CINXE.COM
Xi Jinping Evokes the “Original Aspirations” of the Communist Party— While Seeking to Further Consolidate His Hold on Power - Jamestown
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href="https://jamestown.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <!-- Begin Social Rocket v1.3.4 https://wpsocialrocket.com --> <meta property="og:title" content="Xi Jinping Evokes the “Original Aspirations” of the Communist Party— While Seeking to Further Consolidate His Hold on Power" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Introduction Beijing is preparing for a host of major meetings and anniversaries in the months ahead. The first of these will be the annual senior leadership summer retreat at the Beidaihe resort in early August, when current Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Politburo members meet with retired cadres—particularly, former affiliates of the Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC) (Financial Review, August 19, 2016; …" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Xi Jinping Evokes the “Original Aspirations” of the Communist Party— While Seeking to Further Consolidate His Hold on Power" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Introduction Beijing is preparing for a host of major meetings and anniversaries in the months ahead. The first of these will be the annual senior leadership summer retreat at the Beidaihe resort in early August, when current Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Politburo members meet with retired cadres—particularly, former affiliates of the Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC) (Financial Review, August 19, 2016; …" /> <!-- / Social Rocket --> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.4 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <link rel="canonical" href="https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-evokes-the-original-aspirations-of-the-communist-party-while-seeking-to-further-consolidate-his-hold-on-power/" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Xi Jinping Evokes the “Original Aspirations” of the Communist Party— While Seeking to Further Consolidate His Hold on Power - Jamestown" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Introduction Beijing is preparing for a host of major meetings and anniversaries in the months ahead. The first of these will be the annual senior leadership summer retreat at the Beidaihe resort in early August, when current Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Politburo members meet with retired cadres—particularly, former affiliates of the Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC) (Financial Review, August 19, 2016; …" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM.png" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@JamestownTweets" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="10 minutes" /> <script data-jetpack-boost="ignore" type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-evokes-the-original-aspirations-of-the-communist-party-while-seeking-to-further-consolidate-his-hold-on-power/","url":"https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-evokes-the-original-aspirations-of-the-communist-party-while-seeking-to-further-consolidate-his-hold-on-power/","name":"Xi Jinping Evokes the “Original Aspirations” of the Communist Party— While Seeking to Further Consolidate His Hold on Power - Jamestown","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://jamestown.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-evokes-the-original-aspirations-of-the-communist-party-while-seeking-to-further-consolidate-his-hold-on-power/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-evokes-the-original-aspirations-of-the-communist-party-while-seeking-to-further-consolidate-his-hold-on-power/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM.png","datePublished":"2019-07-31T16:17:58+00:00","dateModified":"2019-07-31T16:17:58+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-evokes-the-original-aspirations-of-the-communist-party-while-seeking-to-further-consolidate-his-hold-on-power/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-evokes-the-original-aspirations-of-the-communist-party-while-seeking-to-further-consolidate-his-hold-on-power/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-evokes-the-original-aspirations-of-the-communist-party-while-seeking-to-further-consolidate-his-hold-on-power/#primaryimage","url":"/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM.png","contentUrl":"/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM.png","width":753,"height":506,"caption":"CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping speaks with local officials during an inspection tour of Inner Mongolia on July 16, 2019. 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href="/?s=&advanced_search=1">Advanced Search</a> </form> </div> <button type="button" class="hide-for-large off-canvas-button" data-toggle="offCanvas"><i></i></button> </div></div> </div><!--/.sticky--> </header> <!