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</div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Philippines" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_(pre–900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory (pre–900) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_(pre–900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_states_(900–1565)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_states_(900–1565)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early states (900–1565) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_states_(900–1565)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_and_American_colonial_rule_(1565–1934)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_and_American_colonial_rule_(1565–1934)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_and_American_colonial_rule_(1565–1934)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_and_World_War_II_(1935–1946)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_and_World_War_II_(1935–1946)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_and_World_War_II_(1935–1946)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_(1946–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_(1946–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Independence (1946–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_(1946–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Values </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Art and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Sports and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Philippines</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 264 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-264" aria-hidden="true" > 264 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Филипинхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Филипинхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippyne" title="Filippyne – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Filippyne" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinen" title="Philippinen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%88%8A%E1%8D%92%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5" title="ፊሊፒንስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊሊፒንስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiineh" title="Filippiineh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Filippiineh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलीपींस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फिलीपींस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin%C4%ABega" title="Filippinīega – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Filippinīega" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الفلبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفلبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܦܝܠܝܦܝܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܝܠܝܦܝܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinji" title="Filipinji – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Filipinji" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipenes" title="Felipenes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Felipenes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ফিলিপাইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফিলিপাইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipines" title="Filipines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filipines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%ADna" title="Filipína – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Filipína" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin" title="Filippin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Filippin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فیلیپین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ফিলিপাইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিলিপাইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipina" title="Pilipina – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pilipina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui-li%CC%8Dp-pin" title="Hui-li̍p-pin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hui-li̍p-pin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Філіпіны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філіпіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Філіпіны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Філіпіны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपींस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फिलिपींस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Филипини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филипини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinen" title="Philippinen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥི་ལི་པིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥི་ལི་པིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinez" title="Filipinez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Filipinez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Филиппинэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Филиппинэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipines" title="Filipines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filipines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Филиппинсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Филиппинсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%ADny" title="Filipíny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filipíny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippine" title="Filippine – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Filippine" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Philipinau" title="Y Philipinau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Philipinau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinerne" title="Filippinerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Filippinerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فيليپين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيليپين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiinnat" title="Filippiinnat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Filippiinnat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinen" title="Philippinen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%95%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ފިލިޕީންސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފިލިޕީންސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9yah_Da%C5%84l%C3%ADinii" title="Kéyah Dańlíinii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kéyah Dańlíinii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiny" title="Filipiny – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Filipiny" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiinid" title="Filipiinid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Filipiinid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Φιλιππίνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλιππίνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinoj" title="Filipinoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filipinoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilipinas" title="Hilipinas – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hilipinas" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinak" title="Filipinak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filipinak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فیلیپین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipsoyggjar" title="Filipsoyggjar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Filipsoyggjar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinen" title="Filipinen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Filipinen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiin" title="Filipiin – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Filipiin" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_hOile%C3%A1in_Fhilip%C3%ADneacha" title="Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_h-Ellanyn_Philippeenagh" title="Ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ny h-Ellanyn Philippeenagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinner" title="Filippinner – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Filippinner" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_Filipineach" title="Na h-Eileanan Filipineach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na h-Eileanan Filipineach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" title="菲律賓 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="菲律賓" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D" title="ફિલિપીન્ઝ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફિલિપીન્ઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍀𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌹𐍀𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌾𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलीपिन्स – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="फिलीपिन्स" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AE-li%CC%8Dt-p%C3%AEn" title="Fî-li̍t-pîn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fî-li̍t-pîn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80" title="필리핀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리핀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80ina_Pilipino" title="ʻĀina Pilipino – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĀina Pilipino" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ֆիլիպիններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիլիպիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ़िलीपीन्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़िलीपीन्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiny" title="Filipiny – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Filipiny" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipina" title="Pilipina – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Pilipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ফিলিপাইন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফিলিপাইন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinas" title="Philippinas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Philippinas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipines" title="Filipines – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Filipines" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinat" title="Pilipinat – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Pilipinat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Филиппинтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Филиппинтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippseyjar" title="Filippseyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Filippseyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippine" title="Filippine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filippine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הפיליפינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפיליפינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫಿಲಿಪ್ಪೀನ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫಿಲಿಪ್ಪೀನ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Филиппинле – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Филиппинле" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფილიპინები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილიპინები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%90%D9%84%D9%90%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="فِلِپیٖن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فِلِپیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin%C3%AB" title="Filipinë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Filipinë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinys" title="Filipinys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Filipinys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipine" title="Filipine – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Filipine" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipine" title="Filipine – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Filipine" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufilipino" title="Ufilipino – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufilipino" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Филиппинъяс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Филиппинъяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%AEp%C3%AEn" title="Filîpîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Filîpîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Филиппинвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Филиппинвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipines" title="Filipines – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Filipines" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດຟີລິບປິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຟີລິບປິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinae" title="Philippinae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philippinae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C4%ABnas" title="Filipīnas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filipīnas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinnen" title="Philippinnen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Philippinnen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Филиппинар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Филиппинар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinai" title="Filipinai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Filipinai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinn-e" title="Filippinn-e – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Filippinn-e" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiene" title="Filipiene – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Filipiene" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%ADpino" title="Filípino – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Filípino" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinat" title="Filippinat – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Filippinat" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pilipinas" title="pilipinas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="pilipinas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinn" title="Filipinn – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Filipinn" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p-szigetek" title="Fülöp-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fülöp-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%CC%A3ilipina" title="P̣ilipina – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="P̣ilipina" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Филипини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филипини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫിലിപ്പീൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിലിപ്പീൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippini" title="Filippini – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Filippini" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirip%C4%ABni" title="Piripīni – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Piripīni" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ფილიპინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფილიპინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الفيليبين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفيليبين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فیلیپین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81" title="ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯞꯄꯤꯟꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯞꯄꯤꯟꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-l%C4%AD-p%C4%ADng" title="Hĭ-lĭ-pĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-lĭ-pĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пилиппинтне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пилиппинтне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဖိလစ်ပိုင်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖိလစ်ပိုင်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipaini" title="Filipaini – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Filipaini" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipijnen" title="Filipijnen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filipijnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपिन्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फिलिपिन्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3" title="フィリピン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Филиппинаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Филиппинаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiinen" title="Filipiinen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Filipiinen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felapiins" title="Felapiins – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Felapiins" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinene" title="Filippinene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filippinene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinane" title="Filippinane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Filippinane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipines" title="Filipines – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Filipines" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Филиппин-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Филиппин-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8" title="ଫିଲିପାଇନ୍ସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଫିଲିପାଇନ୍ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiippiinsi" title="Filiippiinsi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Filiippiinsi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin" title="Filippin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Filippin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਿਲੀਪੀਨਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिलिपीन्स – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="फिलिपीन्स" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="فلپائن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلپائن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پېليپين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پېليپين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiinz" title="Filipiinz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Filipiinz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="ហ្វីលីពីន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្វីលីពីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipines" title="Pilipines – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pilipines" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin-e" title="Filipin-e – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Filipin-e" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippinen" title="Philippinen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiny" title="Filipiny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filipiny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin" title="Filippin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Filippin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinler" title="Filippinler – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Filippinler" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipine" title="Filipine – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filipine" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipinakuna" title="Philipinakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Philipinakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Філіпіны – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Філіпіны" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Филиппины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филиппины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пилипиин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пилипиин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipaina" title="Filipaina – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Filipaina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83" title="कलिङ्गद्वीपः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कलिङ्गद्वीपः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%AEni" title="Filipîni – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Filipîni" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯᱟᱭᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinet" title="Filipinet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filipinet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippini" title="Filippini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Filippini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="පිලිපීනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පිලිපීනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="فلپائن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فلپائن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFiliphayi" title="IFiliphayi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IFiliphayi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%ADny" title="Filipíny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filipíny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiny" title="Filipiny – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Filipiny" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibiin" title="Filibiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Filibiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فلیپین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فلیپین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipins" title="Filipins – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Filipins" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Филипини – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филипини" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipini" title="Filipini – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filipini" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipina" title="Pilipina – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pilipina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiinit" title="Filippiinit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filippiinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinerna" title="Filippinerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filippinerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பிலிப்பீன்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிலிப்பீன்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippin" title="Filippin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Filippin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းၾီလိပ်ႈပိၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၾီလိပ်ႈပိၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫిలిప్పీన్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫిలిప్పీన్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศฟิลิปปินส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศฟิลิปปินส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipaini" title="Filipaini – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Filipaini" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%83" title="ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎩᏃ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎩᏃ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinler" title="Filipinler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filipinler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinler" title="Filippinler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Filippinler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipin" title="Filipin – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Filipin" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Филиппин – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨄᨗᨒᨗᨄᨗᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨗᨒᨗᨄᨗᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Філіппіни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філіппіни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="فلپائن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلپائن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%BE%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%86" title="فىلىپپىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىلىپپىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feihlizbinh" title="Feihlizbinh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Feihlizbinh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%82ipine" title="Fiłipine – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fiłipine" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippinad" title="Filippinad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Filippinad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Philippines" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipu%C3%A4ns" title="Filipuäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Filipuäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiiniq" title="Filipiiniq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Filipiiniq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipenes" title="Filipenes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Filipenes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" title="菲律賓 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="菲律賓" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipynn" title="Filipynn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Filipynn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas" title="Pilipinas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiin" title="Filipiin – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Filipiin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="菲律宾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="פיליפינען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיליפינען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C3%ADn%C3%AC" title="Filipínì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Filipínì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" title="菲律賓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菲律賓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1lipin" title="Fılipin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fılipin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filepijn%E2%80%99n" title="Filepijn’n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Filepijn’n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%97l%C4%97pin%C4%81" title="Fėlėpinā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fėlėpinā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律宾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipina" title="Pilipina – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Pilipina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilip%C3%A9nen" title="Pilipénen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pilipénen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipina" title="Pilipina – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Pilipina" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Filipina" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of the Philippines</div><div class="ib-country-names">Republika ng Pilipinas (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Philippines"><img alt="Flag of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/130px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/195px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/260px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms[a] of the Philippines"><img alt="Coat of arms[a] of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto:  <a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> "For God, People, Nature, and Country"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a>" "Chosen Land"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="Philippine_National_Anthem,_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Philippine_National_Anthem%2C_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Philippine_National_Anthem%2C_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg/Philippine_National_Anthem%2C_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APhilippine_National_Anthem%2C_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APhilippine_National_Anthem%2C_the_Lupang_Hinirang_Tenor_Solo.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:PHL_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PHL_orthographic.svg/220px-PHL_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PHL_orthographic.svg/330px-PHL_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PHL_orthographic.svg/440px-PHL_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg/250px-Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg/375px-Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg/500px-Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a>Show map of ASEAN</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Philippines (green)in <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> (dark grey)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:Location_Philippines_ASEAN.svg" title="File:Location Philippines ASEAN.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (de jure) <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a><a href="#cite_note-a-5">[b]</a> (de facto)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">19 languages</a><a href="#cite_note-GMA-DepEd-7-Languages-6">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-lang">National <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-lang">Other recognized languages<a href="#cite_note-b-8">[c]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census-9">[6]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>26.0% <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li><li>14.3% <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Bisaya</a></li><li>8.0% <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li><li>8.0% <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li><li>7.9% <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Ilonggo</a></li><li>6.5% <a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano</a></li><li>20.3% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census-10">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>85.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity</a> <ul><li>78.8% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholicism</a><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-2020Census-11">[d]</a></li> <li>6.5% other <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines#Christianity" title="Religion in the Philippines">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">6.4% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">8.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines#Other_religions" title="Religion in the Philippines">other</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Philippines" title="Irreligion in the Philippines">none</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> (neutral) Filipina (feminine) <a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a> (colloquial neutral) Pinay (colloquial feminine) Philippine (adjective for certain common nouns)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">Senate President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">House Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo" title="Alexander Gesmundo">Alexander Gesmundo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_of_the_Philippines" title="Sovereignty of the Philippines">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">June 12, 1898</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Cession</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 11, 1899</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Self-government</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 15, 1935</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Recognized</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July 4, 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 2, 1987</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">300,000<a href="#cite_note-Philippines_country_profile-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-land-area-14">[e]</a> km2 (120,000 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">72nd</a><a href="#cite_note-List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area-16">[11]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.61<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">[10]</a> (inland waters)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 114,163,719<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2020 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 109,035,343<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-18">[13]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">363.45/km2 (941.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">36th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.392 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $12,192<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">116th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $471.516 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4,130<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">124th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 41.2<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.710<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-21">[16]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">113th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso_sign" title="Philippine peso sign">₱</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">PHP</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+8 (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time" title="Philippine Standard Time">PhST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">MM/DD/YYYY DD/MM/YYYY<a href="#cite_note-22">[f]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">+63</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PH" title="ISO 3166-2:PH">PH</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ph" title=".ph">.ph</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-24">[g]</a> officially the Republic of the Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-25">[h]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelagic_state" title="Archipelagic state">archipelagic country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. In the western <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, it consists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">7,641 islands</a>, with a total area of roughly 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in <a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">three main geographical divisions</a> from north to south: <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. The Philippines is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a> to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a> to the south. It shares <a href="/wiki/Maritime_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime border">maritime borders</a> with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> to the east and southeast, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to the west, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to the northwest. It is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">twelfth-most-populous country</a>, with diverse <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnicities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">cultures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> is <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">the country's capital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Largest_cities" title="Cities of the Philippines">its most populated city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>. Both are within <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>. <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a>, the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by <a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">waves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>. The adoption of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> influence, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> established <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">island-kingdoms</a> ruled by <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">sultans</a>. Extensive overseas trade with neighbors such as the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Song</a> empire brought <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Chinese</a> people to the archipelago as well, which would also gradually settle in and <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">intermix</a> over the centuries. The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> explorer leading a fleet for <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonization_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Colonization in the Philippines">Spanish colonization</a>. In 1543, Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a> named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of <a href="/wiki/King_Philip_II_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King Philip II of Castile">King Philip II of Castile</a>. Spanish colonization via <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming ruled by the Crown of Castile, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, for more than 300 years. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">trans-Pacific trade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spaniard" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniard">Hispanic</a> immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Asian" title="Latin American Asian">Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> would also selectively colonize. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">Filipino revolutionaries</a> declared the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> ended with the United States controlling the territory until the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Japanese invasion</a> of the islands during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese</a>, the Philippines became independent in 1946. The country has had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">a decades-long dictatorship</a> in <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">a nonviolent revolution</a>. The Philippines is an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging market</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialized country</a>, whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> forum, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>; it is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> of the United States. Its location as an island country on the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a> and close to the equator makes it prone to <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">typhoons</a>. The Philippines has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">level of biodiversity</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Names of the Philippines</a></div> During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a> named the islands of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a> "Felipinas" after the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">Prince of Asturias</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II of Castile">Philip II of Castile</a>. Eventually, the name "Las Islas Filipinas" would be used for the archipelago's Spanish possessions.