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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major grants and initiatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_grants_and_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media_and_public_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_public_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Media and public broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_public_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fund_for_Adult_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fund_for_Adult_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fund for Adult Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fund_for_Adult_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_free_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_free_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Arts and free speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_free_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Contraception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_school_clinics_and_civil_rights_litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_school_clinics_and_civil_rights_litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Law school clinics and civil rights litigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_school_clinics_and_civil_rights_litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_City_public_school_decentralization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City_public_school_decentralization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>New York City public school decentralization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City_public_school_decentralization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microcredit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microcredit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Microcredit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microcredit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_vitro_fertilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_vitro_fertilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>In vitro fertilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_vitro_fertilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ford_Foundation_Fellowship_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ford_Foundation_Fellowship_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Ford Foundation Fellowship Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ford_Foundation_Fellowship_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AIDS_epidemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AIDS_epidemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>AIDS epidemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AIDS_epidemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>International leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>COVID-19 response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability_Futures_Fellows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability_Futures_Fellows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Disability Futures Fellows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability_Futures_Fellows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms_and_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms_and_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticisms and reforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms_and_reforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms and reforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms_and_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mission-related_investments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission-related_investments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mission-related investments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission-related_investments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Arts_and_Culture_Foundation_endowment_repatriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Arts_and_Culture_Foundation_endowment_repatriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Native Arts and Culture Foundation endowment repatriation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Arts_and_Culture_Foundation_endowment_repatriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_United_States_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_United_States_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Relationship with the United States Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_United_States_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_roles_and_feminist_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles_and_feminist_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Gender roles and feminist theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles_and_feminist_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criteria_for_Palestinian_grantmaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria_for_Palestinian_grantmaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Criteria for Palestinian grantmaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criteria_for_Palestinian_grantmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ford_Foundation_Center_for_Social_Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ford_Foundation_Center_for_Social_Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ford_Foundation_Center_for_Social_Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford Foundation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="مؤسسة فورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤسسة فورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ford" title="Fundació Ford – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fundació Ford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordova_nadace" title="Fordova nadace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fordova nadace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ford Foundation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3n_Ford" title="Fundación Ford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fundación Ford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonda%C4%B5o_Ford" title="Fondaĵo Ford – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fondaĵo Ford" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_Ford" title="Fondation Ford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fondation Ford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%93%9C%EC%9E%AC%EB%8B%A8" title="포드재단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포드재단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ford Foundation" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ford Foundation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="קרן פורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרן פורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordo_fondas" title="Fordo fondas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fordo fondas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8C%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫോർഡ് ഫൌണ്ടേഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫോർഡ് ഫൌണ്ടേഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ford Foundation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E8%B2%A1%E5%9B%A3" title="フォード財団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォード財団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford-stiftelsen" title="Ford-stiftelsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ford-stiftelsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫ਼ੋਰਡ ਫ਼ਾਊਂਡੇਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ੋਰਡ ਫ਼ਾਊਂਡੇਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ford Foundation" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Ford" title="Fundação Ford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fundação Ford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фонд Форда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонд Форда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ford Foundation" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordin_s%C3%A4%C3%A4ti%C3%B6" title="Fordin säätiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fordin säätiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ford Foundation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Vakf%C4%B1" title="Ford Vakfı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ford Vakfı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фундація Форда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фундація Форда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="فورڈ فاؤنڈیشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فورڈ فاؤنڈیشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83" title="福特基金會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="福特基金會" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Private American foundation</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ford Foundation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Ford_Foundation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Logo_of_the_Ford_Foundation.svg/220px-Logo_of_the_Ford_Foundation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Logo_of_the_Ford_Foundation.svg/330px-Logo_of_the_Ford_Foundation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Logo_of_the_Ford_Foundation.svg/440px-Logo_of_the_Ford_Foundation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="65" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">January 15, 1936<span class="noprint">; 88 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1936-01-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edsel_Ford" title="Edsel Ford">Edsel Ford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3) organization">501(c)(3)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charitable organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-Open990-FordFound_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open990-FordFound-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13-1684331<sup id="cite_ref-Open990-FordFound_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open990-FordFound-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">To reduce poverty and injustice, strengthen democratic values, promote international cooperation, and advance human achievement.