-- //HEADER --> <div class="page-content"> <div class="row"> <article class="column medium-17 js-eh" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" role="main"> <header class="section-header"> <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/21.png" alt=""> </header> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 itemprop="name">Xi Jinping Evokes the “Original Aspirations” of the Communist Party— While Seeking to Further Consolidate His Hold on Power</h1> <h2>Publication: China Brief Volume: 19 Issue: 14</h2> <h2 class="entry-author-line"> By: <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author"><a href="https://jamestown.org/analyst/willy-wo-lap-lam/">Willy Wo-Lap Lam</a></span> </h2> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="entry-date" itemprop="datePublished">July 31, 2019 12:17 PM</span> <span>Age: 5 years</span> </p> </header> <figure itemprop="image" class="entry-image"> <img width="640" height="430" src="/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM-640x430.png" class="attachment-full-thumb size-full-thumb wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM-640x430.png 640w, https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM-300x202.png 300w, https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM-118x80.png 118w, https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM-123x83.png 123w, https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM-600x403.png 600w, https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Xi-in-IM.png 753w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /> <div><figcaption>CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping speaks with local officials during an inspection tour of Inner Mongolia on July 16, 2019. The words in the background comprise the slogan “Don’t forget original aspirations and firmly remember the mission,” which was a central theme in official propaganda surrounding Xi’s trip. (Source: Xinhua)</figcaption></div> </figure> <div class="entry-content"> <p><b>Introduction</b></p> <p>Beijing is preparing for a host of major meetings and anniversaries in the months ahead. The first of these will be the annual senior leadership summer retreat at the Beidaihe resort in early August, when current Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Politburo members meet with retired cadres—particularly, former affiliates of the Politburo Standing Committee (PBSC) (<a href="https://www.afr.com/news/politics/world/china-mulls-succession-plans-20160819-gqw8w7">Financial Review</a>, August 19, 2016;<a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2158875/where-chinas-top-leaders-go-summer-and-secret-brief"> SCMP</a>, August 8, 2018). Next in line will be a military parade of unprecedented scale on October 1, when the leadership will commemorate the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The October 1 parade will be expected to feature state-of-the-art military hardware, such as the Dong Feng 31AG intercontinental ballistic missile, and the J-20 stealth jet fighter. Super-sophisticated vehicles from China’s ambitious space exploration program will also be displayed (<a href="https://news.mingpao.com/pns/%e4%b8%ad%e5%9c%8b/article/20190719/s00013/1563474987765/%e5%9c%8b%e6%85%b6%e9%96%b1%e5%85%b5%e8%a6%8f%e6%a8%a1%e8%b6%85%e4%bb%a5%e5%be%80-%e7%bf%92%e5%ae%a3%e7%a4%ba%e8%83%bd%e6%88%b0%e6%ad%a2%e6%88%b0-%e6%9d%b1%e9%a2%a831a%e6%94%b9%e9%80%b2%e7%89%88%e5%b0%87%e9%a6%96%e4%ba%ae%e7%9b%b8-%e8%88%aa%e6%af%8d%e9%a3%9b%e9%af%8a%e4%b8%ad%e9%9a%8a%e6%96%99%e5%8f%97%e9%96%b1">Ming Pao [Hong Kong]</a>, July 19). Preliminary plans for potentially an even greater celebration—the CCP’s 100th birthday in mid-2022—are already on the drawing boards.</p> <p>In the midst of such preparations, as well as momentous issues such as the trade talks with the United States, CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping has called upon members of the Party to embrace the ideals of Party history and Communist practice. In this, the tone that Chairman Xi strikes does not evoke the future: rather, it looks to the past as the 66 year-old princeling underscores the imperative for CCP members to maintain the “original aspirations” (初心, <i>chuxin</i>) of the Party’s earlier history. This term was prominently featured during Xi’s inspection trip to Inner Mongolia in mid-July, in the course of which a common official slogan was “don’t forget your <i>chuxin</i> and firmly remember your mission” (不忘初心, 牢记使命 / <i>bu wang chuxin, laoji shiming</i>) (<a href="https://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-07/16/c_1124761316.htm">Xinhua</a>, July 16).</p> <p><b>The Party’s “Original Aspirations” as Defined by Xi</b></p> <p><i>Chuxin</i>, one of Xi’s most commonly-used terms, is a reference to the original goals of the CCP. These include serving the people, rediscovering the party’s original and correct political orientations, realizing “socialism with Chinese characteristics,” and strengthening “party construction.” As Xi stated during his Inner Mongolia trip, “We must firmly bear in mind our <i>chuxin</i> and mission and implement a developmental platform of putting the people as the core [of party work].” While the paramount leader waxed eloquent on “new developmental concepts,” he mainly dwelled on “the job of stabilizing growth, pushing forward restructuring [of the economy], buttressing the standard of living and preventing risks,” and noted that the country’s 70 years of achievement had “fully proven that we are right in going down the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.” He further asserted that the “CCP has won the embrace and support of the people because our party has from beginning to end firmly guarded the <i>chuxin</i> and mission of seeking happiness for the Chinese people and aiming at the great renaissance of the Chinese nation.” He boasted that if the party’s 90 million members will safeguard their <i>chuxin</i>, and pledge unquestioned loyalty to the leadership, the CCP “will remain impregnable and invincible” (<a href="https://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-07/16/c_1124761316.htm">Xinhua</a>, July 16).