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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NEC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NEC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>NEC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NEC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919_to_1938" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919_to_1938"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1919 to 1938</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919_to_1938-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1938_to_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1938_to_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1938 to 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1938_to_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945_to_1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_to_1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1945 to 1980</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_to_1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980_to_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_to_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1980 to 2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980_to_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2000 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Products</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Products-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Products subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laptops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laptops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Laptops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laptops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercomputers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercomputers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Supercomputers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercomputers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sponsorships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsorships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sponsorships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponsorships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports teams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NEC</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="إن إي سي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إن إي سي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="এনইসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনইসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%9A_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="НЕК (компания) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="НЕК (компания)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ان‌ای‌سی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ان‌ای‌سی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="നിപ്പോൺ ഇലക്ട്രിക് കോർപ്പറേഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിപ്പോൺ ഇലക്ട്രിക് കോർപ്പറേഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ان اى سى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ان اى سى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97" title="日本電気 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本電気" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئێن ئی سی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێن ئی سی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporation" title="NEC Corporation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="NEC Corporation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC" title="NEC – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NEC" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Japanese information technology company. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NEC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NEC (disambiguation)">NEC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/NEC_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Group">NEC Group</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">NEC Corporation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NEC_logo.svg/220px-NEC_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NEC_logo.svg/330px-NEC_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NEC_logo.svg/440px-NEC_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="82" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo since 1992</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_Supertower_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NEC_Supertower_2023.jpg/220px-NEC_Supertower_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NEC_Supertower_2023.jpg/330px-NEC_Supertower_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/NEC_Supertower_2023.jpg/440px-NEC_Supertower_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1991" data-file-height="2987" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters at the <a href="/wiki/NEC_Supertower" title="NEC Supertower">NEC Supertower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato, Tokyo</a>, Japan, in 2023</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native name</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本電気株式会社</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanized</a> name</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Nippon Denki <a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha" title="Kabushiki gaisha">Kabushiki gaisha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Nippon Electric Company, Limited (1899-1983, in English)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">TYO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=6701">6701</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data">JP3733000008<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">17 July 1899<span class="noprint">; 125 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1899-07-17</span>)</span> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/NEC_Supertower" title="NEC Supertower">NEC Supertower</a>, <div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Shiba,_Tokyo" title="Shiba, Tokyo">Shiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takashi_Niino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takashi Niino (page does not exist)">Takashi Niino</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%87%8E%E9%9A%86" class="extiw" title="jp:新野隆">jp</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>)</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takayuki_Morita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takayuki Morita (page does not exist)">Takayuki Morita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B0%E9%9A%86%E4%B9%8B" class="extiw" title="jp:森田隆之">jp</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">president</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Servers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Supercomputers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Artificial satellites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tools</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Former</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_appliance" title="Major appliance">Domestic appliances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">Batteries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">Displays</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>3.48 trillion</span> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-FY_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">¥185.01 billion</span> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-FY_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">¥149.52 billion</span> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-FY_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">¥4.23 trillion</span> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-FY_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">¥2.09 trillion</span> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-FY_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T Corporation</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, 1899-1941)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">114,714 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-FY_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC Platforms</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC Fielding</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NEC_Solution_Innovators" title="NEC Solution Innovators">NEC Solution Innovators</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">ABeam Consulting</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC Communication Systems</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC Nexsolutions</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC Facilities</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC Networks & System Integration (51.4%)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Aviation_Electronics" title="Japan Aviation Electronics">Japan Aviation Electronics</a> (50.8%)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC Corporation of America</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC Europe</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC Asia Pacific</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC China</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">NEC Latin America</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Netcracker_Technology" title="Netcracker Technology">Netcracker Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nec.com">nec<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>NEC Corporation</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本電気株式会社</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nippon Denki <a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha" title="Kabushiki gaisha">Kabushiki gaisha</a></i></span>, an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> for the <b>Nippon Electric Company</b>)</span> is a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> corporation, headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/NEC_Supertower" title="NEC Supertower">NEC Supertower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato, Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides IT and network solutions, including <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI), <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of Things</a> (IoT) platform, and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> equipment and software<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to business enterprises, communications services providers and to government agencies. NEC has also been the largest <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> vendor in Japan since the 1980s when it launched the <a href="/wiki/PC-8000_series" title="PC-8000 series">PC-8000 series</a>; it currently operates its domestic PC business in a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NEC was the world's fourth-largest PC manufacturer by 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> business unit was the world's largest semiconductor company by annual revenue from 1985 to 1992, the second largest in 1995, one of the top three in 2000, and one of the top 10 in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NEC spun off its semiconductor business to <a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elpida_Memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Elpida Memory">Elpida Memory</a>. Once Japan's major electronics company, NEC has largely withdrawn from manufacturing since the beginning of the 21st century. </p><p>NEC was #463 on the 2017 Fortune 500 list.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NEC is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Group</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NEC">NEC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: NEC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kunihiko_Iwadare" title="Kunihiko Iwadare">Kunihiko Iwadare</a> and Takeshiro Maeda established Nippon Electric Limited Partnership on August 31, 1898, by using facilities that they had bought from Miyoshi Electrical Manufacturing Company. Iwadare acted as the representative partner; Maeda handled company sales. <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a>, which had an interest in the Japanese phone market, was represented by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Tenney_Carleton" title="Walter Tenney Carleton">Walter Tenney Carleton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carleton was also responsible for the renovation of the Miyoshi facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was agreed that the partnership would be reorganized as a joint-stock company when the treaty would allow it. On July 17, 1899, the revised treaty between Japan and the United States went into effect. Nippon Electric Company, Limited was organized the same day as Western Electric Company to become the first Japanese <a href="/wiki/Joint-venture" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint-venture">joint-venture</a> with foreign capital.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iwadare was named managing director. Ernest Clement and Carleton were named as directors. Maeda and Mototeru Fujii were assigned to be auditors. Iwadare, Maeda, and Carleton handled the overall management.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company started with the production, sales, and maintenance of telephones and <a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">switches</a>. NEC modernized the production facilities with the construction of the Mita Plant in 1901 at Mita Shikokumachi. It was completed in December 1902. </p><p>The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications">Ministry of Communications</a> adopted a new technology in 1903: the common battery <a href="/wiki/Telephone_switchboard" title="Telephone switchboard">switchboard</a> supplied by NEC. The common battery switchboards powered the subscriber phone, eliminating the need for a permanent magnet generator in each subscriber's phone. The switchboards were initially imported, but were manufactured locally by 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NEC started exporting <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">telephone sets</a> to China in 1904. In 1905, <a href="/wiki/Kunihiko_Iwadare" title="Kunihiko Iwadare">Iwadare</a> visited Western Electric in the U.S. to see their management and production control. On his return to Japan, he discontinued the "oyakata" system of sub-contracting and replaced it with a new system where managers and employees were all direct employees of the company. Inefficiency was also removed from the production process. The company paid higher salaries with incentives for efficiency. New accounting and cost controls were put in place, and time clocks was installed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1899 and 1907 the number of telephone subscribers in Japan rose from 35,000 to 95,000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NEC entered the China market in 1908 with the implementation of the telegraph treaty between Japan and China. They also entered the Korean market, setting up an office in Seoul in January 1908. During the period from 1907 to 1912 sales rose from 1.6 million yen to 2 million yen. The expansion of the Japanese phone service had been a key part of NEC's success during this period. </p><p>The Ministry of Communications delayed a third expansion plan of the phone service in March 1913, despite having 120,000 potential telephone subscribers waiting for phone installations. NEC sales fell sixty percent between 1912 and 1915. During the interim, Iwadare started importing appliances, including electric fans, kitchen appliances, washing machines, and vacuum cleaners. Electric fans had never been seen in Japan before. The imports were intended to prop up company sales. In 1916, the government resumed the delayed telephone-expansion plan, adding 75,000 subscribers and 326,000 kilometers of new toll lines. Thanks to this third expansion plan, NEC expanded at a time when much of the rest of the Japanese industry contracted.