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Foundation Building">Ford Foundation Building</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">United States, Africa, Latin America, Middle East, Asia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Method</th><td class="infobox-data">Grants, funding</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_G._Cigarroa" title="Francisco G. Cigarroa">Francisco G. Cigarroa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darren_Walker" title="Darren Walker">Darren Walker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a></span>16 billion<sup id="cite_ref-statements_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statements-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordfoundation.org">www<wbr />.fordfoundation<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1313036#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ford Foundation</b> is an American <a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">private foundation</a> with the stated goal of advancing human welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Overview_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wellesley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wellesley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Created in 1936<sup id="cite_ref-dietrich_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dietrich-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Edsel_Ford" title="Edsel Ford">Edsel Ford</a> and his father <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, it was originally funded by a $25,000 (about $550,000 in 2023) gift from <a href="/wiki/Edsel_Ford" title="Edsel Ford">Edsel Ford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1947, after the death of the two founders, the foundation owned 90% of the <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_stock" title="Non-voting stock">non-voting shares</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>. (The Ford family retained the voting shares.<sup id="cite_ref-funding_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-funding-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Between 1955 and 1974, the foundation sold its Ford Motor Company holdings and now plays no role in the automobile company. </p><p>In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_II" title="Henry Ford II">Henry Ford II</a> created <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company#Ford_Philanthropy" title="Ford Motor Company">§ Ford Philanthropy</a>, a separate corporate foundation that to this day serves as the philanthropic arm of the Ford Motor Company and is not associated with the foundation. </p><p>The Ford Foundation makes grants through its headquarters and ten international field offices.<sup id="cite_ref-regions_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regions-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years, the foundation's <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">financial endowment</a> was the largest private endowment in the world; <a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_foundations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wealthiest foundations">it remains among the wealthiest</a>. For fiscal year 2014, it reported assets of $12.4 billion and approved $507.9 million in grants.<sup id="cite_ref-statements_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statements-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grants_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grants-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, the Ford Foundation provided $194 million for development in 2019, all of which related to its grant-making activities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=1" 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Progressivism" title="Category:Progressivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Purple" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/75px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/113px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/150px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_for_the_Common_Good" title="Economy for the Common Good">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indivisible_movement" title="Indivisible movement">Indivisible movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">#MeToo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservatism">Progressive Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Progressive Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(American_political_movement)" title="The Resistance (American political movement)">The Resistance</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloward%E2%80%93Piven_strategy" title="Cloward–Piven strategy">Cloward–Piven strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">Broad measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of progress">Philosophy of progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education_in_Latin_America#Educational_progressivism" title="Inclusive education in Latin America">In Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_stack" title="Progressive stack">Progressive stack</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Progressive nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">List of countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">Scientific progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_essentialism" title="Strategic essentialism">Strategic essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">In the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity Unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Voluntary childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott (Edith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Abbott" title="Grace Abbott">Abbott (Grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Ahmed_(strategist)" title="Imran Ahmed (strategist)">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Alexander" title="Michelle Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajamu_X" title="Ajamu X">Ajamu X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Archer" title="Deborah Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brinton" title="Sam Brinton">Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campbell,_Baroness_Campbell_of_Surbiton" title="Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton">Cambell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cloward" title="Richard Cloward">Cloward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Dees" title="Morris Dees">Dees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haben_Girma" title="Haben Girma">Girma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana_Hassan" title="Tirana Hassan">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Heumann" title="Judith Heumann">Heumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Huang" title="Margaret Huang">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">Jackson (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Cooper_Jackson" title="Esther Cooper Jackson">Jackson (Esther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jenkins" title="Andrea Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anetta_Kahane" title="Anetta Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_King" title="Shaun King">King (Shaun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Jr.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ludmer" title="Maurice Ludmer">Ludmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_Mahogany" title="Honey Mahogany">Mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson" title="DeRay Mckesson">Mckesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Page#Activism" title="Elliot Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rothblatt" title="Gabriel Rothblatt">Rothblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Seligmann" title="Herbert J. Seligmann">Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Smeeth" title="Ruth Smeeth">Smeeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Soros (Alexander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">Soros (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha_Walia" title="Harsha Walia">Walia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Windsor#Activism" title="Edith Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Wong_(activist)" title="Alice Wong (activist)">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imani_Barbarin" title="Imani Barbarin">Barbarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Conover" title="Adam Conover">Conover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Criado_Perez" title="Caroline Criado Perez">Criado Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Kate_Dale" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauren Kate Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcy_Darnovsky" title="Marcy Darnovsky">Darnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Dearden" title="Lizzie Dearden">Dearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Duberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Favreau_(speechwriter)" title="Jon Favreau (speechwriter)">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Fiorentini" title="Francesca Fiorentini">Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Glaude" title="Eddie Glaude">Glaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Hartmann" title="Thom Hartmann">Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medhi_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medhi Hasan">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre#MoveOn_and_political_commentary" title="Karine Jean-Pierre">Jean-Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Jennings" title="Jazz Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Kasparian" title="Ana Kasparian">Kasparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Klippenstein" title="Ken Klippenstein">Klippenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McKay" title="Adam McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)" title="Ariel Levy (writer)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lovett" title="Jon Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Marsh" title="Jeffrey Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Miller" title="Stephanie Miller">Miller (Stephanie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Monroe" title="Jack Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Okrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Quinn" title="Zoë Quinn">Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Rather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Reid" title="Joy Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Seder" title="Sam Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simpson_(journalist)" title="Mark Simpson (journalist)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Smith_(journalist)" title="Ben Smith (journalist)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffals" title="Keffals">Sorrenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Talbot" title="David Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thorn" title="Abigail Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Vietor" title="Tommy Vietor">Vietor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_L._Allen" title="Anita L. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Anderson" title="Carol Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha_Benjamin" title="Ruha Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liat_Ben-Moshe" title="Liat Ben-Moshe">Ben-Moshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Bornstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Brand" title="Adolf Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Brown_Douglas" title="Kelly Brown Douglas">Douglas (Kelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelynn_M._Hammonds" title="Evelynn M. Hammonds">Hammonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Helms" title="Janet E. Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibram_X._Kendi" title="Ibram X. Kendi">Kendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Meyers" title="Robin Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Mills" title="Charles W. