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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorapatita" title="Fluorapatita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fluorapatita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorapatit" title="Fluorapatit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fluorapatit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorapatita" title="Fluorapatita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fluorapatita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorapatita" title="Fluorapatita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fluorapatita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorapatite" title="Fluorapatite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fluorapatite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%87%90%E7%81%B0%E7%9F%B3" title="フッ素燐灰石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フッ素燐灰石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Fluorapatite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorapatite-Muscovite-tuc8-098a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fluorapatite-Muscovite-tuc8-098a.jpg/260px-Fluorapatite-Muscovite-tuc8-098a.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fluorapatite-Muscovite-tuc8-098a.jpg/390px-Fluorapatite-Muscovite-tuc8-098a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fluorapatite-Muscovite-tuc8-098a.jpg/520px-Fluorapatite-Muscovite-tuc8-098a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="684" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fluorapatite (pink) on top of <a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">muscovite</a> (green)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mineral" title="Phosphate mineral">Phosphate mineral</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">Apatite</a> group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>F</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fap<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.BN.05</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">Hexagonal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dipyramidal (6/m) <br /><a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (6/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>P</i>6<sub>3</sub>/m</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Sea-green, violet, purple, blue, pink, yellow, brown, white, colorless, may be zoned</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Massive to prismatic crystalline</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Contact twins rare</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Indistinct</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brittle to conchoidal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous, resinous to dull</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Transparent to opaque</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.1 to 3.2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Uniaxial (−)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">nω = 1.631 – 1.650 nε = 1.633 – 1.646</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">δ = 0.002</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fluorescent and phosphorescent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fluorapatite</b>, often with the alternate spelling of <b>fluoroapatite</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mineral" title="Phosphate mineral">phosphate mineral</a> with the formula Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>F (calcium fluorophosphate). Fluorapatite is a hard crystalline solid. Although samples can have various color (green, brown, blue, yellow, violet, or colorless), the pure mineral is colorless, as expected for a material lacking <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylapatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxylapatite">hydroxylapatite</a>, it can be a component of <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">tooth enamel</a>, especially in individuals who use <a href="/wiki/Fluoride_therapy#Toothpaste" title="Fluoride therapy"> fluoridated toothpaste</a>, but for industrial use both minerals are mined in the form of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a>, whose usual mineral composition is primarily fluorapatite but often with significant amounts of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-hurlbut_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurlbut-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fluorapatite crystallizes in a hexagonal crystal system. It is often combined as a <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solution</a> with hydroxylapatite (Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>OH or Ca<sub>10</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>) in biological matrices. <a href="/wiki/Chlorapatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorapatite">Chlorapatite</a> (Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Cl) is another related structure.<sup id="cite_ref-hurlbut_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurlbut-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrially, the mineral is an important source of both <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric</a> acids. </p><p>Fluorapatite as a mineral is the most common phosphate mineral. It occurs widely as an accessory mineral in <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous rocks">igneous rocks</a> and in calcium rich <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic rocks">metamorphic rocks</a>. It commonly occurs as a <a href="/wiki/Detrital" class="mw-redirect" title="Detrital">detrital</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenic</a> mineral in <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary rocks">sedimentary rocks</a> and is an essential component of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">phosphorite</a> ore deposits. It occurs as a residual mineral in <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">lateritic soils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fluorapatite is found in the teeth of <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and other fishes in varying concentrations. It is also present in <a href="/wiki/Human_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Human teeth">human teeth</a> that have been exposed to <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> ions, for example, through <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">water fluoridation</a> or by using fluoride-containing <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a>. The presence of fluorapatite helps prevent tooth decay or <a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">dental caries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluoroapatite has a mild bacteriostatic property as well, which helps decrease the proliferation of <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">Streptococcus mutans</a></i>, the predominant bacterium related to dental caries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorapatite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thin_section_microscopy_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301_6170_apatite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thin_section_microscopy_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301_6170_apatite.jpg/220px-Thin_section_microscopy_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301_6170_apatite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thin_section_microscopy_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301_6170_apatite.jpg/330px-Thin_section_microscopy_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301_6170_apatite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thin_section_microscopy_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301_6170_apatite.jpg/440px-Thin_section_microscopy_Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_R301_6170_apatite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5010" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>Fluorapatite grains in carbonate groundmass. Photomicrographs of thin section from <a href="/wiki/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_apatite_ore" class="mw-redirect" title="Siilinjärvi apatite ore">Siilinjärvi apatite ore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorapatite-382311.