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1919_to_1938">1919 to 1938</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1919 to 1938"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, NEC started its first association with <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo</a>, engaging Sumitomo Densen Seizosho to manufacture cables. As part of the venture, NEC provided cable manufacturing equipment to Sumitomo Densen. Rights to Western Electric's duplex cable patents were also transferred to Sumitomo Densen.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> struck Japan in 1923. 140,000 people were killed and 3.4 million were left homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of NEC's factories were destroyed, killing 105 of NEC's engineers and workers. Thirteen of Tokyo's telephone offices were destroyed by fire. Telephone and telegraph service was interrupted by damage to telephone cables. In response, the Ministry of Communications accelerated major programs to install automatic telephone switching systems and enter radio broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1604.00148.pdf">[1]</a> The first automatic switching systems were the <a href="/wiki/Strowger_switch" title="Strowger switch">Strowger</a>-type model made by Automatic Telephone Manufacturing Co. (ATM) in the United Kingdom. NEC participated in the installation of the automatic switching systems, ultimately becoming the general sales agent for ATM. NEC developed its own Strowger-type automatic switching system in 1924, the first in Japan. One of the plants almost leveled during the Kanto earthquake, the Mita Plant, was chosen to support expanding production. A new three-story steel-reinforced concrete building was built, starting in 1925. It was modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_Works" title="Hawthorne Works">Hawthorne Works</a>. </p><p>NEC started its radio communications business in 1924. Japan's first radio broadcaster, Radio Tokyo was founded in 1924 and started broadcasting in 1925. NEC imported the broadcasting equipment from Western Electric.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion of radio broadcasting into Osaka and Nagoya marked the emergence of radio as an Industry. NEC established a radio research unit in 1924. NEC started developing electron tubes in 1925. By 1930, they were manufacturing their first 500 W radio transmitter. They provided the Chinese Xinjing station with a 100 kW radio broadcasting system in 1934. </p><p>Photo-telegraphic equipment developed by NEC transmitted photos of the accession ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a>. The ceremony was held in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> in 1928. The Newspapers <a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">Mainichi Shimbun</a> were competing to cover the ceremony. The Asahi Shimbun was using a <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> device. The Mainichi was planning to use French photo-telegraphic equipment. In the end, both papers acquired and used the NEC product, due to its faster transmission rate and higher picture quality.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929 Nippon Electric provided Japan's Ministry of Communications with the A-type switching system, the first of these systems to be developed in Japan. Nippon supplied Japan's Ministry of Communications with nonloaded line carrier equipment for long-distance telephone channels in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1938_to_1945">1938 to 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1938 to 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was described by the company as being the blackest days of its history.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938 the Mita and Tamagawa plants were placed under military control, with direct supervision by military officers. In 1939, Nippon Electric established a research laboratory in the Tamagawa plant. It became the first Japanese company to successfully test microwave multiplex communications.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 22, 1941, the enemy property control law was passed. NEC shares owned by International Standard Electric Corporation (ISE), an <a href="/wiki/ITT_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Corporation">ITT</a> subsidiary, and Western Electric affiliate were seized. Capital and technical relations were abruptly severed. The "Munitions Company Law" was passed in October 1943, placing overall control of NEC plants under military jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ueno plant was leveled by the military attack in March 1945. Fire bombings in April and May heavily damaged the Tamagawa Plant, reducing its capacity by forty percent. The Okayama Plant was totally destroyed by a bombing attack in June of the same year. At the end of the war, NEC's production had been substantially reduced by damage to its facilities, and by material and personnel shortages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945_to_1980">1945 to 1980</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1945 to 1980"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, production was slowly returned to civilian use. NEC re-opened its major plants by the end of January 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-fundinguniverse.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundinguniverse.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NEC began transistor research and development in 1950. It started exporting radio-broadcast equipment to Korea under the first major postwar contract in 1951. NEC received the <a href="/wiki/Deming_Prize" title="Deming Prize">Deming Prize</a> for excellence in quality control in 1952. Computer research and development began in 1954. NEC produced the first <a href="/wiki/Crossbar_switch" title="Crossbar switch">crossbar switching</a> system in Japan. It was installed at Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation (currently <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation</a>; NTT) in 1956. NEC began joint research and development with NTT of electronic switching systems the same year. NEC established Taiwan Telecommunication Company as their first postwar overseas joint venture in 1958. They completed the NEAC-1101 and NEAC-1102 computers in the same year. In September 1958, NEC built their first fully transistorized computer, the NEAC-2201, with parts made solely in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One year later, they demonstrated it at the UNESCO AUTOMATH show in Paris. The company began integrated circuit research and development in 1960. In 1963 NEC started trading as American Depositary Receipts, with ten million shares being sold in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nippon Electric New York (now NEC America Inc.) was incorporated in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-fundinguniverse.com_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundinguniverse.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_logo_1963.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NEC_logo_1963.svg/220px-NEC_logo_1963.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NEC_logo_1963.svg/330px-NEC_logo_1963.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/NEC_logo_1963.svg/440px-NEC_logo_1963.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption>The NEC logo used from 1963 to 1992<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>NEC supplied KDD with submarine cable systems for laying in the Pacific Ocean in 1964. They supplied short-haul 24 channel PCM carrier transmission equipment to NTT in 1965. NEC de Mexico, S. A. de C. V., NEC do Brasil, S. A., NEC Australia Pty. Ltd. were established between 1968 and 1969. NEC supplied Comsat Corporation with the SPADE satellite communications system in 1971. In 1972, Switzerland ordered a NEC satellite communications earth station. The same year, a small transportable satellite communications earth station was set up in China. Shares of NEC common stock were listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange in 1973. NEC also designed an automated broadcasting system for the Japan Broadcasting Corporation in the same year. NEC Electronics (Europe) GmbH was also established. In 1974, the ACOS series computer was introduced. The New Central Research Laboratories were completed in 1975. In 1977, Japan's National Space Development Agency launched the NEC <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_meteorological_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary meteorological satellite">geostationary meteorological satellite</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Himawari_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Himawari (satellite)">Himawari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period NEC introduced the concept of "C&C", the integration of computers and communications. NEC America Inc. opened a plant in <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a> to manufacture <a href="/wiki/PABX" class="mw-redirect" title="PABX">PABX</a> and telephone systems in 1978. They also acquired Electronic Arrays, Inc. of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> the same year to start semiconductor chip production in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980_to_2000">1980 to 2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1980 to 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_APC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/NEC_APC.jpg/220px-NEC_APC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/NEC_APC.jpg/330px-NEC_APC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/NEC_APC.jpg/440px-NEC_APC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>A 1982 <a href="/wiki/APC_series" title="APC series">NEC APC</a> microcomputer</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1980, NEC created the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NEC_%CE%BCPD7720" title="NEC μPD7720">NEC μPD7720</a>. NEC Semiconductors (UK) Ltd. was established in 1981, producing <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">VLSIs</a> and LSIs. NEC introduced the 8-bit <a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-8801" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-8801">PC-8800</a> series personal computer in 1981, followed by the 16-bit <a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-9801" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-9801">PC-9800</a> series in 1982. In 1983 NEC stock was listed on the Basel, Geneva, and Zurich, Switzerland exchanges. NEC quickly became the dominant leader of the Japanese PC industry, holding 80% market share.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NEC changed its English company name to NEC Corporation the same year. NEC Information Systems, Inc. started manufacturing computers and related products in the United States in 1984. NEC also released the <a href="/wiki/NEC_V20" title="NEC V20">V-series processor</a> the same year. In 1986, NEC delivered its SX-2 supercomputer to the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Advanced_Research_Center" title="Houston Advanced Research Center">Houston Advanced Research Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands, Texas</a>. In the same year, the NEAX61 digital switching system went into service. In 1987, NEC Technologies (UK) Ltd. was established in the United Kingdom to manufacture <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCRs</a>, printers, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitors</a> and mobile telephones for Europe. Also that year, NEC licensed technology from <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Soft" title="Hudson Soft">Hudson Soft</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> manufacturer, to create a <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a> called the <a href="/wiki/PC-Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-Engine">PC-Engine</a> (later released in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 in the North American market). Its prototype 3D spec successor, the Tetsujin was originally set to be released in 1992, but the lack of completed games pushed the launch date about early 1993, which was planned debut in Japan. While the PC-Engine achieved a considerable following, it has been said that NEC held a much stronger influence on the video game industry through its role as a leading semiconductor manufacturer than through any of its direct video game products.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NEC USA, Inc. was established in 1989 as a holding company for North American operations. </p><p>In 1983, NEC Brasil (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Brasil" class="extiw" title="pt:NEC Brasil">pt</a>), the Brazilian subsidiary of NEC, was forced to nationalize its corporate stock under orders of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian military government">Brazilian military government</a>, whereby shareholder control of NEC Brasil was ceded to the private equity group <a href="/wiki/Brasilinvest" title="Brasilinvest">Brasilinvest</a> of Brazilian investment banker <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Garnero" title="Mário Garnero">Mário Garnero</a>. Since NEC Brasil's foundation in 1968, it had become the major supplier of telecommunications equipment to the Brazilian government.<sup id="cite_ref-CidadãoKane_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CidadãoKane-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, the then Minister of Communications <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Antônio Carlos Magalhães">Antônio Carlos Magalhães</a> put NEC Brasil in financial difficulties by suspending all government contract payments to the company, whose main client was the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-CidadãoKane_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CidadãoKane-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the subsidiary in crisis, the NEC Corporation in Japan sold NEC Brasil to <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Globo" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizações Globo">Organizações Globo</a> for only one<span class="nowrap"> </span>million <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a> (US$1,000,000).