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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_mono_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_mono_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Introduction of mono version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_mono_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereo_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereo_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Stereo version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereo_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity_of_music_cassettes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_of_music_cassettes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Popularity of music cassettes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity_of_music_cassettes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cassette_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cassette_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Cassette culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cassette_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tape_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tape types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Locating_write-protect_notches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locating_write-protect_notches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Locating write-protect notches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locating_write-protect_notches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tape_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tape length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Track_width" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Track_width"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Track width</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Track_width-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_gap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_gap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Head gap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_gap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cassette_tape_adapter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cassette_tape_adapter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Cassette tape adapter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cassette_tape_adapter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optional_mechanical_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optional_mechanical_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Optional mechanical elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optional_mechanical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flaws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flaws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Flaws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flaws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cassette_players_and_recorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cassette_players_and_recorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cassette players and recorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cassette_players_and_recorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Audio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_studio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_studio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Home studio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_studio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_dubbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_dubbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Home dubbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_dubbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Data recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivals_and_successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivals_and_successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rivals and successors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivals_and_successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cassette tape</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="شريط سمعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شريط سمعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaseti" title="Kaseti – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kaseti" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кампакт-касета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кампакт-касета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аудиокасета – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аудиокасета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casset" title="Casset – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Casset" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiokazeta" title="Audiokazeta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Audiokazeta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas%C3%A9t" title="Casét – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Casét" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassetteb%C3%A5nd" title="Kassettebånd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kassettebånd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktkassette" title="Kompaktkassette – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kompaktkassette" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helikassett" title="Helikassett – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Helikassett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Κασέτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κασέτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casete" title="Casete – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Casete" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonkasedo" title="Sonkasedo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sonkasedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasete" title="Kasete – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kasete" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="نوار کاست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوار کاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_audio" title="Cassette audio – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cassette audio" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casete" title="Casete – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Casete" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A4%ED%8C%A9%ED%8A%B8_%EC%B9%B4%EC%84%B8%ED%8A%B8" title="콤팩트 카세트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콤팩트 카세트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कैसेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैसेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaseta" title="Kaseta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaseta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita_kaset" title="Pita kaset – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pita kaset" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiocassetta" title="Audiocassetta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Audiocassetta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A2" title="קלטת שמע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלטת שמע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas%C3%A8t" title="Kasèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kasèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="კომპაქტ-კასეტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომპაქტ-კასეტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanda_(kifaa)" title="Kanda (kifaa) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanda (kifaa)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas%C3%A8t" title="Kasèt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kasèt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaset" title="Kaset – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kaset" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktkasete" title="Kompaktkasete – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kompaktkasete" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiokaset%C4%97" title="Audiokasetė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Audiokasetė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette" title="Compact Cassette – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Compact Cassette" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="കാസറ്റ് ടേപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാസറ്റ് ടേപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaset_padat" title="Kaset padat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaset padat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Дуу бичлэгийн хуурцаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дуу бичлэгийн хуурцаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziekcassette" title="Muziekcassette – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muziekcassette" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="コンパクトカセット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンパクトカセット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydkassett" title="Lydkassett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lydkassett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassettband" title="Kassettband – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kassettband" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaseta_magnetofonowa" title="Kaseta magnetofonowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaseta magnetofonowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fita_cassete" title="Fita cassete – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fita cassete" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caset%C4%83_audio" title="Casetă audio – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Casetă audio" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Компакт-кассета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компакт-кассета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascitedda" title="Cascitedda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cascitedda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_cassette" title="Audio cassette – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Audio cassette" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiokazeta" title="Audiokazeta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Audiokazeta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompaktna_kaseta" title="Kompaktna kaseta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kompaktna kaseta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аудио-касета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аудио-касета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-kasetti" title="C-kasetti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="C-kasetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassettband" title="Kassettband – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kassettband" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casette" title="Casette – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Casette" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88" title="ஒலிப்பேழை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒலிப்பேழை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9B" title="ตลับเทป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตลับเทป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaset" title="Kaset – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaset" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compact_Cassette&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Magnetic audio tape recording format</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other formats, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_magnetic_tape_cartridges_and_cassettes" title="List of magnetic tape cartridges and cassettes">List of magnetic tape cartridges and cassettes</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Compact Cassette</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Compact_cassette_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Compact_cassette_logo.svg/220px-Compact_cassette_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Compact_cassette_logo.svg/330px-Compact_cassette_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Compact_cassette_logo.svg/440px-Compact_cassette_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="157" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Compactcassette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Compactcassette.jpg/220px-Compactcassette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Compactcassette.jpg/330px-Compactcassette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Compactcassette.jpg/440px-Compactcassette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/TDK" title="TDK">TDK</a> SA90 Type II Compact Cassette</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape cassette">Magnetic tape cassette</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">Encoding</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">Analog signal</a>, in four tracks</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">Most commonly 30, 45, and 60 minutes per side (C60, C90, and C120)<sup id="cite_ref-Common_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Common-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Read<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">Tape head</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Write<span class="nowrap"> </span>mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">Tape head</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed<span class="nowrap"> </span>by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Audio and data storage (succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended<span class="nowrap"> </span>from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended<span class="nowrap"> </span>to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1963<span class="noprint">; 61 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">August 1963</span>)</span> <br /> <b>Lifespan</b>: 1963–present</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Compact Cassette</b>, also commonly called a <b>cassette tape</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-NosTalCasTapeNYT_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NosTalCasTapeNYT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>audio cassette</b>, or simply <b>tape</b> or <b>cassette</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Analog_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog audio">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> recording format for <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">audio recording and playback</a>. Invented by <a href="/wiki/Lou_Ottens" title="Lou Ottens">Lou Ottens</a> and his team at the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> company <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, the Compact Cassette was released in August 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-TheRegister_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheRegister-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compact Cassettes come in two forms, either containing content as a prerecorded cassette (<i>Musicassette</i>), or as a fully recordable "blank" cassette. Both forms have two sides and are reversible by the user.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/List_of_magnetic_tape_cartridges_and_cassettes" title="List of magnetic tape cartridges and cassettes">other</a> tape cassette formats have also existed—for example the <a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">Microcassette</a>—the generic term <i>cassette tape</i> is normally used to refer to the Compact Cassette because of its ubiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compact Cassettes contain two miniature spools, between which the magnetically coated, <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>-type plastic film (magnetic tape) is passed and wound<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—essentially miniaturizing <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">reel-to-reel audio tape</a> and enclosing it, with its reels, in a small case (cartridge)—hence "cassette".<sup id="cite_ref-car_cartridges_hifi1968annual_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-car_cartridges_hifi1968annual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These spools and their attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell which is 4 by 2.5 by 0.5 inches (10.2 cm × 6.35 cm × 1.27 cm) at its largest dimensions. The tape itself is commonly referred to as "eighth-inch" tape, supposedly <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch (0.125 in; 3.17 mm) wide, but actually slightly larger, at 0.15 inches (3.81 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-TDK_specs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDK_specs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo</a> pairs of tracks (four total) or two <a href="/wiki/Monaural" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaural">monaural</a> audio tracks are available on the tape; one stereo pair or one monophonic track is played or recorded when the tape is moving in one direction and the second (pair) when moving in the other direction. This reversal is achieved either by manually flipping the cassette when the tape comes to an end, or by the reversal of tape movement, known as "auto-reverse", when the mechanism detects that the tape has ended.