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oastler#Political_philosophy" title="Richard Oastler">Oastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Ostrowski" title="Marius Ostrowski">Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Irvin_Painter" title="Nell Irvin Painter">Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Patterson" title="Orlando Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Peled-Elhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich (Wilhelm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Roberts" title="Dorothy Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothstein" title="Richard Rothstein">Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Saini" title="Angela Saini">Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Stein" title="Abby Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_TallBear" title="Kim TallBear">TallBear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Wilderson_III" title="Frank B. Wilderson III">Wilderson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshana_Zuboff" title="Shoshana Zuboff">Zuboff</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Breed" title="London Breed">Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Finke" title="Leigh Finke">Finke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Hessel" title="Stéphane Hessel">Hessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-hyung" title="Lyuh Woon-hyung">Lyuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Murphy" title="Emily Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama (Barack)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Obama (Michelle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">AMLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"> Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Ware" title="Butch Ware">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson (Harold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson (Woodrow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarō Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Yavlinsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Superman" title="Man and Superman">Man and Superman</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Conspiracy" title="The Open Conspiracy">The Open Conspiracy</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Sexuality in the Cultural Struggle</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_Radicals" title="Rules for Radicals">Rules for Radicals</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" title="Humanist Manifesto II">Humanist Manifesto II</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Athena" title="Black Athena">Black Athena</a></i> (1987–2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Racial_Contract" title="The Racial Contract">The Racial Contract</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_Against_the_Weak" title="War Against the Weak">War Against the Weak</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_the_Jewish_People" title="The Invention of the Jewish People">The Invention of the Jewish People</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jim_Crow" title="The New Jim Crow">The New Jim Crow</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sanders_book)" title="The Speech (Sanders book)">The Speech</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Rage" title="White Rage">White Rage</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Law" title="The Color of Law">The Color of Law</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferior_(book)" title="Inferior (book)">Inferior</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg#Not_All_Dead_White_Men" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Not All Dead White Men</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Women:_Exposing_Data_Bias_in_a_World_Designed_for_Men" title="Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men">Invisible Women</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_an_Antiracist" title="How to Be an Antiracist">How to Be an Antiracist</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_After_Technology" title="Race After Technology">Race After Technology</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superior:_The_Return_of_Race_Science" title="Superior: The Return of Race Science">Superior</a></i> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Antonio_Foundation" title="Amadeu Antonio Foundation">Amadeu Antonio Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sexual_Health_Association" title="American Sexual Health Association">ASHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation" title="Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation">BLMGNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Genetics_and_Society" title="Center for Genetics and Society">CGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Alliance" title="Democracy Alliance">Democracy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Ella Baker Center for Human Rights">Ella Baker Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">ENAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Immigration_Reform_Movement" title="Fair Immigration Reform Movement">FIRM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ford Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_not_Hate" title="Hope not Hate">Hope not Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">ILGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_Against_Racism" title="International Committee Against Racism">InCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">IPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives" title="Movement for Black Lives">Movement for Black Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_one_is_illegal" title="No one is illegal">No one is illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Welfare_Rights_Organization" title="National Welfare Rights Organization">NWRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">New SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">OSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">PFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_International" title="Progressive International">PI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_League" title="Progressive League">Progressive League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Majority" title="Progressive Majority">Progressive Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProgressNow" title="ProgressNow">ProgressNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flare" title="Red Flare">Red Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">RWJF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_for_the_People" title="Science for the People">SftP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooked_Media" title="Crooked Media">Crooked Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTXT" title="CTXT">CTXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_the_Lightbearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer the Lightbearer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_political_parties_(Japan)" title="Progressive political parties 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After its establishment in 1936, the Ford Foundation shifted its focus from Michigan philanthropic support to five areas of action. In the 1950 <i>Report of the Study of the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program</i>, the trustees set forth five "areas of action," according to Richard Magat (2012): economic improvements, education, freedom and democracy, human behavior, and world peace.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These areas of action were identified in a 1949 report by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Rowan_Gaither" title="Horace Rowan Gaither">Horace Rowan Gaither</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the middle of the 20th century, many of the Ford Foundation's programs have focused on increased under-represented or "minority" group representation in education, science and policy-making. For over eight decades their mission decisively advocates and supports the reduction of poverty and injustice among other values including the maintenance of democratic values, promoting engagement with other nations, and sustaining human progress and achievement at home and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ford Foundation is one of the primary foundations offering grants that support and maintain diversity in higher education with fellowships for pre-doctoral, dissertation, and post-doctoral scholarship to increase diverse representation among Native Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans, and other under-represented Asian and Latino sub-groups throughout the U.S. academic labor market.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcomes of scholarship by its grantees from the late 20th century through the 21st century have contributed to substantial data and scholarship including national surveys such as the <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Diversity_Surveys" title="Nelson Diversity Surveys">Nelson Diversity Surveys</a> in STEM.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foundation was established January 15, 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Michigan by Edsel Ford (president of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a>) and two other executives "to receive and administer funds for scientific, educational and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare."<sup id="cite_ref-bak_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bak-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a reaction to <a href="/wiki/FDR" class="mw-redirect" title="FDR">FDR</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1935" title="Revenue Act of 1935">1935 tax reform</a> introducing 70% <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">tax on large inheritances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its early years, the foundation operated in Michigan under the leadership of Ford family members and their associates and supported the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_Hospital" title="Henry Ford Hospital">Henry Ford Hospital</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Henry_Ford" title="The Henry Ford">Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village</a>, among other organizations. </p><p>After the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947, the presidency of the foundation fell to Edsel's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_II" title="Henry Ford II">Henry Ford II</a>. It quickly became clear that the foundation would become the largest philanthropic organization in the world. The board of trustees then commissioned the Gaither Study Committee to chart the foundation's future. The committee, headed by California attorney <a href="/wiki/H._Rowan_Gaither" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Rowan Gaither">H. Rowan Gaither</a>, recommended that the foundation become an international philanthropic organization dedicated to the advancement of human welfare and "urged the foundation to focus on solving humankind's most pressing problems, whatever they might be, rather than work in any particular field...." The report was endorsed by the foundation's board of trustees, and they subsequently voted to move the foundation to New York City in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-philanthropynews_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philanthropynews-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The board of directors decided to diversify the foundation's portfolio and gradually divested itself of its substantial Ford Motor Company stock between 1955 and 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Overview_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Overview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This divestiture allowed Ford Motor to become a <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">public company</a>. Finally, Henry Ford II resigned from his trustee's role in a surprise move in December 1976. In his resignation letter, he cited his dissatisfaction with the foundation holding on to their old programs, large staff and what he saw as <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a> undertones in the foundation's work.