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href="#Calcium-deficient_hydroxyapatite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calcium-deficient_hydroxyapatite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biological function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biological function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammals_(including_humans)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals_(including_humans)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mammals (including humans)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals_(including_humans)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remineralisation_of_tooth_enamel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remineralisation_of_tooth_enamel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Remineralisation of tooth enamel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remineralisation_of_tooth_enamel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mantis_shrimp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantis_shrimp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mantis shrimp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantis_shrimp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_dentistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_dentistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use in dentistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_dentistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in dentistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_dentistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dentine_sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dentine_sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dentine sensitivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dentine_sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-agent_for_bleaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-agent_for_bleaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Co-agent for bleaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-agent_for_bleaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavity_prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavity_prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cavity prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavity_prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_dental_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_dental_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>As a dental material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_dental_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Safety concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chromatography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chromatography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chromatography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chromatography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use in archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defluoridation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defluoridation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Defluoridation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defluoridation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksielapatiet" title="Hidroksielapatiet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hidroksielapatiet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="هيدروكسيل أباتيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيدروكسيل أباتيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksiapatit" title="Hidroksiapatit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hidroksiapatit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxilapatita" title="Hidroxilapatita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hidroxilapatita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylapatit" title="Hydroxylapatit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hydroxylapatit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylapatit" title="Hydroxylapatit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hydroxylapatit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxiapatita" title="Hidroxiapatita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidroxiapatita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxilapatita" title="Hidroxilapatita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidroxilapatita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="هیدروکسی آپاتیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروکسی آپاتیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyapatite" title="Hydroxyapatite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydroxyapatite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiodrocsalapait%C3%ADt" title="Hiodrocsalapaitít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hiodrocsalapaitít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%ED%9A%8C%EC%84%9D" title="수산화인회석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수산화인회석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksiapatit" title="Hidroksiapatit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidroksiapatit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrossiapatite" title="Idrossiapatite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idrossiapatite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksilapat%C4%ABts" title="Hidroksilapatīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hidroksilapatīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxilapatit" title="Hidroxilapatit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidroxilapatit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Хидроксилапатит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хидроксилапатит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%85%B8%E7%87%90%E7%81%B0%E7%9F%B3" title="水酸燐灰石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水酸燐灰石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroksylapatitt" title="Hydroksylapatitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydroksylapatitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroksylapatitt" title="Hydroksylapatitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hydroksylapatitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroksyapatyt" title="Hydroksyapatyt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hydroksyapatyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxiapatita" title="Hidroxiapatita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidroxiapatita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxilapatit" title="Hidroxilapatit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidroxilapatit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гидроксиапатит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидроксиапатит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylapatit" title="Hydroxylapatit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hydroxylapatit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylapatit" title="Hydroxylapatit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hydroxylapatit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฮดรอกซิลอะพาไทต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮดรอกซิลอะพาไทต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksiapatit" title="Hidroksiapatit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidroksiapatit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гідроксилапатит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гідроксилапатит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyapatite" title="Hydroxyapatite – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hydroxyapatite" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A5%E7%A3%B7%E7%81%B0%E7%9F%B3" title="羥磷灰石 