CINXE.COM

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href="/?s=&advanced_search=1">Advanced Search</a> </form> </div> <button type="button" class="hide-for-large off-canvas-button" data-toggle="offCanvas"><i></i></button> </div></div> </div> </header>  <div class="page-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="column medium-17 js-eh" role="main"> <header class="section-header"> <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Warbyothermeans-banner-big.jpg" alt=""> </header> <section class="section-description"> <p style="text-align: justify;">By promoting instability in southeastern Ukraine and becoming involved in the Syrian civil war, the Kremlin has shown growing resolve to militarily challenge the United States both within and beyond Russia’s self-proclaimed zone of “privileged interests.” Russian participation in these conflicts has also highlighted a new-old tool to fulfill Moscow’s geopolitical ambitions: the so-called Private Military Companies (PMC), irregular and <em>de jure</em> illegal private armies that directly or indirectly operate in the service of the Kremlin. PMCs have a deep historical legacy of helping Russia pursue state interests, and the sophistication and scope of Moscow’s use of this instrument continues to grow and evolve. Russian readiness to employ PMCs rests on “plausible deniability,” the commercialization of war, and the principle of asymmetricity. These three components have made PMCs an important, cost-effective means for Russia to act as the <em>de facto</em> key player in “gray zones”—both incidental and created by Moscow—and regional conflicts along its periphery as well as in places as far off as Central Africa and beyond.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Though a series of forthcoming reports, this project seeks to explore the issue of Russian PMCs through the lens of continuity and tradition. The main project investigator, Dr. Sergey Sukhankin, a Research Fellow at The Jamestown Foundation, will employ a broad range of primary- and indigenous secondary-source data to explain how Russia employs these irregular formations and what the West should do about it.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;">Please find the latest reports in this series below:</p> </section> <section class="section-latest"> <h4 class="header-title row column">Latest Articles</h4> <article id="post-86058" class="row article-cpt" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <div class="column"> <header class="entry-header"> <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="/program/russian-pmcs-and-irregulars-past-battles-and-new-endeavors/" itemprop="name">Russian PMCs and Irregulars: Past Battles and New Endeavors</a></h3> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="entry-date" itemprop="datePublished">May 13, 2020 02:36 AM</span> By: <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author"><a href="https://jamestown.org/analyst/sergey-sukhankin/">Sergey Sukhankin</a></span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-excerpt" itemprop="description">Executive Summary Between 2014 and 2019, Russian mercenaries and irregulars have been spotted on three continents, and the number of countries where they have carried out operations is growing. Among the newly emerging and potential destinations, the countries of Latin America (Venezuela and Nicaragua), the... <a href="https://jamestown.org/program/russian-pmcs-and-irregulars-past-battles-and-new-endeavors/">MORE</a></div> </div> </article> <article id="post-85895" class="row article-cpt" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <div class="column"> <header class="entry-header"> <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="/program/russian-irregulars-and-pmcs-in-the-heart-of-europe-the-case-of-kaliningrad-oblast/" itemprop="name">Russian Irregulars and PMCs in the ‘Heart’ of Europe: The Case of Kaliningrad Oblast</a></h3> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="entry-date" itemprop="datePublished">April 24, 2020 04:20 PM</span> By: <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author"><a href="https://jamestown.org/analyst/sergey-sukhankin/">Sergey Sukhankin</a></span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-excerpt" itemprop="description">Executive Summary Despite looming socio-economic collapse in the 1990s, Russia’s Kaliningrad Oblast managed—with extensive federal support—to overcome these difficulties. The policies aimed at support and recovery had little to do with concerns about the wellbeing of the locals; rather, the authorities feared that leaving the... <a