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2019, Henry Ford III was elected to the Foundation's Board of Trustees, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Ford_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford family">Ford family</a> member to serve on the board since his grandfather resigned in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many years, the foundation topped annual lists compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation Center">Foundation Center</a> of US foundations with the most assets and the highest annual giving. The foundation has fallen a few places in those lists in recent years, especially with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a> in 2000. As of May 4, 2013, the foundation was second in terms of assets<sup id="cite_ref-statements_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statements-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tenth in terms of annual grant giving.<sup id="cite_ref-giving_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giving-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, the foundation declared that it was not a research library and transferred its archives from New York City to the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Archive_Center" title="Rockefeller Archive Center">Rockefeller Archive Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow,_New_York" title="Sleepy Hollow, New York">Sleepy Hollow, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archives_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_grants_and_initiatives">Major grants and initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Major grants and initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_public_broadcasting">Media and public broadcasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Media and public broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951, the foundation made its first grant to support the development of the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS), then known as <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">National Educational Television</a> (NET), which went on the air in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-behrens_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behrens-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These grants continued, and in 1969 the foundation gave $1 million to the <a href="/wiki/Sesame_Workshop" title="Sesame Workshop">Children's Television Workshop</a> to help create and launch <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-imbd_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imbd-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fund_for_Adult_Education">Fund for Adult Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fund for Adult Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Active from 1951 to 1961, this subsidiary of the Ford Foundation supported initiatives in the field of <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult education</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Educational_television" title="Educational television">educational television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a>. During its existence, the FAE spent over $47 million.<sup id="cite_ref-edelson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edelson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> Among its funding programs were a series of individual awards for people working in adult education to support training and field study experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FAE also sponsored conferences on the topic of adult education, including the <a href="/wiki/Bigwin_Island" title="Bigwin Island">Bigwin</a> Institute on Community Leadership in 1954 and the Mountain Plains Adult Education Conference in 1957. These conferences were open to academics, community organizers, and members of the public involved in the field of adult education.<sup id="cite_ref-sundayherald_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sundayherald-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deseretnews_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deseretnews-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to grantmaking to organizations and projects, the FAE established its own programs, including the Test Cities Project and the Experimental Discussion Project.<sup id="cite_ref-edelson_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edelson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The Experimental Discussion Project produced media that was distributed to local organizations to conduct viewing or listening and discussion sessions. Topics covered included <a href="/wiki/International_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="International affairs">international affairs</a>, world cultures, and United States history.<sup id="cite_ref-stpetersburgtimes_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stpetersburgtimes-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goldschmidt_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldschmidt-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Educational theorist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a> helped to found the FAE, and educational television advocate <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Scott_Fletcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Scott Fletcher (page does not exist)">C. Scott Fletcher</a> served as its president.<sup id="cite_ref-edelson_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edelson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_free_speech">Arts and free speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arts and free speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foundation underwrote the <a href="/wiki/Fund_for_the_Republic" title="Fund for the Republic">Fund for the Republic</a> in the 1950s. Throughout the 1950s, the foundation provided arts and humanities fellowships that supported the work of figures like <a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Josef Albers</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Baldwin (writer)">James Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blau" title="Herbert Blau">Herbert Blau</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings">E. E. Cummings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hecht" title="Anthony Hecht">Anthony Hecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Valency" title="Maurice Valency">Maurice Valency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Robert Lowell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a>. In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> received an educational grant from the foundation to finish his studies at <a href="/wiki/Macalester_College" title="Macalester College">Macalester College</a> in St. Paul, Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-annan_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annan-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under its "Program for Playwrights", the foundation helped to support writers in professional regional theaters such as San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Actor%27s_Workshop" title="Actor's Workshop">Actor's Workshop</a> and offered similar help to Houston's <a href="/wiki/Alley_Theatre" title="Alley Theatre">Alley Theatre</a> and Washington's <a href="/wiki/Arena_Stage" title="Arena Stage">Arena Stage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraception">Contraception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contraception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s and 1970s, the foundation gave money to government and non-government contraceptive initiatives to support <a href="/wiki/Population_control" title="Population control">population control</a>, peaking at an estimated $169 million in the last 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundation ended most support for contraception programs by the 1970s. </p><p>The foundation remains supportive of access to abortion, granting funds to organizations that support <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_school_clinics_and_civil_rights_litigation">Law school clinics and civil rights litigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Law school clinics and civil rights litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1968, the foundation began disbursing $12 million to persuade <a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">law schools</a> to make "law school clinics" part of their curriculum. Clinics were intended to give practical experience in law practice while providing <a href="/wiki/Pro_bono" title="Pro bono">pro bono</a> representation to the poor. Conservative critic <a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Heather Mac Donald</a> contends that the financial involvement of the foundation instead changed the clinics' focus from giving students practical experience to engaging in leftwing advocacy.<sup id="cite_ref-macdonald_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonald-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing through the 1970s, the foundation expanded into civil rights litigation, granting $18 million to civil rights litigation groups.