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-1994-26">[18]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC&pg=PA6">6</a>  Other names, such as "Islas del Poniente" (Western Islands), "Islas del Oriente" (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan's name, and "San Lázaro" (Islands of St. Lazarus), were used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region before Spanish rule was established.<a href="#cite_note-27">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[21]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a> proclaimed it the República Filipina (the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-30">[22]</a> American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name).<a href="#cite_note-31">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> began changing its nomenclature from "the Philippine Islands" to "the Philippines" in the Philippine Autonomy Act and the <a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[24]</a> The official title "Republic of the Philippines" was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state,<a href="#cite_note-33">[25]</a> and in all succeeding constitutional revisions.<a href="#cite_note-34">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline of Philippine history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_(pre–900)">Prehistory (pre–900)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manunggul_Jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/170px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/255px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/340px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul burial jar</a>, one of the numerous <a href="/wiki/Burial_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial jar">burial jars</a> found on the cave system</figcaption></figure> There is <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">evidence</a> of early <a href="/wiki/Hominins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominins">hominins</a> living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-36">[28]</a> A small number of bones from <a href="/wiki/Callao_Cave" title="Callao Cave">Callao Cave</a> potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, <a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a>, who lived 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-37">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a> The oldest <a href="/wiki/Modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern human">modern human</a> remains on the islands are from the <a href="/wiki/Tabon_Caves" title="Tabon Caves">Tabon Caves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/U/Th-dated" class="mw-redirect" title="U/Th-dated">U/Th-dated</a> to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-39">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a> is presumably a <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a>, among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">southern Asia</a> to the now-sunken landmasses of <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a> The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling the <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a> Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as <a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">ijangs</a>)<a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Jade artifacts</a> have been dated to 2000 BC,<a href="#cite_note-42">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a> jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-44">[36]</a> By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four societies: <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> tribes, warrior societies, highland <a href="/wiki/Plutocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutocracies">plutocracies</a>, and port principalities.<a href="#cite_note-Legarda-2001-45">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_states_(900–1565)">Early states (900–1565)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">History of the Philippines (900–1565)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturales_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/220px-Naturales_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/330px-Naturales_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/440px-Naturales_4.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>A couple from the nobility class in pre-colonial Philippines draped in gold</figcaption></figure> The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is the early-10th-century AD <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a>, which was written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> using the early <a href="/wiki/Kawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi alphabet">Kawi</a> script with a number of technical <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words and <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_styles_and_honorifics" title="Filipino styles and honorifics">honorifics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> By the 14th century, several large coastal settlements emerged as trading centers and became the focus of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines">societal changes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deGraaf-1977-47">[39]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a> had exchanges with other states throughout Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Junker-1999-48">[40]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a> Trade with China began during the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[43]</a> and expanded during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-51">[43]</a> Throughout the second millennium AD, some polities were also part of the <a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">tributary system of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-1994-26">[18]</a>: 177–178 <a href="#cite_note-Junker-1999-48">[40]</a>: 3  With extensive trade and diplomacy, this brought <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> merchants and migrants from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Fujian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Fujian">Southern Fujian</a>, known as "Langlang"<a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a> and "Sangley" in later years,<a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> who would gradually settle and intermix in the Philippines. Indian cultural traits such as linguistic terms and religious practices <a href="/wiki/Indian_influences_in_early_Philippine_polities" title="Indian influences in early Philippine polities">began to spread</a> in the Philippines during the 14th century, via the Indianized Hindu <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a> By the 15th century, Islam was established in the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a> and spread from there.<a href="#cite_note-deGraaf-1977-47">[39]</a> Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries include <a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ring-1996-59">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Lanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a> The early polities typically had a three-tier social structure: nobility, freemen, and dependent debtor-bondsmen.<a href="#cite_note-Junker-1999-48">[40]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-Wernstedt-1967-61">[53]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA672">672</a>  Among the nobility were leaders known as <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datus</a>, who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups (<a href="/wiki/Barangay_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Barangay state">barangays</a> or dulohan).<a href="#cite_note-62">[54]</a> When the barangays banded together to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance,<a href="#cite_note-Junker-1999-48">[40]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-63">[55]</a> their more-esteemed members would be recognized as a "<a href="/wiki/Paramount_rulers_in_early_Philippine_history" title="Paramount rulers in early Philippine history">paramount datu</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Newson-64">[56]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">58</a> <a href="#cite_note-Legarda-2001-45">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah">rajah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> and would rule the community.<a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a> Population density is thought to have been low during the 14th to 16th centuries<a href="#cite_note-Newson-64">[56]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">18</a>  due to the <a href="/wiki/Typhoon#Frequency" title="Typhoon">frequency of typhoons</a> and the Philippines' location on the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by <a href="/wiki/Lapulapu" title="Lapulapu">Lapulapu</a>'s men in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Woods-2006-68">[60]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT46">21</a> <a href="#cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">[61]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA261">261</a>  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_and_American_colonial_rule_(1565–1934)">Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">History of the Philippines (1565–1898)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">History of the Philippines (1898–1946)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_(1847).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png/220px-Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png/330px-Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png/440px-Vista_del_Puente_de_Manila_%281847%29.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, 1847</figcaption></figure> Unification and colonization by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> began when Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> arrived from <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Nueva España) in 1565.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-deBorja-2005-72">[64]</a>: 20–23  Many <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> were brought to New Spain <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spanish_slavery_in_the_Philippines" title="History of Spanish slavery in the Philippines">as slaves</a> and forced crew.<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Asian" title="Latin American Asian">Whereas many Latin Americans</a> were brought to the Philippines as soldiers and colonists. <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Spanish Manila</a> became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> in 1571,<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and conquer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">[61]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA374">374</a>  bringing most of what is the present-day Philippines under one unified administration.<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> Disparate barangays were deliberately <a href="/wiki/Reductions" title="Reductions">consolidated into towns</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines" title="Friars in Spanish Philippines">Catholic missionaries</a> could more easily convert their inhabitants to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Abinales-2005-79">[71]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA53">53</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA68">68</a> <a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> which was initially <a href="/wiki/Religious_Syncretism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Syncretism">Syncretist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Friars_in_Spanish_Philippines" title="Friars in Spanish Philippines">Spanish friars</a> occurred mostly across the settled lowlands over the course of time. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>-based Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered from <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halili-2004-82">[74]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA81">81</a>  Manila became the western hub of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">trans-Pacific trade</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a> built in <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> During its rule, Spain nearly bankrupted its treasury quelling <a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">indigenous revolts</a><a href="#cite_note-Halili-2004-82">[74]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA111">111–122</a>  and defending against external military attacks,<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">[78]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077">1077</a> <a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro piracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> a 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">war against the Dutch</a>, 18th-century <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British occupation of Manila</a>, and conflict with Muslims in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Dolan-1991-89">[81]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161256/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/4.htm">4</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Philippines#undue" title="Talk:Philippines">discuss</a>] Administration of the Philippines was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain,<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">[78]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077">1077</a>  and abandoning it or trading it for other territory was debated. This course of action was opposed because of the islands' economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Newson-64">[56]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7–8</a> <a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> The colony survived on an annual subsidy from the Spanish crown<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">[78]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077">1077</a>  averaging 250,000 pesos,<a href="#cite_note-Newson-64">[56]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">8</a>  usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British forces occupied Manila</a> from 1762 to 1764 during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, and Spanish rule was restored with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deBorja-2005-72">[64]</a>: 81–83  The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a> lasted for several hundred years; Spain conquered portions of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a> during the last quarter of the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> and the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilustrados_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a large group of men on steps. Some are seated, and others are standing; several are wearing top hats." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/240px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/360px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ilustrados_1890.jpg/480px-Ilustrados_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">Ilustrados</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> around 1890</figcaption></figure> Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and Filipino society began to change.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a> Social identity changed, with the term Filipino encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of solely referring to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spaniards born in the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after 200 locally recruited <a href="/wiki/Colonial_troops" title="Colonial troops">colonial troops</a> and laborers alongside <a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">three activist Catholic priests</a> were executed on <a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">questionable grounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> This inspired the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a>, organized by <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_H._del_Pilar" title="Marcelo H. del Pilar">Marcelo H. del Pilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graciano_L%C3%B3pez_Jaena" title="Graciano López Jaena">Graciano López Jaena</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ponce" title="Mariano Ponce">Mariano Ponce</a>, which advocated political reform in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalized many who had been loyal to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> Attempts at reform met with resistance; <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-Halili-2004-82">[74]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA137">137</a>  The Katipunan <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> Internal disputes led to the <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a>, at which Bonifacio lost his position and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> was elected the new leader of the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Duka-2008-106">[98]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA147">145–147</a>  The 1897 <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">Hong Kong Junta</a> government in exile. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> began the following year, and reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a> from Spain on June 12, 1898.<a href="#cite_note-Abinales-2022-107">[99]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a>  In December 1898, the islands were <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">ceded by Spain</a> to the United States with <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> after the Spanish–American War.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> was promulgated on January 21, 1899.<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> Lack of recognition by the United States led to an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">outbreak of hostilities</a> that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic,<a href="#cite_note-111">[i]</a> escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nation18990504-112">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops,_around_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/220px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/330px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg/440px-Gregorio_del_Pilar_and_his_troops%2C_around_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Filipino General <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_del_Pilar" title="Gregorio del Pilar">Gregorio del Pilar</a> and his troops in Pampanga around 1898, during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine-American War">Philippine-American War</a></figcaption></figure> The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, primarily due to famine and disease.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-2009-116">[107]</a> Many Filipinos were transported by the Americans to <a href="/wiki/List_of_concentration_and_internment_camps#Philippines" title="List of concentration and internment camps">concentration camps</a>, where thousands died.<a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> After the fall of the First Philippine Republic in 1902, an <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">American civilian government</a> was established with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Organic_Act_(1902)" title="Philippine Organic Act (1902)">Philippine Organic Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> American forces continued to secure and extend their control of the islands, suppressing an attempted <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Sakay" title="Tagalog Republic">extension of the Philippine Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Duka-2008-106">[98]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA200">200–202</a> <a href="#cite_note-Tucker-2009-116">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiram%E2%80%93Bates_Treaty" title="Kiram–Bates Treaty">securing the Sultanate of Sulu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> establishing control of interior mountainous areas which had resisted Spanish conquest,<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> and encouraging large-scale resettlement of Christians in once-predominantly-Muslim Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_and_World_War_II_(1935–1946)">Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)</h3></div> Cultural developments in the Philippines strengthened a national identity,<a href="#cite_note-Armes-1987-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tofighian-2006-126">[117]</a>: 12  and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> began to take precedence over other local languages.<a href="#cite_note-Abinales-2005-79">[71]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA121">121</a>  Governmental functions were gradually given to Filipinos by the <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">[78]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1081">1081</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117">1117</a>  the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a> granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a> the following year,<a href="#cite_note-Nadeau-2020-127">[118]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel Quezon</a> president and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> vice president.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> Quezon's priorities were defence, social justice, inequality, economic diversification, and national character.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">[78]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1081">1081</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117">1117</a>  <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (a standardized variety of Tagalog) became the national language,<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2003-129">[120]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA27">27–29</a>  <a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_women%27s_suffrage_plebiscite" title="1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite">women's suffrage was introduced</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">[61]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA416">416</a>  and <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Land reform in the Philippines">land reform</a> was considered.<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Douglas MacArthur, Sergio Osmeña, and Osmeña's staff wading ashore in knee-deep water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/220px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/330px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg/440px-Douglas_MacArthur_lands_Leyte1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_Douglas_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="General Douglas MacArthur">General Douglas MacArthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> (left) coming ashore during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Battle of Leyte</a> on October 20, 1944</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> invaded the Philippines in December 1941 <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">during World War II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> was established as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> governed by <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> Beginning in 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a> was <a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">opposed</a> by large-scale <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines#Resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">underground guerrilla activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Atrocities and war crimes</a> were committed during the war, including the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> The Philippine resistance and Allied troops <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">defeated the Japanese</a> in 1944 and 1945. Over one million Filipinos were estimated to have died by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">founding member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buhler-2001-145">[136]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38">38–41</a>  On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a>, the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buhler-2001-145">[136]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38">38–41</a> <a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_(1946–present)">Independence (1946–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">History of the Philippines (1946–1965)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">History of the Philippines (1965–1986)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">History of the Philippines (1986–present)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Independence,_July_4_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg/180px-Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg/270px-Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg/360px-Philippine_Independence%2C_July_4_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>The raising of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag of the Philippines</a> during the declaration of Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946</figcaption></figure> Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending the <a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a> succeeded during <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a>'s presidency,<a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a> but sporadic communist insurgency continued to flare up long afterward.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker-2013-148">[139]</a> Under Magsaysay's successor, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a>, the government initiated a <a href="/wiki/Filipino_First_policy" title="Filipino First policy">Filipino First policy</a> which promoted Filipino-owned businesses.<a href="#cite_note-Abinales-2005-79">[71]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA182">182</a>  Succeeding Garcia, <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration—<a href="#cite_note-149">[140]</a> and pursued <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">a claim</a> on eastern <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg/180px-Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg/270px-Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg/360px-Marcos_Declares_Martial_Law.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">The Declaration of Martial Law</a> in the headlines of the Sunday Express</figcaption></figure> In 1965, Macapagal <a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">lost</a> the presidential election to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_term_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">Early in his presidency</a>, Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans; this improved the economy, and contributed to his <a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">reelection in 1969</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Timberman-1991-152">[143]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC&pg=PA58">58</a> <a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> Near the end of his last constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">declared martial law</a> on September 21, 1972<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a> using the specter of communism<a href="#cite_note-155">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a> and began to <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>;<a href="#cite_note-TheEuropaWorldYear-2004-158">[149]</a> the period was characterized by <a href="/wiki/Political_detainees_under_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship">political repression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalism_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship">censorship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">human rights violations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monopolies_in_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986)">Monopolies</a> controlled by <a href="/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos's cronies</a> were established in key industries,<a href="#cite_note-161">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines#Deforestation_during_the_martial_law_era" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">logging</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a> and broadcasting;<a href="#cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">[61]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA120">120</a>  a sugar monopoly led to <a href="/wiki/Negros_famine" title="Negros famine">a famine on the island of Negros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> With his wife, <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda</a>, Marcos was accused of corruption and <a href="/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family">embezzling billions of dollars</a> of public funds.<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[158]</a> Marcos's heavy borrowing <a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis" title="1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis">early in his presidency</a> resulted in <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)">economic crashes</a>, exacerbated by an <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">early 1980s recession</a> where the economy contracted by 7.3 percent annually in 1984 and 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-Batalla-2018-168">[159]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">212</a> <a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> On August 21, 1983, opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a> (Marcos's chief rival) was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino" title="Assassination of Ninoy Aquino">assassinated on the tarmac</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport" title="Ninoy Aquino International Airport">Manila International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[161]</a> Marcos called a snap <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">presidential election in 1986</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> which proclaimed him the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent.<a href="#cite_note-172">[163]</a> The resulting protests led to the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-3DayRevolution-173">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a> which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. Aquino's widow, <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon</a>, was installed as president<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-3DayRevolution-173">[164]</a> and a new constitution was promulgated.<a href="#cite_note-175">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A huge ash cloud, seen from a distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg/220px-Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg/330px-Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg/440px-Pinatubo91eruption_plume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2875" data-file-height="1923" /></a><figcaption>The June <a href="/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo" title="1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo">1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo</a> was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_1500%E2%80%931999" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volcanic eruptions 1500–1999">second-largest terrestrial eruption</a> of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-176">[167]</a></figcaption></figure> The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered by <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">national debt</a>, government corruption, and <a href="/wiki/Coup_attempts_against_Corazon_Aquino" title="Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino">coup attempts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timberman-1991-152">[143]</a>: xii, xiii  A <a href="/wiki/Communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rebellion in the Philippines">communist insurgency</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> and military conflict with <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro separatists</a> persisted;<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> in June 1991.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-176">[167]</a> Aquino was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">liberalized</a> the national economy with <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a> Ramos's economic gains were overshadowed by the onset of the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Gargan-1997-183">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>, prioritized public housing<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> but faced corruption allegations<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> which led to his overthrow by the <a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">2001 EDSA Revolution</a> and the succession of Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> on January 20, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a> Arroyo's <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">nine-year administration</a> was marked by economic growth,<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">[10]</a> but was tainted by corruption and political scandals,<a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Hello_Garci_scandal" title="Hello Garci scandal">electoral fraud allegations</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[181]</a> Economic growth continued during <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>'s administration, which advocated good governance and transparency.<a href="#cite_note-Lum-Dolven-2014-191">[182]</a>: 1, 3 <a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a> Aquino III signed <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro" title="Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro">a peace agreement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a> (MILF) resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Organic_Law" title="Bangsamoro Organic Law">Bangsamoro Organic Law</a> establishing an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a> region, but a <a href="/wiki/Mamasapano_clash" title="Mamasapano clash">shootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano</a> delayed passage of the law.<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> Growing public frustration with post-<a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">EDSA</a> governance led to the <a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2016 Philippine presidential election">2016 election</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> of populist <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CasipleEtAl-2016-196">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[188]</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte">presidency</a> saw the decline of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">liberalism in the country</a> albeit largely retaining liberal economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp-2022-199">[190]</a> Among Duterte's priorities was <a href="/wiki/Build!_Build!_Build!" title="Build! Build! Build!">aggressively increasing infrastructure spending</a> to spur economic growth;<a href="#cite_note-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[192]</a> the enactment of the Bangsamoro Organic Law;<a href="#cite_note-202">[193]</a> an intensified crackdown on crime and communist insurgencies;<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">an anti-drug campaign</a> that reduced drug proliferation<a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a> but that has also led to <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> In early 2020, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic</a> reached the Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-207">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> necessitating <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines">nationwide lockdowns</a> that caused a brief but severe <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">economic recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a> Under a promise of continuing Duterte's policies,<a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp-2022-199">[190]</a> Marcos's son, <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, ran with Duterte's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara</a>, and won the <a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> Marcos's renewal of a pro-US foreign policy, however, has been viewed as a reversal of Duterte's cordiality with China, and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">territorial disputes in the South China Sea</a> have since escalated.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">List of islands of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Philippines, color-coded by elevation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png/240px-Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png/360px-Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png/480px-Relief_Map_Of_The_Philippines.png 2x" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>The Philippines is generally mountainous; uplands make up 65 percent of the country's total land area.