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The resulting spelling inherited some peculiarities from the spelling systems of Romance languages. Aspirated consonants H, PH, TH, KH [IPA: /h/, /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/] are not found in Romance languages; however, in these languages, the combinations of letters PH, TH and KH are present in words of Greek origin, as equivalents for the Greek initials phi, theta, khi (φ, θ, χ), which were aspirated consonants in Greek; and thus these combinations were used to transcribe Vietnamese aspirated stop consonants. Dorsal stops C, G are only used before the vowels /a/, /o/ and /u/. This is because, in Romance languages, it is the only position where these consonants preserved the obstruent pronunciation they had in Latin; GHE, GHI are used with the phonetic value they have in Italian; the combinations KE and KI resort to the letter K, used in Greek (kappa, κ) and in Germanic languages. Labiovelar stops QU and GU are taken from Italian and Latin spellings. Among prepalatals, the unvoiced stop CH is taken from the Portuguese and the Spanish, which themselves borrowed this notation from Old French, where it had been created to transcribe a new sound, not found in Latin. The voiced stop D is used as an approximative notation for a sound not found in Europe, where D is the voiced counterpart of T. In Vietnam, a new letter, Đ, was coined [for a preglottalised alveolar stop: /ɗ/], its horizontal bar pointing to a similarity with the letter T. The voiced spirant was written as GI, as in Portuguese and French (at the time, J was not yet in use in Europe). The unvoiced spirant X is borrowed from Portuguese and the Northern dialects of Spanish: in these languages, the S is pronounced at the back of the mouth [IPA: retroflex /ʂ/], as in Vietnamese, whereas elsewhere in Europe S is an anterior sibilant as in French [IPA: alveolar /s/]. NH [for the palatal nasal /ɲ/] is borrowed from the Portuguese; TR is an approximative notation for a sound which is not found in European languages [IPA: /ʈ/]. Ô, Ê are taken from the Portuguese, which is why the pair Ê, E does not have the same phonetic value as in French. [In French, Ê stands for /ɛ/, E stands for /e/, whereas the opposite is found in Vietnamese quốc ngữ, namely Ê for /e/, E for /ɛ/.] Y is used in Vietnamese quốc ngữ in a way similar to what is found in Spanish, where it replaces I in-between vowels or at the end of words. The letter Y comes from the Greek alphabet (upsilon, υ). Ơ and Ư were created to represent Vietnamese vowels that do not have equivalents in Western Europe [IPA /ɤ/, /ɯ/].\u0026amp;quot;","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Alexis Michaud"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2013-02-13","dateModified":"2018-02-09","datePublished":"2010-01-01","headline":"\"The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet\": translation of an article by André-Georges Haudricourt","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Vietnamese Language","Orthography"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Mon-Khmer Studies","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2571111/_The_origin_of_the_peculiarities_of_the_Vietnamese_alphabet_translation_of_an_article_by_Andr%C3%A9_Georges_Haudricourt","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"cnrs"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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{"work":{"id":2571111,"created_at":"2013-02-13T22:06:07.196-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2023-06-12T16:38:17.862-07:00","_data":{"volume":"39","abstract":"\"The missionaries who adapted the Latin alphabet to Vietnamese were Portuguese, Italian and French. The resulting spelling inherited some peculiarities from the spelling systems of Romance languages. \r\nAspirated consonants H, PH, TH, KH [IPA: /h/, /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/] are not found in Romance languages; however, in these languages, the combinations of letters PH, TH and KH are present in words of Greek origin, as equivalents for the Greek initials phi, theta, khi (φ, θ, χ), which were aspirated consonants in Greek; and thus these combinations were used to transcribe Vietnamese aspirated stop consonants. \r\nDorsal stops C, G are only used before the vowels /a/, /o/ and /u/. This is because, in Romance languages, it is the only position where these consonants preserved the obstruent pronunciation they had in Latin; GHE, GHI are used with the phonetic value they have in Italian; the combinations KE and KI resort to the letter K, used in Greek (kappa, κ) and in Germanic languages. \r\nLabiovelar stops QU and GU are taken from Italian and Latin spellings. \r\nAmong prepalatals, the unvoiced stop CH is taken from the Portuguese and the Spanish, which themselves borrowed this notation from Old French, where it had been created to transcribe a new sound, not found in Latin. \r\nThe voiced stop D is used as an approximative notation for a sound not found in Europe, where D is the voiced counterpart of T. In Vietnam, a new letter, Đ, was coined [for a preglottalised alveolar stop: /ɗ/], its horizontal bar pointing to a similarity with the letter T. \r\nThe voiced spirant was written as GI, as in Portuguese and French (at the time, J was not yet in use in Europe).\r\nThe unvoiced spirant X is borrowed from Portuguese and the Northern dialects of Spanish: in these languages, the S is pronounced at the back of the mouth [IPA: retroflex /ʂ/], as in Vietnamese, whereas elsewhere in Europe S is an anterior sibilant as in French [IPA: alveolar /s/].\r\nNH [for the palatal nasal /ɲ/] is borrowed from the Portuguese; TR is an approximative notation for a sound which is not found in European languages [IPA: /ʈ/].\r\nÔ, Ê are taken from the Portuguese, which is why the pair Ê, E does not have the same phonetic value as in French. [In French, Ê stands for /ɛ/, E stands for /e/, whereas the opposite is found in Vietnamese quốc ngữ, namely Ê for /e/, E for /ɛ/.]