<sup id="cite_ref-CidadãoKane_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CidadãoKane-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, Magalhães resumed the government contracts and corresponding payments, and NEC Brazil became valued at over 350<span class="nowrap"> </span>million US dollars (US$350,000,000).<sup id="cite_ref-CidadãoKane_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CidadãoKane-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suspicions regarding the NEC-Globo deal, which included among other things the unilateral breach of contract by Globo founder <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marinho" title="Roberto Marinho">Roberto Marinho</a> regarding the management of a regional television station in the Brazilian state of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CidadãoKane_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CidadãoKane-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took to the national stage only in 1992 during the first corruption charges against the impeached Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Fernando Collor de Mello</a>. Organizações Globo subsequently sold their shares in NEC Brazil, which hit their all-time high during the state monopoly years, back to NEC Corporation in 1999 following the break-up and privatization of the Brazilian state-owned telephone monopoly <a href="/wiki/Telebr%C3%A1s" title="Telebrás">Telebrás</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LobFSP_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LobFSP-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, the new head office building, known as the "<a href="/wiki/NEC_Supertower" title="NEC Supertower">Super Tower</a>", was completed in <a href="/wiki/Shiba,_Tokyo" title="Shiba, Tokyo">Shiba, Tokyo</a>. Additionally, joint-venture agreements were established to manufacture and market digital electronic switching systems and LSIs in China. In 1993 NEC's asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switching system, the NEAX61 (Nippon Electronic Automatic Exchange) ATM Service Node, went into service in the United States. NEC Europe, Ltd. was established as a holding company for European operations the same year. The NEC C&C Research Laboratories, NEC Europe, Ltd. were opened in Germany in 1994. NEC (China) Co, Ltd. was established as a holding company for Chinese operations in 1996. In 1997 NEC developed 4Gbit DRAM, and their semiconductor group was honored with one of the first Japan Quality Awards. In 1998, NEC opened the world's most advanced semiconductor <a href="/wiki/R%26D" class="mw-redirect" title="R&D">R&D</a> facility. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_Versa_6O1OH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NEC_Versa_6O1OH.jpg/220px-NEC_Versa_6O1OH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NEC_Versa_6O1OH.jpg/330px-NEC_Versa_6O1OH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/NEC_Versa_6O1OH.jpg/440px-NEC_Versa_6O1OH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/NEC_Versa" title="NEC Versa">NEC Versa</a> 6010H from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1996</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_Mobile_Gear_II_MCR330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/NEC_Mobile_Gear_II_MCR330.jpg/220px-NEC_Mobile_Gear_II_MCR330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/NEC_Mobile_Gear_II_MCR330.jpg/330px-NEC_Mobile_Gear_II_MCR330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/NEC_Mobile_Gear_II_MCR330.jpg/440px-NEC_Mobile_Gear_II_MCR330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>NEC Mobile Gear II MC/R330 <a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">handheld computer</a> running <a href="/wiki/Windows_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a> 2.0 (Japanese market, 1998)</figcaption></figure> <p>NEC had been the no. 1 personal computer vendor in Japan during the 1980s, but it faced increasing competition from <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seiko_Epson" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiko Epson">Seiko Epson</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_Japan_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Japan Ltd">IBM Japan</a>. Nevertheless, by the early 1990s, NEC was still the largest, having well over 50% market share in the Japanese market. Competition heated up later as rival Fujitsu started to aggressively market its computers, which were industry standard (<a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>) instead of NEC's indigenous models. </p><p>In June 1994, NEC purchased the California-based <a href="/wiki/Packard_Bell" title="Packard Bell">Packard Bell</a> company to produce desktop PCs in a common manufacturing plant for the North American market. As a result, NEC Technologies (USA) was merged with Packard Bell to create Packard Bell NEC Inc. By 1997, NEC's share was reduced to about 35%.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In decades, NEC released a new console for its predecessor <a href="/wiki/PC_Engine_SuperGrafx" title="PC Engine SuperGrafx">SuperGrafx</a>, the Japan-only <a href="/wiki/PC-FX" title="PC-FX">PC-FX</a>, a <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> system with a tower-like design; it enjoyed a small but steady stream of games until 1998, when NEC finally abandoned the video games industry. </p><p>NEC also supplied rival <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> with the <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a>-based CPU, V810 (same one used in the PC-FX) for the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/R4300i" class="mw-redirect" title="R4300i">VR4300</a> CPU for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>, released in 1995–1996, and both <a href="/wiki/SNK" title="SNK">SNK</a> updated VR4300 CPU (64-bit <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a> III) on <a href="/wiki/Hyper_Neo_Geo_64" title="Hyper Neo Geo 64">Hyper Neo Geo 64</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to former rival Sega with a version of its <a href="/wiki/PowerVR" title="PowerVR">PowerVR</a> 2 GPU for the <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a>, released in 1997–1998. After working the previous chipset on the system. NEC supplied Bandai's <a href="/wiki/WonderSwan" title="WonderSwan">WonderSwan</a> handheld console, which was originally developed by Gunpei Yokoi, with the <a href="/wiki/NEC_V20#Variants_and_successors" title="NEC V20">V30 MZ</a> CPU.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2000s, NEC manufactured dynamic RAM process chips and produced for the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> GPU, Flipper, a graphics card development by <a href="/wiki/ArtX" title="ArtX">ArtX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NEC celebrated their 100th anniversary in 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000_to_present">2000 to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaoru_Yano_cropped_2_Kaoru_Yano_and_Sebastian_Pinera_20101115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kaoru_Yano_cropped_2_Kaoru_Yano_and_Sebastian_Pinera_20101115.jpg/160px-Kaoru_Yano_cropped_2_Kaoru_Yano_and_Sebastian_Pinera_20101115.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kaoru_Yano_cropped_2_Kaoru_Yano_and_Sebastian_Pinera_20101115.jpg/240px-Kaoru_Yano_cropped_2_Kaoru_Yano_and_Sebastian_Pinera_20101115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kaoru_Yano_cropped_2_Kaoru_Yano_and_Sebastian_Pinera_20101115.jpg/320px-Kaoru_Yano_cropped_2_Kaoru_Yano_and_Sebastian_Pinera_20101115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Kaoru Yano, the previous chairman of NEC</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2000, NEC formed a joint-venture with <a href="/wiki/Samsung_SDI" title="Samsung SDI">Samsung SDI</a> to manufacture <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> displays.<sup id="cite_ref-eetimes2000_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eetimes2000-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NEC_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Electronics">NEC Electronics</a> Corporation was separated from NEC in 2002 as a new semiconductor company.<sup id="cite_ref-eetimes2002a_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eetimes2002a-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NEC Laboratories America, Inc. (NEC Labs) started in November 2002 as a merger of NEC Research Institute (NECI) and NEC USA's Computer and Communications Research Laboratory (CCRL).<sup id="cite_ref-eetimes2002b_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eetimes2002b-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NEC built the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Simulator" title="Earth Simulator">Earth Simulator</a> Computer (ESC), the fastest <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> in the world from 2002 to 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-top500gen1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top500gen1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003 NEC had a 20.8% market share in the personal computer market in Japan, slightly ahead of Fujitsu.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, NEC abandoned not only the OLED business, but the display business as a whole, by selling off their <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma display</a> business and exiting from the joint-venture with Samsung SDI. Samsung bought all of the shares and related patents owned by NEC, incorporating Samsung OLED, which subsequently merged with Samsung Display.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, NEC and <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Motors">Nissan</a> Co. Corp. started evaluating a joint venture to produce <a href="/wiki/Lithium_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium ion">lithium ion</a> batteries for <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid car">hybrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric cars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two companies established <a href="/wiki/Automotive_Energy_Supply_Corporation" title="Automotive Energy Supply Corporation">Automotive Energy Supply Corporation</a> as a result. </p><p>On April 23, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Renesas_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Renesas Technology">Renesas Technology</a> Corp and NEC Electronics Corp struck a basic agreement to merge by around April 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 1, 2010, NEC Electronics and Renesas Technology merged forming <a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a> which is set to be fourth largest semiconductor company according to iSuppli published data.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Q3 2010, NEC held a 19.8% market share in the PC market in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 27, 2011, NEC formed a joint venture with Chinese PC maker <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a>, the fourth largest PC maker in the world. As part of the deal, the companies said in a statement they will establish a new company called Lenovo NEC Holdings B.V., which will be registered in the Netherlands. NEC will receive US$175 million from Lenovo through the issuance of Lenovo's shares. Lenovo, through a unit, will own a 51% stake in the joint venture, while NEC will hold a 49% stake.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i> said the joint venture would allow Lenovo to expand in the field of <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, and NEC's Masato Yamamoto said NEC would be able to grow in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 26, 2012, NEC Corporation announced that it would cut 10,000 jobs globally due to a big loss on NEC's consolidated financial statement in line with the economic crisis in Europe and lagged in the development of smartphones in the domestic market compared to Apple and Samsung. Previously, in January 2009 NEC has cut about 20,000 jobs, mainly in sluggish semiconductor and liquid crystal display related businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013 NEC was the biggest PC server manufacturer in Japan, with a 23.6% share.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2014, NEC Corporation was commissioned to build a super-fast undersea data transmission cable linking the United States and Japan for a consortium of international companies consisting of <a href="/wiki/China_Mobile" title="China Mobile">China Mobile International</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Telecom" title="China Telecom">China Telecom Global</a>, Global Transit, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDDI" title="KDDI">KDDI</a> and <a href="/wiki/SingTel" class="mw-redirect" title="SingTel">SingTel</a>. The pipeline went online June 30, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-JapanUSA_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JapanUSA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It exited from the smartphone market in 2015 by dissolving <a href="/wiki/NEC_Mobile_Communications" title="NEC Mobile Communications">NEC Mobile Communications</a>, bailing out the other participants in the smartphone joint-venture. </p><p>In April 2017, <a href="/wiki/KEMET_Corporation" title="KEMET Corporation">KEMET Corporation</a> announced it would purchase a 61% controlling interest in <a href="/wiki/NEC_Tokin" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Tokin">NEC Tokin</a> from NEC, making NEC Tokin its wholly owned subsidiary. Once the purchase is complete, the company will change its name to "Tokin Corporation".<sup id="cite_ref-electronics_360_20170224_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electronics_360_20170224-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2018, NEC established its subsidiary, NEC X, in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>, to fast-track technologies and business ideas selected from inside and outside NEC. NEC X created a corporate accelerator program that works with <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurs</a>, start-ups and existing companies to help them develop new products that leverage NEC's emerging technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_RDX_drive_2022-08-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NEC_RDX_drive_2022-08-10.jpg/220px-NEC_RDX_drive_2022-08-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NEC_RDX_drive_2022-08-10.jpg/330px-NEC_RDX_drive_2022-08-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NEC_RDX_drive_2022-08-10.jpg/440px-NEC_RDX_drive_2022-08-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2071" /></a><figcaption>NEC <a href="/wiki/RDX_(disk)" title="RDX (disk)">RDX</a> drive with an inserted RDX disk</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 2018, <a href="/wiki/Envision_Energy" title="Envision Energy">Envision Energy</a> struck an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> and NEC to acquire their automotive battery joint venture.