</p> <p>In a July article published in the party theoretical journal <i>Seeking Truth</i>, Xi admonished party members to “boost their self-consciousness and firmness in strengthening and pushing forward the political construction of the party” (<a href="https://www.qstheory.cn/zhuanqu/rdjj/2019-06/30/c_1124690595.htm">Qstheory.cn</a>, June 30). Xi has repeatedly cited Mao’s instruction on the fact that “whether it be east, south, west, north or center, the party provides leadership for everything” (<a href="https://politics.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0715/c1024-31235245.html">People’s Daily</a>, July 15;<a href="https://dangjian.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0108/c117092-29751779.html"> CPCNews</a>, August 1). While a generation of reformers have advocated learning from the beneficial aspects of the Western model, Xi has insisted on what Mao called “a dialectical-materialist worldview and methodology.” As Xi has warned since taking power in 2012, the party cannot afford to make “subversive mistakes” in political and economic policies. “Subversive errors” are a reference to theories and policies that have betrayed the Maoist <i>chuxin</i>—and which, if adopted, could spell the end of “socialism with Chinese characteristics” (<a href="https://news.takungpao.com/mainland/focus/2018-01/3531577.html">China News Service</a>, June 1, 2018;<a href="https://news.ifeng.com/mainland/special/xijinpingapec/content-3/detail_2013_10/08/30103452_0.shtml"> Xinhua</a>, October 8, 2013).</p> <p><b>What’s Behind the Revived Calls for Communist </b><b><i>Chuxin</i></b><b>?</b></p> <p>Effusive displays of confidence aside, Xi’s back to basics ethos reflects the fact that the CCP is encountering immense difficulties. On the domestic front, the economy is going through rough patches, and official growth figures for the second quarter of this year (6.2 percent) are the lowest in 27 years. The two potential new growth poles—high technology and consumer spending—are facing tough times. The country’s top information technology companies, for example, are having trouble obtaining core components from the United States and other Western countries. Consumer spending is hitting the doldrums partly because of unprecedented levels of household debt, which is estimated at 52 percent of gross domestic product (<a href="https://www.hk01.com/%E8%B2%A1%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%AB%E8%A8%8A/351923/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AD%A3gdp%E6%8C%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%A2%9E6-2-%E6%9C%89%E7%B4%80%E9%8C%84%E4%BB%A5%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E">HK01.com</a>, July 15;<a href="https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3002521/chinas-middle-class-stress-over-debt-payments-unemployment"> South China Morning Post</a>, March 21).</p> <p>On a global level, China is locked in what many commentators call a new “Cold War” with the United States—one in which trade disputes, which have caused some multinationals to relocate out of China, are but one facet of the colossal confrontation. The recent anti-Beijing protests in Hong Kong have added to leadership concerns that what Xi calls “black swan events”—social incidents morphing into full-scale color revolutions—could appear on the mainland (<a href="https://jamestown.org/program/china-brief-early-warning-xi-jinping-warns-against-the-black-swans-and-gray-rhinos-of-a-possible-color-revolution/">China Brief</a>, February 20;<a href="https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20190613/59711363"> Apple Daily [Hong Kong]</a>, June 13). Xi’s response to China’s current crisis is to return to Maoist <i>chuxin</i>.</p> <p>However, the calls for professing allegiance to the Party and reinstating its <i>chuxin</i> may be a cynical way for Xi to demand further loyalty to himself. As Xi stated in a Politburo study session in mid-2018, “[I]n upholding party leadership, the most important thing is to safeguard the authority of the party central authorities (中央, <i>zhongyang</i>) and to concentrate and unify leadership [at the top]” (<a href="https://cpc.people.com.cn/xuexi/n1/2018/0701/c385474-30098224.html">People’s Daily</a>, July 1, 2018). Indeed, the putative “party core for life” has doubled down on the imperative of the <i>zhongyang</i> enjoying the right to “set the tone [for major decisions]” (一锤定音, <i>yizhuidingyin</i>) and to ensure that “[controversies] must be settled by the uppermost authority” (定于一尊, <i>dingyuyizun</i>) (<a href="https://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-07/15/c_1124755245.htm">Xinhua</a>, July 15;<a href="https://news.cctv.com/2018/07/05/ARTIfSFn5W9X2AgTDivhHqqu180705.shtml"> CCTV</a>, July 5). In other words, Xi has arrogated to himself the position of custodian of the Maoist “one voice chamber.”