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羥磷灰石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q413478#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Hydroxyapatite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mineraly.sk_-_hydroxylapatit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mineraly.sk_-_hydroxylapatit.jpg/220px-Mineraly.sk_-_hydroxylapatit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mineraly.sk_-_hydroxylapatit.jpg/330px-Mineraly.sk_-_hydroxylapatit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Mineraly.sk_-_hydroxylapatit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hydroxyapatite <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> on matrix</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mineral" title="Phosphate mineral">Phosphate mineral</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">Apatite</a> group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>OH</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hap<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.BN.05</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">Hexagonal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dipyramidal (6/m) <br /><a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a> (6/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>P</i>6<sub>3</sub>/m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 9.41 Å, c = 6.88 Å; Z = 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Formula_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula mass">Formula mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">502.31 g/mol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Colorless, white, gray, yellow, yellowish green</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">As tabular crystals and as stalagmites, nodules, in crystalline to massive crusts</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Poor on {0001} and {10<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>0}</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Conchoidal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brittle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous to subresinous, earthy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Transparent to translucent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.14–3.21 (measured), 3.16 (calculated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Uniaxial (−)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">n<sub>ω</sub> = 1.651 n<sub>ε</sub> = 1.644</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">δ = 0.007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroxylapatite-338779.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hydroxylapatite-338779.jpg/220px-Hydroxylapatite-338779.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hydroxylapatite-338779.jpg/330px-Hydroxylapatite-338779.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hydroxylapatite-338779.jpg/440px-Hydroxylapatite-338779.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Hydroxyapatite</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%BCdroks%C3%BCapatiidi_kristallid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/H%C3%BCdroks%C3%BCapatiidi_kristallid.JPG/220px-H%C3%BCdroks%C3%BCapatiidi_kristallid.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/H%C3%BCdroks%C3%BCapatiidi_kristallid.JPG/330px-H%C3%BCdroks%C3%BCapatiidi_kristallid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/H%C3%BCdroks%C3%BCapatiidi_kristallid.JPG/440px-H%C3%BCdroks%C3%BCapatiidi_kristallid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Needle-like hydroxyapatite crystals on stainless steel. <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope</a> picture from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanoscale_coating_of_Ca-HAp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nanoscale_coating_of_Ca-HAp.PNG/220px-Nanoscale_coating_of_Ca-HAp.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nanoscale_coating_of_Ca-HAp.PNG/330px-Nanoscale_coating_of_Ca-HAp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nanoscale_coating_of_Ca-HAp.PNG/440px-Nanoscale_coating_of_Ca-HAp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Nanoscale coating of Ca-HAp, image taken with <a href="/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscopy" title="Scanning probe microscopy">scanning probe microscope</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydroxyapatite3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hydroxyapatite3.png/220px-Hydroxyapatite3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hydroxyapatite3.png/330px-Hydroxyapatite3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hydroxyapatite3.png/440px-Hydroxyapatite3.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>A 3D visualization of half of a hydroxyapatite unit cell, from x-ray crystallography</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hydroxyapatite</b> (<a href="/wiki/International_Mineralogical_Association" title="International Mineralogical Association">IMA</a> name: <b>hydroxylapatite</b><sup id="cite_ref-IMA_names_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMA_names-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) (Hap, HAp, or HA) is a naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">formula</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(OH)</span>, often written <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> to denote that the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal unit</a> cell comprises two entities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_group" title="Hydroxy group">hydroxyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Endmember" title="Endmember">endmember</a> of the complex <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite group</a>. The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> can be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluoride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chloride</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Fluorapatite" title="Fluorapatite">fluorapatite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chlorapatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorapatite">chlorapatite</a>. It crystallizes in the <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_(crystal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal (crystal system)">hexagonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">crystal system</a>. Pure hydroxyapatite powder is white. Naturally occurring apatites can, however, also have brown, yellow, or green colorations, comparable to the discolorations of <a href="/wiki/Dental_fluorosis" title="Dental fluorosis">dental fluorosis</a>. </p><p>Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight of <a href="/wiki/Human_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Human bone">human bone</a> is a modified form of hydroxyapatite, known as <a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral" title="Bone mineral">bone mineral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite is the main mineral of which <a href="/wiki/Dental_enamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental enamel">dental enamel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a> are composed. Hydroxyapatite crystals are also found in pathological calcifications such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast tumors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as calcifications within the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a> (and other structures of the brain) known as <a href="/wiki/Corpora_arenacea" title="Corpora arenacea">corpora arenacea</a> or "brain sand".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_synthesis">Chemical synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chemical synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized via several methods, such as wet chemical deposition, biomimetic deposition, <a href="/wiki/Sol-gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol-gel">sol-gel</a> route (wet-chemical precipitation) or electrodeposition.