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(born 1959)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Philippine name</a> for <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Muslims</a>, the name <i>Abubakar</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>, not a <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a>, and the family name is <i>Janjalani</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1959<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a>, Philippines</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 18, 1998 (aged 38–39)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Philippines</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Gunshot wound</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Nominal leader of the Filipino militant group <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khadaffy_Janjalani" title="Khadaffy Janjalani">Khadaffy Janjalani</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani</b> (1959 – December 18, 1998) was a Filipino <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> militant who was the chief founder and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> organization until his death in 1998 by Filipino police.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death his brother, <a href="/wiki/Khadaffy_Janjalani" title="Khadaffy Janjalani">Khadaffy Janjalani</a>, took control of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdurajak_Abubakar_Janjalani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Janjalani was born on the Philippine island of <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Tausug_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tausug people">Tau Sūg</a> father and a <a href="/wiki/Ilonggo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilonggo people">Ilonggo</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christian mother</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-unson2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unson2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his presumed year of birth, 1959, is still subject to dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former teacher, he studied theology and Arabic in Libya, Syria, and Saudi Arabia during the 1980s. He also was named "Abu Sayyaf" by his students.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terrorism_career">Terrorism career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdurajak_Abubakar_Janjalani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terrorism career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdurajak_Abubakar_Janjalani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Janjalani was born, he was raised in a time of turmoil, when many people were against Muslims. Including a warrior which was captured by the Philippine government as a pirate but was seen as a hero by his group. After an unsuccessful independence bill, he started to fight against <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. Following studies in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, where he was lured and allegedly trained by a terrorist group, also meeting <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdurajak_Abubakar_Janjalani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When he returned to the Philippines in 1990 Janjalani was able to attract many <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> youth to join his organization. Janjalani was also allegedly given $6 million by Osama bin Laden to establish the organization as an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> (MNLF). Janjalani had allegedly met Bin Laden in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in the late 1980s and allegedly fought alongside him against the Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>. At the time of his death, he was the country's most wanted man, with a bounty of 1.5 million pesos on his head. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdurajak_Abubakar_Janjalani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2011" class="citation book cs1">Schmid, Alex P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PXpFxKRsHgC&pg=PA606"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 606. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81040-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81040-4"><bdi>978-1-136-81040-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Terrorism+Research&rft.pages=606&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81040-4&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Alex+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PXpFxKRsHgC%26pg%3DPA606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdurajak+Abubakar+Janjalani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzraDijkKaptein2010" class="citation book cs1">Azra, Azyumardi; Dijk, Kees van; Kaptein, Nico J. G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RvMGPYSquZwC&pg=PA184"><i>Varieties of Religious Authority: Changes and Challenges in 20th Century Indonesian Islam</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-940-2"><bdi>978-981-230-940-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Religious+Authority%3A+Changes+and+Challenges+in+20th+Century+Indonesian+Islam&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-981-230-940-2&rft.aulast=Azra&rft.aufirst=Azyumardi&rft.au=Dijk%2C+Kees+van&rft.au=Kaptein%2C+Nico+J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRvMGPYSquZwC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdurajak+Abubakar+Janjalani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChasdi2010" class="citation book cs1">Chasdi, Richard J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4le7SvHMKAMC&pg=PA194"><i>Counterterror Offensives for the Ghost War World: The Rudiments of Counterterrorism Policy</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-3326-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-3326-6"><bdi>978-1-4616-3326-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterterror+Offensives+for+the+Ghost+War+World%3A+The+Rudiments+of+Counterterrorism+Policy&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-3326-6&rft.aulast=Chasdi&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4le7SvHMKAMC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdurajak+Abubakar+Janjalani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unson2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unson2017_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnson2017" class="citation news cs1">Unson, John (April 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/nation/2017/04/16/1686467/mindanao-development-pushing-abu-sayyaf-out-security-officials">"Mindanao Development Pushing Abu Sayyaf Out —Security Officials"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Mindanao+Development+Pushing+Abu+Sayyaf+Out+%E2%80%94Security+Officials&rft.date=2017-04-16&rft.aulast=Unson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fnation%2F2017%2F04%2F16%2F1686467%2Fmindanao-development-pushing-abu-sayyaf-out-security-officials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdurajak+Abubakar+Janjalani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEast2013" class="citation book cs1">East, Bob (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgyBwAAQBAJ"><i>Terror Truncated: The Decline of the Abu Sayyaf Group from the Crucial Year 2002</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4461-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-4461-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+Truncated%3A+The+Decline+of+the+Abu+Sayyaf+Group+from+the+Crucial+Year+2002&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-4461-1&rft.aulast=East&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzgyBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdurajak+Abubakar+Janjalani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mackenzieinstitute.com/2017/01/the-beginnings-of-the-abu-sayyaf-group/">"The Beginnings of the Abu Sayyaf Group"</a>. <i>The Mackenzie Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mackenzie+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+the+Abu+Sayyaf+Group&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmackenzieinstitute.com%2F2017%2F01%2Fthe-beginnings-of-the-abu-sayyaf-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdurajak+Abubakar+Janjalani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdurajak_Abubakar_Janjalani&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011115061317/http://www.atimes.com/se-asia/CJ27Ae09.html">Asia Times: "Philippines the second front in war on terror?"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518105521/http://www.mindanews.com/2003/01/2nd/vws06torres.html">Looking for al-Qaeda in the Philippines</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PPSh-41_submachine_gun_(Fallujah,_Iraq).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PPSh-41_submachine_gun_%28Fallujah%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/35px-PPSh-41_submachine_gun_%28Fallujah%2C_Iraq%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PPSh-41_submachine_gun_%28Fallujah%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/53px-PPSh-41_submachine_gun_%28Fallujah%2C_Iraq%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/PPSh-41_submachine_gun_%28Fallujah%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/70px-PPSh-41_submachine_gun_%28Fallujah%2C_Iraq%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This biographical article related to a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary organization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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