</p> <p><b>Signs of Opposition, and Xi’s Veiled Threats of Renewed Party Purges</b></p> <p>However, Xi is far from having a Mao-like grip on authority, as evidenced by the indirect criticisms levied on the “21st century Mao Zedong” from senior CCP members who do not belong to the Xi camp. The “original aspirations” ideological movement could be an effective means by Xi to silence his internal critics. Faced with Trump’s increasingly harsh demands for Chinese trade-related concessions, Xi has assumed the moral high ground by threatening to go back on the road of “self-reliance” (自力更生, <i>ziligengsheng</i>)—and has even issued calls to embark on a “new Long March” of Maoist-style autarky (<a href="https://m.cnr.cn/news/20190521/t20190521_524620725.shtml">CNR.cn</a>, May 21;<a href="https://theory.gmw.cn/2019-04/20/content_32759944.htm"> Guangming Daily</a>, April 20).</p> <p>These latter steps have been widely perceived as Xi protecting his flank against critics who had authored a spate of articles in official media outlets that slammed the alleged penchant of unnamed leaders for cozying up to the Americans. Foremost among these was a June <i>Xinhua</i> commentary titled “Let Capitulationism Be Like a Rat in the Street,” which claimed that the media was replete with comments such as “China is in a disadvantaged position and it is wise to call upon everybody to make a compromise” (<a href="https://www.xinhuanet.com/comments/2019-06/07/c_1124595223.htm">Xinhua</a>, June 7). There are similarly hard-line articles in <i>Guangming Daily</i> and other official outlets, which have laid into the Chinese negotiation team’s apparent propensity for striking a deal with Washington (<a href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/zhuanlan/yehuazhongnanhai/gx-06122019142620.html">Radio Free Asia</a>, June 12;<a href="https://epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2019-06/06/nw.D110000gmrb_20190606_1-11.htm"> Guangming Daily</a>, June 6).</p> <p>When National People’s Congress Chairman and PBSC member Li Zhanshu (栗战书) first coined the slogans <i>yichuidingyin</i> and <i>dingyuyizun</i> in July last year, the expected public protestations of loyalty to Xi—a ritual known as <i>biaotai</i> (表态), or “showing fealty”—failed to take place (<a href="https://jamestown.org/program/xis-grip-on-authority-loosens-amid-trade-war-policy-paralysis/">China Brief</a>, August 1, 2018). Except during the annual sessions of the NPC and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference last March, few PBSC or ordinary Politburo members saluted Xi’s decision-making prowess and other leadership qualities. In relation to the <i>chuxin</i> campaign, after Xi himself asked fellow cadres to support his <i>yichuidingyin</i> and <i>dingyuyizun</i> prerogatives, few among Xi’s protégés joined the <i>biaotai</i> game. This, despite the relatively large number of close Xi associates in the Politburo, including Li Qiang (李强), Chen Min’er (陈敏尔), Li Hongzhong (李鸿忠), Li Xi (李希), and Chen Quanguo (陈全国) (respectively the party bosses of Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin, Guangdong and Xinjiang). The exception was Beijing party secretary Cai Qi (蔡奇): in discussing how to implement the <i>chuxin</i> credo in the capital, Cai said party members must “stay absolutely loyal, and use practical actions to safeguard the <i>zhongyang’s</i> authority in <i>yichuidingyin</i> and <i>dingyuyizun</i>” (<a href="https://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0622/c64094-31174947.html">Beijing Daily</a>, June 22;<a href="https://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0622/c64094-31174947.html"> People’s Daily</a>, June 22). It is noteworthy, however, that Cai seemed to be rendering his full support to the <i>zhongyang</i> in general, rather than to Xi in particular.</p> <p>Xi has dropped hints that if his loyalty drive is not entirely successful, he might well launch another rectification campaign to rid the CCP of unqualified (or disloyal) members. Six years ago, Xi unleashed a previous purge by calling upon all cadres to “look [themselves] in the mirror, straighten out their attire, take a bath and cure their sickness” (<a href="https://sh.people.com.cn/n/2013/0619/c134768-18890492.html">People’s Daily</a>, June 19, 2013;<a href="https://news.takungpao.com.hk/mainland/outlook/q/2013/0505/1588592.html"> Ta Kung Pao [Hong Kong]</a>, May 5, 2013). While laying utmost emphasis on the Maoist <i>chuxin</i>, Xi has praised the infamous party purification movement that the Great Helmsman organized in the CCP’s Yan’an base during the early 1940s. In Xi’s speech marking the 98th birthday of the CCP in early July, Xi indicated that the question of the “four impurities”—a reference to lax standards in thought, politics, organization and work style—in the Party was still serious and must be rectified. “We must boost our combative spirit,” Xi told members who have supposedly failed to measure up to his tough standards. “We must be brave enough to brandish the sword and to engage in struggles so as to resolutely prevent and curb the syndrome of political numbness [as manifested in] not being able to make out the intentions of the enemies, failing to tell right from wrong, and failing to delineate the right path” (<a href="https://news.cnr.cn/native/gd/20190715/t20190715_524692061.shtml?ivk_sa=1023197a">Seeking Truth Net</a>, July 15;<a href="https://hk.news.appledaily.com/international/daily/article/20190702/20718214"> Apple Daily [Hong Kong]</a>, July 2).