Contribute to our online Reference Works

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <title>Contribute to our online Reference Works | De Gruyter</title>  <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/montserrat-v25-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-500.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-700.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">  <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/merriweather-v30-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-300.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-700.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">  <link rel="preload" href="/assets/stylesheets/fontawesome.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href='/assets/stylesheets/02f295d1f6a8e9c282e7831cd493e8ff-bootstrap.purged.min.css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href='/assets/stylesheets/5337b0511e7530e28f005276f70cde44-main.min.css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href='/assets/stylesheets/13761c60ba5201f465803f3005ccd7ef-fontawesome-codes.css' /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href='/assets/images/ec7d7606b4e2f3f921b5e1700948efb6-favicon.ico' /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href='/assets/stylesheets/cms/355672b87627b474f96e8e77e7e768b9-main.min.css' /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.degruyter.com/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/contribute-reference-works?lang=en" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://www.degruyter.com/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/contribute-reference-works?lang=de" />  <link rel="schema.dcterms" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"> <meta name="dcterms.rightsHolder" content="Walter de Gruyter GmbH"> <meta name="dcterms.rights" content="De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act."> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.google-analytics.com" /> <meta name="google" content="notranslate" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name="description" content="De Gruyter | 270 years of academic publishing"/> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g=="> // Define dataLayer and the gtag function. window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} function getCookieValue(name){ const regex = new RegExp(`(^| )${name}=([^;]+)`) const match = document.cookie.match(regex) if (match) { return match[2] } } // Set default consent to 'denied' as a placeholder // Determine actual values based on your own requirements const acceptCookies = getCookieValue('acceptcookies') === "true"; const defaultSettings = (acceptCookies) => ({ 'ad_storage': acceptCookies ? 'granted': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': acceptCookies ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'ad_user_data': acceptCookies ? 'granted': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': acceptCookies ? 'granted' : 'denied', }) gtag('consent', 'default', defaultSettings(acceptCookies)) </script> </head> <body data-pagecategory="static" data-foxydomain="checkout.degruyter.com"> <a href="#main" class="visually-hidden-focusable" id="skip-to-content">Skip to content</a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PMNKTQ5&gtm_auth=JraP3pn8iVUkqNIGYl03AA&gtm_preview=env-2" title="Google tag manager iframe" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <header id="mainHeader"> <div class="position-relative d-none d-md-block z-2"> <ajax-frame src="/login/banner" class="authBannerDesktop"> <div class="authBanner d-flex flex-wrap invisible auth-banner-warning"> <span class="fa fas fa-attention text-warning d-none d-md-inline"></span> <span>Should you have <strong>institutional access?</strong></span> <a href="/how-access-works">Here's how to get it ...</a> </div> </ajax-frame> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-dark bg-dark dg-navbar px-md-4 pt-3 align-items-center" aria-label="site"> <a id="homepageLogoLink" class="ga_homepage_logo navbar-brand mx-0 mx-lg-3 pe-4 py-0" href="/" aria-label='De Gruyter logo with link to home page'> <img src='/assets/images/84ad0073fb7b59ebc46b966dbf03a4bb-dg-logo-nav-search.svg' width="32px" height="64px" class="d-none d-sm-inline-block" alt="De Gruyter" /> </a> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-md-nowrap align-items-center w-100"> <div class="mainNavbarSearchContainer w-100 me-md-2 me-lg-5 mt-2 mt-md-0"> <form class="form-inline" action='/search?query='> <div class="input-group flex-grow-1"> <input class="mainNavbarSearchInput form-control input-header rounded-start py-1" type="search" aria-label='Search' name="query" placeholder='Search De Gruyter' value='' /> <div class="input-group-append"> <button class="btn btn-primary rounded-end analyticsButton" aria-label='Search' type="submit"><span class="fa fas fa-search ga_main_search_button"></span></button> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class='d-flex flex-wrap flex-md-nowrap justify-content-between mt-2 mt-md-0 '> <div class="dropdown d-flex align-items-center font-size-14"> <button class="dropdown-toggle text-white text-decoration-none mainNavbarOptionsBg p-2" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <current-currency></current-currency> </button> <div class="mt-2 py-0 dropdown-menu font-size-14" aria-labelledby="currencyPickerLink"> <select-currency currency="EUR"><div class="dropdown-item">€ EUR - Euro</div></select-currency> <select-currency currency="GBP"><div class="dropdown-item">£ GBP - Pound</div></select-currency> <select-currency currency="USD"><div class="dropdown-item">$ USD - Dollar</div></select-currency> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown show d-flex align-items-center font-size-14"> <a class="dropdown-toggle text-white text-decoration-none mainNavbarOptionsBg p-2" href="#" role="button" id="desktopLanguagePickerLink" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> EN </a> <div class="mt-2 py-2 dropdown-menu font-size-14" id="languageSelector" aria-labelledby="desktopLanguagePickerLink"> <a class="languageSelector_en ga_language_selector dropdown-item" href="/_language/en?uri=%2Fpublishing%2Ffor-authors%2Ffor-database-authors%2Fcontribute-reference-works%3Flang%3Den"> English </a> <a class="languageSelector_de ga_language_selector dropdown-item" href="/_language/de?uri=%2Fpublishing%2Ffor-authors%2Ffor-database-authors%2Fcontribute-reference-works%3Flang%3Dde"> Deutsch </a> </div> </div> <div class="cartSummary d-flex align-items-center"> <a href="" class="mainNavbarOptionsBg pe-2 d-flex align-items-center text-decoration-none"> <span class="fa fas fa-shopping-cart"></span> <span data-fc-id="minicart-quantity" class="shopping-cart-badge badge font-family-standard font-size-12">0</span> </a></div> <div id="currentLoginContent" class="d-flex align-items-center font-size-14"></div> </div> </div> </nav> <nav id="navbar" aria-label="site"> <a href='/publishing/subjects' id='mega-one-subject' aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > Subjects </a> <div class="d-none" aria-labelledby="mega-one-subject"> <div><a href="#mega-one-for-authors" class="linkAnimation visually-hidden-focusable">Skip section</a></div> <a href='/publishing/subjects' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Browse Publications By Subject </a> <div class="col dropdown-divider"></div> <div class="row my-row" id="subjectsSubjects"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AD' class="linkAnimation"> Architecture and Design </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AR' class="linkAnimation"> Arts </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AS' class="linkAnimation"> Asian and Pacific Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EC' class="linkAnimation"> Business and Economics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CH' class="linkAnimation"> Chemistry </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CL' class="linkAnimation"> Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CO' class="linkAnimation"> Computer Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CS' class="linkAnimation"> Cultural Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EN' class="linkAnimation"> Engineering </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GL' class="linkAnimation"> General Interest </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GS' class="linkAnimation"> Geosciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=HI' class="linkAnimation"> History </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IC' class="linkAnimation"> Industrial Chemistry </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IS' class="linkAnimation"> Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=JS' class="linkAnimation"> Jewish Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LA' class="linkAnimation"> Law </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LB' class="linkAnimation"> Library and Information Science, Book Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LF' class="linkAnimation"> Life Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LS' class="linkAnimation"> Linguistics and Semiotics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LT' class="linkAnimation"> Literary Studies </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MS' class="linkAnimation"> Materials Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MT' class="linkAnimation"> Mathematics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MD' class="linkAnimation"> Medicine </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MU' class="linkAnimation"> Music </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PM' class="linkAnimation"> Pharmacy </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PL' class="linkAnimation"> Philosophy </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PY' class="linkAnimation"> Physics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SN' class="linkAnimation"> Social Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SR' class="linkAnimation"> Sports and Recreation </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=TL' class="linkAnimation"> Theology and Religion </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <a href='/publishing/for-authors' id='mega-one-for-authors' aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > For Authors </a> <div class="row d-none" aria-labelledby="mega-one-for-authors"> <div class="col-12"><a href="#mega-one-services" class="linkAnimation visually-hidden-focusable">Skip section</a></div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> For Journal Authors </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/publish-your-article' class='linkAnimation'> Publish your article </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/role-of-authors' class='linkAnimation'> The role of authors </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/promoting-your-article' class='linkAnimation'> Promoting your article </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/abstracting-and-indexing' class='linkAnimation'> Abstracting & indexing </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/publishing-ethics' class='linkAnimation'> Publishing Ethics </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> For