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It challenges the prevailing view that considers his contributions incoherent by emphasizing the importance of transnational activism in understanding his influence. The analysis reveals that Einstein's political perspectives were closely aligned with broader transnational anti-war initiatives, suggesting a critical historical narrative that transcends national frameworks.","publication_date":"2011,,","publication_name":"Journal of Contemporary History"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Reframing the Interwar Peace Movement: The Curious Case of Albert Einstein","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [4594018]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":57644116,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Reframing the Interwar Peace Movement: The Curious Case of Albert Einstein”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57644116/mini_magick20190110-21636-3xy5w4.png?1547158567" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Reframing the Interwar Peace Movement: The Curious Case of Albert Einstein</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4594018" href="https://huji.academia.edu/OferAshkenazi"><img alt="Profile image of Ofer Ashkenazi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4594018/20983431/20488208/s65_ofer.ashkenazi.jpg" />Ofer Ashkenazi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, Journal of Contemporary History</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">26 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 3745092; 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It challenges the prevailing view that considers his contributions incoherent by emphasizing the importance of transnational activism in understanding his influence. The analysis reveals that Einstein's political perspectives were closely aligned with broader transnational anti-war initiatives, suggesting a critical historical narrative that transcends national frameworks.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":57644116,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/3745092/Reframing_the_Interwar_Peace_Movement_The_Curious_Case_of_Albert_Einstein"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":57644116,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/3745092/Reframing_the_Interwar_Peace_Movement_The_Curious_Case_of_Albert_Einstein"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research.</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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During the 1920s, Einstein had become a prominent advocate of two seemingly incompatible causes, pacifism and Zionism. A close reading of his writings following the 1929 riots shows that he perceived both Zionism and pacifism as practical methods to counter the lure of modern nationalism and the political structure it entails, the unlimited sovereignty of the state. What he perceived as a nationalist turn within the Zionist camp prompted him to contemplate alternative strategies for the restriction of state power. In this respect, the formation of a peaceful Arab–Jewish symbiosis was a test case for his views. The bilateral rejection of his solution for the conflict was the first in a series of developments that caused him to shift his support from abolishment to regulation of violence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Zionism and violence in Albert Einstein’s political outlook","attachmentId":57644100,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8162926/Zionism_and_violence_in_Albert_Einstein_s_political_outlook","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8162926/Zionism_and_violence_in_Albert_Einstein_s_political_outlook"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="8518824" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8518824/_Conflicts_of_Solidarity_Nuclear_Weapons_Liberation_Movements_and_the_Politics_of_Peace_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_1945_1975_Ph_D_diss_The_University_of_Chicago_2010_">“Conflicts of Solidarity: Nuclear Weapons, Liberation Movements, and the Politics of Peace in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1945–1975” (Ph.D. diss., The University of Chicago, 2010)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="319635" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewOppenheimer">Andrew Oppenheimer</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Conflicts of Solidarity: Nuclear Weapons, Liberation Movements, and the Politics of Peace in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1945–1975” (Ph.D. diss., The University of Chicago, 2010)","attachmentId":34897752,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8518824/_Conflicts_of_Solidarity_Nuclear_Weapons_Liberation_Movements_and_the_Politics_of_Peace_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_1945_1975_Ph_D_diss_The_University_of_Chicago_2010_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8518824/_Conflicts_of_Solidarity_Nuclear_Weapons_Liberation_Movements_and_the_Politics_of_Peace_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_1945_1975_Ph_D_diss_The_University_of_Chicago_2010_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="106430389" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106430389/Einstein_and_Freud_on_Why_War">Einstein and Freud on Why War</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1147463" href="https://murdoch.academia.edu/HorstRuthrof">Horst Ruthrof</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper sketches the context in which Einstein and Freud's joint publication Why War? appeared