<a href="#cite_note-Wernstedt-1967-61">[53]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA38">38</a> <a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of about 7,641 <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[206]</a> covering a total area (including inland bodies of water) of about 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-NAMRIAGovPH-InfoMapper-1991-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: 15 <a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-land-area-14">[e]</a> Stretching 1,850 kilometers (1,150 mi) north to south,<a href="#cite_note-219">[210]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a> the Philippines <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">is bordered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a> to the east,<a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a> to the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">country's 11 largest islands</a> are <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negros" title="Negros">Negros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan_(island)" title="Palawan (island)">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (island)">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masbate_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masbate (island)">Masbate</a>, about 95 percent of its total land area.<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a> The Philippines' coastline measures 36,289 kilometers (22,549 mi), the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_length_of_coastline" title="List of countries by length of coastline">fifth-longest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_the_Philippines" title="Exclusive economic zone of the Philippines">country's exclusive economic zone</a> covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">highest mountain</a> is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Apo" title="Mount Apo">Mount Apo</a> on Mindanao, with an altitude of 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">[10]</a> The Philippines' <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">longest river</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_River" title="Cagayan River">Cagayan River</a> in northern Luzon, which flows for about 520 kilometers (320 mi).<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, on which is the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a> is connected to <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> (the country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">largest lake</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a> On the western fringes of the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>, the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA4">4</a>  The region is <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismically</a> active, and has been <a href="/wiki/Subduction_tectonics_of_the_Philippines" title="Subduction tectonics of the Philippines">constructed by plates</a> converging towards each other from multiple directions.<a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> About five earthquakes are recorded daily, although most are too weak to be felt.<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">last major earthquakes</a> were in 1976 in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Moro_Gulf_earthquake" title="1976 Moro Gulf earthquake">Moro Gulf</a> and in 1990 on <a href="/wiki/1990_Luzon_earthquake" title="1990 Luzon earthquake">Luzon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> The Philippines has <a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">23 active volcanoes</a>; of them, <a href="/wiki/Mayon" title="Mayon">Mayon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Canlaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Canlaon">Canlaon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bulusan" title="Mount Bulusan">Bulusan</a> have the largest number of recorded eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a>  The country has valuable<a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a> mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity.<a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> It is thought to have the world's second-largest gold deposits (after South Africa), large copper deposits,<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Miners-240">[231]</a> and the world's largest deposits of <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Inquirer-FirmSeesMetal-241">[232]</a> Other minerals include <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> However, poor management and law enforcement, opposition from indigenous communities, and past environmental damage have left these resources largely untapped.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Miners-240">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife of the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_species_of_the_Philippines" title="List of threatened species of the Philippines">List of threatened species of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carabao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Water buffalo with large, curved horns, seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carabao.jpg/220px-Carabao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carabao.jpg/330px-Carabao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carabao.jpg/440px-Carabao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabao</a> is the national animal of the Philippines. It symbolizes, strength, power, efficiency, perseverance and hard work.<a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines is a <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse country</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Berba-Matias-2022-245">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> with some of the world's highest rates of discovery and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_with_high_endemism" title="List of ecoregions with high endemism">endemism</a> (67 percent).<a href="#cite_note-OECD-2017April-247">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[239]</a> With an <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_the_Philippines" title="Flora of the Philippines">estimated 13,500 plant species</a> in the country (3,500 of which are endemic),<a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> Philippine rain forests have an array of flora:<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> about 3,500 species of trees,<a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> species, 1,100 <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, and 998 <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_orchids_of_the_Philippines" title="List of the orchids of the Philippines">orchid</a> species<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a> have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-Sajise-2010-254">[245]</a> The Philippines has 167 terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (102 endemic species), 235 <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> (160 endemic species), 99 <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> (74 endemic species), 686 <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Philippines" title="List of birds of the Philippines">birds</a> (224 endemic species),<a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> and over 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-Sajise-2010-254">[245]</a> As an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a> ecoregion,<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a> Philippine waters have unique, diverse marine life<a href="#cite_note-CalAcademyOrg-2015-258">[249]</a> and the world's greatest diversity of shore-fish species.<a href="#cite_note-259">[250]</a> The country has over 3,200 fish species (121 endemic).<a href="#cite_note-260">[251]</a> Philippine waters sustain <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">the cultivation</a> of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">dipterocarp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> forest,<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> forest, <a href="/wiki/Vitex_parviflora" title="Vitex parviflora">molave</a> forest, <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecosystems" title="Montane ecosystems">lower montane forest</a>, upper montane (or <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">mossy forest</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultrabasic</a> forest.<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a> According to official estimates, the Philippines had 7,000,000 hectares (27,000 sq mi) of forest cover in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a> Logging had been systemized during the American colonial period<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">deforestation</a> continued after independence, accelerating during the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos presidency</a> due to unregulated logging concessions.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> Forest cover declined from 70 percent of the Philippines' total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-Forests-269">[260]</a> Rehabilitation efforts have had marginal success.<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a> The Philippines is a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">priority hotspot for biodiversity conservation</a>;<a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berba-Matias-2022-245">[236]</a> it has <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">more than 200 protected areas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a> which was expanded to 7,790,000 hectares (30,100 sq mi) as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">Three sites</a> in the Philippines have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the <a href="/wiki/Tubbataha_Reef" title="Tubbataha Reef">Tubbataha Reef</a> in the Sulu Sea,<a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa_Subterranean_River_National_Park" title="Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park">Puerto Princesa Subterranean River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hamiguitan" title="Mount Hamiguitan">Mount Hamiguitan</a> Wildlife Sanctuary.<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg/220px-Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg/330px-Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg/440px-Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6194" data-file-height="7420" /></a><figcaption>Evening thunderstorms bringing rain over the Philippines is common from June to November.</figcaption></figure> The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> from March to May, a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy season</a> from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to February.<a href="#cite_note-LocGov-Philippines-277">[268]</a> The southwest <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> (known as the habagat) lasts from May to October, and the northeast monsoon (<a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">amihan</a>) lasts from November to April.<a href="#cite_note-Carating-2014-278">[269]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">24–25</a>  The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude; average annual temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) but is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-PAGASA-Climate-279">[270]</a> The country's average <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> is 82 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Carating-2014-278">[269]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">24–25</a>  Annual rainfall is as high as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) on the mountainous east coast, but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some sheltered valleys.<a href="#cite_note-LocGov-Philippines-277">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility" title="Philippine Area of Responsibility">Philippine Area of Responsibility</a> has 19 <a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">typhoons</a> in a typical year,<a href="#cite_note-280">[271]</a> usually from July to October;<a href="#cite_note-LocGov-Philippines-277">[268]</a> eight or nine of them make <a href="/wiki/Landfall" title="Landfall">landfall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped 2,210 millimeters (87 in) in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.<a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a> The country <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">is among</a> the world's ten most <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerable to climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government of the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political history of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_(local_img).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large white-and-red building on a river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/220px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/330px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/440px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> is the president's official residence.</figcaption></figure> The Philippines has a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> government, a constitutional <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-286">[277]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a> is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">[278]</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">armed forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-286">[277]</a> The president <a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Presidential elections in the Philippines">is elected</a> through <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">citizens of the Philippines</a> for a six-year term.<a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a> The president appoints and presides over the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">cabinet</a> and officials of various national government agencies and institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Lazo-2009-289">[280]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC&pg=213">213–214</a>  The <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, with members <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate_elections" title="Philippine Senate elections">elected to a six-year term</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, with members elected to a three-year term.<a href="#cite_note-CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections-290">[281]</a> Senators are elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections-290">[281]</a> and representatives are elected from <a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Legislative districts of the Philippines">legislative districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">party lists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lazo-2009-289">[280]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC&pg=162">162–163</a>  Judicial authority is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a>, composed of a <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">chief justice</a> and fourteen <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">associate justices</a>,<a href="#cite_note-291">[282]</a> who are appointed by the president from nominations submitted by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_and_Bar_Council" title="Judicial and Bar Council">Judicial and Bar Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-Ackerman-286">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Constitutional reform in the Philippines">Attempts to change</a> the government to a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary government</a> have been made since the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos">Ramos administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[283]</a> Philippine politics tends to be dominated by <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">well-known families</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Political_dynasties_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Political dynasties in the Philippines">political dynasties</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_influence_in_politics" title="Celebrity influence in politics">celebrities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-293">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[285]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">party switching</a> is widely practiced.<a href="#cite_note-295">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption is significant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-296">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[289]</a> attributed by some historians to the Spanish colonial period's <a href="/wiki/Padrino_system" title="Padrino system">padrino system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[291]</a> The Roman Catholic church exerts considerable but waning<a href="#cite_note-301">[292]</a> influence in political affairs, although a constitutional provision for the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Church_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Church and State">separation of Church and State</a> exists.<a href="#cite_note-302">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color-coded world map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg/290px-Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg/435px-Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg/580px-Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Philippines" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Philippines">Philippine diplomatic missions worldwide</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_United_Nations" title="Philippines and the United Nations">founding and active member</a> of the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-Buhler-2001-145">[136]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA37">37–38</a>  the Philippines has been a non-permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[294]</a> The country participates in <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> missions, particularly in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor">East Timor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a> The Philippines is a <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">founding</a> and active member of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)<a href="#cite_note-306">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[298]</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-308">[299]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">Group of 24</a>,<a href="#cite_note-309">[300]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[301]</a> The country has sought to obtain observer status in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> since 2003,<a href="#cite_note-311">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[303]</a> and was a member of <a href="/wiki/SEATO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEATO">SEATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[305]</a> Over 10 million Filipinos <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">live</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">work in 200 countries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-315">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[307]</a> giving the Philippines <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-Batalla-2018-168">[159]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">207</a>  During the 1990s, the Philippines began to seek <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a><a href="#cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">[308]</a>: 7–8  to help spur <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[309]</a> It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">[308]</a>: 8  and the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a> The Philippines entered into the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement</a> in 2010<a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a> (FTA) in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-321">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[313]</a> Through ASEAN, the Philippines has signed FTAs with <a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–India Free Trade Area">India</a>, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">[308]</a>: 15  The country has bilateral FTAs with <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Philippines_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan</a>, South Korea,<a href="#cite_note-323">[314]</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">four European states</a>: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">[308]</a>: 9–10, 15  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg/220px-2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg/330px-2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg/440px-2_Filipino_soldiers_painting_friendship_flags_070217-N-4198C-001_0V7HO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Filipino soldiers painting a U.S. and Philippine flag</figcaption></figure> The Philippines has a long <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">relationship with the United States</a>, involving economics, <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_Philippines" title="CIA activities in the Philippines">security</a>, and interpersonal relations.<a href="#cite_note-324">[315]</a> The Philippines' location <a href="/wiki/United_States_bases_in_the_Philippines" title="United States bases in the Philippines">serves</a> an <a href="/wiki/First_island_chain" title="First island chain">important role</a> in the United States' <a href="/wiki/Island_chain_strategy" title="Island chain strategy">island chain strategy</a> in the West Pacific;<a href="#cite_note-325">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[317]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a> between the two countries was signed in 1951, and was supplemented with the <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_Visiting_Forces_Agreement" title="Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement">1999 Visiting Forces Agreement</a> and the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Defense_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement">Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a> The country supported American policies during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> wars.<a href="#cite_note-328">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[320]</a> In 2003, the Philippines was designated a major non-NATO ally.<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte">Under President Duterte</a>, ties with the United States weakened in favor of improved relations with China and <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Philippines–Russia relations">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeCastro-2022-331">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[324]</a> The Philippines relies heavily on the United States for its external defense;<a href="#cite_note-Lum-Dolven-2014-191">[182]</a>: 11  the U.S. has made regular assurances to defend the Philippines,<a href="#cite_note-334">[325]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[326]</a> Since 1975, the Philippines has valued its <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">relations with China</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[327]</a>—its top trading partner,<a href="#cite_note-337">[328]</a> and cooperates significantly with the country.<a href="#cite_note-338">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeCastro-2022-331">[322]</a> Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of <a href="/wiki/Official_development_assistance" title="Official development assistance">official development assistance</a> to the Philippines;<a href="#cite_note-339">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[331]</a> although some tension exists because of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, much animosity has faded.<a href="#cite_note-Dolan-1991-89">[81]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161330/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/93.htm">93</a>  Historical and cultural ties continue to affect <a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Philippines–Spain relations">relations with Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[333]</a> Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the high number of Filipinos working in those countries,<a href="#cite_note-343">[334]</a> and by issues related to the Muslim minority in the Philippines;<a href="#cite_note-344">[335]</a> concerns have been raised about domestic abuse and war affecting the approximately 2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region.<a href="#cite_note-345">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[337]</a> The Philippines <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">has claims</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a> which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-347">[338]</a> The largest of <a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Spratly_Islands" title="Philippines and the Spratly Islands">its controlled islands</a> is <a href="/wiki/Thitu_Island" title="Thitu Island">Thitu Island</a>, which contains the <a href="/wiki/Kalayaan,_Palawan" title="Kalayaan, Palawan">Philippines' smallest town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[339]</a> The 2012 <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Shoal_standoff" title="Scarborough Shoal standoff">Scarborough Shoal standoff</a>, after China seized the shoal from the Philippines, led to an <a href="/wiki/Philippines_v._China" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines v. China">international arbitration case</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[340]</a> which the Philippines eventually won;<a href="#cite_note-350">[341]</a> China rejected the result,<a href="#cite_note-351">[342]</a> and made the shoal a prominent symbol of the broader dispute.<a href="#cite_note-352">[343]</a> China has rejected new Philippine maritime laws aimed at strengthening sovereignty in the South China Sea, stating they infringe on Chinese territorial claims and vowing to defend its interests in contested areas.<a href="#cite_note-353">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gray ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg/220px-BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg/330px-BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg/440px-BRP_Jose_Rizal_at_RIMPAC_2020_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5145" data-file-height="3675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BRP_Jose_Rizal_(FF-150)" class="mw-redirect" title="BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150)">BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150)</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Lead_ship" title="Lead ship">lead ship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jose_Rizal-class_frigate" title="Jose Rizal-class frigate">her class</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Philippine Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile frigate">guided missile frigates</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">volunteer</a> Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Philippine Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Philippine Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[346]</a> Civilian security is handled by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government" title="Department of the Interior and Local Government">Department of the Interior and Local Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[347]</a> The AFP had a total manpower of around 280,000 as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, of which 130,000 were active military personnel, 100,000 were reserves, and 50,000 were <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Armed_Force_Geographical_Unit" title="Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit">paramilitaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[348]</a> In 2023, US$477 million (1.4 percent of GDP) was spent on the Philippine military.<a href="#cite_note-358">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[350]</a> Most of the country's defense spending is on the Philippine Army, which leads operations against internal threats such as <a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Muslim</a> separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security contributed to the decline of <a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Philippine_Navy" title="List of equipment of the Philippine Navy">Philippine naval capability</a> which began during the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-360">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/AFP_Modernization_Act" title="AFP Modernization Act">A military modernization program</a> began in 1995<a href="#cite_note-361">[352]</a> and expanded in 2012 to build a more capable defense system.<a href="#cite_note-362">[353]</a> The Philippines has long struggled against <a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">local insurgencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_the_Philippines" title="Separatism in the Philippines">separatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_Philippines" title="Terrorism in the Philippines">terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-Croissant-2017-364">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a>'s largest separatist organizations, the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a>, signed final peace agreements with the government in <a href="/wiki/1996_Final_Peace_Agreement" title="1996 Final Peace Agreement">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agreement_on_the_Bangsamoro" title="Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro">2014</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-366">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[358]</a> Other, more-militant groups such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Islamic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters">Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters</a><a href="#cite_note-CTCSentinel-BIFF-368">[359]</a> have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago<a href="#cite_note-369">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[361]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao" title="Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CTCSentinel-BIFF-368">[359]</a> but their presence has been reduced.<a href="#cite_note-371">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[363]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> (CPP) and its military wing, the <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a> (NPA), have been waging <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">guerrilla warfare</a> against the government since the 1970s and have <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the communist rebellion in the Philippines">engaged</a> in ambushes, bombings, and assassinations of government officials and security forces;<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-2022-2023-373">[364]</a> although shrinking militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986,<a href="#cite_note-Croissant-2017-364">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[365]</a> the CPP-NPA, through the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_the_Philippines" title="National Democratic Front of the Philippines">National Democratic Front of the Philippines</a>, continues to gather public support in urban areas by setting up <a href="/wiki/Communist_front" title="Communist front">communist fronts</a>, infiltrating sectoral organizations, and rallying public discontent and increased militancy against the government.<a href="#cite_note-375">[366]</a> The Philippines ranked 104th out of 163 countries in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color-coded political map of the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg/260px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg/390px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg/520px-Ph_regions_and_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="6105" /></a><figcaption>The Philippines' regions and provinces</figcaption></figure> The Philippines is divided into 18 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">regions</a>, 82 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">provinces</a>, 146 <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">cities</a>, 1,488 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">municipalities</a>, and 42,036 <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[368]</a> Regions other than <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a> are divided for administrative convenience.<a href="#cite_note-378">[369]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a> was the region with the greatest population as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a> (NCR) was the most densely populated.<a href="#cite_note-PSA-2020-Census-Highlights-379">[370]</a> The Philippines is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM),<a href="#cite_note-380">[371]</a> although there have been <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Federalism in the Philippines">steps towards decentralization</a>;<a href="#cite_note-381">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[373]</a> a 1991 law <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> some powers to <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">local governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-383">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy of the Philippines</a></div> The Philippine economy is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">34th largest</a>, with an estimated 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a> nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of US$435.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.PH-19">[14]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialized country</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FederalRegister-Vol78-384">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[376]</a> the Philippine economy has been transitioning from an agricultural base to one with more emphasis on services and manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-FederalRegister-Vol78-384">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[377]</a> The country's labor force was around 50 million as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states by unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> was 3.1 percent.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-UnemploymentDec2023-387">[378]</a> Gross international reserves totaled US$103.406 billion as of January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[379]</a> <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">Debt-to-GDP ratio</a> decreased to 60.2 percent at the end of 2023 from a 17-year high 63.7 percent at the end of the third quarter of that year, and indicated resiliency during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[380]</a> The country's unit of <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Philippine peso</a> (₱<a href="#cite_note-390">[381]</a> or PHP<a href="#cite_note-391">[382]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-392">[383]</a> The Philippines is a net importer,<a href="#cite_note-ILOOrg-2019-317">[308]</a>: 55–56, 61–65, 77, 83, 111 <a href="#cite_note-393">[384]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Net_international_investment_position" title="Net international investment position">debtor nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-394">[385]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country's main export markets were China, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore;<a href="#cite_note-OECWorld-PH-395">[386]</a> primary exports included <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, office machinery and parts, electrical transformers, insulated wiring, and <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OECWorld-PH-395">[386]</a> Its primary import markets that year were China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-OECWorld-PH-395">[386]</a> Major export crops include <a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Coconut production in the Philippines">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana_industry#Production_and_export" title="Banana industry">bananas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pineapple_production" title="List of countries by pineapple production">pineapples</a>; it is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Abaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaca">abaca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA226">226–242</a>  and was the world's second biggest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel ore</a> in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-396">[387]</a> as well as the biggest exporter of gold-clad metals and the biggest importer of <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-OECWorld-PH-395">[386]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two people planting rice plants in water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG/220px-0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG/330px-0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG/440px-0123jfCalipahan_Sicsican_Rice_Fields_San_Pascual_Talavera_Ecijafvf_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Filipinos planting rice. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture employed 24 percent of the Filipino workforce</a> as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-UnemploymentDec2022-397">[388]</a></figcaption></figure> With an average annual growth rate of six to seven percent since around 2010, the Philippines has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies,<a href="#cite_note-398">[389]</a> driven primarily by its increasing reliance on the service sector.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018-399">[390]</a> Regional development is uneven, however, with Manila (in particular) gaining most of the new economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-400">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[392]</a> <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">Remittances</a> from <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">overseas Filipinos</a> contribute significantly to the country's economy;<a href="#cite_note-402">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018-399">[390]</a> they reached a record US$37.20 billion in 2023, accounting for 8.5 percent of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-403">[394]</a> The Philippines is the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">business process outsourcing</a> (BPO) center.