href="https://jamestown.org/program/russian-irregulars-and-pmcs-in-the-heart-of-europe-the-case-of-kaliningrad-oblast/">MORE</a></div> </div> </article> <article id="post-84968" class="row article-cpt" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <div class="column"> <header class="entry-header"> <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="/program/the-hybrid-role-of-russian-mercenaries-pmcs-and-irregulars-in-moscows-scramble-for-africa/" itemprop="name">The ‘Hybrid’ Role of Russian Mercenaries, PMCs and Irregulars in Moscow’s Scramble for Africa</a></h3> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="entry-date" itemprop="datePublished">January 10, 2020 05:46 PM</span> By: <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author"><a href="https://jamestown.org/analyst/sergey-sukhankin/">Sergey Sukhankin</a></span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-excerpt" itemprop="description">Executive Summary Russia’s “return” to Africa—preceded by a decade of near absence on the continent—is premised on two main aspects: 1) geo-economic interests (notably, securing rare natural resources possessed by African countries and expanding Russia’s export capabilities in non-raw materials), and 2) geo-political calculations (such... <a href="https://jamestown.org/program/the-hybrid-role-of-russian-mercenaries-pmcs-and-irregulars-in-moscows-scramble-for-africa/">MORE</a></div> </div> </article> <article id="post-84897" class="row article-cpt" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <div class="column"> <header class="entry-header"> <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="/program/russian-pmcs-in-the-syrian-civil-war-from-slavonic-corps-to-wagner-group-and-beyond/" itemprop="name">Russian PMCs in the Syrian Civil War: From Slavonic Corps to Wagner Group and Beyond</a></h3> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="entry-date" itemprop="datePublished">December 18, 2019 04:05 PM</span> By: <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author"><a href="https://jamestown.org/analyst/sergey-sukhankin/">Sergey Sukhankin</a></span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-excerpt" itemprop="description">Executive Summary Slavonic Corps Limited became Russia’s first and, in many ways, rather experimental “new type” private military company (PMC), concerned with tasks typically performed by private armies, such as frontal attacks and combat operations—in contrast with Western PMCs, which are mainly assigned auxiliary or... <a href="https://jamestown.org/program/russian-pmcs-in-the-syrian-civil-war-from-slavonic-corps-to-wagner-group-and-beyond/">MORE</a></div> </div> </article> <article id="post-84280" class="row article-cpt" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <div class="column"> <header class="entry-header"> <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="/program/foreign-mercenaries-irregulars-and-volunteers-non-russians-in-russias-wars/" itemprop="name">Foreign Mercenaries, Irregulars and ‘Volunteers’: Non-Russians in Russia’s Wars</a></h3> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="entry-date" itemprop="datePublished">October 9, 2019 11:55 AM</span> By: <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author"><a href="https://jamestown.org/analyst/sergey-sukhankin/">Sergey Sukhankin</a></span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-excerpt" itemprop="description">Executive Summary The outbreak of instability in southeastern Ukraine witnessed Russia’s increasing reliance on ethnically non-Russian people. Among these, the most important groups included ethnic Serbs (this group primarily participated in hostilities in Donbas); Eastern Slavs (Ukrainians and Belarusians, whose participation, especially the former, went... <a href="https://jamestown.org/program/foreign-mercenaries-irregulars-and-volunteers-non-russians-in-russias-wars/">MORE</a></div> </div> </article> <article id="post-83766" class="row article-cpt" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <div class="column"> <header class="entry-header"> <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="/program/unleashing-the-pmcs-and-irregulars-in-ukraine-crimea-and-donbas/" itemprop="name">Unleashing the PMCs and Irregulars in Ukraine: Crimea and Donbas</a></h3> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="entry-date" itemprop="datePublished">September 3, 2019 10:27 AM</span> By: <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author"><a href="https://jamestown.org/analyst/sergey-sukhankin/">Sergey Sukhankin</a></span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-excerpt" itemprop="description">Executive Summary The 2011 Arab