Book Authors </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/why-publish-with-de-gruyter' class='linkAnimation'> Why publish with De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/how-to-publish-with-de-gruyter' class='linkAnimation'> How to publish with De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/our-book-series' class='linkAnimation'> Our book series </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/our-subject-areas' class='linkAnimation'> Our subject areas </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4"> <a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> For Database Authors </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/digital-product' class='linkAnimation'> Your digital product at De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/contribute-reference-works' class='linkAnimation'> Contribute to our reference works </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <a href='/publishing/services' id='mega-one-services' aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > Services </a> <div class="row d-none" aria-labelledby="mega-one-services"> <div class="col-12"><a href="#mega-one-publications" class="linkAnimation visually-hidden-focusable">Skip section</a></div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> For Librarians </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/product-information' class='linkAnimation'> Product information </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/tools-resources' class='linkAnimation'> Tools & resources </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/faqs' class='linkAnimation'> FAQs </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/sales' class='linkAnimation'> Contacts </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> For Book Sellers & Library Suppliers </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/product-information-marketing-tools' class='linkAnimation'> Product Information </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/promotional-materials' class='linkAnimation'> Promotional Materials </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/orders-and-inquiries' class='linkAnimation'> Orders and Inquiries </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/faq-library-suppliers-and-book-sellers' class='linkAnimation'> FAQ for Library Suppliers and Book Sellers </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4"> <a href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Rights & Permissions </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions/repositorypolicy' class='linkAnimation'> Repository Policy </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions/freeaccesspolicy' class='linkAnimation'> Free access policy </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <a href='/publishing/publications' id='mega-one-publications' aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > Publications </a> <div class="row d-none" aria-labelledby="mega-one-publications"> <div class="col-12"><a href="#mega-one-about" class="linkAnimation visually-hidden-focusable">Skip section</a></div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-2 my-col mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Open Access </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-books' class='linkAnimation'> Books </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-articles' class='linkAnimation'> Articles </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-agreements' class='linkAnimation'> Open Access agreements </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-2 my-col mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/publications/publicationtypes' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Publication types </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=mostrecent&documentTypeFacet=book&publisherFacet=De+Gruyter%7EDe+Gruyter+Mouton%7EDe+Gruyter+Oldenbourg%7EDe+Gruyter+Saur%7EBirkh%C3%A4user%7EDeutscher+Kunstverlag%7ED%C3%BCsseldorf+University+Press%7EJovis%7EKlaus+Schwarz+Verlag' class="linkAnimation"> Books </a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=mostrecent&documentTypeFacet=journal&publisherFacet=De+Gruyter%7EDe+Gruyter+Mouton%7EDe+Gruyter+Oldenbourg%7EDe+Gruyter+Saur%7EBirkh%C3%A4user%7EDeutscher+Kunstverlag%7ED%C3%BCsseldorf+University+Press%7EJovis%7EKlaus+Schwarz+Verlag' class="linkAnimation"> Journals </a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=relevance&documentTypeFacet=database' class="linkAnimation"> Databases </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/publicationtypes/database-portals' class='linkAnimation'> Database portals </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-lg-8 my-col"> <div class="row my-row"> <div class="col-lg-12 my-col"> <a href='/publishing/subjects' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Subjects we publish </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row my-row" id="publicationsSubjects"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AD' class="linkAnimation">Architecture and Design</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AR' class="linkAnimation">Arts</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AS' class="linkAnimation">Asian and Pacific Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EC' class="linkAnimation">Business and Economics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CH' class="linkAnimation">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CL' class="linkAnimation">Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CO' class="linkAnimation">Computer Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CS' class="linkAnimation">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EN' class="linkAnimation">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GL' class="linkAnimation">General Interest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GS' class="linkAnimation">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=HI' class="linkAnimation">History</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IC' class="linkAnimation">Industrial Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IS' class="linkAnimation">Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=JS' class="linkAnimation">Jewish Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LA' class="linkAnimation">Law</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LB' class="linkAnimation">Library and Information Science, Book Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LF' class="linkAnimation">Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LS' class="linkAnimation">Linguistics and Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LT' class="linkAnimation">Literary Studies</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MS' class="linkAnimation">Materials Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MT' class="linkAnimation">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MD' class="linkAnimation">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MU' class="linkAnimation">Music</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PM' class="linkAnimation">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PL' class="linkAnimation">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PY' class="linkAnimation">Physics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SN' class="linkAnimation">Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SR' class="linkAnimation">Sports and Recreation</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=TL' class="linkAnimation">Theology and Religion</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href='/publishing/about-us' id='mega-one-about' aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > About </a> <div class="row d-none" aria-labelledby="mega-one-about"> <div class="col-12"><a href="#main" class="linkAnimation visually-hidden-focusable">Skip section</a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 my-col mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <div class="row my-row"> <div class="col-lg-12 my-col justify-content-start"> <a href='/publishing/about-us/contact' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Contact </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row my-row"> <div class="col-6 my-col"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-for-authors' class='linkAnimation'> For Authors </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-customer-services' class='linkAnimation'> Customer service </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-hr' class='linkAnimation'> People + Culture </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/press' class='linkAnimation'> Press </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/sales' class='linkAnimation'> Sales </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/journal-management' class='linkAnimation'> Journal Management </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-6 my-col"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/partner-publishers' class='linkAnimation'> Partner Publishers </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-openaccess' class='linkAnimation'> Open Access </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/advertising' class='linkAnimation'> Advertising </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/review-copies' class='linkAnimation'> Review Copies </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/inspection-copies' class='linkAnimation'> Inspection Copies </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/legal' class='linkAnimation'> Legal </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-lg-2 my-col"> <a href='/publishing/about-us/careers' class="fw-bold linkAnimation">Career</a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/how-to-join' class='linkAnimation'> How to join us </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/vacancies' class='linkAnimation'> Vacancies </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/working-at-dg' class='linkAnimation'> Working at De Gruyter </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-lg-2 my-col"> <a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> About De Gruyter </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/vision-mission' class='linkAnimation'> Mission & Vision </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/our-imprints' class='linkAnimation'> Imprints </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/history' class='linkAnimation'> History </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/dg-foundation' class='linkAnimation'> De Gruyter Foundation </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/degruyter-ebound' class='linkAnimation'> De Gruyter Ebound </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/locations' class='linkAnimation'> Locations </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/our-responsibility' class='linkAnimation'> Our Responsibility </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-lg-2 my-col"> <a href='/publishing/about-us/publisher-partners' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Partnerships </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/publisher-partners' class='linkAnimation'> Partner publishers </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/press' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> Press </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/faqs' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> FAQs </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/subscribe-newsletter' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> Newsletter </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="position-relative d-md-none d-block z-2"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-dark bg-dark dg-navbar p-3 align-items-center" aria-label="site"> <span class="pe-2"> <dg-toggle target="megaMenu" state="open"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggler border-0 px-1 ml--1" aria-controls="megaMenu" aria-label='Display site navigation, currency and language options'> <span class="fa fas fa-hamburger-icon text-white hamburgerIcon"></span> </button> </dg-toggle> </span> <span class="flex-grow-2"> <a id="homepageLogoLinkMobile" class="ga_homepage_logo navbar-brand mx-0 py-0" href="/" aria-label='De Gruyter logo with link to home page'> <img src='/assets/images/b8fcea517b20e08ecf20a1c14e8b5dfb-dg-logo-nav-small.svg' alt="De Gruyter" /> </a> </span> <span> <div class="cartSummary d-inline-block"> <a href="" class="mainNavbarOptionsBg pe-2 d-flex align-items-center text-decoration-none"> <span class="fa fas fa-shopping-cart"></span> <span data-fc-id="minicart-quantity" class="shopping-cart-badge badge font-family-standard font-size-12">0</span> </a></div> <button id="navbarProfileBtn" class="navbar-toggler border-0 px-1 collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarProfile" aria-controls="navbarProfile" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="fa fas fa-solid fa-user text-white"></span> <span class="fa fas fa-solid fa-close-icon text-white"></span> </button> </span> <div class="mainNavbarSearchContainer w-100 me-md-2 me-lg-5 mt-2 mt-md-0"> <form class="form-inline" action='/search?query='> <div class="input-group flex-grow-1"> <input class="mainNavbarSearchInput form-control input-header rounded-start py-1" type="search" aria-label='Search' name="query" placeholder='Search De Gruyter' value='' /> <div class="input-group-append"> <button class="btn btn-primary rounded-end analyticsButton" aria-label='Search' type="submit"><span class="fa fas fa-search ga_main_search_button"></span></button> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div id="wrap"> <div class="accordion-collapse collapse accordion navbar-collapse" data-bs-parent="#wrap" id="navbarProfile"> <div id="mobileLoginContent" class="mt-3"></div> <ajax-frame src="/login/banner" class="authBannerMobile mb-3"></ajax-frame> </div> </div> </nav> </div>  <mega-menu id="megaMenu" tabindex="-1" class="d-md-none"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <img class="logo" src="/assets/images/dg-logo-nav-small.svg" alt="De Gruyter"> <dg-toggle target="megaMenu" state="close"> <button class="btn-close" aria-label='Close Navigation Menu'></button> </dg-toggle> </div> <div class="modal-body scrollWatch"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush mega-menu-accordion" data-bs-parent="#wrap" id="mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-item"> <div class="accordion-header" id="mobileCorpMenu-headingOne"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed lvl1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobileCorpMenu-collapseOne" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobileCorpMenu-collapseOne"> <div class="button-text"> SUBJECTS </div> </button> </div> <div id="mobileCorpMenu-collapseOne" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="mobileCorpMenu-headingOne" data-bs-parent="#mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-body"> <a class="lvl2"href='/publishing/subjects' > Browse Publications By Subject </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AD' class="linkAnimation"> Architecture and Design </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AR' class="linkAnimation"> Arts </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AS' class="linkAnimation"> Asian and Pacific Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EC' class="linkAnimation"> Business and Economics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CH' class="linkAnimation"> Chemistry </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CL' class="linkAnimation"> Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CO' class="linkAnimation"> Computer Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CS' class="linkAnimation"> Cultural Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EN' class="linkAnimation"> Engineering </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GL' class="linkAnimation"> General Interest </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GS' class="linkAnimation"> Geosciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=HI' class="linkAnimation"> History </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IC' class="linkAnimation"> Industrial Chemistry </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IS' class="linkAnimation"> Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=JS' class="linkAnimation"> Jewish Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LA' class="linkAnimation"> Law </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LB' class="linkAnimation"> Library and Information Science, Book Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LF' class="linkAnimation"> Life Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LS' class="linkAnimation"> Linguistics and Semiotics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LT' class="linkAnimation"> Literary Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MS' class="linkAnimation"> Materials Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MT' class="linkAnimation"> Mathematics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MD' class="linkAnimation"> Medicine </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MU' class="linkAnimation"> Music </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PM' class="linkAnimation"> Pharmacy </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PL' class="linkAnimation"> Philosophy </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PY' class="linkAnimation"> Physics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SN' class="linkAnimation"> Social Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SR' class="linkAnimation"> Sports and Recreation </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=TL' class="linkAnimation"> Theology and Religion </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <div class="accordion-header" id="mobileCorpMenu-headingTwo"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed lvl1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobileCorpMenu-collapseTwo" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobileCorpMenu-collapseTwo"> FOR AUTHORS </button> </div> <div id="mobileCorpMenu-collapseTwo" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="mobileCorpMenu-headingTwo" data-bs-parent="#mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-body mvertical"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="services-accordion"> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors'> For Journal Authors </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/publish-your-article' class='linkAnimation'> Publish your article </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/role-of-authors' class='linkAnimation'> The role of authors </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/promoting-your-article' class='linkAnimation'> Promoting your article </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/abstracting-and-indexing' class='linkAnimation'> Abstracting & indexing </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/publishing-ethics' class='linkAnimation'> Publishing Ethics </a></li> </ul> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors'> For Book Authors </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/why-publish-with-de-gruyter' class='linkAnimation'> Why publish with De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/how-to-publish-with-de-gruyter' class='linkAnimation'> How to publish with De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/our-book-series' class='linkAnimation'> Our book series </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/our-subject-areas' class='linkAnimation'> Our subject areas </a></li> </ul> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors'> For Database Authors </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/digital-product' class='linkAnimation'> Your digital product at De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/contribute-reference-works' class='linkAnimation'> Contribute to our reference works </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <div class="accordion-header" id="mobileCorpMenu-headingThree"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed lvl1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobileCorpMenu-collapseThree" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobileCorpMenu-collapseThree"> SERVICES </button> </div> <div id="mobileCorpMenu-collapseThree" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="mobileCorpMenu-headingThree" data-bs-parent="#mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-body mvertical"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="services-accordion"> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/services/for-librarians'> For Librarians </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/product-information' class='linkAnimation'> Product information </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/tools-resources' class='linkAnimation'> Tools & resources </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/faqs' class='linkAnimation'> FAQs </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/sales' class='linkAnimation'> Contacts </a></li> </ul> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers'> For Book Sellers & Library Suppliers </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/product-information-marketing-tools' class='linkAnimation'> Product Information </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/promotional-materials' class='linkAnimation'> Promotional Materials </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/orders-and-inquiries' class='linkAnimation'> Orders and Inquiries </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/faq-library-suppliers-and-book-sellers' class='linkAnimation'> FAQ for Library Suppliers and Book Sellers </a></li> </ul> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions'> Rights & Permissions </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions/repositorypolicy' class='linkAnimation'> Repository Policy </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions/freeaccesspolicy' class='linkAnimation'> Free access policy </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <div class="accordion-header" id="mobileCorpMenu-headingFour"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed lvl1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobileCorpMenu-collapseFour" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobileCorpMenu-collapseFour"> PUBLICATIONS </button> </div> <div id="mobileCorpMenu-collapseFour" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="mobileCorpMenu-headingFour" data-bs-parent="#mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="publications-accordion"> <a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Open Access </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-books' class='linkAnimation'> Books </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-articles' class='linkAnimation'> Articles </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-agreements' class='linkAnimation'> Open Access agreements </a></li> </ul> <a href='/publishing/publications/publicationtypes' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Publication types </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=mostrecent&documentTypeFacet=book&publisherFacet=De+Gruyter%7EDe+Gruyter+Mouton%7EDe+Gruyter+Oldenbourg%7EDe+Gruyter+Saur%7EBirkh%C3%A4user%7EDeutscher+Kunstverlag%7ED%C3%BCsseldorf+University+Press%7EJovis%7EKlaus+Schwarz+Verlag' class="linkAnimation"> Books </a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=mostrecent&documentTypeFacet=journal&publisherFacet=De+Gruyter%7EDe+Gruyter+Mouton%7EDe+Gruyter+Oldenbourg%7EDe+Gruyter+Saur%7EBirkh%C3%A4user%7EDeutscher+Kunstverlag%7ED%C3%BCsseldorf+University+Press%7EJovis%7EKlaus+Schwarz+Verlag' class="linkAnimation"> Journals </a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=relevance&documentTypeFacet=database' class="linkAnimation"> Databases </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/publicationtypes/database-portals' class='linkAnimation'> Database portals </a></li> </ul> <a href='/publishing/subjects' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Subjects we publish </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AD' class="linkAnimation">Architecture and Design</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AR' class="linkAnimation">Arts</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AS' class="linkAnimation">Asian and Pacific Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EC' class="linkAnimation">Business and Economics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CH' class="linkAnimation">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CL' class="linkAnimation">Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CO' class="linkAnimation">Computer Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CS' class="linkAnimation">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EN' class="linkAnimation">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GL' class="linkAnimation">General Interest</a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GS' class="linkAnimation">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=HI' class="linkAnimation">History</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IC' class="linkAnimation">Industrial Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IS' class="linkAnimation">Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=JS' class="linkAnimation">Jewish Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LA' class="linkAnimation">Law</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LB' class="linkAnimation">Library and Information Science, Book Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LF' class="linkAnimation">Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LS' class="linkAnimation">Linguistics and Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LT' class="linkAnimation">Literary Studies</a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MS' class="linkAnimation">Materials Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MT' class="linkAnimation">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MD' class="linkAnimation">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MU' class="linkAnimation">Music</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PM' class="linkAnimation">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PL' class="linkAnimation">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PY' class="linkAnimation">Physics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SN' class="linkAnimation">Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SR' class="linkAnimation">Sports and Recreation</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=TL' class="linkAnimation">Theology and Religion</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <div class="accordion-header" id="mobileCorpMenu-headingFive"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed lvl1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobileCorpMenu-collapseFive" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobileCorpMenu-collapseFive"> ABOUT </button> </div> <div id="mobileCorpMenu-collapseFive" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="mobileCorpMenu-headingFive" data-bs-parent="#mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="aboutAccordion"> <a href='/publishing/about-us/contact' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Contact </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-for-authors' class='linkAnimation'> For Authors </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-customer-services' class='linkAnimation'> Customer service </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-hr' class='linkAnimation'> People + Culture </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/press' class='linkAnimation'> Press </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/sales' class='linkAnimation'> Sales </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/journal-management' class='linkAnimation'> Journal Management </a></li> </ul> <a href='/publishing/about-us/careers' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Career </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/how-to-join' class='linkAnimation'> How to join us </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/vacancies' class='linkAnimation'> Vacancies </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/working-at-dg' class='linkAnimation'> Working at De Gruyter </a></li> </ul> <a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> About De Gruyter </a> <ul class="subsection list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/vision-mission' class='linkAnimation'> Mission & Vision </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/our-imprints' class='linkAnimation'> Imprints </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/history' class='linkAnimation'> History </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/dg-foundation' class='linkAnimation'> De Gruyter Foundation </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/degruyter-ebound' class='linkAnimation'> De Gruyter Ebound </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/locations' class='linkAnimation'> Locations </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/our-responsibility' class='linkAnimation'> Our Responsibility </a></li> </ul> <a href='/publishing/about-us/publisher-partners' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Partnerships </a> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/publisher-partners' class='linkAnimation'> Partner publishers </a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/press' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> Press </a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/faqs' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> FAQs </a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/subscribe-newsletter' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> Newsletter </a></li> </ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mt-3"> <span class="selectorHeader"> Change language </span> <div class="grid-2 mobile-selector mt-2 mb-3"> <a class="languageSelector_en ga_language_selector mobile-option mobile-active" href="/_language/en?uri=%2Fpublishing%2Ffor-authors%2Ffor-database-authors%2Fcontribute-reference-works%3Flang%3Den"> <span>English</span> </a> <a class="languageSelector_de ga_language_selector mobile-option " href="/_language/de?uri=%2Fpublishing%2Ffor-authors%2Ffor-database-authors%2Fcontribute-reference-works%3Flang%3Dde"> <span>Deutsch</span> </a> </div> <span class="selectorHeader"> Change currency </span> <div class="grid-3 mobile-selector mt-2 mb-5"> <select-currency class="mobile-option" selected-class="mobile-active" currency="EUR"><span>€ EUR</span></select-currency> <select-currency class="mobile-option" selected-class="mobile-active" currency="GBP"><span>£ GBP</span></select-currency> <select-currency class="mobile-option" selected-class="mobile-active" currency="USD"><span>$ USD</span></select-currency> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </mega-menu> <div class="accordion-collapse collapse accordion navbar-collapse" data-bs-parent="#wrap" id="navbarSupportedContentnope"> </div> </header>  <div class="modal" id="orderCompleteModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-label='Purchase Complete' aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-lg" role="document"> <div class="modal-content bg-white"> <div class="modal-body"> <button type="button" class="btn-close float-end btn-modal-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label='Close'></button> <p>Your purchase has been completed. Your documents are now available to view.</p> <div id="orderCompleteItemList"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main id="main" class='language_en min-vh-100 cmsContent'> <div data-meta-title="Contribute to our online Reference Works"> <section class="l-section stage"> <div class="stage-content bg-cover lazy" data-bg="https://degruyter-live-craftcms-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/images/banner/FDA_Contribute_banner.jpg"> <div class="container h-full"> <div class="flex flex-col relative h-full"> <div class="pt-6 lg:pt-12 lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <ul class="breadcrumbs flex"> <li class="breadcrumbs-item flex"><a href="/" class="text-white leading-normal text-[14px] font-sans no-underline hover:no-underline">Home</a> <i class="material-icons text-white mx-1 text-base">chevron_right</i></li> <li class="breadcrumbs-item flex"><a href="/publishing/for-authors" class="text-white leading-normal text-[14px] font-sans no-underline hover:no-underline">For Authors</a> <i class="material-icons text-white mx-1 text-base">chevron_right</i></li> <li class="breadcrumbs-item flex"><a href="/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors" class="text-white leading-normal text-[14px] font-sans no-underline hover:no-underline">For Database Authors</a> <i class="material-icons text-white mx-1 text-base">chevron_right</i></li> <li class="breadcrumbs-item flex"><span class="text-white leading-normal text-[14px] font-sans font-bold">Contribute to our online Reference Works</span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="headline-wrapper pt-8 pb-8 lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto mt-auto lg:pb-20"> <h1 class="large-headline"><p><strong>Contribute to our online Reference </strong><strong>Works</strong></p> <p></p></h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="lg:bg-white lg:w-5/6 lg:mx-auto"> <div class="flex flex-wrap pt-10 wysiwyg lg:w-4/5 lg:mx-auto"> <div class="w-full text-atf "> <p dir="ltr">Are you considering publishing your work in our esteemed online reference works? Most of our digital reference works are living databases; regularly updated with content reviewed by experts to ensure the highest standards for quality and accuracy for your work.