<sup id="cite_ref-CSPCS_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSPCS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund" title="Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund">Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund</a> was incorporated in 1967 with a $2.2 million grant from the foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-CSPCS_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSPCS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the foundation funded the establishment of the Southwest Council of La Raza, the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_La_Raza" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of La Raza">National Council of La Raza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, the foundation provided a three-year $1.2 million grant to the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSPCS_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSPCS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Legal_Defense_and_Education_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund">Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund</a> opened with funding from numerous organizations, including the foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-CSPCS_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSPCS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latino_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latino-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, the foundation contributed funds to the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Voter_Registration_Education_Project" title="Southwest Voter Registration Education Project">Southwest Voter Registration Education Project</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-acosta_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acosta-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_City_public_school_decentralization">New York City public school decentralization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New York City public school decentralization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967 and 1968, the foundation provided financial support for decentralization and community control of public schools in New York City. Decentralization in Ocean Hill–Brownsville led to the firing of some white teachers and administrators, which provoked a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_teachers%27_strike_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City teachers' strike of 1968">citywide teachers' strike</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/United_Federation_of_Teachers" title="United Federation of Teachers">United Federation of Teachers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Podair2001_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podair2001-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microcredit">Microcredit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Microcredit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, the foundation helped launch the <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a>, which offers small loans to the rural poor of Bangladesh. The Grameen Bank and its founder <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 2006 for pioneering <a href="/wiki/Microcredit" title="Microcredit">microcredit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_vitro_fertilisation">In vitro fertilisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In vitro fertilisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1969 and 1978, the foundation was the biggest funder for research into <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a> in the United Kingdom, which led to the first baby, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Brown" title="Louise Brown">Louise Brown</a> born from the technique. The Ford Foundation provided $1,170,194 towards the research.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ford_Foundation_Fellowship_Program">Ford Foundation Fellowship Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ford Foundation Fellowship Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foundation began awarding postdoctoral fellowships in 1980 to increase the diversity of the nation's academic faculties.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, the foundation added predoctoral and dissertation fellowships to the program. The foundation awards 130 to 140 fellowships annually, and there are 4,132 living fellows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> was affiliated with 346 fellows at the time of award, the most of any institution, followed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> at 205, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> at 191, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> at 190, and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> at 175. The 10-campus <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> system accounts for 947 fellows, and the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> is affiliated with 726.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the foundation announced that it would be sunsetting the program.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AIDS_epidemic">AIDS epidemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: AIDS epidemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, the foundation began making grants to fight the AIDS epidemic<sup id="cite_ref-hamilton_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamilton-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2010 made grant disbursements totaling $29,512,312.<sup id="cite_ref-concerned_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concerned-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_leadership">International leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, the foundation launched the International Fellowships Program (IFP) with a 12-year, $280 million grant, the largest in its history. IFP identified approximately 4,300 emerging social justice leaders representing historically disadvantaged groups from outside the United States for graduate study around the world. Fellows came from 22 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Russia and the Palestinian Territories and studied a wide variety of fields. After IFP's early success with identifying candidates and selecting and placing Fellows, and the success of Fellows in completing their degrees, the foundation contributed an additional $75 million to IFP in 2006. IFP concluded operations in late 2013 when more than 80 percent of fellows had completed their studies. Fellows have been serving their home communities in a variety of ways involving social justice.<sup id="cite_ref-fellowship_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellowship-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2011, the foundation announced that it will cease its funding for programs in Israel as of 2013. It has provided $40 million to <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organizations">nongovernmental organizations</a> in Israel since 2003 exclusively through the <a href="/wiki/New_Israel_Fund" title="New Israel Fund">New Israel Fund</a> (NIF), in the areas of advancing civil and human rights, helping Arab citizens in Israel gain equality and promoting Israeli-Palestinian peace. The grants from the foundation are roughly a third of NIF's donor-advised giving, which totals about $15 million a year.<sup id="cite_ref-guttman_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guttman-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_response">COVID-19 response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: COVID-19 response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2020, Ford Foundation decided to raise $1 billion through a combination of 30 and 50- year bonds. The main aim was to help nonprofits hit by the pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disability_Futures_Fellows">Disability Futures Fellows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disability Futures Fellows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2020, Ford Foundation partnered with the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew W. Mellon Foundation</a> to establish the Disability Future Fellowship, awarding $50,000 annually to disabled writers, actors, and directors in the fields of creative arts performance.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, another 20 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disability_Futures_Fellows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disability Futures Fellows (page does not exist)">Disability Futures Fellows</a> received awards.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms_and_reforms">Criticisms and reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Criticisms and reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission-related_investments">Mission-related investments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mission-related investments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ranked No. 24 on the Forbes 2018 World's Most Innovative Companies list, the Ford Foundation utilized its endowment to invest in innovative and sustainable change leadership shifting the model of grant-making in the 21st century. According to Forbes, "Ford spends between $500 million and $550 million a year to support social justice work around the world. But last year, it also pledged to plow up to $1 billion of its overall $12.5 billion endowment over the next decade into <a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">impact investing via mission-related investments (MRIs)</a> that generate both financial and social returns."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foundation President Darren Walker wrote in an op-ed in the New York Times that the grant-making philanthropy of institutions like the Ford Foundation "must not only be generosity, but justice."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ford Foundation seeks to address "the underlying causes that perpetuate human suffering" to grapple with and intervene in "<i>how</i> and <i>why</i>" inequality persists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Arts_and_Culture_Foundation_endowment_repatriation">Native Arts and Culture Foundation endowment repatriation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Native Arts and Culture Foundation endowment repatriation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment#Ethics_and_endowment_repatriation" title="Financial endowment">Financial endowment § Ethics and endowment repatriation</a></div> <p>In 2007, the Ford Foundation co-founded the independent <a href="/wiki/Native_Arts_and_Cultures_Foundation" title="Native Arts and Cultures Foundation">Native Arts and Cultures Foundation</a> by providing a portion of the new foundation's <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> out of the Ford Foundation's own. This decision to repatriate a portion of the Ford Foundation's endowment came after self-initiated research into the Ford Foundation's history of support of Native and Indigenous artists and communities. The results of this research indicated "the inadequacy of philanthropic support for Native arts and artists", and related feedback from an unnamed Native leader that "once big foundations put the stuff in place for an Indian program, then it is not usually funded very well. It lasts as long as the program officer who had an interest and then goes away" and recommended that an independent endowment be established and that "[n]ative leadership is crucial".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_United_States_Government">Relationship with the United States Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Relationship with the United States Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a>, the architect of <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> that would later become <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> served as the chairman of the Ford Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA would channel its funds through Ford Foundation as a part of its covert cultural war.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Troy_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troy-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epstein_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epstein-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John J. McCloy, serving as the chairman from 1958 to 1965, knowingly employed numerous US intelligence agents and, based on the premise that a relationship with the CIA was inevitable, set up a three-person committee responsible for dealing with its requests.