Capistrano">Mission San Juan Capistrano</a> in April 2005. At left is the façade of the first adobe church with its added <i>espadaña</i>; behind the <i>campanario</i> or "bell wall" is the "Sacred Garden," in what is reputed as the "<i>Loveliest of the Franciscan Ruins</i>."</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg/300px-Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg/450px-Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg/600px-Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Franciscans of the California missions donned gray <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habits</a>, in contrast to the brown <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassocks</a> that are typically worn today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey199318_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey199318-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1769 and 1823, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> Order established and operated 21 missions in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> to convert the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>. This was the first major effort by <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a> to colonize the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Coast">Pacific Coast</a> region and gave Spain a valuable toehold on this frontier. The settlers introduced European <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a> but Spanish occupation also brought negative consequences to the native populations. Today the missions are among the state's oldest structures and most-visited historic monuments; many of them also remain in operation as Catholic churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Mexico">New Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">Spanish missions in New Mexico</a></div> <p>The missions in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> were established by Franciscan friars to convert the local <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apaches</a>. The first permanent settlement was Mission San Gabriel in 1598 near what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Ohkay_Owingeh,_New_Mexico" title="Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico">San Juan Pueblo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_missions">Contemporary missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catholic missionary work has undergone profound change since the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has prioritized <a href="/wiki/Social_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Justice">social justice</a> issues and striven to avoid the dangers of cultural imperialism or economic exploitation that had often accompanied religious conversion. Christian missionaries recognize that working for justice is a constitutive part of preaching the Gospel<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually observe the principles of <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">inculturation</a> in their missionary work. Before Vatican II "<a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_desire" title="Baptism of desire">baptism of desire</a>" and salvation outside the Catholic Church were allowed very little scope.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Council's emphasis on individual conscience,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> baptism is seen not only as the ordinary means of salvation but as a vocation call for Christians to spread the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">good news</a> of God's love to all peoples by their practice of true charity, that is universal and inclusive of all God's children.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church on mission through its various religious and lay associations is today much more involved in an <a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">option for the poor</a> and integral human development than in proselytizing. In 2016 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> formed a <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_Promoting_Integral_Human_Development" title="Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development">Department for Promoting Integral Human Development</a> in the Roman Curia to oversee numerous Catholic outreach programs fostered directly by the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Curia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Curia">Vatican</a>. Not that such missions are new; <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas Internationalis</a> is a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">relief</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">development</a>, and social service organisations that date back since just after <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s social encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i> in 1893. And today Jesuit missions, as in Africa and India, are more involved in educating and further assisting the <a href="/wiki/Loyola_Academy,_Chennai" title="Loyola Academy, Chennai">poorest rural populations</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dalits" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalits">Dalits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a> in India, than in direct conversion efforts. This is true also in China where proselytizing was forbidden but many Christians assisted with language studies.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present practice in Asia and Africa is detailed in the articles on hundreds of educational institutions and development centres that the Jesuits administer. Much the same can be said of other Catholic lay and religious groups and their contemporary missions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alumni">Alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic missionaries">List of Roman Catholic missionaries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sichuan" title="Catholic Church in Sichuan">Catholic Church in Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholic Church in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_missionaries_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic missionaries in China">List of Roman Catholic missionaries in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_South_America" title="Spanish missions in South America">Spanish missions in South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Redemptorist_missions_in_Sichuan" title="Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan">Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish missions">List of Spanish missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidesco_International" title="Fidesco International">Fidesco International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Faith" title="Society for the Propagation of the Faith">Society for the Propagation of the Faith</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odoric of Pordenone (Nendeln, Liechtenstein, 1967), Henry Yule, trans. Cathy and the Way Thither vol. II, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See full text pp. 13–20 (Latin) and pp .20–26 (English) in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLILAAAAIAAJ&q=nicholas+v+%22Romanus+Pontifex%22"><i>European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648</i></a>, Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Frances_Gardiner_Davenport" title="Frances Gardiner Davenport">Frances Gardiner Davenport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Institution of Washington">Carnegie Institution of Washington</a>, 1917-37 - <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. Reprint edition, 4 vols., (October 2004),Lawbook Exchange, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-422-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58477-422-3">1-58477-422-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daus_33-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daus_33_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaus1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daus, Ronald (1983). <i>Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus</i> (in German). Wuppertal/Germany: Peter Hammer Verlag. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87294-202-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-87294-202-6"><bdi>3-87294-202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Erfindung+des+Kolonialismus&rft.place=Wuppertal%2FGermany&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Peter+Hammer+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-87294-202-6&rft.aulast=Daus&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/4243727.stm">"Factfile: Roman Catholics around the world"</a>. <i>BBC news</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+news&rft.atitle=Factfile%3A+Roman+Catholics+around+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2F4243727.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Global_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Megan Galbraith <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalhealth.org/reports/text.php3?id=232">Catholic Church of India Responds with Leadership</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303082751/http://www.globalhealth.org/reports/text.php3?id=232">Archived</a> 2008-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Field note on Glocal Health Council website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043044/http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/sasia/dagama.htm">"Vasco da Gama collection"</a>. University of Michigan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umich.edu/area/sasia/dagama.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vasco+da+Gama+collection&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umich.edu%2Farea%2Fsasia%2Fdagama.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2015" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2015). <i>Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire</i>. London: Faber & Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+How+Portugal+Forged+the+First+Global+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Mendonça2002">de Mendonça 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA67">67</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Mendonça2002">de Mendonça 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&pg=PA397">397</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daus_61_66-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daus_61_66_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daus_61_66_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaus1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daus, Ronald (1983). <i>Die Erfindung des Kolonialismus</i> (in German). Wuppertal/Germany: Peter Hammer Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87294-202-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-87294-202-6"><bdi>3-87294-202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Erfindung+des+Kolonialismus&rft.place=Wuppertal%2FGermany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Peter+Hammer+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-87294-202-6&rft.aulast=Daus&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrodFuerch1996" class="citation journal cs1">Axelrod, Paul; Fuerch, Michelle A. (May 1996). "Flight of the Deities: Hindu Resistance in Portuguese Goa". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00016516">10.1017/S0026749X00016516</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/313013">313013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Flight+of+the+Deities%3A+Hindu+Resistance+in+Portuguese+Goa&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E421&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00016516&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F313013%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Fuerch%2C+Michelle+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg200893Wilmshurst2000343-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrykenberg200893Wilmshurst2000343_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrykenberg2008">Frykenberg 2008</a>, p. 93; <a href="#CITEREFWilmshurst2000">Wilmshurst 2000</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-synod-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-synod_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-synod_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synodofdiamper.com/synod.php">"Synod of Diamper"</a>. Synod of Diamper Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synod+of+Diamper&rft.pub=Synod+of+Diamper+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synodofdiamper.com%2Fsynod.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruiz-de-Medina, Father Juan G., Documentos de Japon, Rome 1990, 1995)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruiz-de-Medina, Father Juan G., Cultural Interactions in the Orient 30 years before Matteo Ricci. Catholic Uni. of Portugal, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06233b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia, 1909 on St. Francis Xavier</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintf08.htm">Saint Francis Xavier on Catholic Forum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120135219/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintf08.htm">Archived</a> 2010-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicci1603" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Ricci, Matteo</a> (1603), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=324860"><i><span></span></i>《天主實義》 [<i>Tiānzhŭ Shíyì, The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven</i>]<i><span></span></i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E5%AF%A6%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8B+%5BTi%C4%81nzh%C5%AD+Sh%C3%ADy%C3%AC%2C+The+True+Meaning+of+the+Lord+of+Heaven%5D&rft.date=1603&rft.aulast=Ricci&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fwiki.pl%3Fif%3Dgb%26res%3D324860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey1996" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1996). <i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i>. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43519-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43519-6"><bdi>0-521-43519-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York+and+Melbourne&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-43519-6&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunne" class="citation book cs1">Dunne, George H. <i>Generation of Giants</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">86–</span>88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generation+of+Giants&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.aulast=Dunne&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUdías200353-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUdías200353_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUdías2003">Udías 2003</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1978" class="citation book cs1">Parker, John (1978). <i>Windows into China: the Jesuits and their books, 1580-1730</i>. Boston: Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89073-050-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89073-050-4"><bdi>0-89073-050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+into+China%3A+the+Jesuits+and+their+books%2C+1580-1730&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+Public+Library+of+the+City+of+Boston&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-89073-050-4&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson2013" class="citation book cs1">Hobson, John M. (2013). <i>The Eastern origins of Western civilisation</i> (10th printed ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">194–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54724-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54724-6"><bdi>978-0-521-54724-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+origins+of+Western+civilisation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.edition=10th+printed&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54724-6&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meingrot-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meingrot_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meingrot_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Collani2009" class="citation cs2">Von Collani, Claudia (2009), "Biography of Charles Maigrot MEP", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207051527/http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com/"><i>Stochastikon Encyclopedia</i></a>, Würzburg: Stochastikon, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com/">the original</a> on 2020-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-02</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Charles+Maigrot+MEP&rft.btitle=Stochastikon+Encyclopedia&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg&rft.pub=Stochastikon&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Von+Collani&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.stochastikon.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiščák2015" class="citation cs2">Liščák, Vladimir (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19749487/Fran%C3%A7ois_No%C3%ABl_1651_1729_and_his_Latin_translations_of_Confucian_Classical_books_published_in_Prague_in_1711">"François Noël and His Latin Translations of Confucian Classical Books Published in Prague in 1711"</a>, <i>Anthropologia Integra</i>, vol. 6, pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+No%C3%ABl+and+His+Latin+Translations+of+Confucian+Classical+Books+Published+in+Prague+in+1711&rft.btitle=Anthropologia+Integra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Li%C5%A1%C4%8D%C3%A1k&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19749487%2FFran%25C3%25A7ois_No%25C3%25ABl_1651_1729_and_his_Latin_translations_of_Confucian_Classical_books_published_in_Prague_in_1711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRule2003" class="citation cs2">Rule, Paul (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw9gYo4Pk0MC&pg=PA137">"François Noël, SJ, and the Chinese Rites Controversy"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw9gYo4Pk0MC"><i>The History of the Relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing Era</i></a>, <i>Leuven Chinese Studies</i>, Vol. XIV, Leuven: Leuven University Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw9gYo4Pk0MC&pg=PA152">152</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058673152" title="Special:BookSources/9789058673152"><bdi>9789058673152</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+No%C3%ABl%2C+SJ%2C+and+the+Chinese+Rites+Controversy&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Relations+between+the+Low+Countries+and+China+in+the+Qing+Era&rft.place=Leuven&rft.series=%27%27Leuven+Chinese+Studies%27%27%2C+Vol.+XIV&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789058673152&rft.aulast=Rule&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDw9gYo4Pk0MC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1913" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ott, Michael (1913), "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Charles-Thomas_Maillard_de_Tournon" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon">Charles-Thomas Maillard de Tournon</a>", <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, vol. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Volume_15" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Volume 15">Vol. XV</a>, New York: Encyclopedia Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles-Thomas+Maillard+de+Tournon&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heycharby-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heycharby_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heycharby_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharbonnier2007" class="citation cs2">Charbonnier, Jean-Pierre (2007), <a href="/wiki/Maurice_No%C3%ABl_L%C3%A9on_Couve_de_Murville" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Noël Léon Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville, Maurice Noël Léon</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yUzntxTZioC"><i>Christians in China: AD 600 to 2000</i></a>, San Francisco: Ignatius Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">256–</span>62, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898709162" title="Special:BookSources/9780898709162"><bdi>9780898709162</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+China%3A+AD+600+to+2000&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780898709162&rft.aulast=Charbonnier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5yUzntxTZioC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeah2017" class="citation cs2">Seah, Audrey (2017), "The 1670 Chinese Missal: A Struggle for Indigenization amidst the Chinese Rites Controversy", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOEzDwAAQBAJ"><i>China's Christianity: From Missionary to Indigenous Church</i></a>, Studies in Christian Mission, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 115, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004345607" title="Special:BookSources/9789004345607"><bdi>9789004345607</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1670+Chinese+Missal%3A+A+Struggle+for+Indigenization+amidst+the+Chinese+Rites+Controversy&rft.btitle=China%27s+Christianity%3A+From+Missionary+to+Indigenous+Church&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+Christian+Mission&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004345607&rft.aulast=Seah&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsOEzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMungello1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_E._Mungello" class="mw-redirect" title="David E. Mungello">Mungello, David E.