</p> <p><b>Conclusion</b></p> <p>In a message redolent of the “politics takes command” credo of the Cultural Revolution, Xi has stated that “political construction is an eternal task of the party.” Unlike the Great Architect of Reform Deng Xiaoping, who posited “economic construction” as a key task of the party, Xi has identified “grasping the correct political orientation” as “the number one issue for the party’s survival and development.” Accordingly, the correct political orientation must be manifested when the party is “planning major strategies, forming major policies, planning important tasks and implementing important work” (<a href="https://www.qstheory.cn/zdwz/2019-07/17/c_1124762560.htm">People’s Daily</a>, July 17).</p> <p>As set forth by Xi, this “correct political orientation” must be grounded in the proper <i>chuxin</i>. The ideological themes advocated by Xi—and especially this call for a return to the “original aspirations” of the CCP—hearken back to an idealized vision of the Party’s history. However, in the final analysis, Xi will only be able to win the respect of officials and ordinary people alike if he can come up with innovative ways to solve the country’s problems—and not wallow in the theoretical platitudes of the Maoist past.</p> <p><i>Dr. Willy Wo-Lap Lam is a Senior Fellow at The Jamestown Foundation, and a regular contributor to </i>China Brief.<i> He is an Adjunct Professor at the Center for China Studies, the History Department, and the Master’s Program in Global Political Economy at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He is the author of five books on China, including </i>Chinese Politics in the Era of Xi Jinping (2015). <i>His latest book, </i>The Fight for China’s Future, <i>was released by Routledge Publishing in July 2019.</i></p> </div> <div class="container-files row small-up-1"> <div class="column"> <a href="https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Read-the-07-31-2019-CB-Issue-in-PDF1.pdf"> <img src="https://jamestown.org/wp-includes/images/media/document.png" class="thumbnail"> <span>Read-the-07-31-2019-CB-Issue-in-PDF1.pdf</span> </a></div> </div> <div class="entry-social hide-for-print"> <div class="share-buttons sb-has-labels"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-evokes-the-original-aspirations-of-the-communist-party-while-seeking-to-further-consolidate-his-hold-on-power/" class="sb-btn sb-facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" 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'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction; hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject); __gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted); } } return; } function mapArgs(args) { var arg, hit = {}; var gaMap = { 'eventCategory': 'event_category', 'eventAction': 'event_action', 'eventLabel': 'event_label', 'eventValue': 'event_value', 'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction', 'timingCategory': 'event_category', 'timingVar': 'name', 'timingValue': 'value', 'timingLabel': 'event_label', 'page': 'page_path', 'location': 'page_location', 'title': 'page_title', 'referrer' : 'page_referrer', }; for (arg in args) { if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) { hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg]; } else { hit[arg] = args[arg]; } } return hit; } try { f.hitCallback(); } catch (ex) { } }; __gaTracker.create = newtracker; __gaTracker.getByName = newtracker; __gaTracker.getAll = function () { return []; }; __gaTracker.remove = noopfn; __gaTracker.loaded = true; window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker; })(); } else { console.log(""); (function () { function __gtagTracker() { return null; } window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker; window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker; })(); } </script><script type="text/javascript" id="WCPAY_ASSETS-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wcpayAssets = {"url":"\/wp-content\/plugins\/woocommerce-payments\/dist\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script><script data-handles='monsterinsights-frontend-script' type='text/javascript' src='https://jamestown.org/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-premium/assets/js/frontend-gtag.js?m=1725990900'></script><script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" id='monsterinsights-frontend-script-js-extra'>/* <![CDATA[ */ var monsterinsights_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"","inbound_paths":"[]","home_url":"https:\/\/jamestown.org","hash_tracking":"true","v4_id":"G-2VJF54ND2K"};/* ]]> */ </script><script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script><script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ function optimocha_getCookie(name) { var v = document.cookie.match("(^|;) ?" + name + "=([^;]*)(;|$)"); 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var evts = 'contextmenu dblclick drag dragend dragenter dragleave dragover dragstart drop keydown keypress keyup mousedown mousemove mouseout mouseover mouseup mousewheel scroll'.split(' '); var logHuman = function() { if (window.wfLogHumanRan) { return; } window.wfLogHumanRan = true; var wfscr = document.createElement('script'); wfscr.type = 'text/javascript'; wfscr.async = true; wfscr.src = url + '&r=' + Math.random(); (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]||document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(wfscr); for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) { removeEvent(evts[i], logHuman); } }; for (var i = 0; i < evts.length; i++) { addEvent(evts[i], logHuman); } })('//jamestown.org/?wordfence_lh=1&hid=FDD26B779C45CBD84F56F96ECEEB2F98'); </script><script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var