</p> <p dir="ltr">Our online reference works are enriched with metadata and keywords to guarantee accurate search results and discoverability. Our editors are experts in their fields and will provide you with step by step guidance on how you can publish in our digital reference works.<br></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <h2 class="sub-headline pb-8 lg:pb-14 text-black " style="">Our Titles</h2> <hr class="small"> <div class="wysiwyg mb-16" data-controller="commons" data-commons-target="wysiwygElement"> <p>If you are interested in contributing to one of our online reference works, the <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/search?query=*&sortBy=relevance&documentTypeFacet=database">product page</a> will give you more information on the aims & scope, target audience and submission guidelines. Open the Editorial tab on each page to find a list of the editors that you can contact.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="articles-section" data-controller="commons pagination" data-pagination-totalentries-value="9" data-pagination-totalpages-value="2" data-commons-target="scrollToElement"> <div class="container"> <div class="-mt-8"> <div class="articles-page grid gap-8 overflow-hidden invisible h-0 md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-4" data-pagination-target="pageContent"> <div class="js-page-1 js-page-el" data-pagination-id="947133208"> <figure class="publication relative bg-white shadow w-full h-full"><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/ejcro/html"> <div class="publication-image-wrapper py-5 relative"> <div class="aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 h-[200px]"><img class="lazy block mx-auto shadow object-contain" data-src="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/dbid/ejcro/product" data-srcset="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/dbid/ejcro/product" alt=""> </div> </div> </a> <figcaption class="border-t border-grey-light pt-6 pb-8 px-6 font-sans text-black"> <a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/ejcro/html"> </a> <p><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/ejcro/html"></a><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/ejcro/html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Encyclopedia of Jewish-Christian Relations (EJCR) Online</a></p> </figcaption> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </figure> </div> <div class="js-page-1 js-page-el" data-pagination-id="947133208"> <figure class="publication relative bg-white shadow w-full h-full"><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/ebr/html"> <div class="publication-image-wrapper py-5 relative"> <div class="aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 h-[200px]"><img class="lazy block mx-auto shadow object-contain" data-src="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/dbid/ebr/product" data-srcset="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/dbid/ebr/product" alt=""> </div> </div> </a> <figcaption class="border-t border-grey-light pt-6 pb-8 px-6 font-sans text-black"> <a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/ebr/html"> </a> <p><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/ebr/html"></a><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/ebr/html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception (EBR) Online</a></p> </figcaption> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </figure> </div> <div class="js-page-1 js-page-el" data-pagination-id="947133208"> <figure class="publication relative bg-white shadow w-full h-full"><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/INSO/html"> <div class="publication-image-wrapper py-5 relative"> <div class="aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 h-[200px]"><img class="lazy object-contain" data-src="https://degruyter-live-craftcms-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/images/cover/handbook-of-national-socialism-online.jpg"> </div> </div> </a> <figcaption class="border-t border-grey-light pt-6 pb-8 px-6 font-sans text-black"> <a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/INSO/html"> </a> <p><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/INSO/html"></a><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.degruyter.com/database/INSO/html&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1692110167878021&usg=AOvVaw0ok09BuBar8p3wo16tmDGn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Handbook Ideologies in National Socialism Online (INSO)</a></p> </figcaption> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </figure> </div> <div class="js-page-1 js-page-el" data-pagination-id="947133208"> <figure class="publication relative bg-white shadow w-full h-full"><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/lme/html"> <div class="publication-image-wrapper py-5 relative"> <div class="aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 h-[200px]"><img class="lazy block mx-auto shadow object-contain" data-src="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/dbid/lme/product" data-srcset="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/dbid/lme/product" alt=""> </div> </div> </a> <figcaption class="border-t border-grey-light pt-6 pb-8 px-6 font-sans text-black"> <a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/lme/html"> </a> <p><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/lme/html"></a><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.degruyter.com/database/lme/html&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1692110204634918&usg=AOvVaw2OqEJPAaXSc_VmJLql1TEC" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Linguistic Minorities in Europe (LME) Online</a></p> </figcaption> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </figure> </div> <div class="js-page-1 js-page-el" data-pagination-id="947133208"> <figure class="publication relative bg-white shadow w-full h-full"><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/urbrel/html"> <div class="publication-image-wrapper py-5 relative"> <div class="aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 h-[200px]"><img class="lazy block mx-auto shadow object-contain" data-src="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/dbid/urbrel/product_pages" data-srcset="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/dbid/urbrel/product_pages" alt=""> </div> </div> </a> <figcaption class="border-t border-grey-light pt-6 pb-8 px-6 font-sans text-black"> <a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/urbrel/html"> </a> <p><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/urbrel/html"></a><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/urbrel/html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Religion and Urbanity Online</a> (URBREL)</p> </figcaption> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </figure> </div> <div class="js-page-1 js-page-el" data-pagination-id="947133208"> <figure class="publication relative bg-white shadow w-full h-full"><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/RMO/html"> <div class="publication-image-wrapper py-5 relative"> <div class="aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 h-[200px]"><img class="lazy object-contain" data-src="https://degruyter-live-craftcms-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/images/cover/religious-minorities-online.jpg"> </div> </div> </a> <figcaption class="border-t border-grey-light pt-6 pb-8 px-6 font-sans text-black"> <a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/RMO/html"> </a> <p><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/RMO/html"></a><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/RMO/html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Religious Minorities Online</a> (RMO)</p> </figcaption> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </figure> </div> <div class="js-page-1 js-page-el" data-pagination-id="947133208"> <figure class="publication relative bg-white shadow w-full h-full"><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/GROH/html"> <div class="publication-image-wrapper py-5 relative"> <div class="aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 h-[200px]"><img class="lazy object-contain" data-src="https://degruyter-live-craftcms-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/images/cover/trends-in-classics-greek-and-roman.jpg"> </div> </div> </a> <figcaption class="border-t border-grey-light pt-6 pb-8 px-6 font-sans text-black"> <a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/GROH/html"> </a> <p><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/GROH/html"></a><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/GROH/html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trends in Classics – Greek and Roman Humanities Encyclopedia (GROH)</a></p> </figcaption> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </figure> </div> <div class="js-page-1 js-page-el" data-pagination-id="947133208"> <figure class="publication relative bg-white shadow w-full h-full"><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/WPR/html"> <div class="publication-image-wrapper py-5 relative"> <div class="aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 h-[200px]"><img class="lazy object-contain" data-src="https://degruyter-live-craftcms-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/images/cover/works-of-philosophy.jpg"> </div> </div> </a> <figcaption class="border-t border-grey-light pt-6 pb-8 px-6 font-sans text-black"> <a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/WPR/html"> </a> <p><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/WPR/html"></a><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.degruyter.com/database/WPR/html&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1692110405791514&usg=AOvVaw3is3hYhFGFARxpLsaNxud8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Works of Philosophy and Their Reception (WPR)</a></p> </figcaption> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="articles-page grid gap-8 overflow-hidden invisible h-0 md:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-4" data-pagination-target="pageContent"> <div class="js-page-2 js-page-el" data-pagination-id="947133208"> <figure class="publication relative bg-white shadow w-full h-full"><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/wsk/html"> <div class="publication-image-wrapper py-5 relative"> <div class="aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 h-[200px]"><img class="lazy block mx-auto shadow object-contain" data-src="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/dbid/wsk/product" data-srcset="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/dbid/wsk/product" alt=""> </div> </div> </a> <figcaption class="border-t border-grey-light pt-6 pb-8 px-6 font-sans text-black"> <a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/wsk/html"> </a> <p><a class="cursor-pointer