</a>, ed. (1994), <i>The Chinese Rites Controversy: Its History and Meaning</i>, <i>Monumenta Serica</i> Monograph Series, vol. 33, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nettetal,_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nettetal, Germany (page does not exist)">Nettetal</a>: Steyler Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8050-0348-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8050-0348-3"><bdi>978-3-8050-0348-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Rites+Controversy%3A+Its+History+and+Meaning&rft.place=Nettetal&rft.series=%27%27Monumenta+Serica%27%27+Monograph+Series&rft.pub=Steyler+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-8050-0348-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabig1945342-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabig1945342_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHabig1945">Habig 1945</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendinnen1982-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClendinnen1982_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClendinnen1982">Clendinnen 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham199828-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham199828_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham1998">Graham 1998</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199044-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee199044_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1990">Lee 1990</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsey199318-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelsey199318_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelsey1993">Kelsey 1993</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dignitatis Humanae,</i> 7 December 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Justice in the World,</i> (1971). World Synod of Catholic Bishops, #6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulles,_SJ2008" class="citation web cs1">Dulles, SJ, Avery (12 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/02/001-who-can-be-saved-8">"Who Can Be Saved?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Can+Be+Saved%3F&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.aulast=Dulles%2C+SJ&rft.aufirst=Avery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2F02%2F001-who-can-be-saved-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acts 10:34f; 1Tim 2:4; <i>Lumen Gentium</i>, 1:16; <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, 1260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rom 2:2–16; Mt 25:31ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422135817/http://columban.org/2538/columban-center-for-advocacy-and-outreach/get-involved/aitece-teaching-in-china/">"AITECE- Teaching in China | Columban Fathers"</a>. <i>columban.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columban.org/2538/columban-center-for-advocacy-and-outreach/get-involved/aitece-teaching-in-china/">the original</a> on 2017-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=columban.org&rft.atitle=AITECE-+Teaching+in+China+%7C+Columban+Fathers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolumban.org%2F2538%2Fcolumban-center-for-advocacy-and-outreach%2Fget-involved%2Faitece-teaching-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendinnen1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Inga_Clendinnen" title="Inga Clendinnen">Clendinnen, Inga</a> (1982). "Disciplining the Indians: Franciscan Ideology and Missionary Violence in Sixteenth-Century Yucatán". <i>Past and Present</i> (94). Boston: Oxford University Press: <span class="nowrap">27–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F94.1.27">10.1093/past/94.1.27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Disciplining+the+Indians%3A+Franciscan+Ideology+and+Missionary+Violence+in+Sixteenth-Century+Yucat%C3%A1n&rft.issue=94&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F94.1.27&rft.aulast=Clendinnen&rft.aufirst=Inga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Mendonça2002" class="citation book cs1">de Mendonça, Délio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC"><i>Conversions and Citizenry: Goa Under Portugal, 1510-1610</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-960-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-960-5"><bdi>978-81-7022-960-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversions+and+Citizenry%3A+Goa+Under+Portugal%2C+1510-1610&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-960-5&rft.aulast=de+Mendon%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A9lio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMh3kKf0VSfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ"><i>Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198263777" title="Special:BookSources/9780198263777"><bdi>9780198263777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780198263777&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXgSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1998" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Elizabeth (1998). "Mission Archeology". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>27</b> (1). Annual Reviews: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.27.1.25">10.1146/annurev.anthro.27.1.25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Mission+Archeology&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.27.1.25&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabig1945" class="citation journal cs1">Habig, Marion A. (1945). "The Franciscan Provinces of Spanish North America [Concluded]". <i>The Americas</i>. <b>1</b> (3). Academy of American Franciscan History: <span class="nowrap">330–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F978158">10.2307/978158</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/978158">978158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=The+Franciscan+Provinces+of+Spanish+North+America+%5BConcluded%5D&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E330-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F978158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F978158%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Habig&rft.aufirst=Marion+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey1993" class="citation book cs1">Kelsey, Harry (1993). <i>Mission San Juan Capistrano: A Pocket History</i>. Interdisciplinary Research, Inc., Altadena, California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9785881-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9785881-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9785881-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+San+Juan+Capistrano%3A+A+Pocket+History&rft.pub=Interdisciplinary+Research%2C+Inc.