Spring and the ensuing civil wars in Libya and Syria compelled Russia’s military-political leadership to reassess the role of irregular forces and non-state actors (as well as the principle of tactical and highly maneuverable groups) in so-called new-generation (“hybrid”) conflicts,... <a href="https://jamestown.org/program/unleashing-the-pmcs-and-irregulars-in-ukraine-crimea-and-donbas/">MORE</a></div> </div> </article> <article id="post-83329" class="row article-cpt" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <div class="column"> <header class="entry-header"> <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="/program/from-volunteers-to-quasi-pmcs-retracing-the-footprints-of-russian-irregulars-in-the-yugoslav-wars-and-post-soviet-conflicts/" itemprop="name">From ‘Volunteers’ to Quasi-PMCs: Retracing the Footprints of Russian Irregulars in the Yugoslav Wars and Post-Soviet Conflicts</a></h3> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="entry-date" itemprop="datePublished">June 25, 2019 10:41 AM</span> By: <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author"><a href="https://jamestown.org/analyst/sergey-sukhankin/">Sergey Sukhankin</a></span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-excerpt" itemprop="description">Introduction The collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in 1991, was followed by a series of intense military conflicts that broke out along the Soviet periphery and across its former sphere of influence. The dire state of the Russian economy, domestic political... <a href="https://jamestown.org/program/from-volunteers-to-quasi-pmcs-retracing-the-footprints-of-russian-irregulars-in-the-yugoslav-wars-and-post-soviet-conflicts/">MORE</a></div> </div> </article> <article id="post-82688" class="row article-cpt" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <div class="column"> <header class="entry-header"> <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="/program/the-russian-states-use-of-irregular-forces-and-private-military-groups-from-ivan-the-terrible-to-the-soviet-period/" itemprop="name">The Russian State’s Use of Irregular Forces and Private Military Groups: From Ivan the Terrible to the Soviet Period</a></h3> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="entry-date" itemprop="datePublished">April 12, 2019 03:49 PM</span> By: <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author"><a href="https://jamestown.org/analyst/sergey-sukhankin/">Sergey Sukhankin</a></span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-excerpt" itemprop="description">Introduction Russia’s growing employment of non-linear forms of warfare (including private military contractors) has long historical traditions. This paper seeks to discuss the main milestones of historical evolution of Russia’s use of mercenary and irregular forces from Tsarist Russia to the final days of the... <a href="https://jamestown.org/program/the-russian-states-use-of-irregular-forces-and-private-military-groups-from-ivan-the-terrible-to-the-soviet-period/">MORE</a></div> </div> </article> <article id="post-82444" class="row article-cpt" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <div class="column"> <header class="entry-header"> <h3 class="entry-title"><a href="/program/war-business-and-ideology-how-russian-private-military-contractors-pursue-moscows-interests/" itemprop="name">War, Business and Ideology: How Russian Private Military Contractors Pursue Moscow’s Interests</a></h3> <p class="entry-meta"> <span class="entry-date" itemprop="datePublished">March 20, 2019 05:41 PM</span> By: <span class="entry-author" itemprop="author"><a href="https://jamestown.org/analyst/sergey-sukhankin/">Sergey Sukhankin</a></span> </p> </header> <div class="entry-excerpt" itemprop="description">Introduction The employment of private military contractors for achieving specific geo-political/economic objectives is by no means new for Russia: dating back to the 16th century,[1] this phenomenon (while changing names and forms) has accompanied the state throughout its development. Namely, during the pre-1917 period, private... <a href="https://jamestown.org/program/war-business-and-ideology-how-russian-private-military-contractors-pursue-moscows-interests/">MORE</a></div> </div> </article> </section> </div> <aside class="column medium-6 js-eh hide-for-print" role="complementary"> <div id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h3 class="widgettitle">Support Jamestown</h3><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://jamestown.org/about-us/support-jamestown/" class="button expanded btn-subscribe">Donate</a></div></div><div