hover:no-underline" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/wsk/html"></a><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/wsk/html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wörterbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (WSK) Online</a></p> </figcaption> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class=" js-pagination-container flex items-center justify-center font-sans mt-8 mb-4 " data-pagination-id="947133208"><button data-paginationindex="1" class=" hover:bg-primary hover:text-white h-12 w-12 font-sans mr-1 " data-pagination-target="paginationButton" data-action="click->pagination#goToPage click->commons#smoothScroll"> <span>1</span> </button> <button data-paginationindex="2" class=" hover:bg-primary hover:text-white h-12 w-12 font-sans mr-1 " data-pagination-target="paginationButton" data-action="click->pagination#goToPage click->commons#smoothScroll"> <span>2</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <h2 class="sub-headline pb-8 lg:pb-14 text-black " style="">How we work with online reference works authors</h2> </div> <div class="accordeon" data-controller="accordion" data-accordion-open-class="open"> <div class="accordeon-item js-accordeon-item" data-accordion-target="accordionElement"> <div class="relative group accordeon-title border-b border-grey-light cursor-pointer" data-action="click->accordion#toggle"> <div class="absolute -inset-2 bg-white shadow-all hidden group-hover:block"></div> <div class="relative py-10 px-4 flex justify-between items-center font-sans uppercase"> <div class="pr-6 break-words group-hover:text-primary"> Easy submission: Word template & XML conversion </div> <i class="accordeon-icon material-icons text-[28px] select-none group-hover:text-primary">close</i> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item__content overflow-hidden transition-all duration-100 ease-in-out"> <div class="py-8 px-4"> <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <div class="wysiwyg mb-16" data-controller="commons" data-commons-target="wysiwygElement"> <p>To simplify the writing process, we offer a customized Word document for each of our online reference works. The template displays the general structure of the entry and includes all styles that can be used in the publication you are contributing to. Submissions will be checked, converted to XML format and uploaded to the Content Management System (CMS) in-house.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordeon-item js-accordeon-item" data-accordion-target="accordionElement"> <div class="relative group accordeon-title border-b border-grey-light cursor-pointer" data-action="click->accordion#toggle"> <div class="absolute -inset-2 bg-white shadow-all hidden group-hover:block"></div> <div class="relative py-10 px-4 flex justify-between items-center font-sans uppercase"> <div class="pr-6 break-words group-hover:text-primary"> Digital editorial workflow: Content Management System (CMS) </div> <i class="accordeon-icon material-icons text-[28px] select-none group-hover:text-primary">close</i> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item__content overflow-hidden transition-all duration-100 ease-in-out"> <div class="py-8 px-4"> <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <div class="wysiwyg mb-16" data-controller="commons" data-commons-target="wysiwygElement"> <p>Our CMS ensures efficient, high quality management for expansive, comprehensive, reference works including its editorial processes, entries, and metadata. The browser based application offers access to the content, reports and statistics anytime and anywhere.</p> <p>The embedded online editor (Xeditor) is an editing interface enabling authors and editors to edit, review and revise entries easily.<br></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordeon-item js-accordeon-item" data-accordion-target="accordionElement"> <div class="relative group accordeon-title border-b border-grey-light cursor-pointer" data-action="click->accordion#toggle"> <div class="absolute -inset-2 bg-white shadow-all hidden group-hover:block"></div> <div class="relative py-10 px-4 flex justify-between items-center font-sans uppercase"> <div class="pr-6 break-words group-hover:text-primary"> Personal, yet efficient: project management & support </div> <i class="accordeon-icon material-icons text-[28px] select-none group-hover:text-primary">close</i> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item__content overflow-hidden transition-all duration-100 ease-in-out"> <div class="py-8 px-4"> <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <div class="wysiwyg mb-16" data-controller="commons" data-commons-target="wysiwygElement"> <p>De Gruyter’s living reference works are managed by editorial offices, either in-house or external. We offer supporting material focused on authors’ needs, schedule processes and oversee workflows. We are experts in managing large and complex products in a digital environment and support our authors and editors in all aspects of the editorial and publication process.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordeon-item js-accordeon-item" data-accordion-target="accordionElement"> <div class="relative group accordeon-title border-b border-grey-light cursor-pointer" data-action="click->accordion#toggle"> <div class="absolute -inset-2 bg-white shadow-all hidden group-hover:block"></div> <div class="relative py-10 px-4 flex justify-between items-center font-sans uppercase"> <div class="pr-6 break-words group-hover:text-primary"> High standards: quality control </div> <i class="accordeon-icon material-icons text-[28px] select-none group-hover:text-primary">close</i> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item__content overflow-hidden transition-all duration-100 ease-in-out"> <div class="py-8 px-4"> <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <div class="wysiwyg mb-16" data-controller="commons" data-commons-target="wysiwygElement"> <p>All of our online reference works are reviewed to guarantee the highest scientific standards. Our reviewers are all experts in their subject and – depending on the publication – editors, editorial board members or external academics. The review process can comprise up to three stages and is managed within our CMS.</p> <p>Depending on the publication, De Gruyter offers different levels of copy editing, language polishing support or translation services for individual entries. Our standardized editing workflows and detailed style guides ensure consistency in formal aspects of all entries.<br></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordeon-item js-accordeon-item" data-accordion-target="accordionElement"> <div class="relative group accordeon-title border-b border-grey-light cursor-pointer" data-action="click->accordion#toggle"> <div class="absolute -inset-2 bg-white shadow-all hidden group-hover:block"></div> <div class="relative py-10 px-4 flex justify-between items-center font-sans uppercase"> <div class="pr-6 break-words group-hover:text-primary"> DOIs, ORCID and ISSN </div> <i class="accordeon-icon material-icons text-[28px] select-none group-hover:text-primary">close</i> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item__content overflow-hidden transition-all duration-100 ease-in-out"> <div class="py-8 px-4"> <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <div class="wysiwyg mb-16" data-controller="commons" data-commons-target="wysiwygElement"> <p>The majority of our online reference works have an ISSN. Entries are published with a DOI to ensure citability. We are happy to publish your ORCID if it is provided before online publication of your article.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordeon-item js-accordeon-item" data-accordion-target="accordionElement"> <div class="relative group accordeon-title border-b border-grey-light cursor-pointer" data-action="click->accordion#toggle"> <div class="absolute -inset-2 bg-white shadow-all hidden group-hover:block"></div> <div class="relative py-10 px-4 flex justify-between items-center font-sans uppercase"> <div class="pr-6 break-words group-hover:text-primary"> Open access: options and conditions </div> <i class="accordeon-icon material-icons text-[28px] select-none group-hover:text-primary">close</i> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item__content overflow-hidden transition-all duration-100 ease-in-out"> <div class="py-8 px-4"> <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <div class="wysiwyg mb-16" data-controller="commons" data-commons-target="wysiwygElement"> <p>De Gruyter publishes several Open access databases. With open access, authors maintain the rights to their work and can publish elsewhere in parallel or archive in other repositories with no embargo period. Open access can also be applied after publication. The article will be made available under a Creative Commons license. We strongly recommend the use of <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CC-BY (Attribution 4.0 International)</a>. Read more about Creative Commons licenses here: <a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1700650474876262&usg=AOvVaw23IuzREiQB1ZHkWJcERQun" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/</a>.</p> <p>Please get in touch with the editorial office if you plan to publish your contribution as <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/publishing/publications/openaccess" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Open access.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <h2 class="sub-headline pb-8 lg:pb-14 text-black " style="">Repository Policy</h2> <hr class="small"> <div class="wysiwyg mb-16" data-controller="commons" data-commons-target="wysiwygElement"> <p>Twelve months after the initial publication of an entry, De Gruyter is happy for authors to archive the final published version on a personal website and/or institutional repository.</p> <p>More information about adding content to repositories can be found in <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/cms/pages/repository-policy">our publishing guidelines</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <h2 class="sub-headline pb-8 lg:pb-14 text-black " style="">Discoverability and impact</h2> <hr class="small"> <div class="wysiwyg mb-16" data-controller="commons" data-commons-target="wysiwygElement"> <p>To ensure our high standard reference works reach the greatest number of readers, our website has undergone extensive search engine optimization to make your entry easily discoverable. We maintain close contact with various <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/publishing/services/for-journal-authors/abstracting-and-indexing">abstracting and indexing services</a> and promote reference works and entries via social media and our blog <a href="https://blog.degruyter.com/">De Gruyter Conversations</a>. In addition, with each update of our reference works, individual entries can be selected for temporary free access.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <h2 class="sub-headline pb-8 lg:pb-14 text-black " style="">Marketing</h2> <hr class="small"> <div class="wysiwyg mb-16" data-controller="commons" data-commons-target="wysiwygElement"> <p>We use a variety of communication channels to promote our authors' publications among readers. Subject-specific accounts on social media share a variety of content with more than 32,000 followers on various social media platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, X and YouTube. Updates or articles that may be of interest to a broader public are announced on X and Facebook in addition to being presented on our subject-specific blog <a href="https://blog.degruyter.com/">De Gruyter Conversations</a>.