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2018, NEC announced that it would acquire <a href="/wiki/KMD_(company)" title="KMD (company)">KMD</a>, the largest Danish IT company, for $1.2 billion to strengthen its digital government business.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NEC sold its sixty-year-old <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a> business in April 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2019, NEC is the largest supplier of AI surveillance technology in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first half of 2020, NEC sold a majority stake in <a href="/wiki/NEC_Display_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Display Solutions">NEC Display Solutions</a>, the professional display subsidiary, to <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp Corporation</a> and decided to gradually curtail the money-losing <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a> business throughout the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the suggested banning of <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>'s <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> equipment led by the United States in 2020, being a diminished supplier, NEC was galvanized to ramp up its relatively small 5G network business to fill the void in the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">telecommunications equipment</a> markets of the United States and the United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a>, the largest carrier in Japan, invested $596 million for a 4.8 percent stake in NEC to assist this move.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2020, NEC acquired Swiss digital banking solution developer <a href="/wiki/Avaloq" title="Avaloq">Avaloq</a> for US$2.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of July 2018, NEC has 6 larger business segments—Public, Enterprise, Network Services, System Platform, Global, and Others.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has renamed its Telecom Carrier business to Network Service. </p><p>Principal subsidiaries of NEC include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Corporation_of_America" title="NEC Corporation of America">NEC Corporation of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netcracker_Technology" title="Netcracker Technology">Netcracker Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Display_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Display Solutions">NEC Display Solutions</a> of America (A <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a>-owned company as of July 2020)</li> <li>NEC Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMD_(company)" title="KMD (company)">KMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaloq" title="Avaloq">Avaloq</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_D%C3%BCsseldorf_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The European headquarters of Renesas Electronics Europe in Düsseldorf, Germany (formerly NEC Electronics (Europe))"><img alt="The European headquarters of Renesas Electronics Europe in Düsseldorf, Germany (formerly NEC Electronics (Europe))" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NEC_D%C3%BCsseldorf_32.jpg/150px-NEC_D%C3%BCsseldorf_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NEC_D%C3%BCsseldorf_32.jpg/225px-NEC_D%C3%BCsseldorf_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NEC_D%C3%BCsseldorf_32.jpg/300px-NEC_D%C3%BCsseldorf_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The European headquarters of Renesas Electronics Europe in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, Germany (formerly NEC Electronics (Europe))</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JTPS-102.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force J/TPS-102 self-propelled ground-based early warning 3D radar"><img alt="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force J/TPS-102 self-propelled ground-based early warning 3D radar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/JTPS-102.jpg/127px-JTPS-102.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/JTPS-102.jpg/190px-JTPS-102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/JTPS-102.jpg/253px-JTPS-102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3455" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Japan Ground Self-Defense Force</a> <b>J/TPS-102</b> self-propelled ground-based early warning <a href="/wiki/3D_radar" title="3D radar">3D radar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_Kobe_system_center_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NEC's Kobe system center"><img alt="NEC's Kobe system center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/NEC_Kobe_system_center_02.jpg/147px-NEC_Kobe_system_center_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/NEC_Kobe_system_center_02.jpg/220px-NEC_Kobe_system_center_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/NEC_Kobe_system_center_02.jpg/293px-NEC_Kobe_system_center_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">NEC's <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a> system center</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTT_DoCoMo_FOMA_N-02C_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NTT_DoCoMo_FOMA_N-02C_01.jpg/200px-NTT_DoCoMo_FOMA_N-02C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NTT_DoCoMo_FOMA_N-02C_01.jpg/300px-NTT_DoCoMo_FOMA_N-02C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/NTT_DoCoMo_FOMA_N-02C_01.jpg/400px-NTT_DoCoMo_FOMA_N-02C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An NTT DoCoMo FOMA N-02C mobile phone produced by NEC</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_MobilePro" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC MobilePro">NEC MobilePro</a> – a handheld computer running <a href="/wiki/Windows_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a></li> <li>NEC Aspire hybrid small business phone system</li> <li>Electric vehicle batteries<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_Energy_Supply_Corporation" title="Automotive Energy Supply Corporation">Automotive Energy Supply Corporation</a>, a joint-venture between Nissan, NEC Corporation and NEC TOKIN)</li> <li>NEC mobile phone (see <a href="/wiki/NEC_e616" title="NEC e616">NEC e616</a>)</li> <li>NEC America <a href="/wiki/MultiSync" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiSync">MultiSync</a> Monitors and Fax devices1</li> <li>NEC digital cinema projector</li> <li>NEC Home Electronics (USA), Inc. / NEC MultiSpeed laptop PCs, MultiSync series PC monitors and Data Projectors</li> <li>NEC Home Electronics (USA), Inc. / TV, Projection TV, VCRs and Home Audio (CD, Amplifiers, Receivers)</li> <li>NEC Technologies, Inc. / <a href="/wiki/NEC_Versa" title="NEC Versa">Versa</a> series notebook PCs</li> <li>NEC Information Systems, Inc. POWERMATE desktop PCs</li> <li>NEC Information Systems, Inc. Valuestar / NEC POWERMATE <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_computer" title="Hybrid computer">hybrid computer</a></li> <li>NEC (Division unknown) Car Stereos and Keyless Entry Systems</li> <li>Game consoles: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Engine">PC Engine</a> (TurboGrafx-16 in the US) and all related hardware and successors; co-produced by <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Soft" title="Hudson Soft">Hudson Soft</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboExpress" title="TurboExpress">PC-Engine GT</a> (TurboExpress in the US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboDuo" title="TurboDuo">PC-Engine Duo</a> (TurboDuo in the US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-FX" title="PC-FX">PC-FX</a></li></ul></li> <li>Personal computers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC-6000_series" title="PC-6000 series">PC-6000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-6600_series" title="PC-6600 series">PC-6600 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-8000_series" title="PC-8000 series">PC-8000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-8800_series" title="PC-8800 series">PC-8800 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-98" title="PC-98">PC-9800 series</a>, also known as PC-98</li></ul></li> <li>Microprocessors: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_V20" title="NEC V20">NEC V20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_V25" title="NEC V25">NEC V25</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Defense products include: </p> <ul><li><b>J/TPS-102</b> Self-propelled ground-based <a href="/wiki/Early-warning_radar" title="Early-warning radar">early warning</a> <a href="/wiki/3D_radar" title="3D radar">3D radar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">JGSDF</a>)</li> <li><b>Broadband multipurpose radio system</b> (JGSDF)</li> <li><b>Advanced Combat Infantry Equipment System</b> [ACIES] (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">JSDF</a>) – Major subcontractor</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Howa" title="Howa">Howa</a> <a href="/wiki/Howa_Type_89#Recent_improvements" title="Howa Type 89">rifle system</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">JSDF</a>) – Major subcontractor as part of ACIES</li></ul> <p>Food </p> <ul><li>Ren AI Pan<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laptops">Laptops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Laptops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_ProSpeed" title="NEC ProSpeed">ProSpeed</a></li> <li>Versa pro type VB December 2016<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supercomputers">Supercomputers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Supercomputers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_simulator_ES2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Earth_simulator_ES2.jpg/200px-Earth_simulator_ES2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Earth_simulator_ES2.jpg/300px-Earth_simulator_ES2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Earth_simulator_ES2.jpg/400px-Earth_simulator_ES2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Earth Simulator</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1983 Announced the <a href="/wiki/NEC_SX_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC SX architecture">SX-1</a> and SX-2 supercomputers</li> <li>1989 Introduction of SX-3</li> <li>1994 First announcement of SX-4</li> <li>1999 Delivery of SX-5</li> <li>2002 Introduced <a href="/wiki/NEC_SX-6" title="NEC SX-6">SX-6</a></li> <li>2002 Installation of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Simulator" title="Earth Simulator">Earth Simulator</a>, the world's fastest supercomputer from 2002 to 2004 reaching a speed of 35,600 <a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">gigaflops</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/NEC_SX-8" title="NEC SX-8">NEC SX-8</a> in production</li> <li>2006 Announced the <a href="/wiki/NEC_SX-8" title="NEC SX-8">SX-8R</a></li> <li>2007 Announced the <a href="/wiki/NEC_SX-9" title="NEC SX-9">SX-9</a></li> <li>2011 First announcement of the NEC SX-9's successor<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013 Announced the <a href="/wiki/NEC_SX-ACE" title="NEC SX-ACE">SX-ACE</a></li> <li>2017 Announced the <a href="/wiki/NEC_SX-Aurora_TSUBASA" title="NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA">SX-Aurora TSUBASA</a> computing platform that expands the horizons of supercomputing, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data analytics.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achievements">Achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Achievements of NEC include: </p> <ul><li>the discovery of single-walled <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sumio_Iijima" title="Sumio Iijima">Sumio Iijima</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the invention of the widely used MUX-scan <a href="/wiki/Design_for_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for test">design for test</a> methodology (contrast with the <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>-developed <a href="/wiki/Level-sensitive_scan_design" title="Level-sensitive scan design">level-sensitive scan design</a> methodology)</li> <li>the world's first demonstration of the one-<a href="/wiki/Qubit" title="Qubit">qubit</a> rotation gate in solid state devices.</li> <li>As for mobile phones, NEC pioneered key technologies like color displays, 3G support, dual screens and camera modules.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Developed a facial recognition system able to detect and distinguish human faces through medical masks.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Released the first home console video game system to use compact discs, being the first widely available product to use compact discs as a platform for interactive video entertainment outside of home computer use.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sponsorships">Sponsorships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sponsorships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NEC was the main (title) sponsor of the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a> competition until 2002, when <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a> took over the sponsorship.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NEC between 1982 and 2012 sponsored the <a href="/wiki/NEC_Cup" title="NEC Cup">NEC Cup</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> tournament in Japan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>NEC between 1986 and 2003 sponsored the <a href="/wiki/NEC_Shun-Ei" title="NEC Shun-Ei">NEC Shun-Ei</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> tournament for young players in Japan. </p><p>NEC sponsored the English football club <a href="/wiki/Everton_F.C." title="Everton F.C.">Everton</a> from 1985 to 1995. The <a href="/wiki/1995_FA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 FA Cup Final">1995 FA Cup Final</a> triumph was Everton's final game of the decade-long NEC sponsorship, and Danka took over as sponsors.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NEC first time signed the deal to sponsor <a href="/wiki/Sauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauber">Sauber F1 Team</a> from <a href="/wiki/2011_Formula_One_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Formula One season">2011</a> season until <a href="/wiki/2014_Formula_One_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Formula One season">2014</a> season.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Right after Sauber, NEC continue sponsored <a href="/wiki/Force_India" title="Force India">Sahara Force India F1 Team</a> for <a href="/wiki/2015_Formula_One_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Formula One season">2015</a> season until its demise during <a href="/wiki/2018_Formula_One_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Formula One season">2018</a> season.