<sup id="cite_ref-IEC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wollensak_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wollensak_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.jpg/260px-Wollensak_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wollensak_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.jpg/390px-Wollensak_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wollensak_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.jpg/520px-Wollensak_portable_reel-to-reel_tape_recorder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wollensak portable reel-to-reel tape recorder</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png/260px-RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png/390px-RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png/520px-RCA_Quarter_Inch_Tape_Cartridge_2A.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="465" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Compact Cassette vs. RCA Tape Cartridge</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, magnetic tape recording technology proliferated across the world. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a>, using equipment obtained in Germany as a starting point, began commercial production of <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">tape recorders</a>. First used in studios to record radio programs, tape recorders quickly found their way into schools and homes. By 1953, 1 million US homes had tape machines.<sup id="cite_ref-Vartape_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vartape-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, following four years of development, <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a> introduced the stereo, quarter-inch, reversible, reel-to-reel <a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_mono_version">Introduction of mono version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Introduction of mono version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norelco_Cartridge_Tape_Carry-Corder_150_User_Manual_cover_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Norelco_Cartridge_Tape_Carry-Corder_150_User_Manual_cover_page.jpg/260px-Norelco_Cartridge_Tape_Carry-Corder_150_User_Manual_cover_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Norelco_Cartridge_Tape_Carry-Corder_150_User_Manual_cover_page.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Operating instructions for the Philips/Norelco Cartridge Tape Carry-Corder 150 (1964)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philips_EL3302.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Philips_EL3302.jpg/260px-Philips_EL3302.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Philips_EL3302.jpg/390px-Philips_EL3302.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Philips_EL3302.jpg/520px-Philips_EL3302.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">One of the first cassette recorders from Philips, the Typ EL 3302 (1968)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorex_Compact_Cassette_opened.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Memorex_Compact_Cassette_opened.jpg/260px-Memorex_Compact_Cassette_opened.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Memorex_Compact_Cassette_opened.jpg/390px-Memorex_Compact_Cassette_opened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Memorex_Compact_Cassette_opened.jpg/520px-Memorex_Compact_Cassette_opened.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="1660" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Inside of a cassette</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the early 1960s Philips Eindhoven tasked two different teams to design a tape cartridge for thinner and narrower tape compared to what was used in reel-to-reel tape recorders. By 1962, the Vienna division of Philips developed a <a href="/wiki/Single-hole_cassette" title="Single-hole cassette">single-hole cassette</a>, adapted from its German described name <i>Einloch-Kassette</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philips selected the two-spool cartridge as a winner and introduced the 2-track 2-direction mono version in Europe on 28 August 1963 at the <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Funkausstellung_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin">Berlin Radio Show</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the United States (under the <i><a href="/wiki/Norelco" class="mw-redirect" title="Norelco">Norelco</a></i> brand) in November 1964. The <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> name <i>Compact Cassette</i> came a year later. The team of Dutch and Belgian origin at Philips was led by the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Lou_Ottens" title="Lou Ottens">Lou Ottens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a>, Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philips also offered a machine to play and record the cassettes, the Philips <i>Typ EL 3300</i>. An updated model, <i>Typ EL 3301</i> was offered in the US in November 1964 as <a href="/wiki/Norelco" class="mw-redirect" title="Norelco">Norelco</a> <i>Carry-Corder 150</i>. By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone and Japan soon became the major source of recorders. By 1968, 85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaPopCulture_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaPopCulture-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hans-Joachim_Braun_2002,_p.161_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Braun_2002,_p.161-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 1960s, the cassette business was worth an estimated 150 million dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaPopCulture_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaPopCulture-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1970s the compact cassette machines were outselling other types of tape machines by a large margin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philips was competing with <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grundig" title="Grundig">Grundig</a> (with their DC International format <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in a race to establish its cassette tape as the worldwide standard, and it wanted support from Japanese electronics manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philips' Compact Cassette became dominant as a result of <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> pressuring Philips to <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a> the format to them free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early years sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when it caught up with the quality of <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track tape</a> and kept improving.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Compact Cassette went on to become a popular (and <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">re-recordable</a>) alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">12-inch vinyl LP</a> during the late 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereo_version">Stereo version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stereo version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with prerecorded reel-to-reel and 8-track, sales were slow to start, but picked up rapidly to tie with the 8-track before superseding it by the early '70s. By 1968, 85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million mono and stereo players.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaPopCulture_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaPopCulture-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hans-Joachim_Braun_2002,_p.161_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Braun_2002,_p.161-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 1960s, the cassette business was worth an estimated 150 million dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaPopCulture_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaPopCulture-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1970s the compact cassette machines were outselling other types of tape machines by a large margin.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity_of_music_cassettes">Popularity of music cassettes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Popularity of music cassettes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mass production of "blank" (not yet recorded) Compact Cassettes began in 1964 in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaPopCulture_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaPopCulture-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prerecorded <b>music cassettes</b> (also known as <i>Music-Cassettes</i>, and later just <b>Musicassettes</b>; M.C. for short) were launched in Europe in late 1965. The <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Record_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury Record Company">Mercury Record Company</a>, a US affiliate of Philips, introduced M.C. to the US in July 1966. The initial offering consisted of 49 titles.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the system had been designed initially for dictation and portable use, with the audio quality of early players not well suited for music. Some early models also had an unreliable mechanical design. In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kloss" title="Henry Kloss">Advent Corporation</a> introduced their Model 201 tape deck that combined <a href="/wiki/Dolby_noise-reduction_system" title="Dolby noise-reduction system">Dolby type B</a> noise reduction and <a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">chromium(IV) oxide</a> (CrO<sub>2</sub>) tape, with a commercial-grade tape transport mechanism supplied by the Wollensak camera division of 3M Corporation. This resulted in the format being taken more seriously for musical use, and started the era of <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">high fidelity</a> cassettes and players.<sup id="cite_ref-Camras_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camras-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British record labels began releasing compact cassettes in October 1967, and they exploded as a mass-market medium after the first <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a>, the TPS-L2, went on sale on 1 July 1979, as cassettes provided portability, which vinyl records could not. While portable radios and boom boxes had been around for some time, the Walkman was the first truly personal portable music player, one that not only allowed users to listen to music away from home, but to do so in private. According to the technology news website The Verge, "the world changed" on the day the TPS-L2 was released.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian3.29.10_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian3.29.10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheVerge_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheVerge-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stereo tape decks and <a href="/wiki/Boom_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Boom box">boom boxes</a> became some of the most highly sought-after consumer products of both decades, as the ability of users to take their music with them anywhere with ease<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaPopCulture_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaPopCulture-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to its popularity around the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaPopCulture_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaPopCulture-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Sony_Walkman_TPS-L2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Original_Sony_Walkman_TPS-L2.JPG/170px-Original_Sony_Walkman_TPS-L2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Original_Sony_Walkman_TPS-L2.JPG/255px-Original_Sony_Walkman_TPS-L2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Original_Sony_Walkman_TPS-L2.JPG/340px-Original_Sony_Walkman_TPS-L2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2510" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sony_Walkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Walkman">Sony Walkman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Transistor_radio" title="Transistor radio">transistor radio</a> in the 1950s and 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player">portable CD player</a> in the 1990s, and the <a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a> in the 2000s, the Walkman defined the portable music market for the decade of the '80s, with cassette sales overtaking those of <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">LPs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walkman_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walkman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">vinyl record</a> sales remained higher well into the 1980s due to greater sales of singles, although <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">cassette singles</a> achieved popularity for a period in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Walkman_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walkman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another barrier to cassettes overtaking vinyl in sales was <a href="/wiki/Shoplifting" title="Shoplifting">shoplifting</a>; compact cassettes were small enough that a thief could easily place one inside a pocket and walk out of a shop without being noticed. To prevent this, retailers in the US would place cassettes inside oversized "spaghetti box" containers or locked <a href="/wiki/Display_case" title="Display case">display cases</a>, either of which would significantly inhibit browsing, thus reducing cassette sales.<sup id="cite_ref-Record8_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Record8-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early 1980s some record labels sought to solve this problem by introducing new, larger packages for cassettes which would allow them to be displayed alongside vinyl records and <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>, or giving them a further market advantage over vinyl by adding <a href="/wiki/Bonus_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonus track">bonus tracks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Record8_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Record8-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willem Andriessen wrote that the development in technology allowed "hardware designers to discover and satisfy one of the collective desires of human beings all over the world, independent of region, climate, religion, culture, race, sex, age and education: the desire to enjoy music at any time, at any place, in any desired sound quality and almost at any wanted price".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critic <a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Robert Palmer</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> in 1981, cited the proliferation of personal stereos as well as extra tracks not available on LP as reasons for the surge in popularity of cassettes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cassettes' ability to allow users to record content in public also led to a boom in bootleg cassettes made at live shows in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian8.30.13_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian8.30.13-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Walkman dominated the decade, selling up to 350 million units. So synonymous did the name "Walkman" become with all portable music players—with a German dictionary at one point defining the term as such without reference to Sony—that the Austrian Supreme Court ruled in 2002 that Sony, which had not sought to have the publisher of that dictionary retract that definition, could not prevent other companies from using that name, as it had now become genericized.<sup id="cite_ref-WeForum_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeForum-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WorldTrademark_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldTrademark-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PinsentMasons_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinsentMasons-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this, a number of Sony's competitors produced their own version of the Walkman. Others made their own branded tape players, like JVC, Panasonic, Sharp, and Aiwa, the second-largest producer of the devices.