\r\nY is used in Vietnamese quốc ngữ in a way similar to what is found in Spanish, where it replaces I in-between vowels or at the end of words. The letter Y comes from the Greek alphabet (upsilon, υ).\r\nƠ and Ư were created to represent Vietnamese vowels that do not have equivalents in Western Europe [IPA /ɤ/, /ɯ/].\"","more_info":"Mon-Khmer Studies 39: 89–104 (2010).","page_numbers":"89-104","publication_date":"2010,,","publication_name":"Mon-Khmer Studies"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":2,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"\"The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet\": translation of an article by André-Georges Haudricourt","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1135832]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":55759720,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “"The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet": translation of an article by André-Georges Haudricourt”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/55759720/mini_magick20180818-18899-r8tbha.png?1534641304" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">"The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet": translation of an article by André-Georges Haudricourt</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1135832" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexisMichaud"><img alt="Profile image of Alexis Michaud" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1135832/398607/518825/s65_alexis.michaud.jpg" />Alexis Michaud</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2010, Mon-Khmer Studies</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">"The missionaries who adapted the Latin alphabet to Vietnamese were Portuguese, Italian and French. The resulting spelling inherited some peculiarities from the spelling systems of Romance languages. Aspirated consonants H, PH, TH, KH [IPA: /h/, /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/] are not found in Romance languages; however, in these languages, the combinations of letters PH, TH and KH are present in words of Greek origin, as equivalents for the Greek initials phi, theta, khi (φ, θ, χ), which were aspirated consonants in Greek; and thus these combinations were used to transcribe Vietnamese aspirated stop consonants. Dorsal stops C, G are only used before the vowels /a/, /o/ and /u/. This is because, in Romance languages, it is the only position where these consonants preserved the obstruent pronunciation they had in Latin; GHE, GHI are used with the phonetic value they have in Italian; the combinations KE and KI resort to the letter K, used in Greek (kappa, κ) and in Germanic languages. Labiovelar stops QU and GU are taken from Italian and Latin spellings. Among prepalatals, the unvoiced stop CH is taken from the Portuguese and the Spanish, which themselves borrowed this notation from Old French, where it had been created to transcribe a new sound, not found in Latin. The voiced stop D is used as an approximative notation for a sound not found in Europe, where D is the voiced counterpart of T. In Vietnam, a new letter, Đ, was coined [for a preglottalised alveolar stop: /ɗ/], its horizontal bar pointing to a similarity with the letter T. The voiced spirant was written as GI, as in Portuguese and French (at the time, J was not yet in use in Europe). The unvoiced spirant X is borrowed from Portuguese and the Northern dialects of Spanish: in these languages, the S is pronounced at the back of the mouth [IPA: retroflex /ʂ/], as in Vietnamese, whereas elsewhere in Europe S is an anterior sibilant as in French [IPA: alveolar /s/]. NH [for the palatal nasal /ɲ/] is borrowed from the Portuguese; TR is an approximative notation for a sound which is not found in European languages [IPA: /ʈ/]. Ô, Ê are taken from the Portuguese, which is why the pair Ê, E does not have the same phonetic value as in French. [In French, Ê stands for /ɛ/, E stands for /e/, whereas the opposite is found in Vietnamese quốc ngữ, namely Ê for /e/, E for /ɛ/.] Y is used in Vietnamese quốc ngữ in a way similar to what is found in Spanish, where it replaces I in-between vowels or at the end of words. The letter Y comes from the Greek alphabet (upsilon, υ). Ơ and Ư were created to represent Vietnamese vowels that do not have equivalents in Western Europe [IPA /ɤ/, /ɯ/]."</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":55759720,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2571111/_The_origin_of_the_peculiarities_of_the_Vietnamese_alphabet_translation_of_an_article_by_Andr%C3%A9_Georges_Haudricourt"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":55759720,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2571111/_The_origin_of_the_peculiarities_of_the_Vietnamese_alphabet_translation_of_an_article_by_Andr%C3%A9_Georges_Haudricourt"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="55759720" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/2571111" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="19225436" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19225436/The_Order_of_Spirantisation_and_Voicing_in_the_history_of_Vietnamese_Initials_Evidence_from_Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m_materials_">The Order of Spirantisation and Voicing in the history of Vietnamese Initials - Evidence from Chữ Nôm materials –</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7408902" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/MasaakiShimizu">Masaaki Shimizu 清水政明</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Order of Spirantisation and Voicing in the history of Vietnamese Initials - Evidence from Chữ Nôm materials –","attachmentId":40501779,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19225436/The_Order_of_Spirantisation_and_Voicing_in_the_history_of_Vietnamese_Initials_Evidence_from_Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m_materials_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19225436/The_Order_of_Spirantisation_and_Voicing_in_the_history_of_Vietnamese_Initials_Evidence_from_Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m_materials_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="43425892" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43425892/Summary_of_Nguyen_Tai_Cans_1995_Textbook_of_Vietnamese_Historical_Phonology">Summary