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hydroxyapatite nanocrystal suspension can be prepared by a wet chemical precipitation reaction following the reaction equation below:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">10 Ca(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 6 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> → Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 18 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> </p><p>The ability to synthetically replicate hydroxyapatite has invaluable clinical implications, especially in dentistry. Each technique yields hydroxyapatite crystals of varied characteristics, such as size and shape.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These variations have a marked effect on the biological and mechanical properties of the compound, and therefore these hydroxyapatite products have different clinical uses.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calcium-deficient_hydroxyapatite">Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcium-deficient (non-stochiometric) hydroxyapatite, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10−<i>x</i></sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6−<i>x</i></sub>(HPO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2−<i>x</i></sub></span> (where <i>x</i> is between 0 and 1) has a Ca/P ratio between 1.67 and 1.5. The Ca/P ratio is often used in the discussion of calcium phosphate phases.<sup id="cite_ref-Bioactive_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bioactive-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stoichiometric apatite <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> has a Ca/P ratio of 10:6 normally expressed as 1.67. The non-stoichiometric phases have the hydroxyapatite structure with cation vacancies (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sup>2+</sup></span>) and anion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span>) vacancies. The sites occupied solely by phosphate anions in stoichiometric hydroxyapatite, are occupied by phosphate or hydrogen phosphate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HPO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>, anions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bioactive_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bioactive-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These calcium-deficient phases can be prepared by precipitation from a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitrate" title="Calcium nitrate">calcium nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diammonium_phosphate" title="Diammonium phosphate">diammonium phosphate</a> with the desired Ca/P ratio, for example, to make a sample with a Ca/P ratio of 1.6:<sup id="cite_ref-ChampionI_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChampionI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">9.6 Ca(NO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 6 (NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>HPO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> → Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9.6</sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5.6</sub>(HPO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">0.4</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">1.6</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Sintering these non-stoichiometric phases forms a solid phase which is an intimate mixture of tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite, termed <a href="/wiki/Tricalcium_phosphate" title="Tricalcium phosphate">biphasic calcium phosphate</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-ValletRegi1997_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ValletRegi1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10−<i>x</i></sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6−<i>x</i></sub>(HPO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub"><i>x</i></sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2−<i>x</i></sub> →</span> <span class="nowrap">(1 − <i>x</i>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 3<i>x</i> Ca<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_function">Biological function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biological function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals_(including_humans)"><span id="Mammals_.28including_humans.29"></span>Mammals (including humans)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mammals (including humans)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydroxyapatite is present in <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a>; bone is made primarily of HA crystals interspersed in a <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> matrix—65 to 70% of the mass of bone is HA. Similarly HA is 70 to 80% of the mass of <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> in teeth. In enamel, the matrix for HA is formed by <a href="/wiki/Amelogenin" title="Amelogenin">amelogenins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enamelin" title="Enamelin">enamelins</a> instead of collagen.<sup id="cite_ref-statpearls2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statpearls2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, hydroxyapatite-coated orthopedic implants perform better in certain patients. For instance, for patients with steatotic liver disease hydroxyapatite-coated titanium has superior properties.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, the potential of hydroxyapatite for the engineering biomaterials is considered substantial. </p><p>Hydroxyapatite deposits in tendons around joints results in the medical condition <a href="/wiki/Calcific_tendinitis" title="Calcific tendinitis">calcific tendinitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Car2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Car2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydroxyapatite is a constituent of calcium phosphate <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease" title="Kidney stone disease">kidney stones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remineralisation_of_tooth_enamel">Remineralisation of tooth enamel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Remineralisation of tooth enamel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Remineralisation_of_teeth" title="Remineralisation of teeth">Remineralisation</a> of tooth enamel involves the reintroduction of mineral ions into demineralised enamel.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydroxyapatite is the main mineral component of enamel in teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Pepla_108–114_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pepla_108–114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During demineralisation, calcium and phosphorus ions are drawn out from the hydroxyapatite. The mineral ions introduced during remineralisation restore the structure of the hydroxyapatite crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-Pepla_108–114_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pepla_108–114-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> ions are present during the remineralisation, through <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">water fluoridation</a> or the use of fluoride-containing <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a>, the stronger and more acid-resistant <a href="/wiki/Fluorapatite" title="Fluorapatite">fluorapatite</a> crystals are formed instead of the hydroxyapatite crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-Featherstone_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Featherstone-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mantis_shrimp">Mantis shrimp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mantis shrimp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clubbing appendages of the <i><a href="/wiki/Odontodactylus_scyllarus" title="Odontodactylus scyllarus">Odontodactylus scyllarus</a></i> (peacock mantis shrimp) are made of an extremely dense form of the mineral which has a higher specific strength; this has led to its investigation for potential synthesis and engineering use.