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fluorapatite-382311.jpg/220px-Fluorapatite-382311.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fluorapatite-382311.jpg/330px-Fluorapatite-382311.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fluorapatite-382311.jpg/440px-Fluorapatite-382311.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Fluorapatite. São Geraldo do Baixio, <a href="/wiki/Doce_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Doce valley">Doce valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fluorapatite can be synthesized in a three step process. First, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a> is generated by combining calcium and phosphate <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> at neutral <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>. This material then reacts further with fluoride sources (often <a href="/wiki/Sodium_monofluorophosphate" title="Sodium monofluorophosphate">sodium monofluorophosphate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">calcium fluoride</a> (CaF<sub>2</sub>)) to give the mineral. This reaction is integral in the global <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">phosphorus cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>3 <span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd>3 <span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">CaF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> → 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>F</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorapatite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fluorapatite as a naturally occurring impurity in <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> generates <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a> as a byproduct during the production of <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>, as apatite is digested by <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. The hydrogen fluoride byproduct is now one of the industrial sources of <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a>, which in turn is used as a starting reagent for synthesis of a range of important industrial and pharmaceutical <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> compounds. </p><p>Synthetic fluorapatite doped with <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>-II and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>-V formed the basis for the second generation of <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent tube">fluorescent tube</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> referred to as <i>halophosphors</i>. When irradiated with 253.7 nm <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resonance_radiation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resonance radiation (page does not exist)">resonance radiation</a> they <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluoresced</a> with broad emission which appeared within the range of <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">acceptable whites</a>. The antimony-V acted as the primary activator and produced a broad blue emission. Addition of manganese-II produced a second broad peak to appear at the red end of the emission spectrum at the expense of the antimony peak, excitation energy being transferred from the antimony to the manganese by a non radiative process and making the emitted light appear less blue and more pink. Replacement of some of the fluoride ions with chloride ions in the lattice caused a general shift of the emission bands to the longer wavelength red end of the spectrum. These alterations allowed phosphors for <i>Warm White</i>, <i>White</i> and <i>Daylight</i> tubes, (with corrected color temperatures of 2900, 4100 and 6500 K respectively), to be made. The amounts of the manganese and antimony activators vary between 0.05 and 0.5 mole percent. The reaction used to create halophosphor is shown below. The antimony and manganese must be incorporated in the correct trace amounts if the product is to be fluorescent. </p> <dl><dd>6 <span class="chemf nowrap">CaHPO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> + (3+x) <span class="chemf nowrap">CaCO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + (1−x) <span class="chemf nowrap">CaF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + (2x) <span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>Cl</span> → 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>(F<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1−x</sub></span></span>Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">x</sub></span></span>)</span> + (3+x) <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + (3+x) <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> + (2x) <span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>Sometimes some of the calcium was substituted with <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> giving narrower emission peaks. For special purpose or colored tubes the halophosphor was mixed with small quantities of other phosphors, particularly in De-Luxe tubes with higher <a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">color rendering index</a> for use in food market or art studio lighting. </p><p>Prior to the development of halophosphor in 1942, the first generation <a href="/wiki/Willemite" title="Willemite">willemite</a> latticed, manganese-II activated zinc orthosilicate and zinc beryllium orthosilicate phosphors were used in fluorescent tubes. Due to the respiratory toxicity of beryllium compounds the obsolescence of these early phosphor types were advantageous to health. </p><p>Since about 1990 the third generation tri-phosphors, three separate red, blue and green phosphors activated with rare earth ions and mixed in proportions to produce acceptable whites, have largely replaced halophosphors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fluorapatite can be used as a precursor for the production of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. It can be reduced by <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>: </p> <dl><dd>4 <span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>(PO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>F</span> + 21 <span class="chemf nowrap">SiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> + 30 C → 20 <span class="chemf nowrap">CaSiO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> + 30 CO + <span class="chemf nowrap">SiF<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> + 6 <span class="chemf nowrap">P<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>Upon cooling, <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> (P<sub>4</sub>) is generated: </p> <dl><dd>2 <span class="chemf nowrap">P<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">P<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span></dd></dl> <p>Fluorapatite is also used as a gemstone.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fluorapatite" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fluorapatite">Fluorapatite</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santabarbaraite" title="Santabarbaraite">Santabarbaraite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorodite" title="Scorodite">Scorodite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/23px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/34px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/46px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Minerals" title="Portal:Minerals">Minerals portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorapatite&oldid=1234905314">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorapatite&oldid=1234905314</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phosphate_minerals" title="Category:Phosphate minerals">Phosphate minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gemstones" title="Category:Gemstones">Gemstones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hexagonal_minerals" title="Category:Hexagonal minerals">Hexagonal minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minerals_in_space_group_176" title="Category:Minerals in space group 176">Minerals in space group 176</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fluorine_minerals" title="Category:Fluorine minerals">Fluorine minerals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> 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