monsterinsights_tracked_video_marks = {}; var monsterinsights_youtube_percentage_tracking_timeouts = {}; /* Works for YouTube and Vimeo */ function monsterinsights_media_get_id_for_iframe( source, service ) { var iframeUrlParts = source.split('?'); var stripedUrl = iframeUrlParts[0].split('/'); var videoId = stripedUrl[ stripedUrl.length - 1 ]; return service + '-player-' + videoId; } function monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( provider, event, label, parameters = {} ) { __gtagTracker('event', event, { event_category: 'video-' + provider, event_label: label, non_interaction: event === 'impression', ...parameters }); } function monsterinsights_media_maybe_record_video_progress( provider, label, videoId, videoParameters ) { var progressTrackingAllowedMarks = [10,25,50,75]; if ( typeof monsterinsights_tracked_video_marks[ videoId ] == 'undefined' ) { monsterinsights_tracked_video_marks[ videoId ] = []; } var { video_percent } = videoParameters; if ( progressTrackingAllowedMarks.includes( video_percent ) && !monsterinsights_tracked_video_marks[ videoId ].includes( video_percent ) ) { monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( provider, 'video_progress', label, videoParameters ); /* Prevent multiple records for the same percentage */ monsterinsights_tracked_video_marks[ videoId ].push( video_percent ); } } /* --- Vimeo --- */ var monsterinsights_media_vimeo_plays = {}; function monsterinsights_setup_vimeo_events_for_iframe(iframe, title, player) { var playerId = iframe.getAttribute('id'); var videoLabel = title || iframe.title || iframe.getAttribute('src'); if ( !playerId ) { playerId = monsterinsights_media_get_id_for_iframe( iframe.getAttribute('src'), 'vimeo' ); iframe.setAttribute( 'id', playerId ); } monsterinsights_media_vimeo_plays[playerId] = 0; var videoParameters = { video_provider: 'vimeo', video_title: title, video_url: iframe.getAttribute('src') }; /** * Record Impression **/ monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'vimeo', 'impression', videoLabel, videoParameters ); /** * Record video start **/ player.on('play', function(data) { let playerId = this.element.id; if ( monsterinsights_media_vimeo_plays[playerId] === 0 ) { monsterinsights_media_vimeo_plays[playerId]++; videoParameters.video_duration = data.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = data.seconds; videoParameters.video_percent = 0; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'vimeo', 'video_start', videoLabel, videoParameters ); } }); /** * Record video progress **/ player.on('timeupdate', function(data) { var progress = Math.floor(data.percent * 100); videoParameters.video_duration = data.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = data.seconds; videoParameters.video_percent = progress; monsterinsights_media_maybe_record_video_progress( 'vimeo', videoLabel, playerId, videoParameters ); }); /** * Record video complete **/ player.on('ended', function(data) { videoParameters.video_duration = data.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = data.seconds; videoParameters.video_percent = 100; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'vimeo', 'video_complete', videoLabel, videoParameters ); }); } function monsterinsights_on_vimeo_load() { var vimeoIframes = document.querySelectorAll("iframe[src*='vimeo']"); vimeoIframes.forEach(function( iframe ) { // Set up the player var player = new Vimeo.Player(iframe); // The getVideoTitle function returns a promise player.getVideoTitle().then(function(title) { /* * Binding the events inside this callback guarantees that we * always have the correct title for the video */ monsterinsights_setup_vimeo_events_for_iframe(iframe, title, player) }); }); } function monsterinsights_media_init_vimeo_events() { var vimeoIframes = document.querySelectorAll("iframe[src*='vimeo']"); if ( vimeoIframes.length ) { /* Maybe load Vimeo API */ if ( window.Vimeo === undefined ) { var tag = document.createElement("script"); tag.src = "https://player.vimeo.com/api/player.js"; tag.setAttribute("onload", "monsterinsights_on_vimeo_load()"); document.body.append(tag); } else { /* Vimeo API already loaded, invoke callback */ monsterinsights_on_vimeo_load(); } } } /* --- End Vimeo --- */ /* --- YouTube --- */ function monsterinsights_media_on_youtube_load() { var monsterinsights_media_youtube_plays = {}; function __onPlayerReady(event) { monsterinsights_media_youtube_plays[event.target.h.id] = 0; var videoParameters = { video_provider: 'youtube', video_title: event.target.videoTitle, video_url: event.target.playerInfo.videoUrl }; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'youtube', 'impression', videoParameters.video_title, videoParameters ); } /** * Record progress callback **/ function __track_youtube_video_progress( player, videoLabel, videoParameters ) { var { playerInfo } = player; var playerId = player.h.id; var duration = playerInfo.duration; /* player.getDuration(); */ var currentTime = playerInfo.currentTime; /* player.getCurrentTime(); */ var percentage = (currentTime / duration) * 100; var progress = Math.floor(percentage); videoParameters.video_duration = duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = progress; monsterinsights_media_maybe_record_video_progress( 'youtube', videoLabel, playerId, videoParameters ); } function __youtube_on_state_change( event ) { var state = event.data; var player = event.target; var { playerInfo } = player; var playerId = player.h.id; var videoParameters = { video_provider: 'youtube', video_title: player.videoTitle, video_url: playerInfo.videoUrl }; /** * YouTube's API doesn't offer a progress or timeupdate event. * We have to track progress manually by asking the player for the current time, every X milliseconds, using an interval **/ if ( state === YT.PlayerState.PLAYING) { if ( monsterinsights_media_youtube_plays[playerId] === 0 ) { monsterinsights_media_youtube_plays[playerId]++; /** * Record video start **/ videoParameters.video_duration = playerInfo.