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_1999_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders_1999-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders2001141_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2001141-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writer and activist <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a> connects the foundation, along with the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>, with supporting imperialist efforts by the U.S. government during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Roy links the Ford Foundation's establishment of an economics course at the Indonesian University with aligning students with the <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">1965 coup</a> that installed <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> as president.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the height of the Cold War, the Ford Foundation was involved in several sensitive covert operations. One of these involved the Fighting Group Against Inhumanity. Based in West Berlin, the Fighting Group undertook a range of missions in the East Zone, ranging from intelligence gathering to sabotage. It was funded and controlled by the CIA. In 1950, the U.S. government decided that the Fighting Group needed to bolster its legitimacy as a credible independent organization, so the International Rescue Committee was recruited to act as its advocate. One component of this project was convincing the Ford Foundation to issue a grant to the Fighting Group. With the support of Eleanor Roosevelt, the Ford Foundation was persuaded to give the Fighting Group a grant of $150,000. A press release announcing the grant pointed to the assistance given by the Fighting Group to "carefully screened" defectors to come to the West. The <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Europe" title="National Committee for a Free Europe">National Committee for a Free Europe</a>, a CIA proprietary, actually administered the grant (Chester, Covert Network, pp. 89–94). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_roles_and_feminist_theory">Gender roles and feminist theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gender roles and feminist theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American author, philosopher, and critic of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> <a href="/wiki/Christina_Hoff_Sommers" title="Christina Hoff Sommers">Christina Hoff Sommers</a>, criticized The Ford Foundation in her book <i>The War Against Boys</i> (2000) as well as other institutions in education and government.<sup id="cite_ref-sommers_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sommers-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sommers alleged that the Ford Foundation funded feminist ideologies that marginalize boys and men. A <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> book review by E. Anthony Rotundo, author of <i>"American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era</i>", alleges that Sommers "persistently misrepresents scholarly debate, [and] ignores evidence that contradicts her assertions" about a gender war against boys and men.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish judge Francisco Serrano Castro made similar claims to Sommers in his 2012 book <i>The Dictatorship of Gender</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-castro_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castro-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criteria_for_Palestinian_grantmaking">Criteria for Palestinian grantmaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Criteria for Palestinian grantmaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, the foundation was critiqued by US news service <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>, among others, for supporting Palestinian nongovernmental organizations that were accused of promoting <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> at the <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism_2001" title="World Conference against Racism 2001">2001 World Conference Against Racism</a>. Under pressure by several members of Congress, chief among them Rep. <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a>, the foundation apologized and then prohibited the promotion of "violence, terrorism, bigotry or the destruction of any state" among its grantees. This move itself sparked protest among university provosts and various non-profit groups on free speech issues.<sup id="cite_ref-sherman_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sherman-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The foundation's partnership with the <a href="/wiki/New_Israel_Fund" title="New Israel Fund">New Israel Fund</a> (NIF), which began in 2003, was criticized regarding its choice of mostly progressive grantees and causes. This criticism peaked after the 2001 World Conference Against Racism, where some nongovernmental organizations funded by the foundation backed resolutions equating Israeli policies with <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. In response, the Ford Foundation tightened its criteria for funding. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right wing</a> Israeli politicians and organizations such as <a href="/wiki/NGO_Monitor" title="NGO Monitor">NGO Monitor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Im_Tirtzu" title="Im Tirtzu">Im Tirtzu</a> claimed the NIF and other recipients of Ford Foundation grants supported the delegitimization of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-guttman_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guttman-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ford Foundation announced in October 2023 that it would no longer provide grants to Alliance for Global Justice, a charity in Arizona claimed by journalist Gabe Kaminsky in a <i>Washington Examiner</i> investigation to share Palestinian terrorism ties. "Ford has no plans to support any Alliance for Global Justice projects in the future and it is not eligible for any other funding," Amanda Simon, a spokeswoman for the Ford Foundation, said at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simon added, "We will not be funding them in the future."<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The allegations of terrorism links were proven false<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="all sources are anti-srael (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>; Alliance for Global Justice was found to be funding an organisation that attempts to secure the human rights of Palestinian prisoners held in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ford_Foundation_Center_for_Social_Justice">Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Foundation Building">Ford Foundation Building</a> in New York City</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:270px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_Foundation_HQ_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ford_Foundation_HQ_jeh.JPG/204px-Ford_Foundation_HQ_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="204" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ford_Foundation_HQ_jeh.JPG/306px-Ford_Foundation_HQ_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ford_Foundation_HQ_jeh.JPG/408px-Ford_Foundation_HQ_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2159" data-file-height="2863" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Exterior of the building</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:270px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior-Ford_Foundation-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Interior-Ford_Foundation-01.jpg/180px-Interior-Ford_Foundation-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Interior-Ford_Foundation-01.jpg/270px-Interior-Ford_Foundation-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Interior-Ford_Foundation-01.jpg/360px-Interior-Ford_Foundation-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="7360" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Atrium with garden</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Completed in 1968 by the firm of <a href="/wiki/Roche-Dinkeloo" title="Roche-Dinkeloo">Roche-Dinkeloo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Foundation Building">Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice</a> in New York City (originally the Ford Foundation Building) was the first large-scale architectural building in the country to devote a substantial portion of its space to horticultural pursuits. Its <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a> was designed with the notion of having urban <a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">greenspace</a> accessible to all and is an example of the application in architecture of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">environmental psychology</a>. The building, 321 E. 42nd St., was recognized in 1968 by the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Record" title="Architectural Record">Architectural Record</a> as "a new kind of urban space". This design concept was used by others for many of the indoor shopping malls and skyscrapers built in subsequent decades. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a> designated the building a landmark in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edsel_Ford" title="Edsel Ford">Edsel Ford</a> (founder): 1936–1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_II" title="Henry Ford II">Henry Ford II</a>: 1943–1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Hoffman" title="Paul G. Hoffman">Paul G. Hoffman</a>: 1950–1953</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rowan_Gaither" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Rowan Gaither">H. Rowan Gaither</a>: 1953–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_T._Heald" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry T. Heald">Henry T. Heald</a>: 1956–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a>: 1966–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_A._Thomas" title="Franklin A. Thomas">Franklin Thomas</a>: 1979–1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Berresford" title="Susan Berresford">Susan Berresford</a>: 1996–2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Ubi%C3%B1as" title="Luis Ubiñas">Luis Ubiñas</a>: 2008–2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Walker" title="Darren Walker">Darren Walker</a>: 2013–Present</li></ul> <p><i>Source</i>: History of Ford Foundation<sup id="cite_ref-presidents_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presidents-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Corporation">Carnegie Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Music_Project" title="Contemporary Music Project">Contemporary Music Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Mortgage_Collaborative" title="Fair Mortgage Collaborative">Fair Mortgage Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Financial endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit)" title="Foundation (nonprofit)">Foundation (nonprofit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fund_for_Adult_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Fund for Adult Education">Fund for Adult Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Pennington" title="Hilary Pennington">Hilary Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_foundations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wealthiest foundations">List of wealthiest foundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Open990-FordFound-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Open990-FordFound_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Open990-FordFound_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210405031012/https://www.open990.org/org/131684331/ford-foundation/">"FORD FOUNDATION |"</a>. <i>www.open990.