under the auspices of the League of Nations in 1933. Instead of the authors' holding a lack of rationality and the human proclivity for aggression responsible, the paper emphasizes the increasingly precarious relation between the observable historical situation of the late Weimar Republic (its Wahrnehmungswelt) and its imagined counterpart (Vorstellungswelt). A summary analysis of Einstein's and Freud's arguments is followed by an overview of the broadly accepted historical situation of the Weimar Republic from 1929 to 1933. By contrast, the Weimar Republic is then viewed in terms of the dominant sentiments of the day, against which Einstein's and Freud's explanatory strategy looks unsatisfactory. Foregrounding the human capacity of imaginability, the Conclusion replaces their emphasis on reason and instinct by the claim that under certain circumstances the Wahrnehmungswelt itself becomes irrelevant, instead becoming subservient to the imagined world. When the discrepancy between an actual historical situation and the imagined community becomes unbridgeable, anything, including the option of war, becomes preferable to the status quo.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Einstein and Freud on Why War","attachmentId":105630669,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106430389/Einstein_and_Freud_on_Why_War","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106430389/Einstein_and_Freud_on_Why_War"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="38995979" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38995979/Embattled_Cooperation_s_Peaceful_Atoms_Pacifist_Physicists_and_Partisans_of_Peace_in_the_Early_Cold_War_1947_1957_">Embattled Cooperation(s): Peaceful Atoms, Pacifist Physicists, and Partisans of Peace in the Early Cold War (1947–1957)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4707597" href="https://pisa.academia.edu/StefanoSalvia">Stefano Salvia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Physics in Perspective, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The famous nuclear physicist Bruno Pontecorvo, who defected to the USSR in 1950, was afﬁliated to the internationalist network called ‘‘Partisans of Peace,’’ founded in 1949. Later renamed the World Peace Council, it was an organization of paciﬁst scientists, intellectuals, and artists like Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Pablo Picasso that was similar to the Pugwash movement, but part of the Comintern (later Cominform). As noted by Albert Einstein, the Partisans of Peace were ‘‘paciﬁst’’ in a very particular sense: they strongly criticized Western nuclear policies, but they justiﬁed the Soviet atomic programme as inevitable response to them. At the same time, physicists who joined the 1955 Russell–Einstein Manifesto like Joseph Rotblat and Norbert Wiener, or the 1957 Göttingen Declaration like Otto Hahn and Max Born, were suspicious about the 1955 ‘‘Atoms for Peace’’ program, sponsored by the United States to balance the Soviet inﬂuence in Europe as well as in non-aligned countries. I will discuss these different—and partially overlapping—scientiﬁc-cooperation networks built in the name of ‘‘peace’’ during the hottest years of the Cold War, when peace itself had become an ideological weapon in the hands of a militarized science.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Embattled Cooperation(s): Peaceful Atoms, Pacifist Physicists, and Partisans of Peace in the Early Cold War (1947–1957)","attachmentId":59103033,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38995979/Embattled_Cooperation_s_Peaceful_Atoms_Pacifist_Physicists_and_Partisans_of_Peace_in_the_Early_Cold_War_1947_1957_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38995979/Embattled_Cooperation_s_Peaceful_Atoms_Pacifist_Physicists_and_Partisans_of_Peace_in_the_Early_Cold_War_1947_1957_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="45300933" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45300933/People_or_Processes_Einstein_and_Freud_on_the_Causes_of_War">People or Processes? Einstein and Freud on the Causes of War</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56997326" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IanForbes4">Ian Forbes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Politics, 1984</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">rgumen t f the peace movement has once again brought t o the fore over nuclear war. w i t h a specific focus on which policy makes war less likely. criticisms levelled against CND i s that decreasing Peliance on nuclear weapons may lead to more conventional war. b u t what this paper i s concerned w i t h i s t h a t a l l such arguments involve axiomatically, i f implicitly, statements about human nature.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"People or Processes? Einstein and Freud on the Causes of War","attachmentId":65852294,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45300933/People_or_Processes_Einstein_and_Freud_on_the_Causes_of_War","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45300933/People_or_Processes_Einstein_and_Freud_on_the_Causes_of_War"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="79916320" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79916320/Patriots_and_Pacifists_The_Rhetorical_Debate_about_Peace_Patriotism_and_Internationalism_1914_1930">Patriots and Pacifists: The Rhetorical Debate about Peace, Patriotism, and Internationalism, 1914-1930</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="241002" href="https://berry.academia.edu/ChristySnider">Christy Snider</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Rhetoric &amp; Public Affairs, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Patriots and Pacifists: The Rhetorical Debate about Peace, Patriotism, and Internationalism, 1914-1930","attachmentId":86471122,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79916320/Patriots_and_Pacifists_The_Rhetorical_Debate_about_Peace_Patriotism_and_Internationalism_1914_1930","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79916320/Patriots_and_Pacifists_The_Rhetorical_Debate_about_Peace_Patriotism_and_Internationalism_1914_1930"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="5459761" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5459761/Review_Marianne_Kr%C3%B6ger_and_Hubert_Roland_eds_Carl_Einstein_im_Exil_Kunst_und_Politik_in_den_1930er_Jahren_Carl_Einstein_en_exil_Art_et_politique_dans_les_ann%C3%A9es_1930">Review: Marianne Kröger and Hubert Roland, eds.: Carl Einstein im Exil. Kunst und Politik in den 1930er Jahren/ Carl Einstein en exil. Art et politique dans les années 1930</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6548715" href="https://williams.academia.edu/CharlesHaxthausen">Charles Haxthausen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review: Marianne Kröger and Hubert Roland, eds.: Carl Einstein im Exil. Kunst und Politik in den 1930er Jahren/ Carl Einstein en exil. Art et politique dans les années 1930","attachmentId":66571496,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5459761/Review_Marianne_Kr%C3%B6ger_and_Hubert_Roland_eds_Carl_Einstein_im_Exil_Kunst_und_Politik_in_den_1930er_Jahren_Carl_Einstein_en_exil_Art_et_politique_dans_les_ann%C3%A9es_1930","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5459761/Review_Marianne_Kr%C3%B6ger_and_Hubert_Roland_eds_Carl_Einstein_im_Exil_Kunst_und_Politik_in_den_1930er_Jahren_Carl_Einstein_en_exil_Art_et_politique_dans_les_ann%C3%A9es_1930"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="7896108" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7896108/Einstein_and_Freud_War_and_Peace_in_an_Iterdisciplinary_Dialogue">Einstein and Freud: War and Peace in an Iterdisciplinary Dialogue</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14770815" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LuisHenriqueBeust">Luis Henrique Beust</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present work makes a case for the relevance of Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud’s exchange on war and peace for current efforts towards establishing a Culture of Peace as designated by the UN/UNESCO International Decade for a Culture of Peace (2001-2010). Two open letters exchanged between Einstein and Freud in 1932 served as the principle source for this investigation. In these letters — exchanged under the auspices of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations — Einstein and Freud describe their rationale regarding the causes of war and the possible paths which might lead to the establishment of a lasting peace between the Nations. This paper analyses the perspectives of Einstein and Freud in relation to war and peace in light of the theoretical framework given by Norberto Bobbio’s characterization of the contemporary modes of pacifism (“paths to peace”). In spite of the fact that seventy years have passed since Einstein and Freud discussed their views on war and peace and notwithstanding the fact that some of Freud´s thinking has been challenged since, the author concludes by suggesting that the exchange between Einstein and Freud is directly in line with, and contributes towards, current efforts to promote a Culture of Peace — particularly regarding their shared view that war is not intrinsic to human nature and therefore can be eliminated. In retrospect, the contribution that Einstein and Freud can make towards the goal of establishing a Culture of Peace stems as much from their exchange as it does from the fact that these two thinkers have become icon figures of the 20th century. Key Words: Einstein. Freud. War. Peace. Culture of Peace. Peace Education.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Einstein and Freud: War and Peace in an Iterdisciplinary Dialogue","attachmentId":34381032,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7896108/Einstein_and_Freud_War_and_Peace_in_an_Iterdisciplinary_Dialogue","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7896108/Einstein_and_Freud_War_and_Peace_in_an_Iterdisciplinary_Dialogue"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="109812394" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109812394/Reconsidering_Peace_and_Patriotism_during_the_First_World_War">Reconsidering Peace and Patriotism during the First World War</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4432214" href="https://sandia.academia.edu/JustinOlmstead">Justin Olmstead</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The International Peace Bureau (IPB) was established at the Universal Peace Congress held in Rome in 1891 for the purpose of promoting the culture of peace in the various countries and of coordinating the activities of the numerous pacifist movements and associations. It is interesting to note that one of the main tasks undertaken by the IPB that grew out of a Universal Peace Congress was the regular organization of future congresses. It was reputed 'un des instruments les plus précieux du pacifism' and represented the pacifist movement at the international level. 