<sup id="cite_ref-VinylFactory_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VinylFactory-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1985, when cassettes overtook vinyl, and 1992, when they were overtaken by CDs<sup id="cite_ref-History.com_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The history.com source provides no information about its popularity in relation to vinyl or CDs (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> (introduced in 1983 as a format that offered greater storage capacity and more accurate sound),<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Source does not contain information about CDs benefits against cassette, however it does mention the introduction of CDs in 1983 (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> the cassette tape was the most popular format in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-History.com_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the UK. Record labels experimented with innovative packaging designs. A designer during the era explained: "There was so much money in the industry at the time, we could try anything with design." The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">cassette single</a>, called a "cassingle", was also part of this era and featured a music single in Compact Cassette form. Until 2005, cassettes remained the dominant medium for purchasing and listening to music in some <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> (CD) technology had superseded the Compact Cassette in the vast majority of music markets throughout the world by this time.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCthirdworld_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCthirdworld-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cassette_culture">Cassette culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cassette culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cassette_culture" title="Cassette culture">Cassette culture</a></div> <p>Compact cassettes served as catalysts for social change. Their small size, durability and ease of copying helped bring underground rock and punk music behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, creating a foothold for Western culture among the younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, in Egypt cassettes empowered an unprecedented number of people to create culture, circulate information, and challenge ruling regimes before the internet became publicly accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassettes_at_a_Cairo_Kiosk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cassettes_at_a_Cairo_Kiosk.jpg/220px-Cassettes_at_a_Cairo_Kiosk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cassettes_at_a_Cairo_Kiosk.jpg/330px-Cassettes_at_a_Cairo_Kiosk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cassettes_at_a_Cairo_Kiosk.jpg/440px-Cassettes_at_a_Cairo_Kiosk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Cassettes at a Cairo Kiosk (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the political uses of cassette tapes was the dissemination of sermons by the exiled <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> throughout <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> before the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, in which Khomeini urged the overthrow of the regime of the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">military dictatorship of Chile</a> (1973–1990) a "cassette culture" emerged where <a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">blacklisted</a> music or music that was by other reasons not available as records was shared.<sup id="cite_ref-GonzLau19_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GonzLau19-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laura2009_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OmarMarco2017_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OmarMarco2017-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">pirate</a> cassette producers created brands such as <i>Cumbre y Cuatro</i> that have in retrospect received praise for their contributions to popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-OmarMarco2017_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OmarMarco2017-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armed_resistance_in_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" title="Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)">Armed groups</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Patriotic_Front" title="Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front">Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front</a> (FPMR) and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_(Chile)" title="Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)">Revolutionary Left Movement</a> (MIR) made use of cassettes to spread their messages.<sup id="cite_ref-Laura2009_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura2009-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cassette technology was a booming market for <a href="/wiki/Indian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian music">pop music in India</a>, drawing criticism from conservatives while at the same time creating a huge market for legitimate recording companies, as well as pirated tapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Manuel_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manuel-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sales channels were associated with cassettes: in Spain <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">filling stations</a> often featured a display selling cassettes. While offering also mainstream music these cassettes became associated with genres such as <a href="/wiki/Gipsy_rhumba" class="mw-redirect" title="Gipsy rhumba">Gipsy rhumba</a>, light music and joke tapes that were common in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Retina_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retina-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite sales of CDs overtaking those of prerecorded cassettes in the early 1990s in the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the format remained popular for specific applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Car_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Car audio">car audio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_stereo" title="Personal stereo">personal stereos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boomboxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Boomboxes">boomboxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephone_answering_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone answering machine">telephone answering machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dictation_(exercise)" title="Dictation (exercise)">dictation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_recording" title="Field recording">field recording</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_recording" title="Home recording">home recording</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">mixtapes</a> well into the decade. Cassette players were typically more resistant to shocks than CD players, and their lower fidelity was not considered a serious drawback in mobile use. With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_skip_protection" title="Electronic skip protection">electronic skip protection</a> it became possible to use portable CD players on the go, and automotive CD players became viable. <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> drives and media also became affordable for consumers around the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1993, annual shipments of CD players had reached 5 million, up 21% from the year before; while cassette player shipments had dropped 7% to approximately 3.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sales of pre-recorded music cassettes in the US dropped from 442 million in 1990 to 274,000 by 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a>, the final year that cassettes represented more than 50% of total market sales was 2002 when they were replaced by CDs as the dominant media.<sup id="cite_ref-apa2004_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apa2004-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last new car with an available cassette player was a 2014 <a href="/wiki/Tagaz_Aquila" title="Tagaz Aquila">TagAZ AQUiLA.</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years prior, Sony had stopped the production of personal cassette players.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> removed the phrase "cassette player" from its 12th edition Concise version,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which prompted some media sources to mistakenly report that the term "cassette tape" was being removed.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, music continued to be released on the cassette format due to its low cost until 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese_music_casette_tapes,_Yangon,_Myanmar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Burmese_music_casette_tapes%2C_Yangon%2C_Myanmar.jpg/220px-Burmese_music_casette_tapes%2C_Yangon%2C_Myanmar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Burmese_music_casette_tapes%2C_Yangon%2C_Myanmar.jpg/330px-Burmese_music_casette_tapes%2C_Yangon%2C_Myanmar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Burmese_music_casette_tapes%2C_Yangon%2C_Myanmar.jpg/440px-Burmese_music_casette_tapes%2C_Yangon%2C_Myanmar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Burmese music cassette tapes for sale, <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (2006)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Audio_recorder#Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recorder">portable digital recorders</a> are most common today, analog tape remains a desirable option for certain artists and consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian3.29.10_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian3.29.10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Segal_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segal-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underground and <a href="/wiki/DIY_punk_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY punk ethic">DIY</a> communities release regularly, and sometimes exclusively, on cassette format, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a> circles and to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> circles, out of a fondness for the format. Even among major-label stars, the form has at least one devotee: <a href="/wiki/Thurston_Moore" title="Thurston Moore">Thurston Moore</a> stated in 2009, "I only listen to cassettes."<sup id="cite_ref-pitchfork.com_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitchfork.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2019, few companies still made cassettes. Among those are National Audio Company, from the US, and Mulann, also known as Recording The Masters, from France.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sony announced the end of cassette Walkman production on 22 October 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-TechCrunch_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a result of the emergence of MP3 players such as Apple's iPod.<sup id="cite_ref-AP10.26.10_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP10.26.10-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, Sony uses the Walkman brand solely for its line of digital media players.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes3.10.22_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes3.10.22-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Botswana-based Diamond Studios announced plans<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for establishing a plant to mass-produce cassettes in a bid to combat piracy. It opened in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South Korea, the early English education boom for toddlers encourages a continuous demand for English language cassettes, as of 2011,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> due to the affordable cost.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National Audio Company in Missouri, the largest of the few remaining manufacturers of audio cassettes in the US, oversaw the mass production of the <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(soundtrack)" title="Guardians of the Galaxy (soundtrack)"><i>"Awesome Mix #1"</i></a> cassette from the film <i><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_(film)" title="Guardians of the Galaxy (film)">Guardians of the Galaxy</a></i> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reported that they had produced more than 10 million tapes in 2014 and that sales were up 20 percent the following year, their best year since they opened in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, cassette sales in the United States rose by 74% to 129,000.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, following several years of shortage, National Audio Company began producing their own magnetic tape, becoming the world's first known manufacturer of an all-new tape stock.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulann, a company which acquired <a href="/wiki/Recording_Media_Group_International" title="Recording Media Group International">Pyral/RMGI</a> in 2015 and originates from <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, also started production of its new cassette tape stock in 2018, basing on reel tape formula.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan and South Korea, the pop acts <a href="/wiki/Matsuda_Seiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsuda Seiko">Matsuda Seiko</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SHINee" class="mw-redirect" title="SHINee">SHINee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/NCT_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCT (band)">NCT 127</a> released their material on <a href="/wiki/Special_edition" title="Special edition">limited-run</a> cassettes.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-to-late 2010s, cassette sales saw a modest resurgence concurrent with the <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_revival" title="Vinyl revival">vinyl revival</a>. As early as 2015, the retail chain <a href="/wiki/Urban_Outfitters" title="Urban Outfitters">Urban Outfitters</a>, which had long sold <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LPs</a>, started selling new pre-recorded cassettes (both new and old albums), blank cassettes, and players.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, cassette sales increased,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a trend that continued in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, sales of cassette tapes in 2021 reached its highest number since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cassettes are favored by some artists and listeners, including those of older genres of music such as <a href="/wiki/Dansband" title="Dansband">dansband</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">independent</a><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian3.29.10_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian3.29.10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground artists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pitchfork_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitchfork-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of whom were releasing new music on tape by the 2020s, including <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Busta_Rhymes" title="Busta Rhymes">Busta Rhymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Discogs_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discogs-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons cited for this include tradition, low cost,<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian3.29.10_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian3.29.10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a> ease of use,<sup id="cite_ref-TheStranger_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheStranger-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a nostalgic fondness for how the format's imperfections lend greater vibrancy to low-fi, experimental music, despite the lack of the "full-bodied richness" of vinyl.