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then NEC has sponsored for their last time its successor <a href="/wiki/Racing_Point_F1_Team" title="Racing Point F1 Team">Racing Point</a> only in 2019 season. </p><p>In April 2013, NEC became the umbrella sponsor for <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour_Latinoam%C3%A9rica" title="PGA Tour Latinoamérica">PGA Tour Latinoamérica</a>, a third-tier men's professional golf tour.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports_teams">Sports teams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sports teams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These started as <a href="/wiki/Works_team" title="Works team">works teams</a>, but over the years came to include professional players: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Red_Rockets" title="NEC Red Rockets">NEC Red Rockets</a> (women's volleyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Green_Rockets" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Green Rockets">NEC Green Rockets</a> (men's <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>)</li></ul> <p>NEC also used to own <a href="/wiki/Montedio_Yamagata" title="Montedio Yamagata">Montedio Yamagata</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">football (soccer)</a> <a href="/wiki/J._League" class="mw-redirect" title="J. League">J. League</a>, but as of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> just sponsors them along with other local companies. </p><p>The following team is defunct. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Blue_Rockets" title="NEC Blue Rockets">NEC Blue Rockets</a> (men's <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allbrands.markets/brand/price-share-stock-market-netcracker-technology-40000021553-jp3733000008/other-brands-nec-co/">"NetCracker Technology is a brand of NEC Co. (NEC1)"</a>. <i>Allbrands.markets</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allbrands.markets&rft.atitle=NetCracker+Technology+is+a+brand+of+NEC+Co.+%28NEC1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allbrands.markets%2Fbrand%2Fprice-share-stock-market-netcracker-technology-40000021553-jp3733000008%2Fother-brands-nec-co%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANEC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nec.com/en/global/about/executives/directors.html">"NEC Corporate profile Management"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEC+Corporate+profile+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nec.com%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fabout%2Fexecutives%2Fdirectors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANEC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FY-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FY_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FY_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nec.com/en/press/202404/images/2601-01-01.pdf">"Full Year Consolidated Financial Results for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2024"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+Year+Consolidated+Financial+Results+for+the+Fiscal+Year+Ended+March+31%2C+2024&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nec.com%2Fen%2Fpress%2F202404%2Fimages%2F2601-01-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANEC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nec.co.jp/profile/en/corporate_profile.html">Corporate Profile</a>." NEC. Retrieved on July 12, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nec.com/en/global/solutions/tcs/iot-network-solution/">"NEC IoT Network Solution: NEC Digital Network Transformation"</a>. <i>NEC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>NEC is #463 on the 2017 Fortune 500 list.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fortune.com&rft.atitle=NEC+Financials+and+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Fglobal500%2Fnec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANEC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason 1987, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NEC 1984, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason 1987, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NEC 1984, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nec.com/en/global/about/history.html">"history"</a>. <i>nec</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nec.com/en/press/201807/images/2001-01-01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEC+to+Revise+Operating+Segments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nec.com%2Fen%2Fpress%2F201807%2Fimages%2F2001-01-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANEC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/carreviews/firstdrives/229038/nissan_nuvu.html">"Nissan Nuvu"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PGATour&rft.atitle=NEC+becomes+umbrella+sponsor+of+PGA+TOUR+Latinoamerica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pgatour.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F04%2F24%2Fnec-latinoamerica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANEC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mark Mason, <i>Foreign Direct Investment and Japanese Economic Development, 1899–1931, Business and Economic History, Second Series, Volume Sixteen, 1987</i>.</li> <li>NEC Corporation, <i>NEC Corporation, The First 80 Years, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-931172-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-931172-01-6">4-931172-01-6</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NEC&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NEC_Corporation" title="Template:NEC Corporation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NEC_Corporation" title="Template talk:NEC Corporation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NEC_Corporation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NEC Corporation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NEC" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NEC</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions and<br />subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Corporation_of_America" title="NEC Corporation of America">NEC Corporation of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Laboratories_America" title="NEC Laboratories America">NEC Laboratories America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Software_Solutions" title="NEC Software Solutions">NEC Software Solutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microdata_Corporation" title="Microdata Corporation">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Solution_Innovators" title="NEC Solution Innovators">NEC Solution Innovators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Unified_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Unified Solutions">NEC Unified Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaloq" title="Avaloq">Avaloq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netcracker_Technology" title="Netcracker Technology">Netcracker Technology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avaloq" title="Avaloq">Avaloq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMD_(company)" title="KMD (company)">KMD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BIGLOBE" title="BIGLOBE">NEC BIGLOBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arrays" title="Electronic Arrays">Electronic Arrays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packard_Bell" title="Packard Bell">Packard Bell NEC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_Computer_Products" title="Reveal Computer Products">Reveal Computer Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenith_Data_Systems" title="Zenith Data Systems">Zenith Data Systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NEC_logo.svg/110px-NEC_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NEC_logo.svg/165px-NEC_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/NEC_logo.svg/220px-NEC_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="82" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures and<br />shareholdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaxala_Networks" title="Alaxala Networks">Alaxala Networks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(40%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anritsu" title="Anritsu">Anritsu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Aviation_Electronics" title="Japan Aviation Electronics">Japan Aviation Electronics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIGLOBE" title="BIGLOBE">NEC BIGLOBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(34%)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_NEC_Display_Solutions" title="Sharp NEC Display Solutions">Sharp NEC Display Solutions</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(34%)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Mobile_Communications" title="NEC Mobile Communications">NEC Mobile Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Unified_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Unified Solutions">NEC Philips Unified Systems</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optiarc" title="Optiarc">Sony NEC Optiarc</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products, services<br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NEC_microprocessors" title="Category:NEC microprocessors">Microprocessors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/78K" title="78K">78K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_%CE%BCCOM_series" title="NEC μCOM series">μCOM series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_%C2%B5PD7220" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC µPD7220">µPD7220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_%C2%B5PD7720" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC µPD7720">µPD7720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R4200" title="R4200">R4200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_V20" title="NEC V20">V20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_V25" title="NEC V25">V25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_V60" title="NEC V60">V60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V850" title="V850">V850</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:NEC_mobile_phones" title="Category:NEC mobile phones">Mobile phones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_e616" title="NEC e616">e616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_N343i" title="NEC N343i">N343i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:NEC_personal_computers" title="Category:NEC personal computers">Personal computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:NEC_supercomputers" title="Category:NEC supercomputers">Supercomputers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:NEC_consoles" title="Category:NEC consoles">Video game consoles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Tenney_Carleton" title="Walter Tenney Carleton">Walter Tenney Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunihiko_Iwadare" title="Kunihiko Iwadare">Kunihiko Iwadare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadahiro_Sekimoto" title="Tadahiro Sekimoto">Tadahiro Sekimoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Supertower" title="NEC Supertower">NEC Supertower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Blue_Rockets" title="NEC Blue Rockets">NEC Blue Rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Cup_(China)" title="NEC Cup (China)">NEC Cup (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Cup" title="NEC Cup">NEC Cup (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Green_Rockets" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Green Rockets">NEC Green Rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Karuizawa_72" title="NEC Karuizawa 72">NEC Karuizawa 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Red_Rockets" title="NEC Red Rockets">NEC Red Rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Shun-Ei" title="NEC Shun-Ei">NEC Shun-Ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup><i>Now wholly owned</i></li> <li><sup>2</sup><i>Sold</i></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:NEC_Corporation" title="Category:NEC Corporation">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NEC" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NEC">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:NEC_computers" title="Template:NEC computers">Computers</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:NEC_video_game_consoles" title="Template:NEC video game consoles">Video game consoles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electronics_industry_in_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Template:Electronics industry in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Electronics industry in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronics industry in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronics_industry_in_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Electronics industry in Japan">Electronics industry in Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiwa" title="Aiwa">Aiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaxala_Networks" title="Alaxala Networks">Alaxala Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alinco" title="Alinco">Alinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps_Electric" title="Alps Electric">Alps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Electronics" title="Alpine Electronics">Alpine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anritsu" title="Anritsu">Anritsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOR_(company)" title="AOR (company)">AOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Technica" title="Audio-Technica">Audio-Technica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Holdings" title="Bandai Namco Holdings">Bandai Namco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Industries" title="Brother Industries">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatEye" title="CatEye">CatEye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Watch" title="Citizen Watch">Citizen Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosina" title="Cosina">Cosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%2BM_Group" title="D+M Group">D+M Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denon" title="Denon">Denon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantz" title="Marantz">Marantz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikin" title="Daikin">Daikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denso_Ten" title="Denso Ten">Denso Ten</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Nippon_Printing" title="Dai Nippon Printing">DNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiki" title="Eiki">Eiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eizo" title="Eizo">Eizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elecom" title="Elecom">Elecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESP_Guitars" title="ESP Guitars">ESP