of Nguyen Tai Can's 1995 Textbook of Vietnamese Historical Phonology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223519" href="https://montgomerycollege.academia.edu/AlvesMark">Mark Alves</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Summary of Nguyen Tai Can's 1995 Textbook of Vietnamese Historical Phonology","attachmentId":63728640,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43425892/Summary_of_Nguyen_Tai_Cans_1995_Textbook_of_Vietnamese_Historical_Phonology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43425892/Summary_of_Nguyen_Tai_Cans_1995_Textbook_of_Vietnamese_Historical_Phonology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="30540205" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30540205/C06_Nguyen_Thi_Huynh_Loc_and_Comparison_between_English_and_Vietnamese_phonology_1_">C06 Nguyen Thi Huynh Loc and Comparison between English and Vietnamese phonology (1)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58212004" href="https://independent.academia.edu/hieudo39">hieu do</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study is to help Vietnamese students pronounce English precisely and English learners of Vietnamese pronounce Vietnamese correctly. To do this, I focus on the comparison between English and Vietnamese phonology. Much vocabulary has been borrowed from Chinese, especially words that denote abstract ideas in the same way European languages borrow from Latin and Greek, and it was formerly written using the Chinese writing system, albeit in a modified format and was given vernacular pronunciation. The Vietnamese writing system in use today is an adapted version of the Latin alphabet, with additional diacritics for tones and certain letters. The speakers of each language develop their mouth muscles to adapt to their language. There are many differences in the pronunciation between English and Vietnamese, so the native speaker of Vietnamese can not speak English as exactly as they can speak Chinese or Korean. Non-native pronunciations of English result from the common linguistic phenomenon in which non-native users of any language tend to carry the intonation, phonological processes, and pronunciation rules from their mother tongue into their English speech. They may also create innovative pronunciations for English sounds not found in the speaker's first language. In addition, non-native English speakers tend to substitute their native sounds in place of difficult English sounds or they may even simply delete those difficult English sounds. This is more common when the distinction is subtle between English sounds or between a sound of English and of a speaker's primary language (wikipedia). Therefore, I want to help Vietnamese learners and English learners pay attention to those difficulties and have better pronunciation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"C06 Nguyen Thi Huynh Loc and Comparison between English and Vietnamese phonology (1)","attachmentId":50984026,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30540205/C06_Nguyen_Thi_Huynh_Loc_and_Comparison_between_English_and_Vietnamese_phonology_1_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30540205/C06_Nguyen_Thi_Huynh_Loc_and_Comparison_between_English_and_Vietnamese_phonology_1_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="30540206" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30540206/C06_Nguyen_Thi_Huynh_Loc_and_Comparison_between_English_and_Vietnamese_phonology">C06 Nguyen Thi Huynh Loc and Comparison between English and Vietnamese phonology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58212004" href="https://independent.academia.edu/hieudo39">hieu do</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"C06 Nguyen Thi Huynh Loc and Comparison between English and Vietnamese phonology","attachmentId":50984040,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30540206/C06_Nguyen_Thi_Huynh_Loc_and_Comparison_between_English_and_Vietnamese_phonology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30540206/C06_Nguyen_Thi_Huynh_Loc_and_Comparison_between_English_and_Vietnamese_phonology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="54506204" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54506204/Syllable_Final_Palatal_Stops_and_Nasals_in_Vietnamese">Syllable Final Palatal Stops and Nasals in Vietnamese</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="141599516" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaloneDunlavy">Malone Dunlavy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper aims to examine the current state of modern Hanoi Vietnamese to examine whether there is a contrast between places of articulation in word/syllable final stops and nasals in Vietnamese. Through contrastive analysis of a northern speaker and a southern speaker, I will demonstrate that in northern Vietnamese [c] and [ɲ] maintain phonemic contrast with the other voiceless stops and nasals, respectively, in coda position where in southern Vietnamese the contrast has been neutralized.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Syllable Final Palatal Stops and Nasals in Vietnamese","attachmentId":70836677,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54506204/Syllable_Final_Palatal_Stops_and_Nasals_in_Vietnamese","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54506204/Syllable_Final_Palatal_Stops_and_Nasals_in_Vietnamese"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="38666544" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38666544/Place_of_articulation_of_English_and_Vietnamese_consonants">Place of articulation of English and Vietnamese consonants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18673233" href="https://independent.academia.edu/trinhnhattuan">Tuan Trinh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Place of articulation of English and Vietnamese consonants, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Contrasting English and Vietnamese sound systems can facilitate the English pronunciation learning of Vietnamese students. This task is probably easier if we treat each articulatory aspect of the sound independently and progressively, rather than jointly and simultaneously. Based on this belief, this contrastive analysis has the place of articulation, a prominent articulatory feature of every consonant, as the tertium comparationis to examine the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese consonants.