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian3.29.10_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian3.29.10-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pitchfork_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitchfork-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheStranger_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheStranger-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tape_types">Tape types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tape types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassette_Write_Protect_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cassette_Write_Protect_IV.jpg/220px-Cassette_Write_Protect_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cassette_Write_Protect_IV.jpg/330px-Cassette_Write_Protect_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Cassette_Write_Protect_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Notches on the top surface of the Compact Cassette indicate its type. The rear-most cassette at the top of this picture, with only write-protect notches (here covered by write-protect tabs), is <b>Type I, its tape consisting of iron oxide</b>. The next cassette down, with additional notches adjacent to the write-protect tabs, is <b>Type II, its tape consisting of chrome and cobalt</b>. The bottom two cassettes, featuring the Type II notches plus an additional pair in the center of the cassette, are <b>Type IV (metal)</b>; note the removal of the tabs on the second of these, meaning the tape is write-protected. Type III was a combination of Types I and II but never gained the popularity of the other three types and was made obsolete by Type IV.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette_tape_types_and_formulations" title="Compact Cassette tape types and formulations">Compact Cassette tape types and formulations</a></div> <p>Cassette tapes are made of a polyester-type plastic film with a magnetic coating. The original magnetic material was based on gamma <a href="/wiki/Ferric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric oxide">ferric oxide</a> (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). Circa 1970, <a href="/wiki/3M_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="3M Company">3M Company</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> <i>volume-doping</i> process combined with a double-coating technique to enhance overall tape output levels. This product was marketed as "High Energy" under its Scotch brand of recording tapes.<sup id="cite_ref-VTH_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VTH-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inexpensive cassettes commonly are labeled "low-noise", but typically are not optimized for high <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a>. For this reason, some low-grade <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> Type I tapes have been marketed specifically as better suited for data storage than for sound recording.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>, the inventor of a <a href="/wiki/Chromium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium dioxide">chromium dioxide</a> (CrO<sub>2</sub>) manufacturing process, began commercialization of CrO<sub>2</sub> media. The first CrO<sub>2</sub> cassette was introduced in 1970 by <a href="/wiki/Advent_Corporation" title="Advent Corporation">Advent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later strongly backed by <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, the inventor and longtime manufacturer of magnetic recording tape.<sup id="cite_ref-Abelshauser_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abelshauser-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, coatings using <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) such as <a href="/wiki/TDK" title="TDK">TDK</a>'s Audua were produced in an attempt to approach or exceed the sound quality of <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl record">vinyl records</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a>-<i><a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbed</a></i> iron oxide (Avilyn) was introduced by TDK in 1974 and proved very successful. "Type IV" tapes using pure metal particles (as opposed to oxide formulations) were introduced in 1979 by 3M under the trade name Metafine. The tape coating on most cassettes sold as of 2024 are either "normal" or "chrome" consists of ferric oxide and cobalt mixed in varying ratios (and using various processes); there are very few cassettes on the market that use a pure (CrO<sub>2</sub>) coating.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simple voice recorders and earlier cassette decks are designed to work with standard ferric formulations. Newer tape decks usually are built with switches and later detectors for the different <a href="/wiki/Tape_bias" title="Tape bias">bias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalization</a> requirements for higher grade tapes. The most common are iron oxide tapes (as defined by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC 60094 standard</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-IEC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notches on top of the cassette shell indicate the type of tape. Type I cassettes have only <a href="/wiki/Write_protection" title="Write protection">write-protect</a> notches, Type II have an additional pair next to the write protection ones, and Type IV (metal) have a third set near the middle of the top of the cassette shell. These allow later <a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">cassette decks</a> to detect the tape type automatically and select the proper bias and equalization.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visualisierung_der_magnetisch_gespeicherten_Informationen_auf_einer_Stereo-Audiokassette_(Aufgenommen_mit_CMOS-MagView)..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Visualisierung_der_magnetisch_gespeicherten_Informationen_auf_einer_Stereo-Audiokassette_%28Aufgenommen_mit_CMOS-MagView%29..jpg/220px-Visualisierung_der_magnetisch_gespeicherten_Informationen_auf_einer_Stereo-Audiokassette_%28Aufgenommen_mit_CMOS-MagView%29..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Visualisierung_der_magnetisch_gespeicherten_Informationen_auf_einer_Stereo-Audiokassette_%28Aufgenommen_mit_CMOS-MagView%29..jpg/330px-Visualisierung_der_magnetisch_gespeicherten_Informationen_auf_einer_Stereo-Audiokassette_%28Aufgenommen_mit_CMOS-MagView%29..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Visualisierung_der_magnetisch_gespeicherten_Informationen_auf_einer_Stereo-Audiokassette_%28Aufgenommen_mit_CMOS-MagView%29..jpg/440px-Visualisierung_der_magnetisch_gespeicherten_Informationen_auf_einer_Stereo-Audiokassette_%28Aufgenommen_mit_CMOS-MagView%29..jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Visualization of the magnetic field on a stereo cassette containing a 1kHz audio tone.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cassette was the next step following <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a>, although, because of the limitations of the cassette's size and speed, it initially compared poorly in quality. Unlike the 4-track stereo open-reel format, the two stereo tracks of each side lie adjacent to each other, rather than being interleaved with the tracks of the other side. This permitted monaural cassette players to play stereo recordings "summed" as mono tracks and permitted stereo players to play mono recordings through both speakers. The tape is 0.15 in (3.81 mm) wide, with each mono track 1.5 millimetres (0.059 in) wide, plus an unrecorded guard band between each track. In stereo, each track is further divided into a left and a right channel of 0.6 mm (0.024 in) each, with a gap of 0.3 mm (0.012 in).<sup id="cite_ref-philips-1970_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philips-1970-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tape moves past the playback head at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inches per second (4.76 cm/s), the speed being a continuation of the increasingly slower speed series in open-reel machines operating at 30, 15, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches per second.<sup id="cite_ref-TDK_specs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDK_specs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison, the typical open-reel <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch 4-track consumer format used tape that is 0.248 inches (6.3 mm) wide, each track .043 in (1.1 mm) wide, and running at either twice or four times the speed of a cassette.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Very simple cassette recorders for dictation purposes did not tightly control tape speed and relied on playback on a similar device to maintain intelligible recordings. For accurate reproduction of music, a <a href="/wiki/Tape_transport" title="Tape transport">tape transport</a> incorporating a capstan and pinch roller system was used, to ensure tape passed over the record/playback heads at a constant speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locating_write-protect_notches">Locating write-protect notches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Locating write-protect notches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the cassette is held with one of the labels facing the user and the tape opening at the bottom, the write-protect notch for the corresponding side is at the top-left. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="tapelength"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tape_length">Tape length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tape length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maxell_compact_cassette_boxes,_60_and_90_minutes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Maxell_compact_cassette_boxes%2C_60_and_90_minutes.jpg/220px-Maxell_compact_cassette_boxes%2C_60_and_90_minutes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Maxell_compact_cassette_boxes%2C_60_and_90_minutes.jpg/330px-Maxell_compact_cassette_boxes%2C_60_and_90_minutes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Maxell_compact_cassette_boxes%2C_60_and_90_minutes.jpg/440px-Maxell_compact_cassette_boxes%2C_60_and_90_minutes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Maxell compact cassettes, C60 (90m) and C90 (135m)</figcaption></figure> <p>Tape length usually is measured in minutes of total playing time. Many of the varieties of blank tape were C60 (30 minutes per side), C90 (45 minutes per side) and C120 (60 minutes per side).<sup id="cite_ref-Common_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Common-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maxell makes 150-minute cassettes (UR-150) - 75 minutes per side. The C46 and C60 lengths typically are 15 to 16 micrometers (0.59 to 0.63 mils) thick, but C90s are 10 to 11 μm (0.39 to 0.43 mils)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (the less common) C120s are just 6 μm (0.24 mils) thick,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rendering them more susceptible to stretching or breakage. Even C180 tapes were available at one point.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other lengths are (or were) also available from some vendors, including C10, C12 and C15 (useful for saving data from early <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> and in telephone <a href="/wiki/Answering_machine" title="Answering machine">answering machines</a>), C30, C40, C50, C54, C64, C70, C74, C80, C84, C94, C100, C105, C110, and C150. As late as 2010, <a href="/wiki/Thomann_(retailer)" title="Thomann (retailer)">Thomann</a> still offered C10, C20, C30 and C40 IEC Type II tape cassettes for use with 4- and 8-track <a href="/wiki/Portastudio" title="Portastudio">portastudios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Track_width">Track width</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Track width"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full tape width is 3.8 mm. For <a href="/wiki/Monaural" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaural">mono</a> recording the <a href="/wiki/Track_(disk_drive)" title="Track (disk drive)">track</a> width is 1.5 mm. In stereo mode each channel has width of 0.6 mm with a 0.3 mm separation to avoid <a href="/wiki/Crosstalk" title="Crosstalk">crosstalk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-happ2_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-happ2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_gap">Head gap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Head gap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The head-gap width<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="is this a typical value? A standard value? Something originally spec'd by Philips? Just stating that it "is" is problematic, esp when we go on to say that sometimes it's markedly narrower (March 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is 2 μm<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2018)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> which gives a theoretical maximum frequency<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of about 12 kHz (at the standard speed of 1 7/8 ips or 4.76 cm/s). A narrower gap would give a higher frequency limit but also weaker magnetization.<sup id="cite_ref-happ2_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-happ2-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cassette_tape_adapter">Cassette tape adapter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cassette tape adapter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape_adapter" title="Cassette tape adapter">Cassette tape adapters</a> allow external audio sources to be played back from any tape player, but were typically used for <a href="/wiki/Car_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Car audio">car audio</a> systems. An attached audio cable with a <a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">phone connector</a> converts the electrical signals to be read by the tape head, while mechanical gears simulate reel to reel movement without actual tapes when driven by the player mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optional_mechanical_elements">Optional mechanical elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Optional mechanical elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compact_Cassette_BASF_SM_Security_Mechanism_guided_tape_IMG_8286.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Compact_Cassette_BASF_SM_Security_Mechanism_guided_tape_IMG_8286.JPG/170px-Compact_Cassette_BASF_SM_Security_Mechanism_guided_tape_IMG_8286.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Compact_Cassette_BASF_SM_Security_Mechanism_guided_tape_IMG_8286.JPG/255px-Compact_Cassette_BASF_SM_Security_Mechanism_guided_tape_IMG_8286.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Compact_Cassette_BASF_SM_Security_Mechanism_guided_tape_IMG_8286.JPG/340px-Compact_Cassette_BASF_SM_Security_Mechanism_guided_tape_IMG_8286.JPG 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Tape Guide via Security Mechanism (SM)</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to wind up the tape more reliably, the former <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> (from 1998 <a href="/wiki/EMTEC" title="EMTEC">EMTEC</a>) patented the Special Mechanism or Security Mechanism advertised with the abbreviation SM in the early 1970s, which was temporarily used under license by <a href="/wiki/Agfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agfa">Agfa</a>. This feature each includes a rail to guide the tape to the spool and prevent an unclean roll from forming.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flaws">Flaws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flaws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnetic tape is not an ideal medium for long-term archival storage, as it begins to degrade after 10 – 20 years, with some experts estimating its lifespan to be no more than 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LegacyBox_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LegacyBox-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common mechanical problem occurs when a defective player or resistance in the tape path causes insufficient tension on the take-up spool. This would cause the magnetic tape to be fed out through the bottom of the cassette and become tangled in the mechanism of the player. In these cases, the player was said to have "eaten" or "chewed" the tape, often destroying the playability of the cassette.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="eating is mentioned as a bane but the exact cause is not explained. See also Talk:Cassette tape#chewing hides the sound (August 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cassette_players_and_recorders">Cassette players and recorders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cassette players and recorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Loop_bin_duplicator" title="Loop bin duplicator">Loop bin duplicator</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba-avk-slavich-2001-tapematic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ba-avk-slavich-2001-tapematic.jpg/220px-Ba-avk-slavich-2001-tapematic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ba-avk-slavich-2001-tapematic.jpg/330px-Ba-avk-slavich-2001-tapematic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ba-avk-slavich-2001-tapematic.jpg/440px-Ba-avk-slavich-2001-tapematic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Tapematic 2002 audio cassette loaders, used to wind ("load") magnetic tape from tape reels ("pancakes") in the machine into empty cassette tape shells (known as C-0s or C-Zeros). The C-0s have just leader which is cut into two and the tape is attached to the leader, then wound.