<a href="#cite_note-404">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[396]</a> About 1.3 million Filipinos work in the BPO sector, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">Philippine space program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Modern, landscaped office building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Head_Quarters_of_the_International_Rice_Research_Institute_in_Los_Ba%C3%B1os_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Ba%C3%B1os,_Laguna" title="Los Baños, Laguna">Los Baños, Laguna</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines has one of the largest agricultural-research systems in Asia, despite relatively low spending on agricultural research and development.<a href="#cite_note-407">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[399]</a> The country has developed new varieties of crops, including <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Rice production in the Philippines">rice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-409">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[401]</a> coconuts,<a href="#cite_note-411">[402]</a> and bananas.<a href="#cite_note-412">[403]</a> Research organizations include the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Rice_Research_Institute" title="Philippine Rice Research Institute">Philippine Rice Research Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[404]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[405]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">Philippine Space Agency</a> maintains the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">country's space program</a>,<a href="#cite_note-415">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[407]</a> and the country bought its first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_satellites" title="List of Philippine satellites">satellite</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-417">[408]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diwata-1" title="Diwata-1">Diwata-1</a>, its first <a href="/wiki/Small_satellite#Microsatellites" title="Small satellite">micro-satellite</a>, was launched on the United States' <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a> spacecraft in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-418">[409]</a> The Philippines has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_smartphone_penetration" title="List of countries by smartphone penetration">high concentration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cellular-phone</a> users,<a href="#cite_note-419">[410]</a> and a high level of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">mobile commerce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[411]</a> <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> is a popular form of communication, and the nation sent an average of one billion <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> messages per day in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-421">[412]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Philippine telecommunications industry</a> had been dominated by the <a href="/wiki/PLDT" title="PLDT">PLDT</a>-<a href="/wiki/Globe_Telecom" title="Globe Telecom">Globe Telecom</a> duopoly for more than two decades,<a href="#cite_note-422">[413]</a> and the 2021 entry of <a href="/wiki/Dito_Telecommunity" title="Dito Telecommunity">Dito Telecommunity</a> improved the country's telecommunications service.<a href="#cite_note-423">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People on an observation deck overlooking hills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg/220px-Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg/330px-Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg/440px-Chocolate_Hills_and_tourists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Tourists at <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_Hills" title="Chocolate Hills">Chocolate Hills</a>, conical <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> hills in <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of its climate and low cost of living.<a href="#cite_note-424">[415]</a> The country's main tourist attractions are <a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_the_Philippines" title="List of beaches in the Philippines">its numerous beaches</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Woods-2006-68">[60]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eajOEAAAQBAJ&pg=109">109</a> <a href="#cite_note-425">[416]</a> the Philippines is also a top destination for diving enthusiasts.<a href="#cite_note-426">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[418]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist spots</a> include <a href="/wiki/Boracay" title="Boracay">Boracay</a>, called the best island in the world by <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a> in 2012;<a href="#cite_note-428">[419]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coron,_Palawan" title="Coron, Palawan">Coron</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Nido,_Palawan" title="El Nido, Palawan">El Nido</a> in Palawan; <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siargao" title="Siargao">Siargao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-429">[420]</a> Tourism contributed 5.2 percent to the Philippine GDP in 2021 (lower than 12.7 percent in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic),<a href="#cite_note-430">[421]</a> and provided 5.7 million jobs in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-431">[422]</a> The Philippines attracted 5.45 million international visitors in 2023, 30 percent lower than the 8.26 million record in pre-pandemic 2019; most tourists came from South Korea (26.4 percent), United States (16.5 percent), Japan (5.6 percent), Australia (4.89 percent), and China (4.84 percent).<a href="#cite_note-432">[423]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman,_Quezon_City_on_March_16,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two white buses side by side, one larger than the other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg/220px-Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg/330px-Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg/440px-Traditional_and_modern_jeepneys_in_Diliman%2C_Quezon_City_on_March_16%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Traditional (left) and modern <a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">jeepneys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>. Public utility vehicles older than 15 years are <a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Vehicle_Modernization_Program" title="Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program">gradually being phased out</a> in favor of eco-friendly <a href="/wiki/European_emission_standards" title="European emission standards">Euro 4</a>-compliant vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-433">[424]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation in the Philippines</a> is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo.<a href="#cite_note-ADBOrg-PH-Transport-434">[425]</a> In December 2018, there were 210,528 kilometers (130,816 mi) of roads in the country.<a href="#cite_note-435">[426]</a> The backbone of land-based transportation in the country is the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Philippine_Highway" title="Pan-Philippine Highway">Pan-Philippine Highway</a>, which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-436">[427]</a> Inter-island transport is by the 919-kilometer (571 mi) <a href="/wiki/Strong_Republic_Nautical_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong Republic Nautical Highway">Strong Republic Nautical Highway</a>, an integrated set of highways and <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> routes linking 17 cities.<a href="#cite_note-437">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[429]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepneys</a> are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle;<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496">496–497</a>  other public land transport includes <a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_companies_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bus companies of the Philippines">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/UV_Express" title="UV Express">UV Express</a>, <abbr title="transport network vehicle service">TNVS</abbr>, Filcab, <a href="/wiki/Taxis_of_the_Philippines" title="Taxis of the Philippines">taxis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motorized_tricycle_(Philippines)" title="Motorized tricycle (Philippines)">tricycles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[431]</a> Traffic is a significant issue <a href="/wiki/Traffic_in_Metro_Manila" title="Traffic in Metro Manila">in Manila</a> and on arterial roads to the capital.<a href="#cite_note-441">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[433]</a> Despite wider historical use,<a href="#cite_note-443">[434]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Rail transportation in the Philippines">rail transportation in the Philippines</a> is limited<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491">491</a>  to <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="Rail transportation in the Greater Manila Area">transporting passengers within Metro Manila</a> and the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[435]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-445">[436]</a> with a short track in the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491">491</a>  The country had a railway footprint of only 79 kilometers (49 mi) as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, which it planned to expand to 244 kilometers (152 mi).<a href="#cite_note-446">[437]</a> A revival of <a href="/wiki/Freight_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail">freight rail</a> is planned to reduce road congestion.<a href="#cite_note-447">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[439]</a> The Philippines had <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Philippines" title="List of airports in the Philippines">90 national government-owned airports</a> as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, of which eight are <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim-449">[440]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport" title="Ninoy Aquino International Airport">Ninoy Aquino International Airport</a>, formerly known as Manila International Airport, has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the busiest airports in the Philippines">greatest number of passengers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim-449">[440]</a> The 2017 <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_Philippines" title="List of airlines of the Philippines">air domestic market</a> was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> and Asia's oldest commercial airline,<a href="#cite_note-450">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[442]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cebu_Pacific" title="Cebu Pacific">Cebu Pacific</a> (the country's leading <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost carrier</a>).<a href="#cite_note-452">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[444]</a> A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines;<a href="#cite_note-454">[445]</a> most are <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">double-outrigger</a> vessels known as banca<a href="#cite_note-Aguilar-2004-455">[446]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">bangka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Funtecha-2000-456">[447]</a> Modern ships use plywood instead of logs, and motor engines instead of sails;<a href="#cite_note-Aguilar-2004-455">[446]</a> they are used for fishing and inter-island travel.<a href="#cite_note-Funtecha-2000-456">[447]</a> The Philippines has <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_the_Philippines" title="List of ports in the Philippines">over 1,800 seaports</a>;<a href="#cite_note-457">[448]</a> of these, the principal seaports of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Manila" title="Port of Manila">Manila</a> (the country's chief, and busiest, port),<a href="#cite_note-458">[449]</a> <a href="/wiki/Batangas_International_Port" title="Batangas International Port">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Subic_Bay" title="Port of Subic Bay">Subic Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cebu" title="Port of Cebu">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Iloilo" title="Port of Iloilo">Iloilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Davao" title="Port of Davao">Davao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Port of Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_of_General_Santos" title="Port of General Santos">General Santos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Zamboanga" title="Port of Zamboanga">Zamboanga</a> are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.<a href="#cite_note-459">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[451]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large dam, seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg/220px-Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg/330px-Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg/440px-Ambuklao_Dam_captured_by_Mitchell_Yumul.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ambuklao_Dam" title="Ambuklao Dam">Ambuklao Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Agno_River" title="Agno River">Agno River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bokod,_Benguet" title="Bokod, Benguet">Bokod, Benguet</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">MW</a> in 2021; 43 percent was generated from <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_Philippines" title="Coal mining in the Philippines">coal</a>, 14 percent from <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>, 14 percent <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, 12 percent from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and seven percent from <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-461">[452]</a> It is the world's third-biggest <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Geothermal power in the Philippines">geothermal-energy producer</a>, behind the United States and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-462">[453]</a> The country's largest dam is the 1.2-kilometer-long (0.75 mi) <a href="/wiki/San_Roque_Dam_(Philippines)" title="San Roque Dam (Philippines)">San Roque Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Agno_River" title="Agno River">Agno River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-463">[454]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malampaya_gas_field" title="Malampaya gas field">Malampaya gas field</a>, discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347">347</a> <a href="#cite_note-464">[455]</a> The Philippines has three <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grids</a>, one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-Ma-2016-465">[456]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Corporation_of_the_Philippines" title="National Grid Corporation of the Philippines">National Grid Corporation of the Philippines</a> manages <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Philippines" title="Electricity sector in the Philippines">the country's power grid</a> since 2009<a href="#cite_note-466">[457]</a> and provides <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">overhead transmission lines</a> across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers <a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_distribution_utilities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of electric distribution utilities in the Philippines">is provided</a> by privately owned distribution utilities and government-owned <a href="/wiki/Electric_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cooperative">electric cooperatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ma-2016-465">[456]</a> As of end-2021, the Philippines' household electrification level was about 95.41%.<a href="#cite_note-467">[458]</a> Plans to harness <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Nuclear power in the Philippines">nuclear energy</a> began during the early 1970s during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">presidency of Ferdinand Marcos</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines-468">[459]</a> The Philippines completed <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bataan Nuclear Power Plant">Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Pekkanen-2021-469">[460]</a> Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> prevented the plant from being commissioned,<a href="#cite_note-470">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines-468">[459]</a> and plans to operate it remain controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Pekkanen-2021-469">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[462]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banate_Water_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A low, blue building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Banate_Water_District.jpg/220px-Banate_Water_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Banate_Water_District.jpg/330px-Banate_Water_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Banate_Water_District.jpg/440px-Banate_Water_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A water-district office in <a href="/wiki/Banate,_Iloilo" title="Banate, Iloilo">Banate, Iloilo</a></figcaption></figure> Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through local <a href="/wiki/Water_district" title="Water district">water districts</a> in cities or towns.<a href="#cite_note-472">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kohsaka-2007-473">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[465]</a> Metro Manila is served by <a href="/wiki/Manila_Water" title="Manila Water">Manila Water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maynilad_Water_Services" title="Maynilad Water Services">Maynilad Water Services</a>. Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from the <a href="/wiki/National_Water_Resources_Board" title="National Water Resources Board">National Water Resources Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kohsaka-2007-473">[464]</a> In 2022, the total water withdrawals increased to 91 billion cubic meters (3.2×10<s style="display:none">^</s>12 cu ft) from 89 billion cubic meters (3.1×10<s style="display:none">^</s>12 cu ft) in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to ₱144.81 billion.<a href="#cite_note-475">[466]</a> Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks.<a href="#cite_note-Kohsaka-2007-473">[464]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</a> noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access to <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved sanitation</a> and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-476">[467]</a> Ninety-six percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had sanitary toilet facilities as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.<a href="#cite_note-DOH-2018-477">[468]</a>: 46  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics of the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">List of cities in the Philippines</a></div> As of May 1, 2020, the Philippines had a population of 109,035,343.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-18">[13]</a> More than 60 percent of the country's population live in the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal zone">coastal zone</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[469]</a> and in 2020, 54 percent lived in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020-Urban-479">[470]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, its capital, and <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> (the country's most populous city) are in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>. About 13.48 million people (12 percent of the Philippines' population) live in Metro Manila,<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020-Urban-479">[470]</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Philippines" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines">country's most populous metropolitan area</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[471]</a> and the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">fifth most populous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-481">[472]</a> Between 1948 and 2010, the population of the Philippines increased almost fivefold from 19 million to 92 million.<a href="#cite_note-482">[473]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">country's median age</a> is 25.3, and 63.9 percent of its population is between 15 and 64 years old.<a href="#cite_note-483">[474]</a> The Philippines' average annual population growth rate is decreasing,<a href="#cite_note-484">[475]</a> although government attempts to further reduce population growth have been <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_Health_Bill_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive Health Bill (Philippines)">contentious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-485">[476]</a> The country reduced its <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">poverty rate</a> from 49.2 percent in 1985<a href="#cite_note-WorldBank-Poverty-2023-486">[477]</a> to 18.1 percent in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-487">[478]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">income inequality</a> began to decline in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-WorldBank-Poverty-2023-486">[477]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Largest cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Largest cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities in the Philippines <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/pressrelease/Table%20B%20-%20Population%20and%20Annual%20Growth%20Rates%20by%20Province%2C%20City%2C%20and%20Municipality%20-%20By%20Region_AGBA_rev.xlsx">2020 Philippine census of population and housing</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Philippines by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastwood_Libis_(Quezon_City;_03-01-2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quezon City"><img alt="Quezon City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg/120px-Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg/180px-Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg/240px-Eastwood_Libis_%28Quezon_City%3B_03-01-2022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_(Thomas_Yie)_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila"><img alt="Manila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/120px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/180px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg/240px-Manila_Harbour_View_by_night_%28Thomas_Yie%29_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,960,048</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela, Metro Manila">Valenzuela</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">714,978 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Davao City"><img alt="Davao City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg/120px-Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg/180px-Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg/240px-Davao_City_skyline_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> <a href="/wiki/File:The_Bonifacio_Monument_(Caloocan)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caloocan"><img alt="Caloocan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg/120px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg/180px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg/240px-The_Bonifacio_Monument_%28Caloocan%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,846,513</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dasmari%C3%B1as" title="Dasmariñas">Dasmariñas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">703,141 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,776,949</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/General_Santos" title="General Santos">General Santos</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">697,315 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,661,584</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">689,992 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,261,738</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">664,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">977,234</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_del_Monte" title="San Jose del Monte">San Jose del Monte</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">651,813 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">964,169</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">606,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antipolo" title="Antipolo">Antipolo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">887,399</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_Region" title="Negros Island Region">Negros Island Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">600,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">803,159</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">National Capital Region</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">543,445 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">728,402</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna" title="Calamba, Laguna">Calamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">539,671 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Another color-coded map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg/220px-Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg/330px-Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg/440px-Peoples_of_the_Philippines_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="2863" /></a><figcaption>Dominant ethnic groups by province</figcaption></figure> The country has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the archipelago's division by water and topography.<a href="#cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">[278]</a> According to the 2020 census, the Philippines' largest ethnic groups were <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a> (26.0 percent), <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a> [excluding the <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a>] (14.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a> and Cebuano (both eight percent), Hiligaynon (7.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bikol</a> (6.5 percent), and Waray (3.8 percent).<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census-9">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">country's indigenous peoples</a> consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups,<a href="#cite_note-488">[479]</a> with a combined population of 15.56 million, in 2020;<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census-9">[6]</a> they include the <a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">indigenous peoples of Palawan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-489">[480]</a> <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a> are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Dolan-1991-89">[81]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927160916/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/35.htm">35</a>  These minority aboriginal settlers are an <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australoid</a> group, a remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dispersal" title="Southern Dispersal">first human migration from Africa to Australia</a> who were probably displaced by later waves of migration.<a href="#cite_note-490">[481]</a> Some Philippine Negritos have a <a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovan</a> admixture in their <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-491">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-492">[483]</a> Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups, classified linguistically as <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-PH-493">[484]</a> The Austronesian population's origin is uncertain, but relatives of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese aborigines</a> probably brought their language and mixed with the region's existing population.<a href="#cite_note-494">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[486]</a> The Lumad and <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a> ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Lua_people" title="Lua people">Htin</a> peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion from <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> to eastern Indonesia and Mindanao has been detected in the <a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-496">[487]</a> Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especially <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Asian" title="Latin American Asian">from the Spanish Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-497">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehl-2016-498">[489]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C">Chpt. 6</a> <a href="#cite_note-Intercolonial-499">[490]</a> A 2016 <a href="/wiki/Geno_2.0_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geno 2.0 Next Generation">National Geographic</a> project <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">concluded</a> that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried <a href="/wiki/Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">genetic markers</a> in the following percentages: 53 percent <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, 36 percent <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern Asia</a>, 5 percent <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, 3 percent <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern Asia</a>, and 2 percent Native American (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mehl-2016-498">[489]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C">Chpt. 6</a> <a href="#cite_note-500">[491]</a> Descendants of mixed-race couples are known as <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Mestizos</a> or tisoy,<a href="#cite_note-501">[492]</a> which during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial times</a>, were mostly composed of <a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Chinese mestizos</a> (Mestizos de Sangley), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish mestizos</a> (Mestizos de Español) and the mix thereof (<a href="/wiki/Torna_atr%C3%A1s" title="Torna atrás">tornatrás</a>).<a href="#cite_note-502">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[495]</a> The modern <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipinos</a> are well-integrated into Filipino society.<a href="#cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[496]</a> Primarily the descendants of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-506">[497]</a> the pure ethnic Chinese Filipinos during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial era</a> (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35 million; while an estimated 22.8 million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial, colonial, and 20th century Chinese migrants.<a href="#cite_note-507">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-senate.gov.ph-508">[499]</a> During the Hispanic era (late 1700s), the tribute-census showed <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">mixed Spanish Filipinos</a> made up a moderate ratio (around 5 percent) of all citizens.<a href="#cite_note-509">[500]</a>: 539 <a href="#cite_note-510">[501]</a>: 31, 54, 113  Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Mexican Filipinos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Intercolonial-499">[490]</a>: 100  Almost 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American citizens</a> live in the country as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-511">[502]</a> and up to 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasians</a> are scattered across the cities of <a href="/wiki/Angeles_City" title="Angeles City">Angeles</a>, Manila, and <a href="/wiki/Olongapo" title="Olongapo">Olongapo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-512">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[504]</a> Other significant non-indigenous minorities include <a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indians</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[505]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Philippines" title="Arabs in the Philippines">Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-515">[506]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Japanese Filipinos</a> include escaped Christians (<a href="/wiki/Kirishitan" title="Kirishitan">Kirishitan</a>) who <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">fled persecutions by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-516">[507]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Another color-coded map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png/260px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png/390px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png/520px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_the_Philippines.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3458" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> lists 186 languages for the Philippines, 182 of which are <a href="/wiki/Living_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Living language">living languages</a>; the other four no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a>, which is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-PH-493">[484]</a> Spanish-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> varieties, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>, are also spoken.<a href="#cite_note-517">[508]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Negrito_languages#Unique_vocabulary" title="Philippine Negrito languages">Philippine Negrito languages</a> have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.<a href="#cite_note-518">[509]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> are the country's official languages.<a href="#cite_note-GovPH-OfficialLanguage-7">[5]</a> Filipino, a <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized version</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, is spoken primarily in Metro Manila.<a href="#cite_note-519">[510]</a> Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, often with a third local language;<a href="#cite_note-Brown-Ganguly-2003-520">[511]</a> <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> between English and other local languages, notably <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Tagalog</a>, is common.<a href="#cite_note-521">[512]</a> The Philippine constitution provides for <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> and Arabic on a voluntary, optional basis.<a href="#cite_note-GovPH-OfficialLanguage-7">[5]</a> Spanish, a widely used <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> during the late nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">has declined greatly in use</a>,<a href="#cite_note-522">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[514]</a> although Spanish <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> are still present in Philippine languages.<a href="#cite_note-524">[515]</a><a href="#cite_note-525">[516]</a><a href="#cite_note-526">[517]</a> Arabic is primarily taught in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> Islamic schools.<a href="#cite_note-527">[518]</a> The top languages generally spoken at home as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a> are Tagalog, <a href="/wiki/Binisaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Binisaya">Binisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-528">[519]</a> Nineteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">regional languages</a> are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:<a href="#cite_note-GMA-DepEd-7-Languages-6">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li>Bikol</li> <li>Cebuano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li>Hiligaynon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li>Ilocano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Kinaray-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li> <li>Tagalog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div> Other indigenous languages, including <a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo</a>, and several <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan languages</a>, are used in their respective provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-PH-493">[484]</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a> is the national sign language, and the language of <a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_the_Philippines" title="Deafness in the Philippines">deaf education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-529">[520]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large crowd outside a colorfully-decorated church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg/220px-Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg/330px-Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg/440px-Sto._Nino_Basilica_de_Cebu_from_the_Pligrim%27s_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>Catholics attend Mass at <a href="/wiki/Basilica_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Basilica del Santo Niño">Basilica del Santo Niño</a> during the annual <a href="/wiki/Sinulog" title="Sinulog">Sinulog</a> festival in <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although the Philippines is a <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_the_Philippines" title="Secularism in the Philippines">secular state</a> with <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">freedom of religion</a>, an overwhelming majority of Filipinos <a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">consider religion very important</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[521]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Philippines" title="Irreligion in the Philippines">irreligion</a> is very low.