%2C+Altadena%2C+California&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-9785881-0-6&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Antoinette J. (1990). "Spanish Missions". <i><a href="/wiki/APT_Bulletin" title="APT Bulletin">APT Bulletin</a></i>. <b>22</b> (3). Association for Preservation Technology International: <span class="nowrap">42–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1504327">10.2307/1504327</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1504327">1504327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APT+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Spanish+Missions&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1504327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1504327%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Antoinette+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdías2003" class="citation book cs1">Udías, Agustín (2003). <i>Searching the Heavens and the Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories</i>. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402011894" title="Special:BookSources/9781402011894"><bdi>9781402011894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+the+Heavens+and+the+Earth%3A+The+History+of+Jesuit+Observatories&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781402011894&rft.aulast=Ud%C3%ADas&rft.aufirst=Agust%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilmshurst, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC"><i>The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913</i></a>. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042908765" title="Special:BookSources/9789042908765"><bdi>9789042908765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+Organisation+of+the+Church+of+the+East%2C+1318%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Louvain&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789042908765&rft.aulast=Wilmshurst&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjB8ir0ek8bgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beebe, Rose Marie, and Robert M. Senkewicz, eds. <i>Junípero Serra: California, Indians, and the Transformation of a Missionary</i> (U of Oklahoma Press, 2015), on 18th century Spanish missions in California</li> <li>Curtis, Sarah A. "The Double Invisibility of Missionary Sisters." <i>Journal of Women's History</i> 28.4 (2016): 134–143, deals with French missionaries.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Landa,_Diego1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">De Landa, Diego</a> (1974). <i>Relación de las cosas de Yucatán</i>. Alfred M. Tozzer (trans.). Boston: Periodicals Service Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-527-01245-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-527-01245-9"><bdi>0-527-01245-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relaci%C3%B3n+de+las+cosas+de+Yucat%C3%A1n&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Periodicals+Service+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-527-01245-9&rft.au=De+Landa%2C+Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Forrestal, Alison, and Seán Alexander Smith, eds. <i>The Frontiers of Mission: Perspectives on Early Modern Missionary Catholicism</i> (Brill, 2016).</li> <li>McClain, Lisa. "On a Mission: Priests, Jesuits," Jesuitresses," and Catholic Missionary Efforts in Tudor-Stuart England." <i>Catholic Historical Review</i> 101.3 (2015): 437-462.</li> <li>Nolan, Francis. <i>The White Fathers in Colonial Africa (1919–1939)</i> (Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa, 2012). Pp. 472. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9966086552" title="Special:BookSources/9966086552">9966086552</a></li> <li>O’Brien, Anne. "Catholic nuns in transnational mission, 1528–2015." <i>Journal of Global History</i> 11.3 (2016): 387–408.</li> <li>Okachibe Okpanachi, Blaise. <i>Nigerian-Vatican Diplomatic Relations: Evangelisation and Catholic Missionary Enterprise, 1884–1950</i> (Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang. 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/640784/summary">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSievernich,_Michael2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sievernich, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011051289">"Catholic Mission"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a></i>. Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Online&rft.atitle=Catholic+Mission&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Sievernich%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3A0159-2011051289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockAndrewsGrieve1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stock, Eugene; Andrews, Herbert Tom; Grieve, Alexander James (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Missions"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Missions">"Missions" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). p. 587.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Missions&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=587&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Herbert+Tom&rft.au=Grieve%2C+Alexander+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+missions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Veale, Ailish. "International and Modern Ideals in Irish Female Medical Missionary Activity, 1937–1962." <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_History_Review" title="Women's History Review">Women's History Review</a></i> 25.4 (2016): 602–618.</li> <li>Wall, Barbra Mann. <i>Into Africa: A Transnational History of Catholic Medical Missions and Social Change</i> (Rutgers UP, 2015).</li> <li>Wiest, Jean-Paul. "Bringing Christ to the nations: shifting models of mission among Jesuits in China." The <i>Catholic Historical Review</i> 83.4 (1997): 654–681. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25025064">online</a></li> <li>Williams, Maria Patricia. "Mobilising Mother Cabrini's educational practice: the transnational context of the London school of the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 1898–1911." <i>History of Education</i> 44.5 (2015): 631–650.</li> <li>Peter Rohrbacher: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8940475/V%C3%B6lkerkunde_und_Afrikanistik_f%C3%BCr_den_Papst._Missionsexperten_und_der_Vatikan_1922_1939_in_R%C3%B6mische_Historische_Mitteilungen_54_2012_583_610">Völkerkunde und Afrikanistik für den Papst. Missionsexperten und der Vatikan 1922–1939</a> in: Römische Historische Mitteilungen 54 (2012), 583–610.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_missions&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dries, Angelyn. "" National and Universal": Nineteenth-and Twentieth-Century Catholic Missions and World Christianity in The Catholic Historical Review." <i>Catholic Historical Review</i> 101.2 (2015) pp. 242–273.</li> <li>Hsia, R. Po-chia. "The Catholic Historical Review: One Hundred Years of Scholarship on Catholic Missions in the Early Modern World." <i>Catholic Historical Review</i> 101.2 (2015): 223–241. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/578461/summary">online</a>, mentions over 100 articles and books, mostly on North America and Latin America.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General125" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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