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first cassette machines (e.g. the Philips EL 3300, introduced in August 1963<sup id="cite_ref-bb8467_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb8467-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakamichi_RX_505_Front_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nakamichi_RX_505_Front_edited.jpg/220px-Nakamichi_RX_505_Front_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nakamichi_RX_505_Front_edited.jpg/330px-Nakamichi_RX_505_Front_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nakamichi_RX_505_Front_edited.jpg/440px-Nakamichi_RX_505_Front_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nakamichi" title="Nakamichi">Nakamichi</a> RX-505 cassette deck. It has an auto reverse feature that rotates the cassette, hence the bump in the middle.</figcaption></figure> <p>One innovation was the front-loading arrangement. <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a>'s angled cassette bay and the exposed bays of some <a href="/wiki/Sansui_Electric" title="Sansui Electric">Sansui</a> models eventually were standardized as a front-loading door into which a cassette would be loaded. Later models would adopt electronic buttons, and replace conventional meters (which could be driven over full scale when overloaded, a condition called "pegging the needle" or simply "pegging") with electronic <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_fluorescent_display" title="Vacuum fluorescent display">vacuum fluorescent displays</a>, with level controls typically being controlled by either rotary controls or side-by-side sliders. <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Bic" class="mw-redirect" title="Société Bic">BIC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marantz" title="Marantz">Marantz</a> briefly offered models that could be run at double speeds, but <a href="/wiki/Nakamichi" title="Nakamichi">Nakamichi</a> was widely recognized as one of the first companies to create decks that rivaled reel-to-reel decks with full 20–20,000 Hz frequency response, low noise, and very low <a href="/wiki/Wow_(recording)" title="Wow (recording)">wow and flutter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different interpretations of the cassette standard resulted in a 4 dB ambiguity at 16 kHz. Technically, both camps in this debate were still within the original cassette specification as no tolerance for frequency response is provided above 12.5 kHz and all <a href="/wiki/Calibration_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Calibration tone">calibration tones</a> above 12.5 kHz are considered optional.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decreasing noise at 16 kHz also decreases the maximum signal level at 16 kHz, the High-Frequency Dynamics stay almost constant.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third company, <a href="/wiki/Bang_%26_Olufsen" title="Bang & Olufsen">Bang & Olufsen</a> of Denmark, created the <a href="/wiki/Dolby_HX" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby HX">Dolby HX</a> "head room extension" system for reliably reducing tape saturation effects at high frequencies while maintaining higher bias levels.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghettoblaster-family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ghettoblaster-family.jpg/220px-Ghettoblaster-family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ghettoblaster-family.jpg/330px-Ghettoblaster-family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ghettoblaster-family.jpg/440px-Ghettoblaster-family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Radio–cassette players of the design also called "ghetto-blasters" and "<a href="/wiki/Boombox" title="Boombox">boomboxes</a>". Note the upper-left which has a built in CRT television for receiving television broadcasts</figcaption></figure> <p>Applications for <a href="/wiki/Car_stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Car stereo">car stereos</a> varied widely. Auto manufacturers in the US typically would fit a cassette slot into their standard large radio faceplates. Europe and Asia would standardize on <a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">DIN and double DIN sized faceplates</a>. In the 1980s, a high-end installation would have a Dolby AM/FM cassette deck, and they rendered the <a href="/wiki/8-track_player" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track player">8-track player</a> obsolete in car installations because of space, performance, and audio quality. In the 1990s and 2000s, as the cost of building CD players declined, many manufacturers offered a CD player. The CD player eventually supplanted the cassette deck as standard equipment, but some cars, especially those targeted at older drivers, were offered with the option of a cassette player, either by itself or sometimes in combination with a CD slot. Most new cars can still accommodate aftermarket cassette players, and the auxiliary jack advertised for MP3 players can be used also with portable cassette players, but 2011 was the first model year for which no American manufacturer offered factory-installed cassette players.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20120718_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20120718-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="cleaning_cassette"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TDK_HCL-11_20050806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/TDK_HCL-11_20050806.jpg/220px-TDK_HCL-11_20050806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/TDK_HCL-11_20050806.jpg/330px-TDK_HCL-11_20050806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/TDK_HCL-11_20050806.jpg/440px-TDK_HCL-11_20050806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>A head cleaning cassette</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio">Audio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg/170px-Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg/255px-Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg/340px-Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>A dual cassette-based <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Answering_machine" title="Answering machine">answering machine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Compact Cassette originally was intended for use in <a href="/wiki/Dictation_machine" title="Dictation machine">dictation machines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TheRegister_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheRegister-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this capacity, some later-model cassette-based dictation machines could also run the tape at half speed (<sup>15</sup>⁄<sub>16</sub> in/s) as playback quality was not critical. The cassette soon became a medium for distributing prerecorded music—initially through the Philips Record Company (and subsidiary labels <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips</a> in the US). As of 2009, one still found cassettes used for a variety of purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>, oral history, meeting and interview transcripts, audio-books, and so on. Police are still big buyers of cassette tapes, as some lawyers "don't trust digital technology for interviews".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they are starting to give way to Compact Discs and more "compact" digital storage media. Prerecorded cassettes were also employed as a way of providing chemotherapy information to recently diagnosed cancer patients as studies found anxiety and fear often gets in the way of the information processing.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cassette quickly found use in the commercial music industry. One artifact found on some commercially produced music cassettes was a sequence of test tones, called <a href="/wiki/SDR_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="SDR (audio)">SDR</a> (Super Dynamic Range, also called XDR, or eXtended Dynamic Range) soundburst tones, at the beginning and end of the tape, heard in order of low frequency to high. These were used during SDR/XDR's duplication process to gauge the quality of the tape medium. Many consumers objected to these tones since they were not part of the recorded music.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_studio">Home studio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Home studio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the simplest configuration, rather than playing a pair of stereo channels of each side of the cassette, the typical "portastudio" used a four-track tape head assembly to access four tracks on the cassette at once (with the tape playing in one direction). Each track could be recorded to, erased, or played back individually, allowing musicians to <a href="/wiki/Overdub" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdub">overdub</a> themselves and create simple multitrack recordings easily, which could then be mixed down to a finished stereo version on an external machine. To increase audio quality in these recorders, the tape speed sometimes was doubled to 3<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span> inches per second, in comparison to the standard 1<sup>7</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> ips; additionally, <a href="/wiki/Dbx_(noise_reduction)" title="Dbx (noise reduction)">dbx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Noise_Reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Noise Reduction">Dolby B</a> or Dolby C noise reduction provided <a href="/wiki/Compander" class="mw-redirect" title="Compander">compansion</a> (compression of the signal during recording with equal and opposite expansion of the signal during playback), which yields increased <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> by lowering the noise level and increasing the maximum signal level before distortion occurs. Multi-track cassette recorders with built-in <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixer</a> and signal routing features ranged from easy-to-use beginner units up to professional-level recording systems.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_dubbing">Home dubbing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Home dubbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dualdeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dualdeck.jpg/330px-Dualdeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dualdeck.jpg/495px-Dualdeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dualdeck.jpg/660px-Dualdeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>A Magnavox dual deck recorder with high-speed dubbing. Doors are open showing capstans.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most cassettes were sold blank, and used for recording (<a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(music)" title="Dubbing (music)">dubbing</a>) the owner's records (as backup, to play in the car, or to make <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">mixtape compilations</a>), their friends' records, or music from the radio. This practice was condemned by the music industry with such alarmist slogans as "<a href="/wiki/Home_Taping_Is_Killing_Music" title="Home Taping Is Killing Music">Home Taping Is Killing Music</a>". However, many claimed that the medium was ideal for spreading new music and would increase sales, and strongly defended their right to copy at least their own records onto tape. For a limited time in the early 1980s <a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Records</a> sold <a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">chromium dioxide</a> "<a href="/wiki/Island_One_Plus_One_Cassettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Island One Plus One Cassettes">One Plus One</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-island_one_plus_one_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-island_one_plus_one-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various legal cases arose surrounding the dubbing of cassettes. In the UK, in the case of <i>CBS Songs v. <a href="/wiki/Amstrad" title="Amstrad">Amstrad</a></i> (1988), the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> found in favor of <a href="/wiki/Amstrad" title="Amstrad">Amstrad</a> that producing equipment that facilitated the dubbing of cassettes, in this case a high-speed twin cassette deck that allowed one cassette to be copied directly onto another, did not constitute copyright infringement by the manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar case, a shop owner who rented cassettes and sold blank tapes was not liable for copyright infringement even though it was clear that his customers likely were dubbing them at home.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases, the courts held that manufacturers and retailers could not be held accountable for the actions of consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an alternative to home dubbing, in the late 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Personics" title="Personics">Personics</a> company installed booths in record stores across America that allowed customers to make personalized mixtapes from a digitally encoded back-catalogue with customised printed covers.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_recording">Data recording <span class="anchor" id="data"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Data recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg/220px-Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg/330px-Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg/440px-Commodore-Datasette-C2N-Mk1-Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>A C2N <a href="/wiki/Datassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Datassette">Datassette</a> recorder for <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore computers</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbatim_ST-600_XD_Streamer_Cassette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Verbatim_ST-600_XD_Streamer_Cassette.jpg/170px-Verbatim_ST-600_XD_Streamer_Cassette.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Verbatim_ST-600_XD_Streamer_Cassette.jpg/255px-Verbatim_ST-600_XD_Streamer_Cassette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Verbatim_ST-600_XD_Streamer_Cassette.jpg/340px-Verbatim_ST-600_XD_Streamer_Cassette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>A streamer cassette for data storage, adapted from the audio Compact Cassette format</figcaption></figure> <p>Floppy disk storage had become the standard data storage medium in the United States by the mid-1980s; for example, by 1983 the majority of software sold by <a href="/wiki/Atari_Program_Exchange" title="Atari Program Exchange">Atari Program Exchange</a> was on floppy. Cassette remained more popular for 8-bit computers such as the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_464" title="Amstrad CPC 464">Amstrad CPC 464</a> in many countries such as the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-pountain198501_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pountain198501-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dewitt198306_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewitt198306-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (where 8-bit software was mostly sold on cassette until that market disappeared altogether in the early 1990s). Reliability of cassettes for data storage is inconsistent, with many users recalling repeated attempts to load video games;<sup id="cite_ref-independent_rage_against_the_machine_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent_rage_against_the_machine-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Datasette" title="Commodore Datasette">Commodore Datasette</a> used very reliable, but slow, digital encoding.<sup id="cite_ref-deceukelaire198502_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deceukelaire198502-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries, including the United Kingdom, Poland, Hungary, and the Netherlands, cassette data storage was so popular that some radio stations would broadcast computer programs that listeners could record onto cassette and then load into their computer.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/BASICODE" title="BASICODE">BASICODE</a>. </p><p>The cassette was adapted into what is called a streamer cassette (also known as a "<a href="/wiki/D/CAS" title="D/CAS">D/CAS</a>" cassette), a version dedicated solely for data storage, and used chiefly for hard disk backups and other types of data. Streamer cassettes look almost exactly the same as a standard cassette, with the exception of having a notch about one quarter-inch wide and deep situated slightly off-center at the top edge of the cassette. Streamer cassettes also have a re-usable write-protect tab on only one side of the top edge of the cassette, with the other side of the top edge having either only an open rectangular hole, or no hole at all. This is due to the entire one-eighth inch width of the tape loaded inside being used by a streamer cassette drive for the writing and reading of data, hence only one side of the cassette being used. Streamer cassettes can hold anywhere from 250 kilobytes to 600 megabytes of data.