<a href="#cite_note-531">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-532">[523]</a><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2015Census-Religion-533">[524]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity</a> is the dominant religion<a href="#cite_note-534">[525]</a><a href="#cite_note-StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015-535">[526]</a> followed by about 89 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-536">[527]</a> The country had the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">world's third-largest Roman Catholic population</a> as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, and was Asia's <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">largest Christian nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-537">[528]</a> Census data from <a href="/wiki/2020_Philippine_census" title="2020 Philippine census">2020</a> found that 78.8 percent of the population professed <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Roman Catholicism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Catholic-2020Census-11">[d]</a> other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Christian denominations in the Philippines">Christian denominations</a> include <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-538">[529]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestants</a> made up about 5% to 7% of the population in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-539">[530]</a><a href="#cite_note-540">[531]</a> The Philippines sends many <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionaries</a> around the world, and is a training center for foreign priests and nuns.<a href="#cite_note-541">[532]</a><a href="#cite_note-542">[533]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a> is the country's second-largest religion, with 6.4 percent of the population in the 2020 census.<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-538">[529]</a> Most Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands,<a href="#cite_note-StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015-535">[526]</a> and most adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-543">[534]</a> About 0.2 percent of the population follow <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">indigenous religions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-538">[529]</a> whose practices and folk beliefs are often <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretized</a> with Christianity and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA29">29–30</a> <a href="#cite_note-544">[535]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism</a> is practiced by about 0.04% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-538">[529]</a> primarily by Filipinos of Chinese descent.<a href="#cite_note-545">[536]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A steadily-rising graph until the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in the Philippines, 1938–2021</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_Philippines" title="Health care in the Philippines">Health care in the Philippines</a> is provided by the national and local governments, although private payments account for most healthcare spending.<a href="#cite_note-DOH-2018-477">[468]</a>: 25–27 <a href="#cite_note-546">[537]</a> Per-capita health expenditure in 2022 was <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">₱</a>10,059.49 and health expenditures were 5.5 percent of the country's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-547">[538]</a> The 2023 budget allocation for healthcare was ₱334.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget-548">[539]</a> The 2019 enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">Universal Health Care Act</a> by President Duterte facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Health_Insurance_Corporation" title="Philippine Health Insurance Corporation">national health insurance program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-549">[540]</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[541]</a> Since 2018, <a href="/wiki/Malasakit_Center" title="Malasakit Center">Malasakit Centers</a> (one-stop shops) have been set up in several government-operated hospitals to provide medical and financial assistance to indigent patients.<a href="#cite_note-551">[542]</a> Average life expectancy in the Philippines as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a> is 70.48 years (66.97 years for males, and 74.15 years for females).<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook-15">[10]</a> Access to medicine has improved due to increasing Filipino acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DOH-2018-477">[468]</a>: 58  The country's leading causes of death in 2021 were <a href="/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemic heart diseases">ischaemic heart diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-552">[543]</a> <a href="/wiki/Communicable_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Communicable disease">Communicable diseases</a> are correlated with natural disasters, primarily floods.<a href="#cite_note-553">[544]</a> One million Filipinos have active <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, the fourth highest global prevalence rate.<a href="#cite_note-554">[545]</a> The Philippines has 1,387 <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of hospitals in the Philippines">hospitals</a>, 33 percent of which are government-run; 23,281 barangay health stations, 2,592 rural health units, 2,411 <a href="/wiki/Birthing_center" title="Birthing center">birthing homes</a>, and 659 infirmaries provide primary care throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-RVONL-HealthCare-2021-555">[546]</a> Since 1967, the Philippines had become the largest global supplier of nurses;<a href="#cite_note-556">[547]</a> seventy percent of <a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_the_Philippines" title="Nursing in the Philippines">nursing graduates</a> go overseas to work, causing problems in retaining skilled practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-557">[548]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front of a very old building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg/220px-Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg/330px-Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg/440px-Main_Bulding_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1611, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a> is Asia's oldest extant university.<a href="#cite_note-558">[549]</a></figcaption></figure> Primary and secondary schooling in the Philippines consists of six years of elementary period, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school.<a href="#cite_note-559">[550]</a> Public education, provided by the government, is free at the elementary and secondary levels and at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Access_to_Quality_Tertiary_Education_Act" title="Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act">most public higher-education institutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-2017May-560">[551]</a><a href="#cite_note-561">[552]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Science_High_School_System" title="Philippine Science High School System">Science high schools</a> for talented students were established in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-562">[553]</a> The government provides technical-vocational training and development through the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Education_and_Skills_Development_Authority" title="Technical Education and Skills Development Authority">Technical Education and Skills Development Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-563">[554]</a> In 2004, the government began offering <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Learning_System_(Philippines)" title="Alternative Learning System (Philippines)">alternative education</a> to out-of-school children, youth, and adults to improve literacy;<a href="#cite_note-564">[555]</a><a href="#cite_note-565">[556]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madaris</a> were mainstreamed in 16 regions that year, primarily in Mindanao Muslim areas under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-566">[557]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_universities_and_colleges_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Catholic universities and colleges in the Philippines">Catholic schools</a>, which number more than 1,500,<a href="#cite_note-567">[558]</a> and higher education institutions are an integral part of the educational system.<a href="#cite_note-568">[559]</a> The Philippines has <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of colleges and universities in the Philippines">1,975 higher education institutions</a> as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, of which 246 are public and 1,729 are private.<a href="#cite_note-569">[560]</a> Public universities are non-sectarian, and are primarily classified as <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_schools,_colleges_and_universities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of state schools, colleges and universities in the Philippines">state-administered</a> or <a href="/wiki/Local_colleges_and_universities_(Philippines)" title="Local colleges and universities (Philippines)">local government-funded</a>.<a href="#cite_note-570">[561]</a><a href="#cite_note-571">[562]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_university" title="National university">national university</a> is the eight-school <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> (UP) system.<a href="#cite_note-572">[563]</a> The country's top-ranked universities are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">University of the Philippines Diliman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-573">[564]</a><a href="#cite_note-574">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-575">[566]</a> In 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Philippines had a basic <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate of 93.8 percent of those five years old or older,<a href="#cite_note-576">[567]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">functional literacy</a> rate of 91.6 percent of those aged 10 to 64.<a href="#cite_note-577">[568]</a> Education, a significant proportion of the national budget, was allocated ₱900.9 billion from the ₱5.268 trillion 2023 budget.<a href="#cite_note-OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget-548">[539]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a>, the country has 1,640 <a href="/wiki/Public_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Public libraries">public libraries</a> affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">National Library of the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-578">[569]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A terraced hillside, seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg/220px-Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg/330px-Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg/440px-Banaue_Philippines_Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces" title="Banaue Rice Terraces">Banaue Rice Terraces</a>, carved by ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao people</a></figcaption></figure> The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's fragmented geography.<a href="#cite_note-Junker-1999-48">[40]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r50BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">61</a> <a href="#cite_note-Bankoff-2017-579">[570]</a> Spanish and American cultures profoundly influenced Filipino culture as a result of long colonization.<a href="#cite_note-Edelstein-2011-580">[571]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">[278]</a> The cultures of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more influence from nearby Islamic regions.<a href="#cite_note-Wernstedt-1967-61">[53]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA503">503</a>  Indigenous groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorots</a> have preserved their precolonial customs and traditions by <a href="/wiki/Igorot_resistance_to_Spanish_colonization" title="Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization">resisting the Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-581">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-582">[573]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">national identity</a> <a href="/wiki/National_revival" title="National revival">emerged</a> during the 19th century, however, with <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">shared national symbols</a> and cultural and historical <a href="/wiki/Touchstone_(metaphor)" title="Touchstone (metaphor)">touchstones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bankoff-2017-579">[570]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_influence_on_Filipino_culture" title="Spanish influence on Filipino culture">Hispanic legacies</a> include the dominance of Catholicism<a href="#cite_note-Guillermo-2012-69">[61]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA5">5</a> <a href="#cite_note-Edelstein-2011-580">[571]</a> and the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1logo_alfab%C3%A9tico_de_apellidos" title="Catálogo alfabético de apellidos">Spanish names and surnames</a>, which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish naming customs</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">75</a> <a href="#cite_note-Woods-2006-68">[60]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT262">237</a>  the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_place_names_of_Spanish_origin" title="List of Philippine place names of Spanish origin">names of many locations</a> also have Spanish origins.<a href="#cite_note-583">[574]</a> American influence on modern Filipino culture<a href="#cite_note-Banlaoi-2009-287">[278]</a> is evident in the use of English<a href="#cite_note-Nadal-2011-584">[575]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA12">12</a>  and Filipino consumption of <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> and American films and music.<a href="#cite_note-Edelstein-2011-580">[571]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays in the Philippines</a> are classified as regular or special.<a href="#cite_note-585">[576]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a> are primarily religious, and most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor a <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>).<a href="#cite_note-586">[577]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wendt-1998-587">[578]</a> Better-known festivals include <a href="/wiki/Ati-Atihan_festival" title="Ati-Atihan festival">Ati-Atihan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-588">[579]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinagyang" title="Dinagyang">Dinagyang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-589">[580]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moriones_Festival" title="Moriones Festival">Moriones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-590">[581]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinulog" title="Sinulog">Sinulog</a>,<a href="#cite_note-591">[582]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flores_de_Mayo" title="Flores de Mayo">Flores de Mayo</a>—a month-long devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> held in May.<a href="#cite_note-592">[583]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Christmas season</a> begins as early as September 1,<a href="#cite_note-Rood-2019-593">[584]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">149</a>  and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_the_Philippines" title="Holy Week in the Philippines">Holy Week</a> is a solemn religious observance for its Christian population.<a href="#cite_note-594">[585]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rood-2019-593">[584]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">149</a>  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Values">Values</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Filipino values</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Filipino psychology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Core_Value.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colored outdoor statue of a child pressing their forehead on the hand of a seated elder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Core_Value.JPG/220px-Core_Value.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Core_Value.JPG/330px-Core_Value.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Core_Value.JPG/440px-Core_Value.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Statue in <a href="/wiki/Iriga" title="Iriga">Iriga</a> commemorating <a href="/wiki/Mano_(gesture)" title="Mano (gesture)">mano po</a></figcaption></figure> Filipino <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">values</a> are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">kinship</a>, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce.<a href="#cite_note-Dolan-1991-89">[81]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161138/https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm">41</a>  They center around social harmony through <a href="/wiki/Pakikisama" title="Pakikisama">pakikisama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Qiu-2004-595">[586]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA74">74</a>  motivated primarily by the desire for acceptance by a group.<a href="#cite_note-596">[587]</a><a href="#cite_note-Warner-2014-597">[588]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nadal-2011-584">[575]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA47">47</a>  Reciprocity through <a href="/wiki/Utang_na_loob" title="Utang na loob">utang na loob</a> (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized debt can never be fully repaid.<a href="#cite_note-Qiu-2004-595">[586]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA76">76</a> <a href="#cite_note-598">[589]</a> The main sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of hiya (shame)<a href="#cite_note-599">[590]</a> and loss of amor propio (<a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Warner-2014-597">[588]</a> The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society.<a href="#cite_note-600">[591]</a><a href="#cite_note-601">[592]</a> Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is shown with gestures such as mano and the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_styles_and_honorifics" title="Filipino styles and honorifics">honorifics</a> po and opo and kuya (older brother) or ate (older sister).<a href="#cite_note-602">[593]</a><a href="#cite_note-603">[594]</a> Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other people, friendship and friendliness, <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a>, religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">women</a>), and integrity.<a href="#cite_note-604">[595]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of dying gladiators" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/220px-%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/330px-%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg/440px-%27Spoliarium%27_by_Juan_Luna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4886" data-file-height="3166" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spoliarium" title="Spoliarium">Spoliarium</a> (1884) at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> Philippine art combines indigenous folk art and foreign influences, primarily Spain and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-605">[596]</a><a href="#cite_note-McFerson-2002-606">[597]</a> During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior groups.<a href="#cite_note-McFerson-2002-606">[597]</a> Classical paintings were mainly religious;<a href="#cite_note-607">[598]</a> prominent artists during Spanish colonial rule included <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luna" title="Juan Luna">Juan Luna</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Resurrecci%C3%B3n_Hidalgo" title="Félix Resurrección Hidalgo">Félix Resurrección Hidalgo</a>, whose works drew attention to the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-608">[599]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> was introduced to the Philippines during the 1920s and 1930s by <a href="/wiki/Victorio_Edades" title="Victorio Edades">Victorio Edades</a> and popular <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> scenes by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Amorsolo" title="Fernando Amorsolo">Fernando Amorsolo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-609">[600]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old, mossy church with a lawn in front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg/220px-St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg/330px-St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg/440px-St._Agustine_Paoay_Church_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The early-18th-century Earthquake Baroque <a href="/wiki/Paoay_Church" title="Paoay Church">Paoay Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a>, a National Cultural Treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of four Baroque Churches of the Philippines<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-BaroqueChurches-610">[601]</a></figcaption></figure> Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">bahay kubo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">bahay na bato</a>, which developed under Spanish rule.<a href="#cite_note-Boquet-2017-217">[208]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA438">438–444</a>  Some regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>, differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.<a href="#cite_note-611">[602]</a><a href="#cite_note-612">[603]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish architecture</a> left an imprint in town designs around a <a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">central square</a> or plaza mayor, but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-613">[604]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ring-1996-59">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Baroque_churches_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Baroque churches in the Philippines">Several</a> Philippine <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Catholic churches in the Philippines">churches</a> adapted <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque architecture</a> to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Baroque" title="Earthquake Baroque">Earthquake Baroque</a>;<a href="#cite_note-614">[605]</a><a href="#cite_note-Girard-2021-615">[606]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Churches_of_the_Philippines" title="Baroque Churches of the Philippines">four baroque churches</a> have been listed as a collective UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-BaroqueChurches-610">[601]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_fortifications_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines">Spanish colonial fortifications</a> (fuerzas) in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons.<a href="#cite_note-616">[607]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vigan" title="Vigan">Vigan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a>, is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-617">[608]</a> American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> theaters.<a href="#cite_note-NCCAGovPH-Architecture-618">[609]</a> During the American period, construction of <a href="/wiki/Gabaldon_school_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabaldon school buildings">Gabaldon school buildings</a> began,<a href="#cite_note-619">[610]</a> and some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a> was done in portions of <a href="/wiki/Burnham_Plan_of_Manila" title="Burnham Plan of Manila">Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-620">[611]</a><a href="#cite_note-621">[612]</a> Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCCAGovPH-Architecture-618">[609]</a><a href="#cite_note-Girard-2021-615">[606]</a> Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Calle_Real,_Iloilo" title="Calle Real, Iloilo">Calle Real</a>.<a href="#cite_note-622">[613]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinikling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Female dancers in colorful dresses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tinikling.jpg/220px-Tinikling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tinikling.jpg/330px-Tinikling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tinikling.jpg/440px-Tinikling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a>, a dance depicting the swift leg movements of a tikling bird eluding a farmer's traps<a href="#cite_note-623">[614]</a></figcaption></figure> There are two types of Philippine <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dance</a>, stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA173">173</a>  Although native dances had become less popular,<a href="#cite_note-Villaruz-2006-624">[615]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA77">77</a>  folk dancing began to revive during the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Villaruz-2006-624">[615]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA82">82</a>  The <a href="/wiki/Cari%C3%B1osa" title="Cariñosa">Cariñosa</a>, a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance.<a href="#cite_note-625">[616]</a> Popular indigenous dances include the <a href="/wiki/Tinikling" title="Tinikling">Tinikling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singkil_(Maranao_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singkil (Maranao dance)">Singkil</a>, which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles.<a href="#cite_note-626">[617]</a><a href="#cite_note-627">[618]</a> Present-day dances vary from delicate <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a><a href="#cite_note-628">[619]</a> to street-oriented <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">breakdancing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-629">[620]</a><a href="#cite_note-630">[621]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rondalla" title="Rondalla">Rondalya</a> music, with traditional <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>-type <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Philippine musical instruments">instruments</a>, was popular during the Spanish era.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-Batalla-2018-168">[159]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327">327</a> <a href="#cite_note-KCET-MasterRondalla-631">[622]</a> Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily <a href="/wiki/Bandurria" title="Bandurria">bandurria</a>-based bands with 14-string guitars.<a href="#cite_note-632">[623]</a><a href="#cite_note-KCET-MasterRondalla-631">[622]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Kundiman</a> developed during the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Ellingham-1999-633">[624]</a> The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">U.S. culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">popular music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellingham-1999-633">[624]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a> was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Pinoy rock</a>), a term encompassing <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>. Martial law in the 1970s produced <a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_music" title="Philippine folk music">Filipino folk rock</a> bands and artists who <a href="/wiki/Protest_music_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship">were at the forefront</a> of political demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-Murray-2016-634">[625]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38–41</a>  The decade also saw the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Manila sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Original_Pilipino_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Pilipino Music">Original Pilipino Music</a> (OPM).<a href="#cite_note-Shunwei-2022-635">[626]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woods-2006-68">[60]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT196">171</a>  <a href="/wiki/Filipino_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino hip-hop">Filipino hip-hop</a>, which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-636">[627]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray-2016-634">[625]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38–41</a>  <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a> is also popular.<a href="#cite_note-637">[628]</a> From 2010 to 2020, <a href="/wiki/Pinoy_pop" title="Pinoy pop">Pinoy pop</a> (P-pop) was influenced by <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-638">[629]</a> Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introduced <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuela</a> plays (with music)<a href="#cite_note-Liu-2016-639">[630]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comedia_(play)" title="Comedia (play)">comedia</a>s, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the country,<a href="#cite_note-Villaruz-2006-624">[615]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69">69–70</a>  and were written in a number of local languages.<a href="#cite_note-Liu-2016-639">[630]</a> American influence introduced <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> and ballet.<a href="#cite_note-Villaruz-2006-624">[615]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69">69–70</a>  <a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">Realistic</a> theatre became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.<a href="#cite_note-Liu-2016-639">[630]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippine literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Rizal_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of José Rizal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/180px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/270px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jose_Rizal_full.jpg/360px-Jose_Rizal_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>José Rizal's writings inspired the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> Philippine literature consists of <a href="/wiki/Filipiniana" title="Filipiniana">works</a> usually written in Filipino, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_Spanish" title="Philippine literature in Spanish">Spanish</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature_in_English" title="Philippine literature in English">English</a>. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-640">[631]</a> They include <a href="/wiki/Ibong_Adarna" title="Ibong Adarna">Ibong Adarna</a>, an epic about an eponymous magical bird,<a href="#cite_note-641">[632]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florante_at_Laura" title="Florante at Laura">Florante at Laura</a> by Tagalog author <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Balagtas" title="Francisco Balagtas">Francisco Balagtas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-642">[633]</a><a href="#cite_note-643">[634]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> wrote the novels <a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a> (Social Cancer) and <a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a> (The Reign of Greed),<a href="#cite_note-644">[635]</a> both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-645">[636]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Folk literature</a> was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">Filipino elites</a> who later learned Spanish wrote nationalistic literature.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA59">59–62</a>  The American arrival <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines_during_American_rule" title="Education in the Philippines during American rule">began</a> Filipino literary use of English<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA65">65–66</a>  and influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippine comics</a> industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-646">[637]</a><a href="#cite_note-647">[638]</a> In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was <a href="/wiki/Student_activism_in_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931972)" title="Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)">influenced by political activism</a>; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA69">69–71</a>  <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a> has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;<a href="#cite_note-648">[639]</a> popular <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_mythological_figures" title="List of Philippine mythological figures">figures</a> are <a href="/wiki/Maria_Makiling" title="Maria Makiling">Maria Makiling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-649">[640]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-Ang" class="mw-redirect" title="Biag ni Lam-Ang">Lam-ang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-650">[641]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarimanok" title="Sarimanok">Sarimanok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rodell-2002-231">[222]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA61">61</a> <a href="#cite_note-651">[642]</a> The country has a number of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_epic_poetry" title="Philippine epic poetry">folk epics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-652">[643]</a> Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Darangen" title="Darangen">Darangen</a> is an example.<a href="#cite_note-653">[644]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Mass media in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema of the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_(2017-present).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="TV network logo, a multicolored triangle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg/220px-People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg/330px-People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg/440px-People%27s_Television_Network_Logo_%282017-present%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption>People's Television Network logo</figcaption></figure> Philippine media primarily uses Filipino and English, although <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> has shifted to Filipino.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-Ganguly-2003-520">[511]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_television_shows" title="List of Philippine television shows">Television shows</a>, commercials, and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Philippine_films" title="Lists of Philippine films">films</a> are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Movie_and_Television_Review_and_Classification_Board" title="Movie and Television Review and Classification Board">Movie and Television Review and Classification Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-654">[645]</a><a href="#cite_note-655">[646]</a> Most Filipinos obtain news and information from television, the Internet,<a href="#cite_note-656">[647]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_the_Philippines" title="Social media use in the Philippines">social media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNNPH-SWSFacebook-657">[648]</a> The country's flagship state-owned broadcast-television network is the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Television_Network" title="People's Television Network">People's Television Network</a> (PTV).<a href="#cite_note-658">[649]</a> <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a> and <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a>, were the dominant TV networks;<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Philippines-Profile-659">[650]</a> before the May 2020 <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_franchise_renewal_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy">expiration of ABS-CBN's franchise</a>, it was the country's largest network.<a href="#cite_note-660">[651]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_television_drama" title="Philippine television drama">Philippine television dramas</a>, known as teleseryes and mainly produced by <a href="/wiki/List_of_ABS-CBN_original_drama_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ABS-CBN original drama series">ABS-CBN</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_GMA_Network_original_drama_series" title="List of GMA Network original drama series">GMA</a>, are also seen in several other countries.<a href="#cite_note-661">[652]</a><a href="#cite_note-662">[653]</a> Local film-making <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_films_before_1940" title="List of Philippine films before 1940">began in 1919</a> with the release of the first Filipino-produced <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dalagang_Bukid" title="Dalagang Bukid">Dalagang Bukid</a> (A Girl from the Country), directed by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Nepomuceno" title="José Nepomuceno">Jose Nepomuceno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Armes-1987-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tofighian-2006-126">[117]</a>: 8  <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_film_studios" title="List of Philippine film studios">Production companies</a> remained small during the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era, but sound films and larger productions emerged in 1933. The postwar 1940s to the early 1960s are considered a high point for Philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade saw a decline in quality films, although the commercial film industry expanded until the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Armes-1987-125">[116]</a> Critically acclaimed Philippine films include <a href="/wiki/Himala" title="Himala">Himala</a> (Miracle) and <a href="/wiki/Oro,_Plata,_Mata" title="Oro, Plata, Mata">Oro, Plata, Mata</a> (Gold, Silver, Death), both released in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-663">[654]</a><a href="#cite_note-664">[655]</a> Since the turn of the 21st century, the country's film industry has struggled to compete with larger-budget foreign films<a href="#cite_note-665">[656]</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood films</a>).