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their dactyl appendages have excellent <a href="/wiki/Impact_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact resistance">impact resistance</a> due to the impact region being composed of mainly crystalline hydroxyapatite, which offers significant hardness. A periodic layer underneath the impact layer composed of hydroxyapatite with lower calcium and phosphorus content (thus resulting in a much lower modulus) inhibits crack growth by forcing new cracks to change directions. This periodic layer also reduces the energy transferred across both layers due to the large difference in modulus, even reflecting some of the incident energy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_dentistry">Use in dentistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use in dentistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the use of hydroxyapatite, or its synthetically manufactured form, nano-hydroxyapatite, is not yet common practice. Some studies suggest it is useful in counteracting dentine hypersensitivity, preventing sensitivity after teeth bleaching procedures and cavity prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avian eggshell hydroxyapatite can be a viable filler material in bone regeneration procedures in oral surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dentine_sensitivity">Dentine sensitivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dentine sensitivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nano-hydroxyapatite possesses bioactive components which can prompt the mineralisation process of teeth, remedying hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity of teeth is thought to be regulated by fluid within dentinal tubules.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement of this fluid as a result of different stimuli is said to excite receptor cells in the pulp and trigger sensations of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical properties of the nano-hydroxyapatite can penetrate and seal the tubules, stopping the circulation of the fluid and therefore the sensations of pain from stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nano-hydroxyapatite would be preferred as it parallels the natural process of surface remineralisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In comparison to alternative treatments for dentine hypersensitivity relief, nano-hydroxyapatite containing treatment has been shown to perform better clinically. Nano-hydroxyapatite was proven to be better than other treatments at reducing sensitivity against evaporative stimuli, such as an air blast, and tactile stimuli, such as tapping the tooth with a dental instrument. However, no difference was seen between nano-hydroxyapatite and other treatments for cold stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydroxylapatite has shown significant medium and long-term desensitizing effects on dentine hypersensitivity using evaporative stimuli and the visual analogue scale (alongside potassium nitrate, arginine, glutaraldehyde with hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyapatite, adhesive systems, glass ionomer cements and laser).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-agent_for_bleaching">Co-agent for bleaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Co-agent for bleaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teeth bleaching agents release reactive oxygen species which can degrade enamel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent this, nano-hydroxyapatite can be added to the bleaching solution to reduce the impact of the bleaching agent by blocking pores within the enamel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduces sensitivity after the bleaching process.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavity_prevention">Cavity prevention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cavity prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nano-hydroxyapatite possesses a remineralising effect on teeth and can be used to prevent damage from carious attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event of an acid attack by cariogenic bacteria, nano-hydroxyapatite particles can infiltrate pores on the tooth surface to form a protective layer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, nano-hydroxyapatite may have the capacity to reverse damage from carious assaults by either directly replacing deteriorated surface minerals or acting as a binding agent for lost ions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some toothpaste hydroxyapatite can be found in the form of nanocrystals (as these are easily dissolved). In recent years, hydroxyapatite nanocrystals (nHA) have been used in toothpaste to combat dental hypersensitivity. They aid in the repair and remineralisation of the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a>, thus helping to prevent tooth sensitivity. Tooth enamel can become demineralised due to various factors, including acidic erosion and dental <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">caries</a>. If left untreated this can lead to the exposure of dentin and subsequent exposure of the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(tooth)" title="Pulp (tooth)">dental pulp</a>. In various studies the use of nano hydroxyapatite in toothpaste showed positive results in aiding the remineralisation of dental enamel.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to remineralisation, in vitro studies have shown that toothpastes containing nano-hydroxyapatite have the potential to reduce <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> formation on both tooth enamel and <a href="/wiki/Resin-based_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Resin-based composite">resin-based composite</a> surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32492906_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32492906-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_dental_material">As a dental material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As a dental material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydroxyapatite is widely used within dentistry and <a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">oral and maxillofacial surgery</a>, due to its chemical similarity to hard tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the future, there are possibilities for using nano-hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering and repair. The main and most advantageous feature of nano-hydroxyapatite is its biocompatibility.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is chemically similar to naturally occurring hydroxyapatite and can mimic the structure and biological function of the structures found in the resident extracellular matrix.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, it can be used as a scaffold for engineering tissues such as bone and cementum.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be used to restore cleft lips and palates and refine existing practices such as preservation of alveolar bone after extraction for better implant placement.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_concerns">Safety concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Safety concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Consumer_Safety" title="Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety">Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety</a> (SCCS) issued an official opinion in 2021, where it considered whether the nanomaterial hydroxyapatite was safe when used in leave-on and rinse-off dermal and oral cosmetic products, taking into account reasonably foreseeable exposure conditions. It stated:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Having considered the data provided, and other relevant information available in scientific literature, the SCCS cannot conclude on the safety of the hydroxyapatite composed of rod–shaped nanoparticles for use in oral-care cosmetic products at the maximum concentrations and specifications given in this Opinion. This is because the available data/information is not sufficient to exclude concerns over the genotoxic potential of HAP-nano.