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Place of articulation of English and Vietnamese consonants","attachmentId":58746549,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38666544/Place_of_articulation_of_English_and_Vietnamese_consonants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38666544/Place_of_articulation_of_English_and_Vietnamese_consonants"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="47326159" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47326159/Production_and_perception_of_Vietnamese_vowels">Production and perception of Vietnamese vowels</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47819329" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RCarr%C3%A9">René Carré</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">… European Conference on Speech Communication and …, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The representation of vowels in the F1-F2 space was used by [1, 2, 3] and many others. It has been used extensively because of its simplicity and its explicative power. The first two formants (F1 and F2) are known to be necessary and in most instances sufficient for the ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Production and perception of Vietnamese vowels","attachmentId":66477666,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47326159/Production_and_perception_of_Vietnamese_vowels","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47326159/Production_and_perception_of_Vietnamese_vowels"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="9553270" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9553270/The_Distribution_of_Final_Palatals_in_Vietnamese_Dialects">The Distribution of Final Palatals in Vietnamese Dialects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7408902" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/MasaakiShimizu">Masaaki Shimizu 清水政明</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Distribution of Final Palatals in Vietnamese Dialects","attachmentId":35771830,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9553270/The_Distribution_of_Final_Palatals_in_Vietnamese_Dialects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9553270/The_Distribution_of_Final_Palatals_in_Vietnamese_Dialects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="1264993" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1264993/Final_consonants_and_glottalization_new_perspectives_from_Hanoi_Vietnamese">Final consonants and glottalization: new perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1135832" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexisMichaud">Alexis Michaud</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Phonetica, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The evolution from final obstruents to final glottal stop and then to rhyme glottalization (i.e. from /at/ to /aʔ/, then to /aˀ/) is a well-established general trend in the history of the Sino-Tibetan language family and beyond. It has further been shown by laryngoscopy that in three languages which retain the non-released syllable-final obstruents /p/, /t/ and /k/ (Standard Thai, and two Chinese dialects), these obstruents are often accompanied by a glottal stop. The present research raises the issue whether there is another typological possibility: can non-released final obstruents be accompanied consistently by modal phonation, without glottal stop? Analysis of electroglottographic recordings of 126 syllables in two carrier sentences spoken by four speakers shows that, in Hanoi Vietnamese, the final obstruents /p/, /t/ and /k/ are not accompanied by glottalization, and that the open quotient increases in the course of the syllable rhyme. Obstruent-final rhymes (which may carry either of two tones: D1 or D2) are compared with nasal-final rhymes which, under one of the tones (tone B2), are confirmed to be glottalized. Our finding is that tones D1 and D2 (i.e. obstruent-final rhymes) are both produced in modal voice, which shows that the typological paradigm of observed realizations of syllable-final obstruents must be enlarged. The discussion puts forward the hypothesis that the unusual association of segments and voice quality found in Hanoi Vietnamese is a strategy to maintain the opposition between B2-tone and D2-tone rhymes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Final consonants and glottalization: new perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese","attachmentId":30381532,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1264993/Final_consonants_and_glottalization_new_perspectives_from_Hanoi_Vietnamese","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1264993/Final_consonants_and_glottalization_new_perspectives_from_Hanoi_Vietnamese"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="22133800" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22133800/phonetics">phonetics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8809600" href="https://iainta.academia.edu/AzizahNurRahmawati">Azizah Nur Rahmawati</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"phonetics","attachmentId":42799848,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22133800/phonetics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22133800/phonetics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":55759720,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":55759720,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_55759720" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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