<a href="#cite_note-666">[657]</a><a href="#cite_note-667">[658]</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art films</a> have thrived, however, and several <a href="/wiki/Philippine_New_Wave" title="Philippine New Wave">indie films</a> have been successful domestically and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-CinemaGrowingFast-668">[659]</a><a href="#cite_note-669">[660]</a><a href="#cite_note-670">[661]</a> The Philippines has a large number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of radio stations in the Philippines">radio stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippines" title="List of newspapers in the Philippines">newspapers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Philippines-Profile-659">[650]</a> English <a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">broadsheets</a> are popular among executives, professionals and students.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2003-129">[120]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA233">233–251</a>  Less-expensive Tagalog <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloids</a>, which grew during the 1990s, are popular (particularly in Manila);<a href="#cite_note-671">[662]</a> however, overall newspaper readership is declining in favor of <a href="/wiki/Social_media_as_a_news_source" title="Social media as a news source">online news</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNNPH-SWSFacebook-657">[648]</a><a href="#cite_note-672">[663]</a> The top three newspapers, by nationwide readership and credibility,<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2003-129">[120]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA233">233</a>  are the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bulletin" title="Manila Bulletin">Manila Bulletin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-673">[664]</a><a href="#cite_note-674">[665]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> is protected by the constitution,<a href="#cite_note-675">[666]</a> the country was listed as the seventh-most-dangerous country for journalists in 2022 by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> due to 13 unsolved murders of journalists.<a href="#cite_note-676">[667]</a> The Philippine population are the world's top Internet users.<a href="#cite_note-677">[668]</a> In early 2021, 67 percent of Filipinos (73.91 million) had Internet access; the overwhelming majority used <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-678">[669]</a> The Philippines ranked 53rd on the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-679">[670]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_sinigang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chunky soup in a white bowl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fish_sinigang.jpg/220px-Fish_sinigang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fish_sinigang.jpg/330px-Fish_sinigang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fish_sinigang.jpg/440px-Fish_sinigang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A bowl of fish <a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">sinigang</a></figcaption></figure> From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate.<a href="#cite_note-680">[671]</a><a href="#cite_note-681">[672]</a> Filipinos tend to prefer robust flavors,<a href="#cite_note-682">[673]</a> centered on sweet, salty, and sour combinations.<a href="#cite_note-Aquino-Porter-2022-683">[674]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">88</a>  Regional variations exist throughout the country; rice is the general staple <a href="/wiki/Starch#Food" title="Starch">starch</a><a href="#cite_note-684">[675]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Cassava-based_dishes" title="Cassava-based dishes">cassava</a> is more common in parts of Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-685">[676]</a><a href="#cite_note-686">[677]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_adobo" title="Philippine adobo">Adobo</a> is the unofficial national dish.<a href="#cite_note-687">[678]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_dishes" title="List of Philippine dishes">popular dishes</a> include <a href="/wiki/Lech%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lechón">lechón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kare-kare" title="Kare-kare">kare-kare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinigang" title="Sinigang">sinigang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-688">[679]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pancit" title="Pancit">pancit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumpia" title="Lumpia">lumpia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arroz_caldo" title="Arroz caldo">arroz caldo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2018-689">[680]</a><a href="#cite_note-690">[681]</a><a href="#cite_note-691">[682]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_desserts" title="List of Philippine desserts">Traditional desserts</a> are kakanin (<a href="/wiki/Rice_cake" title="Rice cake">rice cakes</a>), which include <a href="/wiki/Puto_(food)" title="Puto (food)">puto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suman_(food)" title="Suman (food)">suman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibingka" title="Bibingka">bibingka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-692">[683]</a><a href="#cite_note-693">[684]</a> Ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Calamansi" title="Calamansi">calamansi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-694">[685]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ube_halaya" title="Ube halaya">ube</a>,<a href="#cite_note-695">[686]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canarium_ovatum" title="Canarium ovatum">pili</a> are used in Filipino desserts.<a href="#cite_note-696">[687]</a><a href="#cite_note-697">[688]</a> The generous use of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_condiments" title="Philippine condiments">condiments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Patis_(sauce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patis (sauce)">patis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagoong" title="Bagoong">bagoong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce#Filipino" title="Soy sauce">toyo</a> impart a distinctive Philippine flavor.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2018-689">[680]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aquino-Porter-2022-683">[674]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">73</a>  Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a>; they use spoons and forks.<a href="#cite_note-698">[689]</a> Traditional eating with the fingers<a href="#cite_note-699">[690]</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Kamayan" title="Kamayan">kamayan</a>) had been used in less urbanized areas,<a href="#cite_note-700">[691]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6vTun3i4NQC&pg=PA266">266–268, 277</a>  but has been popularized with the introduction of Filipino food to foreigners and city residents.<a href="#cite_note-701">[692]</a><a href="#cite_note-702">[693]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_and_recreation">Sports and recreation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Team photo, with each blue-uniformed member wearing a gold medal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg/220px-Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg/330px-Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg/440px-Gilas_Cadets_2015_SEA_Games.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Philippines men's national basketball team">Philippines men's national basketball team</a> celebrating their <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">2015 Southeast Asian Games</a> championship</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_the_Philippines" title="Basketball in the Philippines">Basketball</a>, played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport.<a href="#cite_note-703">[694]</a><a href="#cite_note-704">[695]</a> Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/History_of_boxing_in_the_Philippines" title="History of boxing in the Philippines">boxing</a> and billiards, boosted by the achievements of <a href="/wiki/Manny_Pacquiao" title="Manny Pacquiao">Manny Pacquiao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efren_Reyes" title="Efren Reyes">Efren Reyes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rood-2019-593">[584]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">142</a> <a href="#cite_note-705">[696]</a> The national <a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">martial art</a> is <a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-706">[697]</a> Sabong (<a href="/wiki/Cockfight" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockfight">cockfighting</a>) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented by the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-707">[698]</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Video games in the Philippines">Video gaming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esports_in_the_Philippines" title="Esports in the Philippines">esports</a> are emerging pastimes,<a href="#cite_note-708">[699]</a><a href="#cite_note-Booc-2019-709">[700]</a> with the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">indigenous games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Patintero" title="Patintero">patintero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbang_preso" title="Tumbang preso">tumbang preso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luksong_tinik" title="Luksong tinik">luksong tinik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piko_(Filipino_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piko (Filipino game)">piko</a> declining among young people;<a href="#cite_note-710">[701]</a><a href="#cite_note-Booc-2019-709">[700]</a> several bills have been filed to preserve and promote traditional games.<a href="#cite_note-711">[702]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippines_national_football_team" title="Philippines national football team">men's national football team</a> has participated in one <a href="/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2019 AFC Asian Cup">Asian Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-712">[703]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippines_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Philippines women's national football team">women's national football team</a> qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">2023 FIFA Women's World Cup</a>, their first <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">World Cup</a>, in January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-713">[704]</a> The Philippines has participated in every <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> since <a href="/wiki/Philippines_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Philippines at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a>, except when they supported the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-714">[705]</a><a href="#cite_note-715">[706]</a> It was the first <a href="/wiki/Tropical_nations_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics">tropical nation</a> to compete at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines_at_the_1972_Winter_Olympics" title="Philippines at the 1972 Winter Olympics">debuting in 1972</a>.<a href="#cite_note-716">[707]</a><a href="#cite_note-717">[708]</a> In 2021, the Philippines received its first-ever Olympic gold medal with <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifter</a> <a href="/wiki/Hidilyn_Diaz" title="Hidilyn Diaz">Hidilyn Diaz</a>'s victory in <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">Tokyo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-718">[709]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline of the Philippines</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Although the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 8491) passed in 1998 defined modifications to the coat of arms that removed the colonial charges, a referendum legally required to ratify the changes has not yet been called. </li> <li id="cite_note-a-5"><a href="#cite_ref-a_5-0">^</a> While <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> is designated as <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">the nation's capital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">seat of government</a> is the National Capital Region, commonly known as "<a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>", of which the city of Manila is a part.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Many national government institutions are located on various parts of Metro Manila, aside from <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> and other institutions/agencies that are located within the Manila capital city. </li> <li id="cite_note-b-8"><a href="#cite_ref-b_8-0">^</a> As per the 1987 Constitution: "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."<a href="#cite_note-GovPH-OfficialLanguage-7">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic-2020Census-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic-2020Census_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic-2020Census_11-1">b</a> Excludes <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Catholic Charismatics</a> numbering 74,096 persons (0.07% of the Philippine household population in 2020)<a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census-10">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-land-area-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-land-area_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-land-area_14-1">b</a> The actual area of the Philippines is 343,448 km2 (132,606 sq mi) according to some sources.<a href="#cite_note-218">[209]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_the_Philippines" title="Date and time notation in the Philippines">Date and time notation in the Philippines</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfilɪpiːnz/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bf\/En-us-Philippines.ogg\/En-us-Philippines.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Philippines.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/En-us-Philippines.ogg/En-us-Philippines.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Philippines.ogg" title="File:En-us-Philippines.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: Pilipinas, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Tagalog pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">[pɪ.lɪˈpiː.nɐs]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas. In the recognized regional <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aklan language">Aklan</a>: Republika it Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a>: Republika kan Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>: Republika sa Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavacano language">Chavacano</a>: República de Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>: Republika sang Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a>: Republika nat Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>: Republika ti Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a>: Republika nu Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>: Republika ning Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinaray-a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinaray-a language">Kinaray-a</a>: Republika kang Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanaon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguindanaon language">Maguindanaon</a>: Republika nu Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a>: Republika a Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>: Republika na Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a>: Republika nin Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a>: Republika nan Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: Republika ng Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>: Republika sin Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a>: Republika han Pilipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a>: Republika si Pilipinas</li></ul> </div> In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: República de las Filipinas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جمهورية الفلبين, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Jumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn</li></ul> </div> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> This is a summary, omitting significant detail. For more detail, see <a href="/wiki/Schurman_Commission#Survey_visit_to_the_Philippines" title="Schurman Commission">Schurman Commission § Survey visit to the Philippines</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_Act_No._84911998" class="citation cs2">Republic Act No. 8491 (February 12, 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084350/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/">Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines</a>, Metro Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_(Philippines)" title="Official Gazette (Philippines)">Official Gazette of the Philippines</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/">the original</a> on May 25, 2017, retrieved March 8, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flag+and+Heraldic+Code+of+the+Philippines&rft.place=Metro+Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Official+Gazette+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1998-02-12&rft.au=Republic+Act+No.+8491&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1998%2F02%2F12%2Frepublic-act-no-8491%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresidential_Decree_No._940,_s._19761976" class="citation cs2">Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976 (May 29, 1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084430/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/">Establishing Manila as the Capital of the Philippines and as the Permanent Seat of the National Government</a>, Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/">the original</a> on May 25, 2017, retrieved April 4, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Establishing+Manila+as+the+Capital+of+the+Philippines+and+as+the+Permanent+Seat+of+the+National+Government&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=1976-05-29&rft.au=Presidential+Decree+No.+940%2C+s.+1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1976%2F05%2F29%2Fpresidential-decree-no-940-s-1976%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820074250/https://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/about-the-city-government/background">"Quezon City Local Government – Background"</a>. Quezon City Local Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/about-the-city-government/background">the original</a> on August 20, 2020. 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July 13, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3">the original</a> on December 16, 2013. 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Human Palaeontology and Prehistory. 3 (2004). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 705–712. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CRPal...3..705D">2004CRPal...3..705D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2004.06.004">10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004</a>. 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Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-10-0227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-10-0227-5"><bdi>978-971-10-0227-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. 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Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C&pg=PA8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97198-4"><bdi>978-0-275-97198-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317084801/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2023. 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Retrieved December 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+9th+to+10th+century+archaeological+evidence+of+maritime+relations+between+the+Philippines+and+the+islands+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmuseum.gov.ph%2F2022%2F09%2F20%2Fthe-9th-to-10th-century-archaeological-evidence-of-maritime-relations-between-the-philippines-and-the-islands-of-southeast-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_Fox" title="Robert Bradford Fox">Fox, Robert B.</a> (2015). "The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines". In Chu, Richard T. (ed.). More Tsinoy Than We Admit: Chinese-Filipino Interactions Over the Centuries. Quezon City: Vibal Foundation, Inc. pp. 10–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719706823" title="Special:BookSources/9789719706823"><bdi>9789719706823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Archaeological+Record+of+Chinese+Influences+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=More+Tsinoy+Than+We+Admit%3A+Chinese-Filipino+Interactions+Over+the+Centuries&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pages=10-13&rft.pub=Vibal+Foundation%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789719706823&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloverBellwood2004" class="citation book cs1">Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC">Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/RoutledgeCurzon" class="mw-redirect" title="RoutledgeCurzon">RoutledgeCurzon</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PA267">267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29777-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29777-6"><bdi>978-0-415-29777-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+From+Prehistory+to+History&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29777-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6kDm5d3cMIYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724010336/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/">"Pre-colonial Manila"</a>. Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum And Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/">the original</a> on July 24, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malaca%C3%B1an+Palace%3A+Presidential+Museum+And+Library&rft.atitle=Pre-colonial+Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalacanang.gov.ph%2F75832-pre-colonial-manila%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Buena_Ventura1613" class="citation book cs1">San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613). de Silva, Juan (Don.) (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ">Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> & <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a>). La Noble Villa de Pila. p. 545. <q>Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos</q> [Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulario+de+lengua+tagala%3A+El+romance+castellano+puesto+primero&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=La+Noble+Villa+de+Pila&rft.date=1613&rft.aulast=San+Buena+Ventura&rft.aufirst=Fr.+Pedro+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8QxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Buena_Ventura1613" class="citation book cs1">San Buena Ventura, Fr. Pedro de (1613). de Silva, Juan (Don.) (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ">Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> & <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a>). La Noble Villa de Pila. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulario+de+lengua+tagala%3A+El+romance+castellano+puesto+primero&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=La+Noble+Villa+de+Pila&rft.date=1613&rft.aulast=San+Buena+Ventura&rft.aufirst=Fr.+Pedro+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8QxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326">Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript)</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Early Modern Spanish</a> & <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Early Manila Hokkien</a>). <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a>, once kept by Sir <a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">C. R. Boxer</a>. Manila. 1590s. pp. 415 [PDF] / 204 [As Written]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324113344/https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2024. Retrieved March 24, 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> Digital Library, as digitized from the <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Library" title="Lilly Library">Lilly Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boxer+Codex+%28Manila+Manuscript%29&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=415+PDF+%2F+204+As+Written&rft.date=1590&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebapp1.dlib.indiana.edu%2Fmetsnav%2Fcommon%2Fnavigate.do%3Fpn%3D1%26size%3Dlarge%26oid%3DVAB8326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez-Faria2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC">"Philippines"</a>. Concise Encyclopedia of World History. New Delhi, India: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Books" title="Atlantic Books">Atlantic Publishers & Distributors</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA560">560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0775-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0775-5"><bdi>978-81-269-0775-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131629/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2023. 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(1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072742/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf">"Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites"</a> (PDF). Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia. 3 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Asian_Center" title="University of the Philippines Asian Center">Asian Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>: 87–88. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 29, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies%3A+Journal+of+Critical+Perspectives+on+Asia&rft.atitle=Identifying+Some+Intrusive+Archaeological+Materials+Found+in+Philippine+Proto-historic+Sites&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-88&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Alfredo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasj.upd.edu.ph%2Fmediabox%2Farchive%2FASJ-03-01-1965%2FEvangelista.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring-1996-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ring-1996_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ring-1996_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingSalkinLa_Boda1996" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M. & La Boda, Sharon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC">International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</a>. Chicago, Ill.: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 565–569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-04-6"><bdi>978-1-884964-04-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=565-569&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-04-6&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Salkin%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=La+Boda%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLRxJEU49EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuezonGoitia2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Quezon" title="Manolo Quezon">Quezon, Manuel L. III</a>; Goitia, Pocholo, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up">Historical Atlas of the Republic</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Communications_Group" title="Presidential Communications Group">Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-95551-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-95551-6-2"><bdi>978-971-95551-6-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Republic&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Presidential+Communications+Development+and+Strategic+Planning+Office&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-971-95551-6-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorical-atlas-of-the-republic%2Fpage%2Fn65%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernstedt-1967-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wernstedt-1967_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernstedt-1967_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernstedt-1967_61-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernstedtSpencer1967" class="citation book cs1">Wernstedt, Frederick L.; Spencer, Joseph Earle (January 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C">The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography</a>. Berkeley, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03513-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03513-3"><bdi>978-0-520-03513-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072939/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+Island+World%3A+A+Physical%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Regional+Geography&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03513-3&rft.aulast=Wernstedt&rft.aufirst=Frederick+L.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Joseph+Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcilla1998" class="citation book cs1">Arcilla, José S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C">An Introduction to Philippine History</a> (Fourth enlarged ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C&pg=PA15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-261-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-261-0"><bdi>978-971-550-261-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Philippine+History&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=Fourth+enlarged&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-550-261-0&rft.aulast=Arcilla&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuxEYobbU-D8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecasa1999" class="citation book cs1">Decasa, George C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC">The Qur'anic Concept of Umma and Its Function in Philippine Muslim Society</a>. Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations. Vol. 1. Rome, Italy: <a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Universit%C3%A0_Gregoriana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontificia Università Gregoriana">Pontificia Università Gregoriana</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC&pg=PA328">328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-812-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-812-5"><bdi>978-88-7652-812-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074637/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. 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(April 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ">Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines</a>. Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6197-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-6197-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+and+Pestilence+in+the+Early+Spanish+Philippines&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1&rft.aulast=Newson&rft.aufirst=Linda+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA40BEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarleyJenkinsSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Carley, Michael; Jenkins, Paul; Smith, Harry, eds. (2013) [2001]. "Chapter 7". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ">Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities</a>. Sterling, Va.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-20050-4"><bdi>978-1-134-20050-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317140423/https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7&rft.btitle=Urban+Development+and+Civil+Society%3A+The+Role+of+Communities+in+Sustainable+Cities&rft.place=Sterling%2C+Va.&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-20050-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DycT9AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Tan" title="Samuel K. Tan">Tan, Samuel K.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C">A History of the Philippines</a>. 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"Storms of history: Water, hazard and society in the Philippines: 1565-1930". In Boomgaard, Peter (ed.). A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 240. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/KITLV_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="KITLV Press">KITLV Press</a>. pp. 153–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25401-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25401-5"><bdi>978-90-04-25401-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9">10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Storms+of+history%3A+Water%2C+hazard+and+society+in+the+Philippines%3A+1565-1930&rft.btitle=A+World+of+Water%3A+Rain%2C+Rivers+and+Seas+in+Southeast+Asian+Histories&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Verhandelingen+van+het+Koninklijk+Instituut+voor+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.pages=153-184&rft.pub=KITLV+Press&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctt1w76vd0.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25401-5&rft.aulast=Bankoff&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods-2006-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woods-2006_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods-2006_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods-2006_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods-2006_68-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Damon_Woods" title="Damon Woods">Woods, Damon L.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C">The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-675-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-675-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-675-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073501/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC">Historical Dictionary of the Philippines</a>. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (Third ed.). Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scarecrow Press">The Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7246-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7246-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7246-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073356/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. 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Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26137-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26137-2"><bdi>978-90-04-26137-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128213911/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024. <q>At the time of Miguel López de Legazpi's voyage in 1564-5, the Philippines were not a unified polity or nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Empire%3A+Forests+and+State+Power+in+Early+Modern+Spain%2C+c.1500%E2%80%931750&rft.series=Brill%27s+Series+in+the+History+of+the+Environment&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26137-2&rft.aulast=Wing&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dQuBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1961" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Arthur L. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413085104/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf">Higher Education in the Philippines</a> (PDF). Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Education">Office of Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare">United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/755650">755650</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 13, 2015. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326224340/https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff">Basques In The Philippines</a>. The Basque Series. Reno, Nev.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada_Press" title="University of Nevada Press">University of Nevada Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-590-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-590-5"><bdi>978-0-87417-590-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff">the original</a> on March 26, 2022. 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Cambridge Latin American Studies. New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06312-9"><bdi>978-1-107-06312-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213113750/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Diversity+and+Reach+of+the+Manila+Slave+Market&rft.btitle=Asian+Slaves+in+Colonial+Mexico%3A+From+Chinos+to+Indians&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Cambridge+Latin+American+Studies&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06312-9&rft.aulast=Seijas&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCWjAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauleDouglass2020" class="citation book cs1">Beaule, Christine; Douglass, John G., eds. (April 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ">The Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years of Place Making and Pluralism</a>. Tucson, Ariz.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4084-6"><bdi>978-0-8165-4084-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321081230/https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Spanish+Empire%3A+Five+Hundred+Years+of+Place+Making+and+Pluralism&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Ariz.&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-4084-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1cfcDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiago2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Santiago, Fernando A. Jr. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887">"Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898"</a>. Malay (in Filipino). 19 (2). <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a>: 70–87. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2243-7851">2243-7851</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821002744/https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2008 – via Philippine E-Journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malay&rft.atitle=Isang+Maikling+Kasaysayan+ng+Pandacan%2C+Maynila+1589%E2%80%931898&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=70-87&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=2243-7851&rft.aulast=Santiago&rft.aufirst=Fernando+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.ph%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D7887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121160327/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html">"Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/">How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12855-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12855-1"><bdi>978-0-231-12855-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html">the original</a> on November 21, 2007 – via Gutenberg-e.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+La+Isla+Hermosa%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Spanish+Colony+in+Northern+Taiwan&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish+and+Han+colonialization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12855-1&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiráldez2015" class="citation book cs1">Giráldez, Arturo (March 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ">The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy</a>. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4352-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-4352-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402112011/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn">the original</a> (PDF) on November 6, 2020 – via Springer Link.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Pericolonialism%3A+Responses+of+the+%22Unconquered%22+to+Spanish+Conquest+and+Colonialism+in+Ifugao%2C+Philippines&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10761-016-0342-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254541436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Acabado&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt3tp1p8m3%2Fqt3tp1p8m3.pdf%3Ft%3Dqa7wdn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abinales-2005-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales-2005_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales-2005_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales-2005_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbinalesAmoroso2005" class="citation book cs1">Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. 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New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Review Press">Monthly Review Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">58–59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-394-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-394-9"><bdi>978-0-85345-394-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073504/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. 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Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>: 254. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2244-1093">2244-1093</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42632710">42632710</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6015358201">6015358201</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006144446/http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2023. 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Honolulu, Hawaii: Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Planning Committee. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892536655">892536655</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 13, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015 – via The Museum of Underwater Archaeology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2014+Asia-Pacific+Regional+Conference+on+Underwater+Cultural+Heritage+Conference%3B+Session+5%3A+Early+Modern+Colonialism+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Asia-Pacific+Regional+Conference+on+Underwater+Cultural+Heritage+Planning+Committee&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892536655&rft.aulast=Bolunia&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jane+Louise+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themua.org%2Fcollections%2Ffiles%2Foriginal%2F34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1995" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, William J. (December 1, 1995). "The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Maritime_History" title="International Journal of Maritime History">International Journal of Maritime History</a>. 7 (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 149–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F084387149500700208">10.1177/084387149500700208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163709949">163709949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Maritime+History&rft.atitle=The+Yards+at+Cavite%3A+Shipbuilding+in+the+Early+Colonial+Philippines&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-162&rft.date=1995-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F084387149500700208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163709949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi-2004-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi-2004_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi-2004_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi-2004_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi-2004_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ooi-2004_86-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC">Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116094029/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2023. 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College Station, Tex.: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-380-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-380-7"><bdi>978-1-60344-380-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102727/https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. 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New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC&pg=PA63">63–66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94046-1"><bdi>978-1-135-94046-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811080240/https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Changes%3A+Historicizing+the+Ocean&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=63-66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94046-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkbntzV53vZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dolan-1991-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan-1991_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan-1991_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan-1991_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dolan-1991_89-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan1991" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109092341/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/">Philippines</a>. Country Studies/Area Handbook Series. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm">the original</a> on November 9, 2005. Retrieved February 13, 2023 – via Country Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippines&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Country+Studies%2FArea+Handbook+Series&rft.pub=GPO+for+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fphilippines%2F41.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2013" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, John Newsome (July 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ">Hernando de los Ríos Coronel and the Spanish Philippines in the Golden Age</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.</a> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168">168–169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8242-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-8242-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-8242-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124615/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. 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Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC&pg=PA43">43–44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1957-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1957-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-1957-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319192304/https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2023. 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Madrid, Spain: El Progreso Editorial. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA120">120–123</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124613/https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colecci%C3%B3n+de+los+Tratados%2C+Convenios+y+Documentos+Internacionales+Celebrados+por+Nuestros+Gobiernos+Con+los+Estados+Extranjeros+Desde+el+Reinado+de+Do%C3%B1a+Isabel+II+Hasta+Nuestros+D%C3%ADas%2C+Vol.+4%3A+Acompa%C3%B1ados+de+Notas+Historico-Criticas+Sobre+Su+Negociaci%C3%B3n+y+Complimiento+y+Cotejados+Con+los+Textos+Originales%2C+Publicada+de+Real+Orden&rft.place=Madrid%2C+Spain&rft.pages=120-123&rft.pub=El+Progreso+Editorial&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Ram%C3%B3n+de+Dalmau+y+de+Olivart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl0gMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amado_Castro" title="Amado Castro">Castro, Amado A.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211184927/https://econ.upd.edu.ph/pre/index.php/pre/article/download/361/274">"Foreign Trade and Economic Welfare in the Last Half-Century of Spanish Rule"</a>. Philippine Review of Economics. 19 (1 & 2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_School_of_Economics" title="University of the Philippines School of Economics">University of the Philippines School of Economics</a>: 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1655-1516">1655-1516</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econ.upd.edu.ph/pre/index.php/pre/article/download/361/274">the original</a> on February 11, 2023. Retrieved February 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Review+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Foreign+Trade+and+Economic+Welfare+in+the+Last+Half-Century+of+Spanish+Rule&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=97-98&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=1655-1516&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Amado+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecon.upd.edu.ph%2Fpre%2Findex.php%2Fpre%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F361%2F274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeroSta._RomanaSantos2006" class="citation book cs1">Romero, Ma. Corona S.; Sta. Romana, Julita R.; Santos, Lourdes Y. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC">Rizal & the Development of National Consciousness</a> (Second ed.). Quezon City, Philippines: Katha Publishing Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC&pg=PA25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-574-103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-574-103-3"><bdi>978-971-574-103-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rizal+%26+the+Development+of+National+Consciousness&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Katha+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-574-103-3&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Ma.+Corona+S.&rft.au=Sta.+Romana%2C+Julita+R.&rft.au=Santos%2C+Lourdes+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DngonYm_SDSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedmanSidel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hedman, Eva-Lotta; <a href="/wiki/John_Sidel" title="John Sidel">Sidel, John</a> (2005). Leifer, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C">Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories</a>. Politics in Asia. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C&pg=PA71">71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75421-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75421-2"><bdi>978-1-134-75421-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Politics+and+Society+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Colonial+Legacies%2C+Post-Colonial+Trajectories&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Politics+in+Asia&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-75421-2&rft.aulast=Hedman&rft.aufirst=Eva-Lotta&rft.au=Sidel%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX_lDpY3vj60C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2018" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, David Joel (2018). "Chapter 3: A Singular and a Plural Folk". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ">The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place</a>. Nations of the Modern World: Asia (Fourth ed.). Boulder, Colo.: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">The New Filipinos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429494383">10.4324/9780429494383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3755-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3755-5"><bdi>978-0-8133-3755-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075805/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+A+Singular+and+a+Plural+Folk&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Singular+and+a+Plural+Place&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.series=Nations+of+the+Modern+World%3A+Asia&rft.pages=The+New+Filipinos&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429494383&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=David+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NFMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Schumacher" title="John N. Schumacher">Schumacher, John N.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6GU_Tzxu5qoC">The Propaganda Movement, 1880–1895: The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness, the Making of the Revolution</a> (Revised ed.). Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-209-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-209-2"><bdi>978-971-550-209-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073519/https://books.google.com/books?id=6GU_Tzxu5qoC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Propaganda+Movement%2C+1880%E2%80%931895%3A+The+Creation+of+a+Filipino+Consciousness%2C+the+Making+of+the+Revolution&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=8-9&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-971-550-209-2&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6GU_Tzxu5qoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Schumacher" title="John N. Schumacher">Schumacher, John N.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaLh8W6_84cC">Revolutionary Clergy: The Filipino Clergy and the Nationalist Movement, 1850–1903</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>. pp. 23–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-121-7"><bdi>978-971-550-121-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073446/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaLh8W6_84cC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Clergy%3A+The+Filipino+Clergy+and+the+Nationalist+Movement%2C+1850%E2%80%931903&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=23-30&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-550-121-7&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaaLh8W6_84cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAciboGalicano-Adanza1995" class="citation book cs1">Acibo, Libert Amorganda; Galicano-Adanza, Estela (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC">Jose P. Rizal: His Life, Works, and Role in the Philippine Revolution</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/REX_Book_Store,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="REX Book Store, Inc.">REX Book Store, Inc.</a> pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC&pg=PA46">46–47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-1837-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-1837-5"><bdi>978-971-23-1837-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144211/https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jose+P.+Rizal%3A+His+Life%2C+Works%2C+and+Role+in+the+Philippine+Revolution&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=REX+Book+Store%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-971-23-1837-5&rft.aulast=Acibo&rft.aufirst=Libert+Amorganda&rft.au=Galicano-Adanza%2C+Estela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr8PCT9AB_REC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2005" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Norman G., ed. (January 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVGMjBzBz9cC">The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History</a>. Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVGMjBzBz9cC&pg=PA156">156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2841-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2841-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-2841-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2841-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVGMjBzBz9cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorromeo-Buehler1998" class="citation book cs1">Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C">The Cry of Balintawak: A Contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis with Appended Documents</a>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University_Press" title="Ateneo de Manila University Press">Ateneo de Manila University Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-278-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-278-8"><bdi>978-971-550-278-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073342/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cry+of+Balintawak%3A+A+Contrived+Controversy%3A+A+Textual+Analysis+with+Appended+Documents&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-550-278-8&rft.aulast=Borromeo-Buehler&rft.aufirst=Soledad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJnMSmXLvr4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duka-2008-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duka-2008_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duka-2008_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuka2008" class="citation book cs1">Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC">Struggle for Freedom: A Textbook on Philippine History</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/REX_Book_Store,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="REX Book Store, Inc.">REX Book Store, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-5045-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-5045-0"><bdi>978-971-23-5045-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144103/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+Freedom%3A+A+Textbook+on+Philippine+History&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=REX+Book+Store%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-971-23-5045-0&rft.aulast=Duka&rft.aufirst=Cecilio+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wk8yqCEmJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abinales-2022-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Abinales-2022_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbinales2022" class="citation book cs1">Abinales, Patricio N. (July 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ">Modern Philippines</a>. Understanding Modern Nations. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6005-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-6005-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144210/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Philippines&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.series=Understanding+Modern+Nations&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2022-07-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6005-8&rft.aulast=Abinales&rft.aufirst=Patricio+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Hd3EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Draper" title="Andrew S. Draper">Draper, Andrew Sloan</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ">The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Silver_Burdett" title="Silver Burdett">Silver Burdett</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170">170–172</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9764656">9764656</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172545/https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rescue+of+Cuba%3A+An+Episode+in+the+Growth+of+Free+Government&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=170-172&rft.pub=Silver+Burdett&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9764656&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Sloan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMD8OAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantina2006" class="citation book cs1">Fantina, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC">Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006</a>. New York: Algora Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC&pg=PA83">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-454-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-454-9"><bdi>978-0-87586-454-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desertion+and+the+American+Soldier%2C+1776%E2%80%932006&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-454-9&rft.aulast=Fantina&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAD0B560nGVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1988" class="citation book cs1">Starr, J. Barton, ed. (September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ">The United States Constitution: Its Birth, Growth, and Influence in Asia</a>. Hong Kong, China: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_Press" title="Hong Kong University Press">Hong Kong University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260">260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-201-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-201-3"><bdi>978-962-209-201-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124609/https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Constitution%3A+Its+Birth%2C+Growth%2C+and+Influence+in+Asia&rft.place=Hong+Kong%2C+China&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=1988-09&rft.isbn=978-962-209-201-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTPxAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nation18990504-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Nation18990504_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QUDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA323">"The week"</a>. The Nation. Vol. 68, no. 1766. May 4, 1899. p. 323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+week&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1766&rft.pages=323&rft.date=1899-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QUDAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinn2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_McAllister_Linn" title="Brian McAllister Linn">Linn, Brian McAllister</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ">The Philippine War, 1899–1902</a>. Lawrence, Kans.: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ&pg=PA75">75–76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1225-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1225-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1225-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073827/https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved December 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippine+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kans.&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1225-3&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Brian+McAllister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSJGPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaw1927" class="citation book cs1">Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2233.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">The Development of Philippine politics (1872–1920)</a>. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company, Inc. pp. 199–200. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214233312/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AFJ2233.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Philippine+politics+%281872%E2%80%931920%29&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Oriental+Commercial+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kalaw&rft.aufirst=Maximo+Manguiat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fp%2Fphilamer%2Fafj2233.0001.001%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterno1899" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Paterno" title="Pedro Paterno">Paterno, Pedro Alejandro</a> (June 2, 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/pa990602.html">"Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War"</a>. The Philippine-American War Documents. San Pablo City, Philippines: MSC Institute of Technology, Inc. Retrieved December 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine-American+War+Documents&rft.atitle=Pedro+Paterno%27s+Proclamation+of+War&rft.date=1899-06-02&rft.aulast=Paterno&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Alejandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msc.edu.ph%2Fcentennial%2Fpa990602.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-2009-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker-2009_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker-2009_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer</a>, ed. (May 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC">"Philippine-American War"</a>. The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. I: A–L (Illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA478">478</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-951-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923151624/https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippine-American+War&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=478&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-951-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V3vZxOmHssC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriley2020" class="citation book cs1">Briley, Ron (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ">Talking American History: An Informal Narrative History of the United States</a>. Santa Fe, N.M.: Sunstone Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA247">247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63293-288-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63293-288-4"><bdi>978-1-63293-288-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172542/https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+American+History%3A+An+Informal+Narrative+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Santa+Fe%2C+N.M.&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Sunstone+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-63293-288-4&rft.aulast=Briley&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TbvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocksHolloranLessoff2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cocks, Catherine; Holloran, Peter C.; Lessoff, Alan (March 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC">"Philippine-American War (1899–1902)"</a>. Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era. Historical Dictionaries of U.S. Historical Eras. Vol. 12. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scarecrow Press">The Scarecrow Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC&pg=PA332">332</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6293-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-6293-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172543/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philippine-American+War+%281899%E2%80%931902%29&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Progressive+Era&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+U.S.+Historical+Eras&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6293-7&rft.aulast=Cocks&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Holloran%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Lessoff%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpvxD_LjXVRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2002" class="citation book cs1">Gates, John M. (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100805061319/http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html">"Chapter 3: The Pacification of the Philippines"</a>. The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49327571">49327571</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html">the original</a> on August 5, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2010 – via <a href="/wiki/College_of_Wooster" title="College of Wooster">College of Wooster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+Pacification+of+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Army+and+Irregular+Warfare&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49327571&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.wooster.edu%2Fhistory%2Fjgates%2Fbook-ch3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbanes2014" class="citation book cs1">Abanes, Menandro Sarion (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ">Ethno-religious Identification and Intergroup Contact Avoidance: An Empirical Study on Christian-Muslim Relations in the Philippines</a>. Nijmegen Studies in Development and Cultural Change. Zürich, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT Verlag Münster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90580-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90580-2"><bdi>978-3-643-90580-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. 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Baltimore, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Catholic Relief Services</a>. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61492-030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61492-030-4"><bdi>978-1-61492-030-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crs.org/publications/showpdf.cfm?pdf_id=56">the original</a> on February 8, 2009. 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Berkeley, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC&pg=PA152">152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90801-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-90801-7"><bdi>978-0-520-90801-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073829/https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. 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Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood</a>. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7359-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7359-1"><bdi>978-1-4408-7359-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019084900/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ErEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2023. 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New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26556-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26556-6"><bdi>978-1-317-26556-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172544/https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2023. 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Boulder, Colo.: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96562-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96562-3"><bdi>978-0-429-96562-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073947/https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. 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Retrieved August 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizations%3A+Legal+Theories+versus+Political+Pragmatism&rft.place=The+Hague%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Legal+Aspects+of+International+Organization&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2001-02-08&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1553-9&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Konrad+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTy7NAG1Jl-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824161243/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/lltreaties//lltreaties-ustbv011/lltreaties-ustbv011.pdf">Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America; 1776–1949</a> (PDF). Vol. II. United States: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 1974. pp. 3–6. 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Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff/page/118">118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62069-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62069-7"><bdi>978-0-521-62069-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Way+Out%3A+States+and+Revolutionary+Movements%2C+1945%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Comparative+Politics&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62069-7&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnootherwayout00jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-2013-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker-2013_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>, ed. (October 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ">"Hukbalahap Rebellion"</a>. Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare. Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244">244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-280-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-280-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-280-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hukbalahap+Rebellion&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Insurgency+and+Counterinsurgency%3A+A+New+Era+of+Modern+Warfare&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-280-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXCjAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225103921/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/">"Republic Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines">Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</a>. II. Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/">the original</a> on February 25, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Republic+Day&rft.pages=II.+Independence+Day+moved+from+July+4+to+June+12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Ffeatured%2Frepublic-day%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs2010" class="citation book cs1">Dobbs, Charles M. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC">International Relations in Southeast Asia: The Struggle for Autonomy</a>. Lanham, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC&pg=PA68">68–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2842-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-2842-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604143037/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2020. 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Documentary Studies Section, <a href="/wiki/International_Information_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="International Information Administration">International Information Administration</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C&pg=PA59">59</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212090208/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problems+of+Communism&rft.atitle=Asian+Communism+in+the+Crucible&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=March%E2%80%93April+1975&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=van+der+Kroef&rft.aufirst=Justus+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XBafuPyHq8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheEuropaWorldYear-2004-158"><a href="#cite_ref-TheEuropaWorldYear-2004_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C">The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan – Zimbabwe</a>. Vol. II (45th ed.). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Europa_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Publications">Europa Publications</a>. 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA3408">3408</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-255-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-255-8"><bdi>978-1-85743-255-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164345/https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europa+World+Year%3A+Kazakhstan+%E2%80%93+Zimbabwe&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=3408&rft.edition=45th&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-255-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgP_-8rXzQs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLearyEllisMadlener1984" class="citation report cs1">Leary, Virginia A.; Ellis, A. A.; Madlener, Kurt (1984). "Chapter 1: An Overview of Human Rights". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329103100/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/01/Philippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf">The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law: Report of a Mission</a> (PDF) (Report). Geneva, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9037-023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9037-023-9"><bdi>978-92-9037-023-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/01/Philippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 29, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+Human+Rights+After+Martial+Law%3A+Report+of+a+Mission&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=International+Commission+of+Jurists&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-92-9037-023-9&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=Virginia+A.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Madlener%2C+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1984%2F01%2FPhilippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Erven1992" class="citation book cs1">van Erven, Eugène (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC">The Playful Revolution: Theatre and Liberation in Asia</a>. Bloomington, Ind.: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC&pg=PA35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20729-6"><bdi>978-0-253-20729-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Playful+Revolution%3A+Theatre+and+Liberation+in+Asia&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20729-6&rft.aulast=van+Erven&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWe8mLteIigC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Kang" title="David C. Kang">Kang, David C.