Guitars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostex" title="Fostex">Fostex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Electric" title="Fuji Electric">Fuji Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm_Business_Innovation" title="Fujifilm Business Innovation">Business Innovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funai" title="Funai">Funai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furuno" title="Furuno">Furuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futaba_Corporation" title="Futaba Corporation">Futaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu_Photonics" title="Hamamatsu Photonics">Hamamatsu Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirose_Electric_Group" title="Hirose Electric Group">Hirose Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(company)" title="Clarion (company)">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxell" title="Maxell">Maxell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoya_Corporation" title="Hoya Corporation">Hoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanez" title="Ibanez">Ibanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibiden" title="Ibiden">Ibiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icom_Incorporated" title="Icom Incorporated">Icom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikegami_Tsushinki" title="Ikegami Tsushinki">Ikegami Tsushinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwatsu_Electric" title="Iwatsu Electric">Iwatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Display" title="Japan Display">Japan Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEOL" title="JEOL">JEOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Radio_Company" title="Japan Radio Company">JRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Remote_Control" title="Japan Remote Control">JR Propo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JVCKenwood" title="JVCKenwood">JVCKenwood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenwood_Corporation" title="Kenwood Corporation">Kenwood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawai_Musical_Instruments" title="Kawai Musical Instruments">Kawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyence" title="Keyence">Keyence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiramek" title="Kiramek">Kiramek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KO_PROPO" title="KO PROPO">KO PROPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxman" title="Luxman">Luxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabuchi_Motor" title="Mabuchi Motor">Mabuchi Motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamiya" title="Mamiya">Mamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspro_Denkoh" title="Maspro Denkoh">Maspro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melco" title="Melco">Melco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Memory_Japan" title="Micron Memory Japan">Micron Memory Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MinebeaMitsumi" title="MinebeaMitsumi">MinebeaMitsumi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumi_Electric" title="Mitsumi Electric">Mitsumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing" title="Murata Manufacturing">Murata Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutoh_Europe_nv" title="Mutoh Europe nv">Mutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakamichi" title="Nakamichi">Nakamichi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NEC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEC_Mobile_Communications" title="NEC Mobile Communications">Mobile Communications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichia" title="Nichia">Nichia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichicon" title="Nichicon">Nichicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidec" title="Nidec">Nidec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nidec_Copal_Corporation" title="Nidec Copal Corporation">Nidec Copal Corporation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Dempa_Kogyo" title="Nihon Dempa Kogyo">Nihon Dempa Kogyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Chemi-Con" title="Nippon Chemi-Con">Nippon Chemi-Con</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitto_Denko" title="Nitto Denko">Nitto Denko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKK_switches" title="NKK switches">NKK Switches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">Oki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omron" title="Omron">Omron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onkyo" title="Onkyo">Onkyo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integra_Home_Theater" title="Integra Home Theater">Integra Home Theater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Electric" title="Orion Electric">Orion Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixela_Corporation" title="Pixela Corporation">Pixela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plextor" title="Plextor">Plextor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentax" title="Pentax">Pentax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riso_Kagaku_Corporation" title="Riso Kagaku Corporation">Riso Kagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohm" title="Rohm">Rohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubycon_Corporation" title="Rubycon Corporation">Rubycon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansui_Electric" title="Sansui Electric">Sansui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanwa_Electronic" title="Sanwa Electronic">Sanwa Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCREEN_Holdings" title="SCREEN Holdings">SCREEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Sammy_Holdings" title="Sega Sammy Holdings">Sega Sammy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiko_Group" title="Seiko Group">Seiko Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_(watch)" title="Pulsar (watch)">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orient_Watch" title="Orient Watch">Orient Watch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiko_Instruments" title="Seiko Instruments">Seiko Instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimadzu" title="Shimadzu">Shimadzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shindengen_Electric_Manufacturing" title="Shindengen Electric Manufacturing">Shindengen Electric Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Corporation" title="Sigma Corporation">Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNK" title="SNK">SNK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Enix" title="Square Enix">Square Enix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Electric" title="Stanley Electric">Stanley Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Micronics" title="Star Micronics">Star Micronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stax_Ltd" title="Stax Ltd">Stax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Electric_Industries" title="Sumitomo Electric Industries">Sumitomo Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyo_Yuden" title="Taiyo Yuden">Taiyo Yuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamron" title="Tamron">Tamron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDK" title="TDK">TDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAC_Corporation" title="TEAC Corporation">TEAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Corporation" title="Tiger Corporation">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOA_Corporation" title="TOA Corporation">TOA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Electron" title="Tokyo Electron">Tokyo Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topcon" title="Topcon">Topcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniden" title="Uniden">Uniden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushio,_Inc." title="Ushio, Inc.">Ushio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wacom" title="Wacom">Wacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaesu_(brand)" title="Yaesu (brand)">Yaesu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokogawa_Electric" title="Yokogawa Electric">Yokogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zojirushi" title="Zojirushi">Zojirushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_Corporation" title="Zoom Corporation">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuken" title="Zuken">Zuken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiwa" title="Aiwa">Aiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai" title="Akai">Akai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronica" title="Bronica">Bronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinon_Industries" title="Chinon Industries">Chinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contax" title="Contax">Contax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica" title="Konica">Konica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_(brand)" title="National (brand)">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norita" title="Norita">Norita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okaya_Optical" title="Okaya Optical">Okaya Optical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Association_of_Japan" title="Electronic Industries Association of Japan">Electronic Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_Network_Corporation_of_Japan" title="Innovation Network Corporation of Japan">INCJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronic_Industries_Development_Association" title="Japan Electronic Industries Development Association">Japan Electronic Industries Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronics_and_Information_Technology_Industries_Association" title="Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association">Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="Yagi–Uda antenna">Yagi–Uda antenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Category:Electronics industry in Japan">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Nikkei_225_companies_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nikkei_225" title="Template:Nikkei 225"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nikkei_225" title="Template talk:Nikkei 225"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nikkei_225" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nikkei 225"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Nikkei_225_companies_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a> companies of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_%26_i_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven & i Holdings">7&i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advantest" title="Advantest">Advantest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEON_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="AEON (company)">ÆON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGC_Inc." title="AGC Inc.">AGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajinomoto" title="Ajinomoto">Ajinomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps_Electric" title="Alps Electric">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways" title="All Nippon Airways">ANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amada_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Amada Co">Amada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aozora_Bank" title="Aozora Bank">Aozora Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Breweries" title="Asahi Breweries">Asahi Breweries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Kasei" title="Asahi Kasei">Asahi Kasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astellas_Pharma" title="Astellas Pharma">Astellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Holdings" title="Bandai Namco Holdings">Bandai Namco Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgestone" title="Bridgestone">Bridgestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio" title="Casio">Casio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiba_Bank" title="Chiba Bank">Chiba Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiyoda_Corporation" title="Chiyoda Corporation">Chiyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubu_Electric_Power" title="Chubu Electric Power">Chuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chugai_Pharmaceutical_Co." title="Chugai Pharmaceutical Co.">Chugai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Watch" title="Citizen Watch">Citizen Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comsys" title="Comsys">Comsys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Yokohama" title="Bank of Yokohama">Concordia Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Saison" title="Credit Saison">Credit Saison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai-ichi_Life" title="Dai-ichi Life">Dai-ichi Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiichi_Sankyo" title="Daiichi Sankyo">Daiichi Sankyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikin" title="Daikin">Daikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiwa_House" title="Daiwa House">Daiwa House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiwa_Securities_Group" title="Daiwa Securities Group">Daiwa Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denki_Kagaku_Kogyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Denki Kagaku Kogyo">Denka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentsu" title="Dentsu">Dentsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Nippon_Printing" title="Dai Nippon Printing">DNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowa_Holdings" title="Dowa Holdings">Dowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebara_Corporation" title="Ebara Corporation">Ebara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai_(company)" title="Eisai (company)">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">ENEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">Fanuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Retailing" title="Fast Retailing">Fast Retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Electric" title="Fuji Electric">Fuji Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujikura" title="Fujikura">Fujikura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Financial_Group" title="Fukuoka Financial Group">Fukuoka Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furukawa_Group" title="Furukawa Group">Furukawa Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furukawa_Electric" title="Furukawa Electric">Furukawa Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GS_Yuasa" title="GS Yuasa">GS Yuasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiwa_Real_Estate" title="Heiwa Real Estate">Heiwa Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hino_Motors" title="Hino Motors">Hino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Construction_Machinery" title="Hitachi Construction Machinery">Hitachi Construction Machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Zosen_Corporation" title="Hitachi Zosen Corporation">Hitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokuetsu_Paper_Mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuetsu Paper