</p> <p>We provide functionalities to share your entries on social media and cite it in the most common styles.<br></p> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="l-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="layout-wrapper lg:w-2/3 lg:mx-auto"> <h2 class="sub-headline pb-8 lg:pb-14 text-black " style="">Learn more about our services</h2> </div> </div> <div class="articles-section"> <div class="container"> <div class="flex flex-wrap -mx-3"> <div class="w-full flex justify-center mb-8 px-3 lg:w-1/3"> <article class="content-teaser relative w-full h-full bg-white text-black shadow"><a class="text-black hover:no-underline" href="/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors"> <header data-dings=""> <div class="aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9"><img class="lazy object-cover" data-src="https://degruyter-live-craftcms-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/images/banner/FDA-banner.jpg"> </div> </header> <section class="relative px-7 pb-9 pt-6"> <h3 class="font-sans uppercase leading-6 mb-2">For Database Authors</h3> <p class="font-times"></p> <p dir="ltr">Publish a new title or contribute to one of our widely renowned databases or reference works.<br></p> <p></p> </section> </a> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </article> </div> <div class="w-full flex justify-center mb-8 px-3 lg:w-1/3"> <article class="content-teaser relative w-full h-full bg-white text-black shadow"><a class="text-black hover:no-underline" href="/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/digital-product"> <header data-dings=""> <div class="aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9"><img class="lazy object-cover" data-src="https://degruyter-live-craftcms-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/images/banner/FDA_Digital-Product_Banner.jpg"> </div> </header> <section class="relative px-7 pb-9 pt-6"> <h3 class="font-sans uppercase leading-6 mb-2">Your Digital Product at De Gruyter</h3> <p class="font-times"></p> <p>De Gruyter publishes highly acclaimed bibliographies, online dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, and digital editions with thousands of entries. We are interested in your ideas for new digital products.</p> <p></p> </section> </a> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </article> </div> <div class="w-full flex justify-center mb-8 px-3 lg:w-1/3"> <article class="content-teaser relative w-full h-full bg-white text-black shadow"><a class="text-black hover:no-underline" href="/publishing/publications/openaccess"> <header data-dings=""> <div class="aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9"><img class="lazy object-cover" data-src="https://degruyter-live-craftcms-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/images/banner/dg_com_banner_2880x1200px_OA.jpg"> </div> </header> <section class="relative px-7 pb-9 pt-6"> <h3 class="font-sans uppercase leading-6 mb-2">Open Access</h3> <p class="font-times"></p> <p>Increased citations, quick turn-around times and close editorial guidance are just some of the benefits of publishing open access with De Gruyter.</p> <p></p> </section> </a> <div class="content-teaser__action teaser-button"></div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </main> <footer class="bg-dark" role="contentinfo"> <nav class="content-wrapper" aria-label="Static pages"> <div class="footerContainer"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6 pb-3"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 mb-3"><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel1Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/subjects">Subjects</a></div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AD">Architecture and Design</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AR">Arts</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AS">Asian and Pacific Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EC">Business and Economics</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CH">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CL">Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CO">Computer Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CS">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EN">Engineering</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GL">General Interest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GS">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=HI">History</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IC">Industrial Chemistry</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IS">Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=JS">Jewish Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LA">Law</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LB">Library and Information Science, Book Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LF">Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LS">Linguistics and Semiotics</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LT">Literary Studies</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MS">Materials Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MT">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MD">Medicine</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MU">Music</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PM">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PL">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PY">Physics</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SN">Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SR">Sports and Recreation</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=TL">Theology and Religion</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6 pb-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4 pb-3"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 mb-3"><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel1Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/services">Services</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors">For Journal Authors</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors">For Book Authors</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/services/for-librarians">For Librarians</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions">Rights & Permissions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4 pb-3"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 mb-3"><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel1Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/publications">Publications</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/publications/publicationtypes">Publication types</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/publications/openaccess">Open Access</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4 pb-3"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 mb-3"><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel1Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us">About</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/contact">Contact</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/careers">Career</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/about-dg">About De Gruyter</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/publisher-partners">Partnerships</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/press">Press</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/faqs">FAQs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row d-none d-sm-flex"> <div class="col-6"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 mb-3 text-white footerLevel1Font">Social</div> <ul class="list-unstyled" style="columns: 2;"> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.facebook.com/degruyter.publishers" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Facebook'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to Facebook'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.5655 22V12.877H16.6612L17.1247 9.32165H13.5655V7.05176C13.5655 6.0224 13.8544 5.32092 15.3467 5.32092L17.25 5.32009V2.14013C16.9208 2.0968 15.791 2 14.4765 2C11.7324 2 9.85365 3.65689 9.85365 6.69965V9.32165H6.75V12.877H9.85365V22H13.5655Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.instagram.com/degruyter_brill/" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Instagram'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to Instagram'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.87709 2.05993C8.94354 2.01127 9.28421 1.99976 12 1.99976C14.7159 1.99976 15.0566 2.01127 16.1231 2.06013C17.1875 2.10852 17.9144 2.27755 18.5505 2.52458C19.2179 2.77573 19.8224 3.16945 20.3219 3.67826C20.8306 4.17776 21.2242 4.78223 21.4753 5.44949C21.7225 6.08558 21.8915 6.81249 21.9401 7.87694C21.9888 8.94341 22.0003 9.28412 22.0003 12C22.0003 14.7159 21.9888 15.0564 21.9401 16.1231C21.8915 17.1875 21.7225 17.9144 21.4753 18.5505C20.9558 19.8938 19.8939 20.9557 18.5506 21.4752C17.9146 21.7224 17.1877 21.8914 16.1232 21.94C15.0568 21.9887 14.7161 22.0002 12.0002 22.0002C9.28434 22.0002 8.94379 21.9887 7.87717 21.94C6.81277 21.8914 6.08587 21.7224 5.44974 21.4752C4.78248 21.2241 4.17803 20.8304 3.67853 20.3217C3.16982 19.8222 2.77619 19.2178 2.52509 18.5505C2.27787 17.9144 2.10884 17.1875 2.06025 16.1231C2.01139 15.0566 1.99988 14.7159 1.99988 12C1.99988 9.28408 2.01139 8.94341 2.06025 7.87694C2.10864 6.81249 2.27767 6.08558 2.52469 5.44945C2.77589 4.78216 3.16962 4.17769 3.67845 3.67822C4.17795 3.16951 4.78241 2.77588 5.44967 2.52477C6.08575 2.27755 6.81265 2.10852 7.87709 2.05993ZM6.99685 11.9968C6.99685 9.23536 9.23548 6.99673 11.997 6.99673C14.7584 6.99673 16.9971 9.23536 16.9971 11.9968C16.9971 14.7583 14.7584 16.9969 11.997 16.9969C9.23548 16.9969 6.99685 14.7583 6.99685 11.9968ZM12 15.2499C10.2051 15.2499 8.75 13.7948 8.75001 11.9999C8.75002 10.2049 10.2051 8.74988 12 8.74989C13.7949 8.7499 15.25 10.205 15.25 11.9999C15.25 13.7948 13.7949 15.2499 12 15.2499ZM17 6.99989C17.5523 6.99989 18 6.55217 18 5.99989C18 5.4476 17.5523 4.99989 17 4.99989C16.4477 4.99989 16 5.4476 16 5.99989C16 6.55217 16.4477 6.99989 17 6.99989Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/de-gruyter" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Linkedin'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to LinkedIn'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.47796 2C2.66169 2 2 2.64164 2 3.43268V20.5673C2 21.3586 2.66169 22 3.47796 22H20.522C21.3383 22 22 21.3586 22 20.5673V3.43268C22 2.64164 21.3383 2 20.522 2H3.47796ZM8.48683 6.90621C8.48683 7.76646 7.85538 8.45482 6.84087 8.45482L6.75734 8.45381C5.81786 8.42414 5.21429 7.74734 5.21429 6.90621C5.21429 6.0266 5.86495 5.35734 6.86012 5.35734C7.85538 5.35734 8.46792 6.0266 8.48683 6.90621ZM8.29551 9.67875V18.6431H5.38626V9.67875H8.29551ZM9.90536 18.6431H12.8145V13.637C12.8145 13.3691 12.8334 13.1014 12.9102 12.9099C13.1205 12.3746 13.5992 11.8202 14.4029 11.8202C15.4556 11.8202 15.8767 12.6423 15.8767 13.8474V18.6431H18.7857V13.503C18.7857 10.7496 17.3505 9.46839 15.4364 9.46839C13.8931 9.46839 13.2012 10.3371 12.8146 