</a> (January 24, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC">Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines</a>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC&pg=PA140">140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00408-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00408-4"><bdi>978-0-521-00408-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crony+Capitalism%3A+Corruption+and+Development+in+South+Korea+and+the+Philippines&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-01-24&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00408-4&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dim465FAopWMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2014" class="citation book cs1">White, Lynn T. III (December 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ">Philippine Politics: Possibilities and Problems in a Localist Democracy</a>. Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57422-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57422-4"><bdi>978-1-317-57422-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074430/https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Politics%3A+Possibilities+and+Problems+in+a+Localist+Democracy&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Contemporary+Southeast+Asia+Series&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-57422-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Lynn+T.+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mvfBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalazar2007" class="citation book cs1">Salazar, Lorraine Carlos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC">Getting a Dial Tone: Telecommunications Liberalisation in Malaysia and the Philippines</a>. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/ISEAS_-_Yusof_Ishak_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC&pg=PA12">12–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-382-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-382-0"><bdi>978-981-230-382-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. 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Dordrecht, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-2554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-2554-5"><bdi>978-94-017-2554-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Forest+%E2%80%94+Policy+and+Local+Reality+in+Southeast+Asia%2C+the+Russian+Far+East%2C+and+Japan&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.isbn=978-94-017-2554-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwTuCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322040705/https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/09/11/ucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis&post_id=33345">"UCAN Special Report: What's Behind the Negros Famine Crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Catholic_Asian_News" title="Union of Catholic Asian News">Union of Catholic Asian News</a>. September 10, 1985. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/09/11/ucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis&post_id=33345">the original</a> on March 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Union+of+Catholic+Asian+News&rft.atitle=UCAN+Special+Report%3A+What%27s+Behind+the+Negros+Famine+Crisis&rft.date=1985-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucanews.com%2Fstory-archive%2F%3Fpost_name%3D%2F1985%2F09%2F11%2Fucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis%26post_id%3D33345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarDesai2012" class="citation book cs1">SarDesai, D. R. (December 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206">Southeast Asia: Past and Present</a> (7th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4838-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4838-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-4838-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4838-4&rft.aulast=SarDesai&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjNWDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogl2016" class="citation book cs1">Vogl, Frank (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC">Waging War on Corruption: Inside the Movement Fighting the Abuse of Power</a>. Boulder, Colo.: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC&pg=PA60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1853-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1853-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-1853-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waging+War+on+Corruption%3A+Inside+the+Movement+Fighting+the+Abuse+of+Power&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1853-6&rft.aulast=Vogl&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBCMTGiVBYMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-Batalla-2018-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-Batalla-2018_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-Batalla-2018_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson-Batalla-2018_168-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonBatalla2018" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Mark R.; Batalla, Eric Vincent C., eds. (February 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ">Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines</a>. Routledge Handbooks. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48526-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48526-1"><bdi>978-1-317-48526-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103526/https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Contemporary+Philippines&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Handbooks&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-48526-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmkPEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaquiza2013" class="citation book cs1">Raquiza, Antoinette R. (June 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC">State Structure, Policy Formation, and Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The Political Economy of Thailand and the Philippines</a>. Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC&pg=PA40">40–41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50502-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50502-7"><bdi>978-1-136-50502-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074317/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. 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(December 11, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091228024452/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html">"Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html">the original</a> on December 28, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Last+Laugh+for+the+Philippines%3B+Onetime+Joke+Economy+Avoids+Much+of+Asia%27s+Turmoil&rft.date=1997-12-11&rft.aulast=Gargan&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F12%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Flast-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPempel1999" class="citation book cs1">Pempel, T. J., ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC">The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis</a>. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC">Culture and Customs of the Philippines</a>. Culture and Customs of Asia. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30415-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30415-6"><bdi>978-0-313-30415-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074324/https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2024. 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(1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ">The Philippines: a Handbook of Economic Facts and General Information</a>. Manila, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Philippines)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)">Department of Commerce and Industry</a>, Research and Information Division. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63394">63394</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418081259/https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2023. 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(March 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8944339">"State of biodiversity documentation in the Philippines: Metadata gaps, taxonomic biases, and spatial biases in the DNA barcode data of animal and plant taxa in the context of species occurrence data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PeerJ" title="PeerJ">PeerJ</a>. 10. 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Abingdon, Oxon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83977-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-83977-7"><bdi>978-1-000-83977-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Colonial+Spaces+in+the+Philippines%3A+Insular+Empire&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Research+in+Historical+Geography&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-000-83977-7&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIrujEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-622"><a href="#cite_ref-622">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalas2022" class="citation news cs1">Salas, Vic (August 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115745/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/">"[Ilonggo Notes] A city of cultural heritage tourism zones"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a>. 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Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Press" title="University of the Philippines Press">University of the Philippines Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-509-4"><bdi>978-971-542-509-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treading+Through%3A+45+Years+of+Philippine+Dance&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-542-509-4&rft.aulast=Villaruz&rft.aufirst=Basilio+Esteban+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLQOd-PFxe4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-625"><a href="#cite_ref-625">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez2018" class="citation book cs1">Rodríguez, José Miguel Díaz (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=emNgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT159">The Appeal of the Philippines: Spain, Cultural Representation and Politics</a>. 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London, England: <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA214">214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-636-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-636-5"><bdi>978-1-85828-636-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+World+Music&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.series=Rough+Guide+Music+Guides&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-636-5&rft.aulast=Ellingham&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzX8THIgRjUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-2016-634">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray-2016_634-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray-2016_634-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayNadeau2016" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Jeremy A.; Nadeau, Kathleen, eds. 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Multicultural Education. 8 (6). International Journal Documentation & Research Institute: 60, 66–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.6618973">10.5281/zenodo.6618973</a>. 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Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia. Vol. I and II: A–Z (Illustrated ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552">552–553</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35759-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35759-6"><bdi>978-0-313-35759-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philippines&rft.btitle=Hip+Hop+around+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=552-553&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2018-12&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35759-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mR2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-637"><a href="#cite_ref-637">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlempe2022" class="citation book cs1">Klempe, Sven Hroar (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ">Sound and Reason: Synesthesia as Metacognition</a>. Palgrave Studies in Sound. Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-2340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-2340-1"><bdi>978-981-19-2340-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Reason%3A+Synesthesia+as+Metacognition&rft.place=Singapore&rft.series=Palgrave+Studies+in+Sound&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-981-19-2340-1&rft.aulast=Klempe&rft.aufirst=Sven+Hroar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvaV0EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-638"><a href="#cite_ref-638">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewbould2022" class="citation news cs1">Newbould, Chris (October 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205213311/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/">"A brief history of P-pop, from anti-Marcos messages to the mainstream and back"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/">the original</a> on December 5, 2022. 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Manila, Philippines: General Printing Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001129/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AJV4301.0001.001/56">51</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001307/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ajv4301.0001.001/57">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34358713">34358713</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ajv4301.0001.001">the original</a> on July 25, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Library" title="University of Michigan Library">University of Michigan Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adarna+Bird%3A+A+Filipino+Tale+of+Pre-Spanish+Origin+Incorporated+in+the+Development+of+Philippine+Literature%2C+the+Rapid+Growth+of+Vernacular+Belles-letters+from+Its+Earliest+Inception+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=General+Printing+Press&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34358713&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Eulogio+Balan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2Fajv4301.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-642"><a href="#cite_ref-642">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumbera1967" class="citation journal cs1">Lumbera, Bienvenido (1967). "'Florante at Laura' and the Formalization of Tradition in Tagalog Poetry". <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Studies_(journal)" title="Philippine Studies (journal)">Philippine Studies</a>. 15 (4). <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>: 545–575. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42720240">42720240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Florante+at+Laura%27+and+the+Formalization+of+Tradition+in+Tagalog+Poetry&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=545-575&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42720240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0031-7837&rft.aulast=Lumbera&rft.aufirst=Bienvenido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-643"><a href="#cite_ref-643">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanco2009" class="citation book cs1">Blanco, John D. 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"The Komiks and Retelling the Lore of the Folk". <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Studies_(journal)" title="Philippine Studies (journal)">Philippine Studies</a>. 57 (3). <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>: 389–390. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837">0031-7837</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634017">42634017</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9975776944">9975776944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Komiks+and+Retelling+the+Lore+of+the+Folk&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=389-390&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9975776944&rft.issn=0031-7837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42634017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Soledad+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-648"><a href="#cite_ref-648">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeWebb2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fee, Christopher R.; Webb, Jeffrey B., eds. 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Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA369">369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-568-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-568-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-568-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Filipino+American+Folklore+and+Folktales&rft.btitle=American+Myths%2C+Legends%2C+and+Tall+Tales%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+American+Folklore&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-568-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXnEDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-649"><a href="#cite_ref-649">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardenbergKellyLealWakild2017" class="citation book cs1">Hardenberg, Wilko Graf von; Kelly, Matthew; Leal, Claudia; Wakild, Emily, eds. 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Santa Barbara, Calif.: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA267">267–268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-221-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-221-2"><bdi>978-1-61069-221-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Philippines&rft.btitle=Sweet+Treats+around+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=267-268&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-221-2&rft.aulast=Roufs&rft.aufirst=Timothy+G.&rft.au=Roufs%2C+Kathleen+Smyth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_eCBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-681"><a href="#cite_ref-681">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro1985" class="citation book cs1">Alejandro, Reynaldo (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC">The Philippine Cookbook</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/56519/cassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf?sequence=1#page=92">the original</a> (PDF) on August 11, 2017 – via CGSpace.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cassava%27s+Potential+in+Asia+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Present+Situation+and+Future+Research+and+Development+Needs%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Sixth+Regional+Workshop+held+in+Ho+Chi+Minh+city%2C+Vietnam.+Feb.+21%E2%80%9325%2C+2000&rft.place=Bangkok%2C+Thailand&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=CIAT+Cassava+Office+for+Asia&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49746198&rft.aulast=Bacusmo&rft.aufirst=Jose+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcgspace.cgiar.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10568%2F56519%2Fcassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%23page%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-687"><a href="#cite_ref-687">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZibart2010" class="citation book cs1">Zibart, Eve (February 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9MEfv2p2JP4C&pg=PT313">The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World</a>. Birmingham, Ala.: Menasha Ridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89732-775-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89732-775-6"><bdi>978-0-89732-775-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Food+Lover%27s+Companion%3A+Understanding+the+Cuisines+of+the+World&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+Ala.&rft.pub=Menasha+Ridge+Press&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89732-775-6&rft.aulast=Zibart&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9MEfv2p2JP4C%26pg%3DPT313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-688"><a href="#cite_ref-688">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCator2022" class="citation news cs1">Cator, Currie (January 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129105341/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2022/1/29/Sinigang-Lumpia-Taste-Atlas-Awards-2021.html">"Sinigang is world's best soup again; Lumpia among top side dishes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a>. 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N.; Buell, Paul D.; Goldstein, Darra (2018). Christensen, Karen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5C8DwAAQBAJ">Asian Cuisines: Food Culture from East Asia to Turkey and Afghanistan</a>. 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Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Philippines%27+first+Olympic+gold+medal&rft.pub=Philippine+Center+for+Investigative+Journalism&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Araullo&rft.aufirst=Atom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpcij.org%2Farticle%2F7371%2Fanatomy-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography of the Philippines</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Philippines at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philippines" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Philippines">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas_/_Philippines" class="extiw" title="c:Pilipinas / Philippines">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Philippines" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Philippines">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philippines" class="extiw" title="q:Philippines">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philippines" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Philippines">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philippines" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Philippines">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philippines" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Philippines">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Philippines" class="extiw" title="voy:Philippines">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ph/">Government of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/">Archived</a> June 9, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/">Official Gazette</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114130536/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/">Archived</a> January 14, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300">"Philippines"</a> profile at BBC News</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm">"Philippines"</a> at UCB Libraries (archived May 21, 2011)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/443174">Philippines</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Philippines" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Philippines">Wikimedia Atlas of Philippines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/">Filipiniana.net – Free digital library and a research portal</a> (archived December 17, 2008)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines" title="Category:Philippines">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_related_to_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Topics_related_to_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics related to the Philippines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_of_the_Malay_Archipelago" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_the_Malay_Archipelago" title="Template:Countries of the Malay Archipelago"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_the_Malay_Archipelago" title="Template talk:Countries of the Malay Archipelago"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_the_Malay_Archipelago" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of the Malay Archipelago"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_of_the_Malay_Archipelago" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Charter" title="ASEAN Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#The_Common_Effective_Preferential_Tariff_(CEPT)_scheme" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">Customs union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">Founding document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisations_associated_with_the_ASEAN" title="Organisations associated with the ASEAN">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Cooperation_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia">Treaty of Amity and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_ASEAN_members" title="Visa policy of ASEAN members">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_ASEAN_Way" title="The ASEAN Way">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Song_of_Unity" title="ASEAN Song of Unity">Hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_ASEAN" title="Enlargement of ASEAN">Observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_East_Timor_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of East Timor to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Papua_New_Guinea_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of Papua New Guinea to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_ASEAN_Summits" title="2017 ASEAN Summits">2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Republic_of_Korea_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#ASEAN_Plus_Three" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Plus Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">SEA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games" title="ASEAN University Games">University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games" title="ASEAN School Games">School Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games" title="ASEAN Para Games">Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation" title="ASEAN Football Federation">Football Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFF_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="AFF Championship">Football Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Armies_Rifle_Meet" title="ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet">Armies Rifle Meet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Unit" title="Asian Monetary Unit">Asian Monetary Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative" title="Chiang Mai Initiative">Chiang Mai Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN–China Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–India Free Trade Area">ASEAN–India Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Australia_Development_Cooperation_Program" title="ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program">ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Centre_for_Biodiversity" title="ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity">Centre for Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asean_Regional_Forum_Disaster_Relief_Exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Asean Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise">Disaster Relief Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network">Smart Cities Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Intergovernmental_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights">Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration" title="ASEAN Human Rights Declaration">ASEAN Human Rights Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Commission_on_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Women" title="ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women">Rights of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Common_Time" title="ASEAN Common Time">Common Time</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Rise" title="ASEAN Rise">ASEAN Rise</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="ASEAN–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Outstanding_Scientist_and_Technologist_Award" title="ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award">Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of the busiest airports in Southeast Asia">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks_in_ASEAN" title="List of largest banks in ASEAN">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">Cities by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN countries by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_HDI" title="List of ASEAN countries by HDI">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_and_subdivisions_by_minimum_wage" title="List of ASEAN countries and subdivisions by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_mountains" title="List of Southeast Asian mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Top_reviewed_places_in_ASEAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Top reviewed places in ASEAN (page does not exist)">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_medal_count_at_International_Science_Olympiad" title="List of ASEAN countries by medal count at International Science Olympiad">Science Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_stock_exchanges_by_market_capitalization" title="List of ASEAN stock exchanges by market capitalization">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_ASEAN" title="Rankings of universities in ASEAN">Universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template talk:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a> (EAS)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Asia_Summit" title="First East Asia Summit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Asia_Summit" title="Second East Asia Summit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_East_Asia_Summit" title="Third East Asia Summit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourth East Asia Summit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifth East Asia Summit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixth East Asia Summit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventh East Asia Summit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighth East Asia Summit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Ninth East Asia Summit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Tenth East Asia Summit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eleventh East Asia Summit">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Twelfth East Asia Summit">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Thirteenth East Asia Summit">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourteenth East Asia Summit">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifteenth East Asia Summit">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixteenth East Asia Summit">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventeenth East Asia Summit">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighteenth East Asia Summit">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Nineteenth East Asia Summit">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding-left:0.3em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Template talk:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-Aligned Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-Aligned_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#Members,_observers_and_guests" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Members</a> and the NAM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement">Cyprus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Malta and the Non-Aligned Movement">Malta</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Sri Lanka and the Non-Aligned Movement">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Tanzania and the Non-Aligned Movement">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement">Yugoslavia</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Bureau_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement">Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Centre_for_South-South_Technical_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation">Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-aligned and Other Developing Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement#NAM_Centres" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Center for Human Rights and Cultural Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement_Youth_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Aligned Movement Youth Organization">NAM Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAM_News_Network" title="NAM News Network">NAM News Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_News_Agencies_Pool" title="Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool">News Agencies Pool</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Josip_Broz_Tito%22_Art_Gallery_of_the_Nonaligned_Countries" title=""Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries">"Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-Aligned_Movement_Summits" title="Template:Non-Aligned Movement Summits">Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Meeting" title="Brioni Meeting">Brioni Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="3rd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="4th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="5th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="6th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="10th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Non-Alignment" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno#Figurehead_president" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser#Adoption_of_neutralism" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene#Foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro#Foreign_wars_and_NAM_Presidency:_1975–1979" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela#Foreign_affairs" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi#Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ denotes a former member state of the Non-Aligned Movement</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_1989" title="APEC Australia 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Singapore_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Singapore 1990 (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Republic_of_Korea_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Republic of Korea 1991 (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Thailand_1992&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Thailand 1992 (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_United_States_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC United States 1993 (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_1994" title="APEC Indonesia 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Japan_1995&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Japan 1995 (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_1996" title="APEC Philippines 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Canada_1997" title="APEC Canada 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Malaysia_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Malaysia 1998 (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_New_Zealand_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC New Zealand 1999 (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APEC_Brunei_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Brunei 2000 (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2001" title="APEC China 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Mexico_2002" title="APEC Mexico 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2003" title="APEC Thailand 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Chile_2004" title="APEC Chile 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2005" title="APEC South Korea 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2006" title="APEC Vietnam 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007" title="APEC Australia 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2008" title="APEC Peru 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Singapore_2009" title="APEC Singapore 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Japan_2010" title="APEC Japan 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_United_States_2011" title="APEC United States 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Russia_2012" title="APEC Russia 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_2013" title="APEC Indonesia 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_China_2014" title="APEC China 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Philippines_2015" title="APEC Philippines 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2016" title="APEC Peru 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2017" title="APEC Vietnam 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Papua_New_Guinea_2018" title="APEC Papua New Guinea 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Chile_2019" title="APEC Chile 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Malaysia_2020" title="APEC Malaysia 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_New_Zealand_2021" title="APEC New Zealand 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2022" title="APEC Thailand 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_United_States_2023" title="APEC United States 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Peru_2024" title="APEC Peru 2024">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Business_Travel_Card" title="APEC Business Travel Card">APEC Business Travel Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_blue" title="APEC blue">APEC blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Climate_Center" title="APEC Climate Center">APEC Climate Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Sculpture_Garden" title="APEC Sculpture Garden">APEC Sculpture Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC_Youth_Science_Festival" title="APEC Youth Science Festival">APEC Youth Science Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. A <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region of China</a>, participates as "Hong Kong, China"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China</a>, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".</li> <li>Officially the Republic of China, participates as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.</li></ol> <a 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href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003424">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035764">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Philippines&params=13_N_122_E_type:country_region:PH">13°N 122°E / 13°N 122°E / 13; 122</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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