Mills">Hokuetsu Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHI_Corporation" title="IHI Corporation">IHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpex" title="Inpex">INPEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isetan_Mitsukoshi_Holdings" title="Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings">Isetan-Mitsukoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itochu" title="Itochu">Itochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFE_Holdings" title="JFE Holdings">JFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Front_Retailing" title="J. Front Retailing">J. Front Retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JGC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="JGC Corporation">JGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway_Company" title="Central Japan Railway Company">JR Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company" title="West Japan Railway Company">JR West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Steel_Works" title="Japan Steel Works">JSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Tobacco" title="Japan Tobacco">JT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTEKT" title="JTEKT">JTEKT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajima" title="Kajima">Kajima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_Electric_Power_Company" title="Kansai Electric Power Company">KEPCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_Corporation" title="Kao Corporation">Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries" title="Kawasaki Heavy Industries">Kawasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDDI" title="KDDI">KDDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keio_Corporation" title="Keio Corporation">Keio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisei_Electric_Railway" title="Keisei Electric Railway">Keisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyence" title="Keyence">Keyence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikkoman" title="Kikkoman">Kikkoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirin_Company" title="Kirin Company">Kirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_Line" title="K Line">K Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Steel" title="Kobe Steel">Kobelco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatsu_Limited" title="Komatsu Limited">Komatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konica_Minolta" title="Konica Minolta">Konica Minolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubota" title="Kubota">Kubota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuraray" title="Kuraray">Kuraray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa_Hakko_Kirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyowa Hakko Kirin">Kyowa Hakko Kirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marubeni" title="Marubeni">Marubeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruha_Nichiro" title="Maruha Nichiro">Maruha Nichiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marui" title="Marui">Marui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsui_Securities" title="Matsui Securities">Matsui Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meidensha" title="Meidensha">Meidensha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Holdings" title="Meiji Holdings">Meiji Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Engineering_%26_Shipbuilding" title="Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding">MES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minebea" class="mw-redirect" title="Minebea">Minebea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Chemical_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings">Mitsubishi Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Corporation" title="Mitsubishi Corporation">Mitsubishi Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Estate" title="Mitsubishi Estate">Mitsubishi Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Logistics" title="Mitsubishi Logistics">Mitsubishi Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Materials" title="Mitsubishi Materials">Mitsubishi Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsui & Co">Mitsui & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Chemicals" title="Mitsui Chemicals">Mitsui Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Fudosan" title="Mitsui Fudosan">Mitsui Fudosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui Kinzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumi_Electric" title="Mitsumi Electric">Mitsumi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuho_Financial_Group" title="Mizuho Financial Group">Mizuho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_O.S.K._Lines" title="Mitsui O.S.K. Lines">MOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS%26AD_Insurance_Group" title="MS&AD Insurance Group">MS&AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_UFJ_Financial_Group" title="Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group">MUFG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murata_Manufacturing" title="Murata Manufacturing">Murata Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexon" title="Nexon">Nexon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Electric_Glass" title="Nippon Electric Glass">NEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGK_Insulators" title="NGK Insulators">NGK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichirei" title="Nichirei">Nichirei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Express" title="Nippon Express">Nippon Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kayaku" title="Nippon Kayaku">Nippon Kayaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Light_Metal" title="Nippon Light Metal">Nippon Light Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Ham" title="Nippon Ham">Nippon Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Paper_Industries" title="Nippon Paper Industries">Nippon Paper Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Soda" title="Nippon Soda">Nippon Soda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan Motor Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Chemical_Corporation" title="Nissan Chemical Corporation">Nissan Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Seifun_Group" title="Nisshin Seifun Group">Nisshin Seifun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisshin Steel">Nisshin Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissui" title="Nissui">Nissui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitto_Boseki" title="Nitto Boseki">Nittobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitto_Denko" title="Nitto Denko">Nitto Denko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompo_Japan_Nipponkoa_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings">Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomura_Holdings" title="Nomura Holdings">Nomura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sheet_Glass" title="Nippon Sheet Glass">NSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSK_Ltd." title="NSK Ltd.">NSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Steel" title="Nippon Steel">NSSMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTN_Corporation" title="NTN Corporation">NTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTT_Data" title="NTT Data">NTT Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Yusen" title="Nippon Yusen">NYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayashi_Corporation" title="Obayashi Corporation">Obayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odakyu_Electric_Railway" title="Odakyu Electric Railway">Odakyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oji_Paper_Company" title="Oji Paper Company">Oji Holdings Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKI_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="OKI (company)">OKI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuma_Corporation" title="Okuma Corporation">Okuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Gas" title="Osaka Gas">Osaka Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Metals" title="Pacific Metals">Pacific Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resona_Holdings" title="Resona Holdings">Resona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapporo Brewery">Sapporo Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCREEN_Holdings" title="SCREEN Holdings">SCREEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secom" title="Secom">Secom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekisui_House" title="Sekisui House">Sekisui House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimizu_Corporation" title="Shimizu 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href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Corporation">Sumitomo Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Electric_Industries" title="Sumitomo Electric Industries">Sumitomo Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Heavy_Industries" title="Sumitomo Heavy Industries">Sumitomo Heavy Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Metal Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Financial_Group" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group">Sumitomo Mitsui Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Trust_Holdings" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings">Sumitomo Mitsui Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Osaka Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Pharma" title="Sumitomo Pharma">Sumitomo Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Realty_%26_Development" title="Sumitomo Realty & Development">Sumitomo Realty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%26D_Holdings" title="T&D Holdings">T&D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiheiyo_Cement" title="Taiheiyo Cement">Taiheiyo Cement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Corporation" title="Taisei Corporation">Taisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyo_Yuden" title="Taiyo Yuden">Taiyo Yuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takara_Holdings" title="Takara Holdings">Takara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashimaya" title="Takashimaya">Takashimaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDK" title="TDK">TDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teijin" title="Teijin">Teijin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Electric_Power_Company" title="Tokyo Electric Power Company">TEPCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumo" title="Terumo">Terumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobu_Railway" title="Tobu Railway">Tobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toho" title="Toho">Toho</a></li> <li><a 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Japan">Yahoo! Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_Transport" title="Yamato Transport">Yamato Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yasakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokogawa_Electric" title="Yokogawa Electric">Yokogawa Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Rubber_Company" title="Yokohama Rubber Company">Yokohama Rubber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sumitomo_Group_Public_Relations_Committee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sumitomo_Group" title="Template:Sumitomo Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sumitomo_Group" title="Template talk:Sumitomo Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sumitomo_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sumitomo Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sumitomo_Group_Public_Relations_Committee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Group Public Relations Committee</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Members of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakusuikai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakusuikai (page does not exist)">Hakusuikai</a> are <b>bolded</b>. Hakusuikai is an association of the presidents of the Sumitomo companies. <br /> * <a href="/wiki/Mitsui_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsui Group">Mitsui Group</a> companies</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>*<a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Construction" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Construction">Sumitomo Mitsui Construction</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Forestry" title="Sumitomo Forestry">Sumitomo Forestry</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Densetsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo Densetsu (page does not exist)">Sumitomo Densetsu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumitomo_Group_logo_Black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sumitomo_Group_logo_Black.svg/150px-Sumitomo_Group_logo_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sumitomo_Group_logo_Black.svg/225px-Sumitomo_Group_logo_Black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sumitomo_Group_logo_Black.svg/300px-Sumitomo_Group_logo_Black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemicals and pharmaceuticals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Chemical" title="Sumitomo Chemical">Sumitomo Chemical</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Bakelite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo Bakelite (page does not exist)">Sumitomo Bakelite</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Pharma" title="Sumitomo Pharma">Sumitomo Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Seika_Chemicals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo Seika Chemicals (page does not exist)">Sumitomo Seika Chemicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rubber, glass and ceramics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Sheet_Glass" title="Nippon Sheet Glass">Nippon Sheet Glass</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Osaka_Cement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo Osaka Cement">Sumitomo Osaka Cement</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Rubber_Industries" title="Sumitomo Rubber Industries">Sumitomo Rubber Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Riko" title="Sumitomo Riko">Sumitomo Riko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Metal_Industries" title="Sumitomo Metal Industries">Sumitomo Metal Industries</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-ferrous metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Electric_Industries" title="Sumitomo Electric Industries">Sumitomo Electric Industries</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Metal_Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo Metal Mining">Sumitomo Metal Mining</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Light_Metal_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo Light Metal Industries (page does not exist)">Sumitomo Light Metal Industries</a></b> -<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Wiring_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo Wiring Systems (page does not exist)">Sumitomo Wiring Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Heavy_Industries" title="Sumitomo Heavy Industries">Sumitomo Heavy Industries</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_(S.H.I.)