10.9479V9.67874H9.90536C9.94354 10.5199 9.90536 18.6431 9.90536 18.6431Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://twitter.com/degruyter_brill" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Twitter'> <svg width="24px" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="d-inline-flex" alt='Link to X / Twitter'> <path d="M13.941 10.441 21.524 1.815H19.727L13.141 9.302 7.882 1.815H1.815L9.768 13.14 1.815 22.185H3.612L10.565 14.274 16.12 22.185H22.185L13.941 10.441ZM11.479 13.24 10.673 12.113 4.26 3.142H7.02L12.195 10.386 12.998 11.513 19.724 20.925H16.965L11.479 13.24Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">X / Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/DegruyterPublishers" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Youtube'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to YouTube'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19.7885 5.42336C20.6513 5.65671 21.3252 6.33037 21.5586 7.19274C22.2192 9.85067 22.0666 14.0485 21.5715 16.809C21.338 17.6713 20.6641 18.345 19.8014 18.5784C18.2493 19.0015 12.0027 19.0015 12.0027 19.0015C12.0027 19.0015 5.75609 19.0015 4.20405 18.5784C3.34133 18.345 2.66741 17.6713 2.43396 16.809C1.76954 14.1626 1.95168 9.96222 2.42113 7.20557C2.65458 6.34319 3.3285 5.66954 4.19123 5.43618C5.74326 5.01307 11.9899 5.00024 11.9899 5.00024C11.9899 5.00024 18.2365 5.00024 19.7885 5.42336ZM15.5714 12.0009L9.85714 15.1512V8.85068L15.5714 12.0009Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">YouTube</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-6"> <div><img src='/assets/images/0f0f306f30d5f2d2f68caab6976dc637-dg-logo-footer.svg' height="100%" width="auto" alt="De Gruyter" /></div> <div class="my-4"> <a class="d-flex" target="_blank" href="https://blog.degruyter.com/de-gruyter-wins-the-best-publisher-ux-award/" style="text-decoration: none;"> <img class="oa_award" src='/assets/images/80cca219a7e93410593d2bf03850db70-Open-Athens-Logo_Icon-White.svg' height="100%" width="100%" alt="Open-Athens" /> <span class="footerCopyright text-start ms-3"> <span class="linkAnimation lh-base"><b>Winner</b> of the OpenAthens<br>Best Publisher UX Award 2022</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row d-sm-none"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="border-bottom mb-5"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled d-flex justify-content-center mb-4"> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.facebook.com/degruyter.publishers" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Facebook'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to Facebook'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.5655 22V12.877H16.6612L17.1247 9.32165H13.5655V7.05176C13.5655 6.0224 13.8544 5.32092 15.3467 5.32092L17.25 5.32009V2.14013C16.9208 2.0968 15.791 2 14.4765 2C11.7324 2 9.85365 3.65689 9.85365 6.69965V9.32165H6.75V12.877H9.85365V22H13.5655Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.instagram.com/degruyter_brill/" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Instagram'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to Instagram'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.87709 2.05993C8.94354 2.01127 9.28421 1.99976 12 1.99976C14.7159 1.99976 15.0566 2.01127 16.1231 2.06013C17.1875 2.10852 17.9144 2.27755 18.5505 2.52458C19.2179 2.77573 19.8224 3.16945 20.3219 3.67826C20.8306 4.17776 21.2242 4.78223 21.4753 5.44949C21.7225 6.08558 21.8915 6.81249 21.9401 7.87694C21.9888 8.94341 22.0003 9.28412 22.0003 12C22.0003 14.7159 21.9888 15.0564 21.9401 16.1231C21.8915 17.1875 21.7225 17.9144 21.4753 18.5505C20.9558 19.8938 19.8939 20.9557 18.5506 21.4752C17.9146 21.7224 17.1877 21.8914 16.1232 21.94C15.0568 21.9887 14.7161 22.0002 12.0002 22.0002C9.28434 22.0002 8.94379 21.9887 7.87717 21.94C6.81277 21.8914 6.08587 21.7224 5.44974 21.4752C4.78248 21.2241 4.17803 20.8304 3.67853 20.3217C3.16982 19.8222 2.77619 19.2178 2.52509 18.5505C2.27787 17.9144 2.10884 17.1875 2.06025 16.1231C2.01139 15.0566 1.99988 14.7159 1.99988 12C1.99988 9.28408 2.01139 8.94341 2.06025 7.87694C2.10864 6.81249 2.27767 6.08558 2.52469 5.44945C2.77589 4.78216 3.16962 4.17769 3.67845 3.67822C4.17795 3.16951 4.78241 2.77588 5.44967 2.52477C6.08575 2.27755 6.81265 2.10852 7.87709 2.05993ZM6.99685 11.9968C6.99685 9.23536 9.23548 6.99673 11.997 6.99673C14.7584 6.99673 16.9971 9.23536 16.9971 11.9968C16.9971 14.7583 14.7584 16.9969 11.997 16.9969C9.23548 16.9969 6.99685 14.7583 6.99685 11.9968ZM12 15.2499C10.2051 15.2499 8.75 13.7948 8.75001 11.9999C8.75002 10.2049 10.2051 8.74988 12 8.74989C13.7949 8.7499 15.25 10.205 15.25 11.9999C15.25 13.7948 13.7949 15.2499 12 15.2499ZM17 6.99989C17.5523 6.99989 18 6.55217 18 5.99989C18 5.4476 17.5523 4.99989 17 4.99989C16.4477 4.99989 16 5.4476 16 5.99989C16 6.55217 16.4477 6.99989 17 6.99989Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/de-gruyter" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Linkedin'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to LinkedIn'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.47796 2C2.66169 2 2 2.64164 2 3.43268V20.5673C2 21.3586 2.66169 22 3.47796 22H20.522C21.3383 22 22 21.3586 22 20.5673V3.43268C22 2.64164 21.3383 2 20.522 2H3.47796ZM8.48683 6.90621C8.48683 7.76646 7.85538 8.45482 6.84087 8.45482L6.75734 8.45381C5.81786 8.42414 5.21429 7.74734 5.21429 6.90621C5.21429 6.0266 5.86495 5.35734 6.86012 5.35734C7.85538 5.35734 8.46792 6.0266 8.48683 6.90621ZM8.29551 9.67875V18.6431H5.38626V9.67875H8.29551ZM9.90536 18.6431H12.8145V13.637C12.8145 13.3691 12.8334 13.1014 12.9102 12.9099C13.1205 12.3746 13.5992 11.8202 14.4029 11.8202C15.4556 11.8202 15.8767 12.6423 15.8767 13.8474V18.6431H18.7857V13.503C18.7857 10.7496 17.3505 9.46839 15.4364 9.46839C13.8931 9.46839 13.2012 10.3371 12.8146 10.9479V9.67874H9.90536C9.94354 10.5199 9.90536 18.6431 9.90536 18.6431Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://twitter.com/degruyter_brill" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Twitter'> <svg width="24px" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="d-inline-flex" alt='Link to X / Twitter'> <path d="M13.941 10.441 21.524 1.815H19.727L13.141 9.302 7.882 1.815H1.815L9.768 13.14 1.815 22.185H3.612L10.565 14.274 16.12 22.185H22.185L13.941 10.441ZM11.479 13.24 10.673 12.113 4.26 3.142H7.02L12.195 10.386 12.998 11.513 19.724 20.925H16.965L11.479 13.24Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">X / Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/DegruyterPublishers" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Youtube'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to YouTube'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19.7885 5.42336C20.6513 5.65671 21.3252 6.33037 21.5586 7.19274C22.2192 9.85067 22.0666 14.0485 21.5715 16.809C21.338 17.6713 20.6641 18.345 19.8014 18.5784C18.2493 19.0015 12.0027 19.0015 12.0027 19.0015C12.0027 19.0015 5.75609 19.0015 4.20405 18.5784C3.34133 18.345 2.66741 17.6713 2.43396 16.809C1.76954 14.1626 1.95168 9.96222 2.42113 7.20557C2.65458 6.34319 3.3285 5.66954 4.19123 5.43618C5.74326 5.01307 11.9899 5.00024 11.9899 5.00024C11.9899 5.00024 18.2365 5.00024 19.7885 5.42336ZM15.5714 12.0009L9.85714 15.1512V8.85068L15.5714 12.0009Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">YouTube</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="mx-5 mb-2"> <a class="d-flex justify-content-center" target="_blank" href="https://www.openathens.net/news/winner-best-publisher-ux-award-2022/" style="text-decoration: none;"> <img class="oa_award" src='/assets/images/80cca219a7e93410593d2bf03850db70-Open-Athens-Logo_Icon-White.svg' height="100%" width="100%" alt="Open-Athens" /> <span class="footerCopyright text-start ms-3"> <span class="linkAnimation lh-base"><b>Winner</b> of the OpenAthens<br>Best Publisher UX Award 2022</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="border-bottom mb-4"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <ul class="list-unstyled d-flex flex-wrap justify-content-around justify-content-lg-start paddLiRight"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/new-website-faqs">Help/FAQ</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/our-privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/our-cookie-policy">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/terms-conditions">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/imprints">Legal Notice</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-4 d-flex justify-content-center justify-content-lg-end"> <div class="footerCopyright pt-1">© Walter de Gruyter GmbH 2024</div> </div> <div class="col-12 text-center d-sm-none"> <div class="mt-5"><img src='/assets/images/dcb5aecb586bd5336d1428d326e8dccf-dg-logo-footer-mobile.svg' height="100%" width="auto" alt="De Gruyter" /></div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </footer> <div class="printFooter"> <span>Downloaded on 24.11.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/contribute-reference-works</span> </div>  <a class="scroll-up-button d-sm-none" id="scrollUpButton" href="#mainHeader"> <img alt='Scroll to top button' src='/assets/images/2a1093d067525528af2f87c7296d39e1-scroll-arrow.svg'> </a> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src='/assets/javascripts/02f217ac44f30e20572ec9be327266f9-clipboard-polyfill.js' defer="defer" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src='/assets/javascripts/f4a7cebacca43a770afd837b68a7eed8-autoComplete.min.js' defer="defer" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src='/assets/javascripts/f62fc03e44df2f5efad9611016f07366-custom-elements.min.js' defer="defer" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src='/assets/javascripts/7ccd9d390d31af98110f74f842ea9b32-bootstrap.js' type="module" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <div id="lang-code" data-code="en"></div> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src='/assets/javascripts/99bb3afb087e75c3dca1083e14a397a0-cookie-control.js' type="module" defer="defer" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src='/assets/javascripts/6acc668691121f867b851f59f7c39e66-main-immediate.js' crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src='/assets/javascripts/29ddfbae4f53ec4977b4a9bcc806c99b-main.js' type="module" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-PMNKTQ5&gtm_auth=JraP3pn8iVUkqNIGYl03AA&gtm_preview=env-2' defer="defer" async="async"></script>  <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src='https://connect.liblynx.com/log/js/counter5.js' async="async" defer="defer"></script>  <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" async="async" defer="defer" charset="utf-8"></script>  <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js" async="async" defer="defer" charset="utf-8"></script> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" type="module" src="/assets/javascripts/cms/app.2154ec47.js" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" nomodule="nomodule" src="/assets/javascripts/cms/app-legacy.88a7521e.js" type="text/javascript" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="v1lWE0ImEtlaKzHJesy66g==" nomodule="nomodule" src="/assets/javascripts/cms/polyfills-legacy.050524dc.js" type="text/javascript" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Contribute to our online Reference Works | De Gruyter