<sup id="cite_ref-STR_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STR-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rivals_and_successors">Rivals and successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rivals and successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg/280px-Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg/420px-Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg/560px-Elcaset_and_Compact_Cassette_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of Elcaset (left) with standard Compact Cassette</figcaption></figure> <p>Technical development of the cassette effectively ceased when digital recordable media, such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio tape">DAT</a> and <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a>, were introduced in the late 1980s and early-to-mid 1990s, with <a href="/wiki/Dolby_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby S">Dolby S</a> recorders marking the peak of Compact Cassette technology. Anticipating the switch from analog to digital format, major companies, such as Sony, shifted their focus to new media.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, Philips introduced the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> (DCC), a DAT-like tape in almost the same shell as a Compact Cassette. It was aimed primarily at the consumer market. A DCC deck could play back both types of cassettes. Unlike DAT, which was accepted in professional usage because it could record without <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> effects, DCC failed in home, mobile and professional environments, and was discontinued in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg/220px-CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg/330px-CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg/440px-CassetteAndMicrocassette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>A Compact Cassette and a Microcassette</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">microcassette</a> largely supplanted the full-sized cassette in situations where voice-level fidelity is all that is required, such as in dictation machines and <a href="/wiki/Answering_machine" title="Answering machine">answering machines</a>. Microcassettes have in turn given way to digital recorders of various descriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the rise of cheap <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> discs, and <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">digital audio players</a>, the phenomenon of "home taping" has effectively switched to recording to a Compact Disc or downloading from commercial or music-sharing websites.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of consumer demand, the cassette has remained influential on design, more than a decade after its decline as a media mainstay. As the Compact Disc grew in popularity, cassette-shaped <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape_adapter" title="Cassette tape adapter">audio adapters</a> were developed to provide an economical and clear way to obtain CD functionality in vehicles equipped with cassette decks but no CD player. A portable CD player would have its analog line-out connected to the adapter, which in turn fed the signal to the head of the cassette deck. These adapters continue to function with <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">MP3 players</a> and smartphones, and generally are more reliable than the FM transmitters that must be used to adapt CD players and digital audio players to car stereo systems. Digital audio players shaped as cassettes have also become available, which can be inserted into any cassette player and communicate with the head as if they were normal cassettes.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Video_Cassette" title="Compact Video Cassette">Compact Video Cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cassettes" title="Digital cassettes">Digital cassettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-card" title="J-card">J-card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Cassette" title="Mini-Cassette">Mini-Cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_stereo" title="Personal stereo">Personal stereo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Rockers" title="Pocket Rockers">Pocket Rockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocassette" title="Picocassette">Picocassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Timeline of audio formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marc Masters. 2023. <i>High Bias: The Distorted History of the Cassette Tape</i>. University of North Carolina Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Common-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Common_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Common_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.obsoletemedia.org/compact-cassette/">"Museum Of Obsolete Media"</a>. 19 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503085853/http://www.obsoletemedia.org/compact-cassette/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Rewound%3A+On+its+50th+birthday%2C+the+cassette+tape+is+still+rolling&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C2148631%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nos.nl/artikel/546117-gouden-jubileum-muziekcassette.html">"Gouden jubileum muziekcassette"</a>. <i>NOS</i>. 30 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Compact+Cassette+supremo+Lou+Ottens+talks+to+El+Reg&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2013%2F09%2F02%2Fcompact_cassette_supremo_lou_ottens_talks_to_el_reg%2F%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hans-Joachim_Braun_2002,_p.161-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hans-Joachim_Braun_2002,_p.161_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hans-Joachim_Braun_2002,_p.161_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Joachim Braun, <i>Music and technology in the twentieth century</i>. JHU Press, 2002, p.161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Audio/Archive-Tape-Recording/60s/Tape-Recording-1970-11-12.pdf"><i>The Dolby stretcher — new boon for tape</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Houghton Mifflin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sony00john/page/129">129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sony%3A+The+Private+Life&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsony00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan1999" class="citation book cs1">Nathan, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XZ11jJPKQQC&q=philips+company+cassette+free+licensing&pg=PA129"><i>Sony: the Private Life</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618126941" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618126941"><bdi>978-0618126941</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sony%3A+the+Private+Life&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0618126941&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XZ11jJPKQQC%26q%3Dphilips%2Bcompany%2Bcassette%2Bfree%2Blicensing%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniel-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_D._DanielC._Dennis_MeeMark_H._Clark1999" class="citation book cs1">Eric D. 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Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936756-69-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936756-69-1"><bdi>978-0-936756-69-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassette+Mythos&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pub=Autonomedia&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-936756-69-1&rft.au=Robin+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2022" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Andrew (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=31649"><i>Media of the Masses: Cassette Culture in Modern Egypt</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2943-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2943-1"><bdi>978-1-5036-2943-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+of+the+Masses%3A+Cassette+Culture+in+Modern+Egypt&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-2943-1&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D31649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=31649"><i>Media of the Masses: Cassette Culture in Modern Egypt</i></a>. Stanford University Press. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503629431" title="Special:BookSources/9781503629431"><bdi>9781503629431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+of+the+Masses%3A+Cassette+Culture+in+Modern+Egypt&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781503629431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D31649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Alexander_Reed2013" class="citation book cs1">S. Alexander Reed (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assimilatecritic0000reed/page/113"><i>Assimilate: A Critical History of Industrial Music</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assimilatecritic0000reed/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199832606" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199832606"><bdi>978-0199832606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assimilate%3A+A+Critical+History+of+Industrial+Music&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199832606&rft.au=S.+Alexander+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassimilatecritic0000reed%2Fpage%2F113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GonzLau19-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GonzLau19_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordán_González2019" class="citation book cs1">Jordán González, Laura (2019). "Chile: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice". In Sturman, Janet (ed.). <i>The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture</i>. SAGE Publications. pp. 509–511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-1775-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-1775-5"><bdi>978-1-4833-1775-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chile%3A+Modern+and+Contemporary+Performance+Practice&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+International+Encyclopedia+of+Music+and+Culture&rft.pages=509-511&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-1775-5&rft.aulast=Jord%C3%A1n+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laura2009-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laura2009_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laura2009_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordán2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jordán, Laura (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-27902009000200006">"Música y clandestinidad en dictadura: la represión, la circulación de músicas de resistencia y el casete clandestino"</a> [Music and "clandestinidad" During the Time of the Chilean Dictatorship: Repression and the Circulation of Music of Resistance and Clandestine Cassettes]. <i>Revista Musical Chilena</i> (in Spanish). <b>63</b> (Julio–Diciembre): 212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0716-27902009000200006">10.4067/S0716-27902009000200006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Musical+Chilena&rft.atitle=M%C3%BAsica+y+clandestinidad+en+dictadura%3A+la+represi%C3%B3n%2C+la+circulaci%C3%B3n+de+m%C3%BAsicas+de+resistencia+y+el+casete+clandestino&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=Julio%E2%80%93Diciembre&rft.pages=212&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0716-27902009000200006&rft.aulast=Jord%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscielo.conicyt.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0716-27902009000200006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OmarMarco2017-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OmarMarco2017_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OmarMarco2017_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontoya_AriasDíaz_Güemez2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montoya Arias, Luis Omar; Díaz Güemez, Marco Aurelio (12 September 2017). "Etnografía de la música mexicana en Chile: Estudio de caso". <i>Revista Electrónica de Divulgación de la Investigación</i> (in Spanish). <b>14</b>: 1–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Electr%C3%B3nica+de+Divulgaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Investigaci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Etnograf%C3%ADa+de+la+m%C3%BAsica+mexicana+en+Chile%3A+Estudio+de+caso&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.aulast=Montoya+Arias&rft.aufirst=Luis+Omar&rft.au=D%C3%ADaz+G%C3%BCemez%2C+Marco+Aurelio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manuel-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manuel_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Manuel1993" class="citation book cs1">Peter Manuel (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassetteculturep00manu"><i>Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50401-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50401-8"><bdi>978-0-226-50401-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassette+Culture%3A+Popular+Music+and+Technology+in+North+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50401-8&rft.au=Peter+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcassetteculturep00manu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Retina-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Retina_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArenas2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arenas, Guillermo (16 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retina.elpais.com/retina/2019/08/13/tendencias/1565685637_246147.html">"Las cintas de casete pasan de la gasolinera a la Biblioteca Nacional"</a>. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=1995%3A+Consumer+CD-R+Drive+Priced+Below+%241000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fstorageengine%2Fconsumer-cd-r-drive-priced-below-1000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/record-and-prerecorded-tape-stores">"Record and prerecorded tape stores"</a>. <i>Gale Encyclopedia of American Industries</i>. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Record+and+prerecorded+tape+stores&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+American+Industries&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Frecord-and-prerecorded-tape-stores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225121218/http://www.lostsoundtapes.com/files/billboard_magazine.jpg">"Tape Echo: Specialty labels keep cassettes alive"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. 11 October 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sony+kills+the+cassette+Walkman+on+the+iPod%27s+birthday&rft.date=2010-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fsony-kills-the-cassette-walkman-on-the-ipods-birthday-5671670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shea, Ammon (10 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512113109/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2011/11/reports-of-the-death-of-the-cassette-tape-are-greatly-exaggerated/">"Reports of the death of the cassette tape are greatly exaggerated"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. 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Retrieved 26 October 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thevinylfactory.com/news/cassette-sales-2017/">"Cassette sales grew 35% in 2017"</a>. 5 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cassette+sales+grew+35%25+in+2017&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthevinylfactory.com%2Fnews%2Fcassette-sales-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span> The Vinyl Factory. Retrieved 26 October 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thevinylfactory.com/news/uk-cassette-sales-grew-90-percent-first-half-2018/">"UK cassette sales grew by 90% in first half of 2018"</a>. 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+cassette+sales+grew+by+90%25+in+first+half+of+2018&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthevinylfactory.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-cassette-sales-grew-90-percent-first-half-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span> The Vinyl Factory. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dansbandsbloggen.se/2006/05/vad-hnder-med-dansbandsutgivningen-nr.html">the original</a> on 20 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vad+h%C3%A4nder+med+dansbandsutgivningen+n%C3%A4r+Bert+s%C3%A4ljer%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dansbandsbloggen.se%2F2006%2F05%2Fvad-hnder-med-dansbandsutgivningen-nr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitchfork-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitchfork_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitchfork_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/features/article/7764-this-is-not-a-mixtape/">"This Is Not a Mixtape"</a>. Pitchfork. 22 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>In a mono arrangement, each track is 1.5mm per side across the 3.8mm tape width. For stereo, the left and right tracks are only 0.6mm apiece, with 0.3mm separation to avoid crosstalk.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Happy+50th+birthday%2C+Compact+Cassette%3A+How+it+struck+a+chord+for+millions&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2013%2F08%2F30%2F50_years_of_the_compact_cassette%2F%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=dH4n8fUjtLQ">Cassette adapters are remarkably simple</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0078997A2"><i>Patent EP 0078997 A2 – Bandkassette mit einem Aufzeichnungsträger mit Magnetspur und Echolöscheinrichtungen für solche Bandkassetten</i></a>, eingetragen am 28. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jr.com/Templates/Guides/answering+machines.tem?JRSource=nsa&nsa=1#01">the original</a> on 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cassette+vs.+Digital&rft.pub=J%26R+Product+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jr.com%2FTemplates%2FGuides%2Fanswering%2Bmachines.tem%3FJRSource%3Dnsa%26nsa%3D1%2301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/phonograph-records-and-prerecorded-audio-tapes-and-disks">"Phonograph records and prerecorded audio tapes and disks"</a>. <i>Gale Encyclopedia of American Industries</i>. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phonograph+records+and+prerecorded+audio+tapes+and+disks&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+American+Industries&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fphonograph-records-and-prerecorded-audio-tapes-and-disks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJer_Davis2000" class="citation web cs1">Jer Davis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813094531/http://techreport.com/reviews/2000q3/romemp3/">"The Rome MP3: Portable MP3 player—with a twist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tech_Report" title="The Tech Report">The Tech Report</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techreport.com/reviews/2000q3/romemp3/">the original</a> on 13 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rome+MP3%3A+Portable+MP3+player%E2%80%94with+a+twist&rft.pub=The+Tech+Report&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Jer+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechreport.com%2Freviews%2F2000q3%2Fromemp3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> link)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914232605/http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/multimedia/display/camp.html">"C@MP CP-UF32/64 a New Portable Mp3-Player Review"</a>. Fastsite. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/multimedia/display/camp.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%40MP+CP-UF32%2F64+a+New+Portable+Mp3-Player+Review&rft.pub=Fastsite&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xbitlabs.com%2Farticles%2Fmultimedia%2Fdisplay%2Fcamp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACassette+tape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compact_Cassette" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Compact Cassette">Compact Cassette</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/cassette_tape" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/cassette tape">cassette tape</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">52</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="3129" data-mwtitle="En-Compact_Cassette.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/En-Compact_Cassette.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-Compact_Cassette.ogg/En-Compact_Cassette.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Compact_Cassette.ogg" title="File:En-Compact Cassette.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 23 May 2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011-05-23</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-90.org/catalogue/tapes">Project C-90</a>, a website dedicated to cassette tapes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tapedeck.org/">tapedeck.org</a>, an online collection of blank audio tape cassettes</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_box#Evolving_box_production" title="Music box">Music box cylinder or disc</a> (9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock#First_modern_cuckoo_clocks" title="Cuckoo clock">Mechanical cuckoo</a> (early 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">Music roll</a> (1883)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautogram</a> (1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone cylinder</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Perfected phonograph</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Ediphone</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Salon cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Stentor cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Le Céleste cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Gold moulded record</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indestructible_Record_Company" title="Indestructible Record Company">Indestructible record</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Amberol record</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol record</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Paradis cylinder</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé disc</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Diamond disc</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé Actuelle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edison_Voicewriter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Voicewriter (page does not exist)">Edison Voicewriter</a> (late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundScriber" title="SoundScriber">SoundScriber</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Audograph" title="Gray Audograph">Audograph</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">Long play</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_8ban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai 8ban (page does not exist)">Bandai 8ban</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved tape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefifon#1930s" title="Tefifon">Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictabelt" title="Dictabelt">Dictabelt</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Ergon" title="Tri-Ergon">Tri-Ergon</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Movietone</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Photophone" title="RCA Photophone">Photophone</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loose magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire recording</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Textophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Textophon (page does not exist)">Lorenz Textophon</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Army_RD-11B/GNQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 (page does not exist)">US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_Industries_MX-303A/ANQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 (page does not exist)">Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12875 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12875</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12877 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12877</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_265B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 265B (page does not exist)">Peirce 265B</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_330/360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 330/360 (page does not exist)">Peirce 330/360</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P51 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P51</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P55 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P55</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_special&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon special (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon special</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crouzet-Jaeger_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge (page does not exist)">Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_magnetic_disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken magnetic disc (page does not exist)">Telefunken magnetic disc</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermionic_Products_Recordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermionic Products Recordon (page does not exist)">Thermionic Products Recordon</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_Maker_Pye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Record Maker Pye (page does not exist)">Record Maker Pye</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_Synchrofax" title="Ricoh Synchrofax">Synchrofax</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">Audio High Density</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Loose (reel-to-reel)</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner#Career" title="Ludwig Blattner">Blattnerphone</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Reel-to-reel_¼"" title="Audio tape specifications">1/4" tape</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">1/2" tape</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Fullcoat magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Stripe magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Ampex's_original_8-track_recorder" title="History of multitrack recording">1" tape</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Large_format_analog_recorders" title="History of multitrack recording">2" tape</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3/4%22_tape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3/4" tape (page does not exist)">3/4" tape</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">3" tape</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loewe_(electronics)#Company_history" title="Loewe (electronics)">Optaphon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_Echo-matic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino Echo-matic (page does not exist)">Cousino Echo-matic</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Message_repeater_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Message repeater cartridge (page does not exist)">Mohawk Message repeater cartridge</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Midgetape_RL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Midgetape RL (page does not exist)">Mohawk Midgetape RL</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Dictet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Dictet (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Dictet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rediffusion_Reditune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rediffusion Reditune (page does not exist)">Rediffusion Reditune</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saba_Sabafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saba Sabafon (page does not exist)">Saba Sabafon</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3581 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3581</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Attach%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Attaché (page does not exist)">Protona Attaché</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelipac" title="Fidelipac">Fidelipac</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_MR-9000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino MR-9000 (page does not exist)">Cousino MR-9000</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Magnabelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM Magnabelt (page does not exist)">IBM Magnabelt</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Travel_master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Travel master (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Travel master</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Vity_cassette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Vity cassette (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Vity cassette</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_Cassette_LFH_0084&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 (page does not exist)">Grundig Cassette LFH 0084</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrtronic_Tapette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrtronic Tapette (page does not exist)">Orrtronic Tapette</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Tape#Trade_names" title="Scotch Tape">3M Scotch</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cousino" title="Bernard Cousino">Cousino Echo-matic II</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo-Pak" title="Stereo-Pak">Stereo-Pak</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3583&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3583 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3583</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_En3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig En3 (page does not exist)">Grundig En3</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabamobil" title="Sabamobil">Sabamobil</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo_Micro_Pack_35" title="Sanyo Micro Pack 35">Micro pack 35</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assmann-Stuzzi_Memocord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord (page does not exist)">Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_700" title="Cantata 700">Cantata 700</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-International" title="DC-International">DC-International</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Memo-call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Memo-call (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Memo-call</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayTape" title="PlayTape">PlayTape</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntz_Stereo_Mini-twin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntz Stereo Mini-twin (page does not exist)">Muntz Stereo Mini-twin</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_DeJ614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig DeJ614 (page does not exist)">Grundig DeJ614</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">Microcassette</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanyo_Tape_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanyo Tape cartridge (page does not exist)">Sanyo Tape cartridge</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiPac" title="HiPac">HiPac</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steno-Cassette" title="Steno-Cassette">Steno-Cassette</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette DL</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitol_Records_Audiopak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitol Records Audiopak (page does not exist)">Capitol Records Audiopak</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcaset" title="Elcaset">Elcaset</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_micro_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai micro cartridge (page does not exist)">Bandai micro cartridge</a> (late 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocassette" title="Picocassette">Picocassette</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Rockers" title="Pocket Rockers">Pocket Rockers</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soundstream#Digital_Tape_Recorder" title="Soundstream">Soundstream</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProDigi" title="ProDigi">X80/ProDigi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Stationary_Head" title="Digital Audio Stationary Head">DASH</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DA-88" title="DA-88">DA-88/DTRS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT_(cassette)" title="NT (cassette)">NT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">DD</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Digital_Sound" title="Cinema Digital Sound">CDS</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_CD-BGM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips CD-BGM (page does not exist)">Philips CD-BGM</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCD" class="mw-redirect" title="HDCD">HDCD</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-Audio">BD-Audio</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">HFPA</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA-CD</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Electronic circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a> (late 1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HitClips" title="HitClips">HitClips</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaboom_Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaboom Box (page does not exist)">Yaboom Box</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takara_E-kara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takara E-kara (page does not exist)">Takara E-kara</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toymax_VJ_Starz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toymax VJ Starz (page does not exist)">Toymax VJ Starz</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive#Media_storage_and_marketing" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital#Music_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">MicroSD</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-cassette">Mini-cassette</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Artists_Compact_LaserDisc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc (page does not exist)">Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAT" title="ADAT">ADAT</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl emulation software">Timecode vinyl</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magnetic-tape_data_storage_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magnetic_tape_data_formats" title="Template:Magnetic tape data formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magnetic_tape_data_formats" title="Template talk:Magnetic tape data formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magnetic_tape_data_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magnetic tape data formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magnetic-tape_data_storage_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic-tape_data_storage" title="Magnetic-tape data storage">Magnetic-tape data storage</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wide (19–25.4 mm)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_7340" title="IBM 7340">IBM 7340</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LINC#LINCTape" title="LINC">LINCtape</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECtape" title="DECtape">DECtape</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_data_storage#IBM_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">CDC 626</a> (1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Half inch (12.7 mm)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNISERVO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNISERVO">UNISERVO</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_7-track" title="IBM 7-track">IBM 7-track</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TX-2_Tape_System" title="TX-2 Tape System">TX-2 Tape System</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-track_tape" title="9-track tape">9-track</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_3480_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 3480 Family">IBM 3480</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Linear_Tape" title="Digital Linear Tape">DLT</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_3590" title="IBM 3590">IBM 3590</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorageTek_tape_formats" title="StorageTek tape formats">T9840</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorageTek_tape_formats" title="StorageTek tape formats">T9940</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape-Open" title="Linear Tape-Open">LTO Ultrium</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_3592" title="IBM 3592">IBM 3592</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorageTek_tape_formats" title="StorageTek tape formats">T10000</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight millimeter (8 mm)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travan" title="Travan">Travan</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Magstar_MP_3570" title="IBM Magstar MP 3570">IBM 3570 MP</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Digital_Recording" title="Advanced Digital Recording">ADR</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quarter inch (6.35 mm)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quarter-inch_cartridge" title="Quarter-inch cartridge">QIC</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Linear_Recording" title="Scalable Linear Recording">SLR</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditto_(drive)" title="Ditto (drive)">Ditto</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Eighth" (0.15) inch (3.81 mm)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D/CAS" title="D/CAS">D/CAS</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_standard" title="Kansas City standard">KC standard, Compact Cassette</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC100" title="DC100">DC100</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbell_Cassette_Interface" title="Tarbell Cassette Interface">Tarbell Cassette Interface</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Datasette" title="Commodore Datasette">Commodore Datasette</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECtape#DECtape_II" title="DECtape">DECtape II</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_cassette_tape" title="IBM cassette tape">IBM PC Cassette</a> (1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stringy (1.58–1.9 mm)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exatron_Stringy_Floppy" title="Exatron Stringy Floppy">Exatron Stringy Floppy</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Microdrive" title="ZX Microdrive">ZX Microdrive</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QL_Microdrive" class="mw-redirect" title="QL Microdrive">QL Microdrive</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotronics_Wafadrive" title="Rotronics Wafadrive">Rotronics Wafadrive</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Three quarter inch (19 mm)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sony <a href="/wiki/Digital_Instrumentation_Recorder" title="Digital Instrumentation Recorder">DIR</a> (19xx)</li> <li>Ampex <a href="/wiki/Data_Storage_Technology" title="Data Storage Technology">DST</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Half inch (12.7 mm)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArVid" title="ArVid">ArVid</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorageTek_tape_formats" title="StorageTek tape formats">Redwood SD-3</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Tape_Format" title="Digital Tape Format">DTF</a> (19xx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Intelligent_Tape" title="Advanced Intelligent Tape">SAIT</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight millimeter (8 mm)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data8" title="Data8">Data8</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data8#Mammoth" title="Data8">Mammoth</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Intelligent_Tape" title="Advanced Intelligent Tape">AIT</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXA" title="VXA">VXA</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four millimeter (3.81 mm)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Data_Storage" title="Digital Data Storage">DDS/DAT</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philips" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philips" title="Template:Philips"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philips" title="Template talk:Philips"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philips" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philips"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philips" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions and<br />subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Consumer_Lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Consumer Lifestyle">Philips Consumer Lifestyle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saeco" title="Saeco">Saeco</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philips Healthcare <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Avent" title="Philips Avent">Philips Avent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respironics" title="Respironics">Respironics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Goldway_Industrial" title="Shenzhen Goldway Industrial">Shenzhen Goldway Industrial</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corporate Technologies</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Former and<br />defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquavista" title="Liquavista">Liquavista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox">Magnavox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signify_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signify (company)">Philips Lighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Lumileds_Lighting_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Lumileds Lighting Company">Philips Lumileds Lighting Company</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Natuurkundig_Laboratorium" title="Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium">Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_Records" title="Fontana Records">Fontana Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Classics_Records" title="Philips Classics Records">Philips Classics Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolyGram_Entertainment" title="PolyGram Entertainment">PolyGram Filmed Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo_Records" title="Vertigo Records">Vertigo Records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures and<br />shareholdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors" title="NXP Semiconductors">NXP Semiconductors</a> <small>(19.9%)</small></li> <li>Philips-Neusoft Medical Systems <small>(51%)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Former and<br />defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASML_Holding" title="ASML Holding">ASML Holding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Television_Systems_Inc." title="Broadcast Television Systems Inc.">Broadcast Television Systems Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig" title="Grundig">Grundig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG.Philips_Displays" title="LG.Philips Displays">LG.Philips Displays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG.Philips_LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LG.Philips LCD">LG.Philips LCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantz" title="Marantz">Marantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navteq" title="Navteq">Navteq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Unified_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Unified Solutions">NEC Philips Unified Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Consumer_Communications" title="Philips Consumer Communications">Philips Consumer Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP_Vision" title="TP Vision">TP Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSMC" title="TSMC">TSMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_on_Silicon_Manufacturing" title="Systems on Silicon Manufacturing">SSMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumileds" title="Lumileds">Lumileds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands, <a href="/wiki/Category:Philips_products" title="Category:Philips products">products</a> <br /> and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilight" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambilight">Ambilight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Hue" title="Philips Hue">Hue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Norelco" title="Philips Norelco">Norelco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Cinema_21:9_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Cinema 21:9 TV">Philips Cinema 21:9 TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_GoGear" title="Philips GoGear">Philips GoGear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Intimate_Massager" title="Philips Intimate Massager">Philips Intimate Massager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senseo" title="Senseo">Senseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShoqBox" title="ShoqBox">ShoqBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonicare" title="Sonicare">Sonicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamium" title="Streamium">Streamium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimension" title="Trimension">Trimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Content_Protection_System" title="Video Content Protection System">Video Content Protection System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Videopac" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Videopac">Philips Videopac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_P2000" title="Philips P2000">P2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VG5000" title="Philips VG5000">VG5000μ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VG_8000" title="Philips VG 8000">VG-8000</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philips_VG_8000#Philips_VG_8010" title="Philips VG 8000">8010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VG-8020" title="Philips VG-8020">VG-8020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_:YES" title="Philips :YES">Philips :YES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VideoWriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips VideoWriter">Philips VideoWriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VG-8230" title="Philips VG-8230">VG-8230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_VG-8235" title="Philips VG-8235">VG-8235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_NMS_8220" title="Philips NMS 8220">NMS 8220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_NMS_8245" title="Philips NMS 8245">NMS 8245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMS-8250" title="NMS-8250">NMS 8250/8255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_NMS_8280" title="Philips NMS 8280">NMS 8280</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">Philips CD-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Velo" title="Philips Velo">Philips Velo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Nino" title="Philips Nino">Philips Nino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philishave" title="Philishave">Philishave</a></li> <li>SpeechMagic</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cor_Boonstra" title="Cor Boonstra">Cor Boonstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_van_Houten" title="Frans van Houten">Frans van Houten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Philips" title="Anton Philips">Anton Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Philips" title="Gerard Philips">Gerard Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Philips" title="Frits Philips">Frits Philips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evoluon" title="Evoluon">Evoluon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tech_Campus_Eindhoven" title="High Tech Campus Eindhoven">High Tech Campus Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips Arena">Philips Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Stadion" title="Philips Stadion">Philips Stadion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(advertisement)" title="Carousel (advertisement)">Carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI_Licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="HDMI Licensing">HDMI Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Lecture" title="Philips Lecture">Philips Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Sports_Manager_of_the_Year" title="Philips Sports Manager of the Year">Philips Sports Manager of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebus_cartel" title="Phoebus cartel">Phoebus cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Computers" title="Philips Computers">Philips Computers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philips" title="Category:Philips">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philips" title="Category:Philips">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149757#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036993-6">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&oldid=1258956541">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassette_tape&oldid=1258956541</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1963_in_music" title="Category:1963 in music">1963 in music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1963_in_technology" title="Category:1963 in technology">1963 in technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_inventions" title="Category:20th-century inventions">20th-century inventions</a></li><li><a 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