_Construction_Machinery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo (S.H.I.) Construction Machinery (page does not exist)">Sumitomo (S.H.I.) Construction Machinery </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Precision_Products" title="Sumitomo Precision Products">Sumitomo Precision Products</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electrical equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NEC</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissin_Electric" title="Nissin Electric">Nissin Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meidensha" title="Meidensha">Meidensha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Corporation">Sumitomo Corporation</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumikin_Bussan_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumikin Bussan Corporation (page does not exist)">Sumikin Bussan Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance and insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>*<a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Banking_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation">Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Trust_and_Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo Trust and Banking">Sumitomo Trust and Banking</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Life" title="Sumitomo Life">Sumitomo Life</a></b></li> <li><b>*<a href="/wiki/MS%26AD_Insurance_Group" title="MS&AD Insurance Group">MS&AD Insurance Group</a></b></li> <li>*<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Mitsui_Card&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Card (page does not exist)">Sumitomo Mitsui Card</a></li> <li>*<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Mitsui_Finance_and_Leasing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing (page does not exist)">Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing </a></li> <li>*<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Mitsui_Auto_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Auto Service (page does not exist)">Sumitomo Mitsui Auto Service</a></li> <li>*<a href="/w/index.php?title=SMBC_Friend_Securities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMBC Friend Securities (page does not exist)">SMBC Friend Securities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Real estate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Realty_%26_Development" title="Sumitomo Realty & Development">Sumitomo Realty & Development</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport and warehousing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Warehouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo Warehouse (page does not exist)">Sumitomo Warehouse</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information and communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumisho_Computer_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumisho Computer Systems (page does not exist)">Sumisho Computer Systems</a></li> <li>*<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan Research Institute (page does not exist)">Japan Research Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_zaibatsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo zaibatsu (page does not exist)">Sumitomo zaibatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo family (page does not exist)">Sumitomo family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_personal_computer,_server,_and_mainframe_hardware_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_computer_hardware_companies" title="Template:Major computer hardware companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_computer_hardware_companies" title="Template talk:Major computer hardware companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_computer_hardware_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major computer hardware companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_personal_computer,_server,_and_mainframe_hardware_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major personal computer, server, and mainframe hardware companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal computers<br />and servers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-Star_International" title="Micro-Star International">MSI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razer_Inc." title="Razer Inc.">Razer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dynabook_Inc." title="Dynabook Inc.">Dynabook</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaio" title="Vaio">Vaio</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Servers_only" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Servers only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_EMC" title="Dell EMC">Dell EMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">HPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspur" title="Inspur">Inspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainframes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">HPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_information_technology_companies_by_revenue" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest information technology companies by revenue">Largest IT companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">Computer hardware manufacturers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Home_computer_hardware_companies" title="Category:Home computer hardware companies">Home computer hardware companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Server_hardware" title="Category:Server hardware">Server hardware</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Mainframe_computers" title="Category:Mainframe computers">Mainframe computers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_information_technology_consulting_and_outsourcing_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_information_technology_consulting_and_outsourcing_companies" title="Template:Major information technology consulting and outsourcing companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_information_technology_consulting_and_outsourcing_companies" title="Template talk:Major information technology consulting and outsourcing companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_information_technology_consulting_and_outsourcing_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major information technology consulting and outsourcing companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_information_technology_consulting_and_outsourcing_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_consulting" title="Information technology consulting">information technology consulting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atos" title="Atos">Atos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton" title="Booz Allen Hamilton">Booz Allen Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMC_Software" title="BMC Software">BMC Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Global_Services" title="BT Global Services">BT Global Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACI" title="CACI">CACI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capgemini" title="Capgemini">Capgemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGI_Inc." title="CGI Inc.">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognizant" title="Cognizant">Cognizant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computacenter" title="Computacenter">Computacenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduent" title="Conduent">Conduent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_China" title="Digital China">Digital China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DXC_Technology" title="DXC Technology">DXC Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="HCL Technologies">HCL Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Consulting" title="Hitachi Consulting">Hitachi Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Consulting" title="IBM Consulting">IBM Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Sistemas" title="Indra Sistemas">Indra Sistemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infor" title="Infor">Infor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPMG" title="KPMG">KPMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leidos" title="Leidos">Leidos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTT_Data" title="NTT Data">NTT Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Business_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Business Services">Orange Business Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Systems" title="T-Systems">T-Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Mahindra" title="Tech Mahindra">Tech Mahindra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wipro" title="Wipro">Wipro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_networking_hardware_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_networking_hardware_companies" title="Template:Major networking hardware companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_networking_hardware_companies" title="Template talk:Major networking hardware companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_networking_hardware_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major networking hardware companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_networking_hardware_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">networking hardware</a> companies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Companies with an annual revenue of over US$3 billion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arista_Networks" title="Arista Networks">Arista Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_EMC" title="Dell EMC">Dell EMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_Networks" title="Juniper Networks">Juniper Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_Solutions" title="Motorola Solutions">Motorola Solutions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Electric" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Electric" title="Template:Western Electric"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Electric" title="Template talk:Western Electric"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Electric" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Electric"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Electric" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlestick_telephone" title="Candlestick telephone">Candlestick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_hand_telephone_sets" title="Western Electric hand telephone sets">202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_302_telephone" title="Model 302 telephone">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_5302_telephone" title="Model 5302 telephone">5302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_500_telephone" title="Model 500 telephone">500/1500/2500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_telephone" title="Princess telephone">Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimline_telephone" title="Trimline telephone">Trimline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Line_telephone" title="Design Line telephone">Design Line telephones</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Electric_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Western_Electric_logo.svg/150px-Western_Electric_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Western_Electric_logo.svg/225px-Western_Electric_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Western_Electric_logo.svg/300px-Western_Electric_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Switching systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panel_switch" title="Panel switch">Panel switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_One_Crossbar_Switching_System" title="Number One Crossbar Switching System">1XB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_Five_Crossbar_Switching_System" title="Number Five Crossbar Switching System">5XB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1ESS_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="1ESS switch">1ESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5ESS_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="5ESS switch">5ESS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Orthophonic_Victrola" title="Victor Orthophonic Victrola">Orthophonic recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTMF" title="DTMF">Touch-Tone / DTMF </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">American Telephone & Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Technologies" title="AT&T Technologies">AT&T Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graybar" title="Graybar">Graybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bell_Telephone_Company" title="International Bell Telephone Company">IBTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucent_Technologies" title="Lucent Technologies">Lucent Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nippon Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Northern Electric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Electric" title="Automatic Electric">Automatic Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTE" title="GTE">GTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITT_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="ITT Inc">ITT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Switchboard_%26_Supply_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromberg-Carlson" title="Stromberg-Carlson">Stromberg-Carlson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_System_Practices" title="Bell System Practices">Bell System Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Eastland#The_Eastland_disaster" title="SS Eastland">Eastland disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_Works" title="Hawthorne Works">Hawthorne Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dreyfuss" title="Henry Dreyfuss">Henry Dreyfuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219203#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219203#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219203#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000417565040">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131203492">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/272616-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80062921">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12380012m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12380012m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00293447">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36169560">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nihon Denki Kabushiki Kaisha"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2009549502&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007570652005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/10607">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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