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = playerInfo.currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = 0; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'youtube', 'video_start', videoParameters.video_title, videoParameters ); } monsterinsights_youtube_percentage_tracking_timeouts[ playerId ] = setInterval( __track_youtube_video_progress, 500, player, videoParameters.video_title, videoParameters ); } else if ( state === YT.PlayerState.PAUSED ) { /* When the video is paused clear the interval */ clearInterval( monsterinsights_youtube_percentage_tracking_timeouts[ playerId ] ); } else if ( state === YT.PlayerState.ENDED ) { /** * Record video complete **/ videoParameters.video_duration = playerInfo.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = playerInfo.currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = 100; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'youtube', 'video_complete', videoParameters.video_title, videoParameters ); clearInterval( monsterinsights_youtube_percentage_tracking_timeouts[ playerId ] ); } } var youtubeIframes = document.querySelectorAll("iframe[src*='youtube'],iframe[src*='youtu.be']"); youtubeIframes.forEach(function( iframe ) { var playerId = iframe.getAttribute('id'); if ( !playerId ) { playerId = monsterinsights_media_get_id_for_iframe( iframe.getAttribute('src'), 'youtube' ); iframe.setAttribute( 'id', playerId ); } new YT.Player(playerId, { events: { onReady: __onPlayerReady, onStateChange: __youtube_on_state_change } }); }); } function monsterinsights_media_load_youtube_api() { if ( window.YT ) { return; } var youtubeIframes = document.querySelectorAll("iframe[src*='youtube'],iframe[src*='youtu.be']"); if ( 0 === youtubeIframes.length ) { return; } var tag = document.createElement("script"); tag.src = "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api"; var firstScriptTag = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; firstScriptTag.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, firstScriptTag); } function monsterinsights_media_init_youtube_events() { /* YouTube always looks for a function called onYouTubeIframeAPIReady */ window.onYouTubeIframeAPIReady = monsterinsights_media_on_youtube_load; } /* --- End YouTube --- */ /* --- HTML Videos --- */ function monsterinsights_media_init_html_video_events() { var monsterinsights_media_html_plays = {}; var videos = document.querySelectorAll('video'); var videosCount = 0; videos.forEach(function( video ) { var videoLabel = video.title; if ( !videoLabel ) { var videoCaptionEl = video.nextElementSibling; if ( videoCaptionEl && videoCaptionEl.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'figcaption' ) { videoLabel = videoCaptionEl.textContent; } else { videoLabel = video.getAttribute('src'); } } var videoTitle = videoLabel; var playerId = video.getAttribute('id'); if ( !playerId ) { playerId = 'html-player-' + videosCount; video.setAttribute('id', playerId); } monsterinsights_media_html_plays[playerId] = 0 var videoSrc = video.getAttribute('src') if ( ! videoSrc && video.currentSrc ) { videoSrc = video.currentSrc; } var videoParameters = { video_provider: 'html', video_title: videoTitle ? videoTitle : videoSrc, video_url: videoSrc, }; /** * Record Impression **/ monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'html', 'impression', videoLabel, videoParameters ); /** * Record video start **/ video.addEventListener('play', function(event) { let playerId = event.target.id; if ( monsterinsights_media_html_plays[playerId] === 0 ) { monsterinsights_media_html_plays[playerId]++; videoParameters.video_duration = video.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = video.currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = 0; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'html', 'video_start', videoLabel, videoParameters ); } }, false ); /** * Record video progress **/ video.addEventListener('timeupdate', function() { var percentage = (video.currentTime / video.duration) * 100; var progress = Math.floor(percentage); videoParameters.video_duration = video.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = video.currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = progress; monsterinsights_media_maybe_record_video_progress( 'html', videoLabel, playerId, videoParameters ); }, false ); /** * Record video complete **/ video.addEventListener('ended', function() { var percentage = (video.currentTime / video.duration) * 100; var progress = Math.floor(percentage); videoParameters.video_duration = video.