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open990.org/org/131684331/ford-foundation/">the original</a> on April 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.open990.org&rft.atitle=FORD+FOUNDATION+%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open990.org%2Forg%2F131684331%2Fford-foundation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statements-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statements_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statements_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statements_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordfoundation.org/work/our-grants/how-we-make-grants">"About"</a>. Ford Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Ford+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordfoundation.org%2Fwork%2Four-grants%2Fhow-we-make-grants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanministry.org/grants/ford-foundation">"The Ford Foundation (Grants)"</a>. Urban Ministry: TechMission<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philanthropy+News+Digest+%28PND%29&rft.atitle=Ford+Foundation+Outlines+New+Grantmaking+Approach&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilanthropynewsdigest.org%2Fnews%2Fford-foundation-outlines-new-grantmaking-approach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2015" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Darren (December 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/18/opinion/why-giving-back-isnt-enough.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=opinion-c-col-right-region&region=opinion-c-col-right-region&WT.nav=opinion-c-col-right-region&_r=1">"Opinion | Why Giving Back Isn't Enough"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Why+Giving+Back+Isn%27t+Enough&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F18%2Fopinion%2Fwhy-giving-back-isnt-enough.html%3Faction%3Dclick%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26clickSource%3Dstory-heading%26module%3Dopinion-c-col-right-region%26region%3Dopinion-c-col-right-region%26WT.nav%3Dopinion-c-col-right-region%26_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513142508/https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1758/2010-native-arts-and-cultures.pdf">"Native Arts and Cultures: Research, Growth and Opportunities for Philanthropic Support"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ford Foundation. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/1758/2010-native-arts-and-cultures.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+Arts+and+Cultures%3A+Research%2C+Growth+and+Opportunities+for+Philanthropic+Support&rft.pub=Ford+Foundation&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordfoundation.org%2Fmedia%2F1758%2F2010-native-arts-and-cultures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird1992" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Kai (1992). <i>The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671454153" title="Special:BookSources/0671454153"><bdi>0671454153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chairman%3A+John+J.+McCloy+and+the+Making+of+the+American+Establishment&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0671454153&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Kai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petras, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/1999/11/01/the-cia-and-the-cultural-cold-war-revisited/">The CIA and the Cultural Cold War Revisited</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426183142/http://monthlyreview.org/1999/11/01/the-cia-and-the-cultural-cold-war-revisited/">Archive</a> ). <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i>. November 1, 1999. Retrieved on April 18, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troy-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Troy_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Troy, Thomas M. Jr. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613110501/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no1/article08.html">"The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Intelligence" title="Studies in Intelligence">Studies in Intelligence</a></i>. <b>46</b> (1). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of Intelligence">Center for the Study of Intelligence</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no1/article08.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Intelligence&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Cold+War%3A+The+CIA+and+the+World+of+Arts+and+Letters&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fvol46no1%2Farticle08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epstein-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epstein_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1967" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Jason (April 20, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1967/apr/20/the-cia-and-the-intellectuals/?pagination=false">"The CIA and the Intellectuals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a></i>. <b>8</b> (7)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+CIA+and+the+Intellectuals&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1967-04-20&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1967%2Fapr%2F20%2Fthe-cia-and-the-intellectuals%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders_1999-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_1999_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2001" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Frances Stonor (April 1, 2001). <i>The cultural cold war: the CIA and the world of arts and letters</i>. New York: New Press. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565846647" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565846647"><bdi>978-1565846647</bdi></a>. <q>Farfield was by no means exceptional in its incestuous character. This was the nature of power in America at this time. The system of private patronage was the pre-eminent model of how small, homogenous groups came to defend America's—and, by definition, their own—interests. Serving at the top of the pile was every self-respecting WASP's ambition. The prize was a trusteeship on either the Ford Foundation or the Rockefeller Foundation, both of which were conscious instruments of covert US policy, with directors and officers who were closely connected to, or even members of American intelligence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+cold+war%3A+the+CIA+and+the+world+of+arts+and+letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2001-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1565846647&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Frances+Stonor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders2001141-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders2001141_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaunders2001">Saunders 2001</a>, p. 141: "Addressing the concerns of some of the foundation's executives, who felt that its reputation for integrity and independence was being undermined by involvement with the CIA, McCloy argued that if they failed to cooperate, the CIA would simply penetrate the foundation quietly by recruiting or inserting staff at the lower levels. McCloy's answer to this problem was to create an administrative unit within the Ford Foundation specifically to deal with the CIA. Headed by McCloy and two foundation officers, this three-man committee had to be consulted every time the Agency wanted to use the foundation, either as a pass-through, or as cover."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2014" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Arundhati (2014). <i>Capitalism: A Ghost Story</i>. Haymarket. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608463855" title="Special:BookSources/9781608463855"><bdi>9781608463855</bdi></a>. <q>By the 1950s the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, funding several NGOs and international educational institutions, began to work as quasi-extensions of the US government, which at the time was toppling democratically elected government in Latin America, Iran, and Indonesia. (That was also around the time it made its entry into India, then non-aligned but clearly tilting toward the Soviet Union.) The Ford Foundation established a US-style economics course at the Indonesian University. Elite Indonesian students, trained in counterinsurgency by US army officers, played a crucial part in the 1965 CIA-backed coup in Indonesia that brought General Suharto to power. He repaid his mentors by slaughtering hundreds of thousands of communist rebels.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%3A+A+Ghost+Story&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Haymarket&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781608463855&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Arundhati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sommers-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sommers_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommers1994" class="citation book cs1">Sommers, Christina Hoff (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIUtJziqIqAC&q=ford+foundation"><i>Who Stole Feminism? How Women Have Betrayed Women</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. pp. 53, 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79424-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79424-8"><bdi>978-0-671-79424-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Stole+Feminism%3F+How+Women+Have+Betrayed+Women&rft.pages=53%2C+82&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-671-79424-8&rft.aulast=Sommers&rft.aufirst=Christina+Hoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIUtJziqIqAC%26q%3Dford%2Bfoundation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/books/reviews/waragainstboys0703.htm">"Washingtonpost.com: The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men"</a>. <i>www.washingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Washingtonpost.com%3A+The+War+Against+Boys%3A+How+Misguided+Feminism+Is+Harming+Our+Young+Men&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fstyle%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Fwaragainstboys0703.