</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Consumer_Safety" title="Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety">Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety</a> (SCCS) reissued an updated opinion in 2023, where it cleared rod-shaped nano hydroxyapatite of concerns regarding genotoxicity, allowing consumer products to contain concentrations of nano hydroxyapatite as high as 10% for toothpastes and 0.465% for mouthwashes. However, it warns of needle-shaped nano hydroxyapatite and of inhalation in spray products. It stated:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Based on the data provided, the SCCS considers hydroxyapatite (nano) safe when used at concentrations up to 10% in toothpaste, and up to 0.465% in mouthwash. This safety evaluation only applies to the hydroxyapatite (nano) with the following characteristics: </p><p>– composed of rod-shaped particles of which at least 95.8% (in particle number) have an aspect ratio of less than 3, and the remaining 4.2% have an aspect ratio not exceeding 4.9; </p><p> – the particles are not coated or surface modified.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chromatography">Chromatography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chromatography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with its medical applications, hydroxyapatite is also used in downstream applications under mixed-mode chromatography in polishing step. The ions present on the surface of hydroxyapatite make it an ideal candidate with unique selectivity, separation and purification of biomolecule mixtures. In mixed-mode chromatography, hydroxyapatite is used as the stationary phase in chromatography columns. </p><p>The combined presence of calcium ions (C- sites) and phosphate sites (P-sites) provide metal affinity and ion exchange properties respectively. The C-sites on the surface of the resin undergo metal affinity interactions with phosphate or carboxyl groups present on the biomolecules. Concurrently, these positively charged C-sites tend to repel positively charged functional groups (e.g., amino groups) on biomolecules. P-sites undergo cationic exchange with positively charged functional groups on biomolecules. They exhibit electrostatic repulsion with negatively charged functional groups on biomolecules. For the elution of molecules buffer with high concentration of phosphate and sodium chloride is used. The nature of different charged ions on the surface of hydroxyapatite provides the framework for unique selectivity and binding of biomolecules, facilitating robust separation of biomolecules. </p><p>Hydroxyapatite is available in different forms and in different sizes for the purpose of protein purification. The advantages of hydroxyapatite media are its high product stability and uniformity in various lots during its production. Generally, hydroxyapatite was used in the polishing step of monoclonal antibodies, isolation of endotoxin free plasmids, purification of enzymes and viral particles.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_archaeology">Use in archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Use in archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, hydroxyapatite from <a href="/wiki/Faunal_assemblage" title="Faunal assemblage">human and animal remains</a> can be analysed to reconstruct ancient <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diets</a>, migrations and paleoclimate. The mineral fractions of bone and teeth act as a reservoir of <a href="/wiki/Micronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronutrients">trace elements</a>, including carbon, oxygen and strontium. Stable isotope analysis of human and faunal hydroxyapatite can be used to indicate whether a diet was predominantly terrestrial or marine in nature (carbon, strontium);<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the geographical origin and migratory habits of an animal or human (oxygen, strontium)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to reconstruct past temperatures and climate shifts (oxygen).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-depositional alteration of bone can contribute to the degradation of bone collagen, the protein required for stable isotope analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its high biocompatibility, bioactivity, osteoconductive and/or osteoinductive capacity, nontoxicity, nonimmunogenic properties, and noninflammatory behavior, hydroxyapatite is available and used as a bone filler and as coatings on prostheses. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designing bone scaffolds with a higher capability of promoting bone regeneration is a topical research subject. Composite 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering based on nano-hydroxyapatite and poly-ε-caprolactone were designed. The 3D composite scaffolds showed good cytocompatibility and osteogenic potential, which is specifically recommended in applications when faster mineralization is needed, such as osteoporosis treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defluoridation">Defluoridation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Defluoridation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydroxylapatite is a potential <a href="/wiki/Adsorbent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adsorbent">adsorbent</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Defluoridation" title="Defluoridation">defluoridation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, as it forms <a href="/wiki/Fluorapatite" title="Fluorapatite">fluorapatite</a> in a three step process. Hydroxylapatite removes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">F<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span> from the water to replace <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span> forming fluorapatite. However, during the defluoridation process the hydroxyapatite dissolves, and increases the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> ion concentration which makes the defluoridated water unfit for drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-sankannavar_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sankannavar-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, a ″calcium amended-hydroxyapatite″ defluoridation technique was suggested to overcome the phosphate leaching from hydroxyapatite.<sup id="cite_ref-sankannavar_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sankannavar-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique can also affect fluorosis reversal by providing calcium-enriched alkaline drinking water to fluorosis affected areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxyphosphate" title="Calcium hydroxyphosphate">Calcium hydroxyphosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcific_tendinitis" title="Calcific tendinitis">Calcific tendinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_properties_of_biomaterials" title="Mechanical properties of biomaterials">Mechanical properties of biomaterials</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxyapatite&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydroxyapatite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-1992.html">Hydroxylapatite on Mindat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmineral.com/data/Hydroxylapatite.shtml">Hydroxylapatite on Webmineral</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HB_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony,_John_W.Bideaux,_Richard_A.Bladh,_Kenneth_W.Nichols,_Monte_C.2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. 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