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = video.currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = progress; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'html', 'video_complete', videoLabel, videoParameters ); }, false ); videosCount++; }); } /* --- End HTML Videos --- */ function monsterinsights_media_init_video_events() { /** * HTML Video - Attach events & record impressions */ monsterinsights_media_init_html_video_events(); /** * Vimeo - Attach events & record impressions */ monsterinsights_media_init_vimeo_events(); monsterinsights_media_load_youtube_api(); } /* Attach events */ function monsterinsights_media_load() { if ( typeof(__gtagTracker) === 'undefined' ) { setTimeout(monsterinsights_media_load, 200); return; } if ( document.readyState === "complete" ) { // Need this for cookie plugin. monsterinsights_media_init_video_events(); } else if ( window.addEventListener ) { window.addEventListener( "load", monsterinsights_media_init_video_events, false ); } else if ( window.attachEvent ) { window.attachEvent( "onload", monsterinsights_media_init_video_events); } /** * YouTube - Attach events & record impressions. * We don't need to attach this into page load event * because we already use YT function "onYouTubeIframeAPIReady" * and this will help on using onReady event with the player instantiation. */ monsterinsights_media_init_youtube_events(); } monsterinsights_media_load(); </script><script> // jQuery(function($) { // var $facebookCount = $('.share-buttons .sb-facebook .sb-label'); // $.post(cht_wp.ajax_url, { // action: 'get_facebook_share_count', // security: cht_wp.ajax_nonce, // post_id: 83582, // }, function(response) { // if (response.success && response.data.count > 0) { // $facebookCount.html( response.data.count ); // } // }); // }); </script><script type='text/javascript'> (function () { var c = document.body.className; c = c.replace(/woocommerce-no-js/, 'woocommerce-js'); document.body.className = c; })(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> /* MonsterInsights Scroll Tracking */ if ( typeof(jQuery) !== 'undefined' ) { jQuery( document ).ready(function(){ function monsterinsights_scroll_tracking_load() { if ( ( typeof(__gaTracker) !== 'undefined' && __gaTracker && __gaTracker.hasOwnProperty( "loaded" ) && __gaTracker.loaded == true ) || ( typeof(__gtagTracker) !== 'undefined' && __gtagTracker ) ) { (function(factory) { factory(jQuery); }(function($) { /* Scroll Depth */ "use strict"; var defaults = { percentage: true }; var $window = $(window), cache = [], scrollEventBound = false, lastPixelDepth = 0; /* * Plugin */ $.scrollDepth = function(options) { var startTime = +new Date(); options = $.extend({}, defaults, options); /* * Functions */ function sendEvent(action, label, scrollDistance, timing) { if ( 'undefined' === typeof MonsterInsightsObject || 'undefined' === typeof MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent ) { return; } var paramName = action.toLowerCase(); var fieldsArray = { send_to: 'G-2VJF54ND2K', non_interaction: true }; fieldsArray[paramName] = label; if (arguments.length > 3) { fieldsArray.scroll_timing = timing MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent('event', 'scroll_depth', fieldsArray); } else { MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent('event', 'scroll_depth', fieldsArray); } } function calculateMarks(docHeight) { return { '25%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.25, 10), '50%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.50, 10), '75%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.75, 10), /* Cushion to trigger 100% event in iOS */ '100%': docHeight - 5 }; } function checkMarks(marks, scrollDistance, timing) { /* Check each active mark */ $.each(marks, function(key, val) { if ( $.inArray(key, cache) === -1 && scrollDistance >= val ) { sendEvent('Percentage', key, scrollDistance, timing); cache.push(key); } }); } function rounded(scrollDistance) { /* Returns String */ return (Math.floor(scrollDistance/250) * 250).toString(); } function init() { bindScrollDepth(); } /* * Public Methods */ /* Reset Scroll Depth with the originally initialized options */ $.scrollDepth.reset = function() { cache = []; lastPixelDepth = 0; $window.off('scroll.scrollDepth'); bindScrollDepth(); }; /* Add DOM elements to be tracked */ $.scrollDepth.addElements = function(elems) { if (typeof elems == "undefined" || !$.isArray(elems)) { return; } $.merge(options.elements, elems); /* If scroll event has been unbound from window, rebind */ if (!scrollEventBound) { bindScrollDepth(); } }; /* Remove DOM elements currently tracked */ $.scrollDepth.removeElements = function(elems) { if (typeof elems == "undefined" || !$.isArray(elems)) { return; } $.each(elems, function(index, elem) { var inElementsArray = $.inArray(elem, options.elements); var inCacheArray = $.inArray(elem, cache); if (inElementsArray != -1) { options.elements.splice(inElementsArray, 1); } if (inCacheArray != -1) { cache.splice(inCacheArray, 1); } }); }; /* * Throttle function borrowed from: * Underscore.js 1.5.2 * http://underscorejs.org * (c) 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors * Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license. */ function throttle(func, wait) { var context, args, result; var timeout = null; var previous = 0; var later = function() { previous = new Date; timeout = null; result = func.apply(context, args); }; return function() { var now = new Date; if (!previous) previous = now; var remaining = wait - (now - previous); context = this; args = arguments; if (remaining <= 0) { clearTimeout(timeout); timeout = null; previous = now; result = func.apply(context, args); } else if (!timeout) { timeout = setTimeout(later, remaining); 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