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-castro-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-castro_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Francisco Serrano. <i>La dictadura de género</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_Almuzara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo Almuzara (page does not exist)">Grupo Almuzara</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Almuzara" class="extiw" title="es:Grupo Almuzara">es</a>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-15338-81-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-15338-81-9"><bdi>978-84-15338-81-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+dictadura+de+g%C3%A9nero&rft.pub=Grupo+Almuzara%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bes%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.isbn=978-84-15338-81-9&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Francisco+Serrano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sherman-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sherman_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Sherman, Scott (June 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629052003/https://www.thenation.com/article/target-ford/">"Target Ford"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/target-ford">the original</a> on June 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Target+Ford&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Ftarget-ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaminsky-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaminsky_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaminsky_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminsky2023" class="citation web cs1">Kaminsky, Gabe (October 31, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/ford-foundation-palestinian-drops-alliance-for-global-justice">"Liberal Ford Foundation to stop funding Palestinian terror-tied group: 'Years of warnings'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Washington Examiner</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Liberal+Ford+Foundation+to+stop+funding+Palestinian+terror-tied+group%3A+%27Years+of+warnings%27&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft.aulast=Kaminsky&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fnews%2Fford-foundation-palestinian-drops-alliance-for-global-justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrim2023" class="citation web cs1">Grim, Murtaza Hussain, Ryan (April 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2023/04/24/israel-palestine-terrorism-zachor-afgj/">"The "Pro-Israel" Smear Campaign to Cancel a Global Charity"</a>. <i>The Intercept</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Intercept&rft.atitle=The+%22Pro-Israel%22+Smear+Campaign+to+Cancel+a+Global+Charity&rft.date=2023-04-24&rft.aulast=Grim&rft.aufirst=Murtaza+Hussain%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheintercept.com%2F2023%2F04%2F24%2Fisrael-palestine-terrorism-zachor-afgj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry2023" class="citation web cs1">Landry, Camille (February 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afgj.org/sos-afgj-has-been-attacked">"SOS - AfGJ has been attacked!"</a>. <i>Alliance for Global Justice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alliance+for+Global+Justice&rft.atitle=SOS+-+AfGJ+has+been+attacked%21&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafgj.org%2Fsos-afgj-has-been-attacked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondoweiss.net/2023/02/u-s-based-human-rights-group-loses-fundraising-platform-over-association-with-palestinian-ngo/">"Human rights org loses fundraising platform"</a>. <i>Mondoweiss</i>. February 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mondoweiss&rft.atitle=Human+rights+org+loses+fundraising+platform&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondoweiss.net%2F2023%2F02%2Fu-s-based-human-rights-group-loses-fundraising-platform-over-association-with-palestinian-ngo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharity-and-Security2023" class="citation web cs1">Charity-and-Security (February 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charityandsecurity.org/deplatforming/human-rights-coalition-deplatformed-after-lawfare-attack/">"Human Rights Coalition Deplatformed After Lawfare Attack"</a>. <i>Charity & Security Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charity+%26+Security+Network&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Coalition+Deplatformed+After+Lawfare+Attack&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft.au=Charity-and-Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharityandsecurity.org%2Fdeplatforming%2Fhuman-rights-coalition-deplatformed-after-lawfare-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron1997" class="citation news cs1">Barron, James (October 22, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/22/nyregion/3-buildings-are-declared-landmarks.html">"3 Buildings Are Declared Landmarks"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=3+Buildings+Are+Declared+Landmarks&rft.date=1997-10-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F10%2F22%2Fnyregion%2F3-buildings-are-declared-landmarks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-presidents-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-presidents_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708163121/http://www.fordfoundation.org/about-us/history/presidents">"Presidents"</a>. Ford Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordfoundation.org/about-us/history/presidents">the original</a> on July 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidents&rft.pub=Ford+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordfoundation.org%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2Fpresidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/about-ford/our-origins/">"Our origins"</a>. Ford Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+origins&rft.pub=Ford+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordfoundation.org%2Fabout%2Fabout-ford%2Four-origins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michael Sy Uy, <i>Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music</i> (Oxford University Press, 2020), 270pp.</li> <li>Inderjeet Parmar, <i>Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller Foundations in the Rise of American Power.</i> New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Stonor_Saunders" title="Frances Stonor Saunders">Frances Stonor Saunders</a> (2001), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cultural_Cold_War:_The_CIA_and_the_World_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters">The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters</a></i>, New Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-664-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-664-8">1-56584-664-8</a>. [Aka, <i>Who Paid the Piper?: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War</i> 1999, Granta (UK edition)].</li></ul> <p>° Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network, Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M. E. Sharpe, 1995, Routledge, 2015. </p> <ul><li>Edward H Berman <i>The Ideology of Philanthropy: The influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller foundations on American foreign policy</i>, State University of New York Press, 1983.</li> <li>Yves Dezalay and Bryant G Garth, <i>The Internationalization of Palace Wars: lawyers, economists, and the contest to transform Latin American states</i>, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2002.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20021113133728/http://www.cia%2Don%2Dcampus.org/internat/indo.html">David Ransom, <i>The Trojan Horse: A Radical Look at Foreign Aid</i>, pub. 1975, pp. 93–116; "Ford Country: Building an Elite for Indonesia"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived 2002-11-13)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050407180059/http://www.questionsquestions.net/gatekeepers.html">Bob Feldman, "Alternative Media Censorship sponsored by CIA's Ford Foundation?"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2005-04-07)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060605/sherman">Target Ford</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907113710/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060605/sherman">Archived</a> 2009-09-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (2006), by Scott Sherman in <i>The Nation</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813145606/http://www.questionsquestions.net/feldman/ff_divest.html">Time for Ford Foundation & CFR to Divest?</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2006-08-13), collaboration of the Rockefeller, Ford and Carnegie Foundations with the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/FordFandCIA.html">The Ford Foundation and the CIA</a>, a 2001 study by James Petras.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davi_Napoleon" title="Davi Napoleon">Napoleon, Davi</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_on_the_Edge:_The_Adventures_of_an_American_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea on the Edge: The Adventures of an American Theater">Chelsea on the Edge: The Adventures of an American Theater</a></i>.. The Ford Foundation gave the Chelsea Theater a grant in the early 1970s that enabled the theater to do groundbreaking multimedia work. The funding was abruptly halted after three years, an event that along with decreased funding from the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> helped precipitate the theater's collapse. This is a history that explores the on-stage and backstage dramas at the Chelsea, with special attention to how theaters are funded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ford_Foundation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordfoundation.org">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1313036#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/131684331">"Ford Foundation Internal Revenue Service filings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> Nonprofit Explorer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProPublica+Nonprofit+Explorer&rft.atitle=Ford+Foundation+Internal+Revenue+Service+filings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.propublica.org%2Fnonprofits%2Forganizations%2F131684331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFord+Foundation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordfoundation.org/grants/search">List of grant recipients</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.REDFIELDFFCS">Guide to the Robert Redfield, Ford Foundation Cultural Studies Program Records 1951-1961</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li> <li>James Armsey oversaw the formation of educational television at the Foundation in the 1950s and 1960s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/754">His papers</a> can be found at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland Libraries</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404426762">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131336252">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1003922-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79066088">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ford Foundation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20050222007&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261231505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01982996?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/824643">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027767833">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63j72hg">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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