1 On the eve of the conference in The Hague in 1899, pacifist circles felt the need to arrange an action that would both testify to the strong solidarity uniting the various pacifist movements and personalities and develop a common programme to achieve and implement the objectives of pacifism in a more rapid and effective way. Attention focused on two main problems: 'I. The organization of General Peace in a way to make it real and durable. II. The way to stop the progressive development of armaments and reduce current actual excessive armaments.' 2 In the world envisaged by the pacifists, law would take the place of force. The IPB had always sought 'The means to</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reconsidering Peace and Patriotism during the First World War","attachmentId":107824108,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109812394/Reconsidering_Peace_and_Patriotism_during_the_First_World_War","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109812394/Reconsidering_Peace_and_Patriotism_during_the_First_World_War"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="90709541" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90709541/Interwar_Liberal_Internationalism">Interwar Liberal Internationalism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67668" href="https://yildiz.academia.edu/La%C3%A7in%C4%B0dil%C3%96ZTI%C4%9E">Laçin İdil ÖZTIĞ</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Liberal internationalist tradition has its roots in the Enlightenment philosophy with its focus on reason, equality, liberty, and the individual. After the catastrophic consequences of World War I, many scholars contemplated ways in which wars could be prevented and international peace and stability could prevail. Many liberal theorists during the interwar period attributed the cause of World War I to aggressive nationalism and maintained the idea that the principle of sovereignty precluded peaceful inter-state relations and consequently deteriorated human welfare. Scholars’ theorizing about peace tapped into increasing anti-war feelings among many societies. During the period in which the discipline of IR was emerging, a number of legal scholars also contributed to the liberal internationalist tradition and IR discipline in general by envisioning internationalism that is conductive to peace and laying out practical solutions to maintain international peace. This study analyses and compares six legal scholars who theorized about peace during the interwar period: Georges Scelle, Nicolas Politis, Hersch Lauterpacht, Walther Schücking, and Hans Wehberg. It then examines the evolution of the relationship between international relations and international law.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Interwar Liberal Internationalism","attachmentId":94197222,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90709541/Interwar_Liberal_Internationalism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90709541/Interwar_Liberal_Internationalism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":57644116,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":57644116,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_57644116" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="427254" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/427254/West_German_Pacifism_and_the_Ambivalence_of_Human_Solidarity_1945_1968">West German Pacifism and the Ambivalence of Human Solidarity, 1945-1968</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="319635" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewOppenheimer">Andrew Oppenheimer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Peace & Change, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"West German Pacifism and the Ambivalence of Human Solidarity, 1945-1968","attachmentId":30318550,"attachmentType":"fdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/427254/West_German_Pacifism_and_the_Ambivalence_of_Human_Solidarity_1945_1968","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/427254/West_German_Pacifism_and_the_Ambivalence_of_Human_Solidarity_1945_1968"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="19454495" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19454495/World_War_II_Realism_and_Liberalism_perspective">World War II: Realism and Liberalism perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35964744" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FjoralbaKrapi">Fjoralba Krapi</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"World War II: Realism and Liberalism perspective","attachmentId":40629575,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19454495/World_War_II_Realism_and_Liberalism_perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19454495/World_War_II_Realism_and_Liberalism_perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="39004877" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39004877/_2019_Peace_to_end_Peace_review_of_Herward_Sieberg_and_Christa_Zorn_eds_The_Anglo_German_Correspondence_of_Vernon_Lee_and_Irene_Forbes_Mosse_During_World_War_I_and_A_Sharp_Versailles_1919_Haus_Dublin_Review_of_Books_Issue_111_May">(2019) 'Peace to end Peace' review of Herward Sieberg and Christa Zorn eds, 'The Anglo-German Correspondence of Vernon Lee and Irene Forbes-Mosse During World War I' & A. Sharp, 'Versailles:1919' (Haus), Dublin Review of Books, Issue 111, May.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33273489" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AngusMitchell8">Angus S C Mitchell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Dublin Review of Books, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"(2019) 'Peace to end Peace' review of Herward Sieberg and Christa Zorn eds, 'The Anglo-German Correspondence of Vernon Lee and Irene Forbes-Mosse During World War I' \u0026 A. 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