id="text-7" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><a href="/about-us/subscribe/" class="button expanded btn-subscribe">Subscribe to Our Publications</a></div> </div><div id="custom_html-7" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://jamestown.substack.com/" class="button expanded btn-subscribe">Visit Jamestown's 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href="/event/join-us-on-november-15-ahiska-meskhetian-turks-the-enduring-struggle-of-a-people-in-exile/" rel="bookmark"> Join Us on November 15: Ahiska (Meskhetian) Turks: The Enduring Struggle of a People in Exile </a> </h4> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p> This year commemorates two important milestones: the 80th anniversary of... <a href="/event/join-us-on-november-15-ahiska-meskhetian-turks-the-enduring-struggle-of-a-people-in-exile/" class="more-link">MORE</a> </p> </div> <footer> </footer> </article> </div> </div><div id="sticky-posts-6" class="widget widget_ultimate_posts"><h3 class="widgettitle"><a href='/media-appearances/'>Media Appearances</a></h3> <div class="upw-posts hfeed"> <article class="post-100484 media-appearance type-media-appearance status-publish hentry"> <header> <h4 class="entry-title"> <a href="/media-appearance/jamestown-senior-fellow-olevs-nikers-interviewed-by-newseek/" rel="bookmark"> Jamestown Senior Fellow Olevs Nikers interviewed by Newseek </a> </h4> </header> <div class="entry-summary"> <p> Jamestown Senior Fellow Olevs Nikers was interviewed by Newsweek for their article “Has WWIII Already Begun?” on the current state of global conflicts. 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But as the U.S. military draws down its forces, Iraq remains a fragile, un-reconciled state, riddled with sectarian tensions... <a href="/product/volatile-landscape-iraq-and-its-insurgent-movements/" class="more-link">MORE</a> </p> </div> <footer> </footer> </article> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="page-footer"> <div class="row"> <nav class="column large-17 large-push-6 footer-menu hide-for-print"><ul><li id="menu-item-179" class="menu-item-has-children"><a href="/about-us/">About Us</a> <ul class="menu vertical" > <li id="menu-item-180"><a href="/about-us/board-members/">Board Members</a></li> <li id="menu-item-181"><a href="/about-us/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-182"><a href="/about-us/employment/">Employment</a></li> <li id="menu-item-183"><a href="/about-us/senior-fellows/">Senior Fellows</a></li> <li id="menu-item-184"><a href="/about-us/staff/">Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-185"><a href="/about-us/support-jamestown/">Donate</a></li> 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var progress = Math.floor(percentage); videoParameters.video_duration = video.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = video.currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = progress; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'html', 'video_complete', videoLabel, videoParameters ); }, false ); videosCount++; }); } /* --- End HTML Videos --- */ function monsterinsights_media_init_video_events() { /** * HTML Video - Attach events & record impressions */ monsterinsights_media_init_html_video_events(); /** * Vimeo - Attach events & record impressions */ monsterinsights_media_init_vimeo_events(); monsterinsights_media_load_youtube_api(); } /* Attach events */ function monsterinsights_media_load() { if ( typeof(__gtagTracker) === 'undefined' ) { setTimeout(monsterinsights_media_load, 200); return; } if ( document.readyState === "complete" ) { // Need this for cookie plugin. monsterinsights_media_init_video_events(); } else if ( window.addEventListener ) { window.addEventListener( "load", monsterinsights_media_init_video_events, false ); } else if ( window.attachEvent ) { window.attachEvent( "onload", monsterinsights_media_init_video_events); } /** * YouTube - Attach events & record impressions. * We don't need to attach this into page load event * because we already use YT function "onYouTubeIframeAPIReady" * and this will help on using onReady event with the player instantiation. */ monsterinsights_media_init_youtube_events(); } monsterinsights_media_load(); </script><script type='text/javascript'> (function () { var c = document.body.className; c = c.replace(/woocommerce-no-js/, 'woocommerce-js'); document.body.className = c; })(); </script><script type="text/javascript"> /* MonsterInsights Scroll Tracking */ if ( typeof(jQuery) !== 'undefined' ) { jQuery( document ).ready(function(){ function monsterinsights_scroll_tracking_load() { if ( ( typeof(__gaTracker) !== 'undefined' && __gaTracker && __gaTracker.hasOwnProperty( "loaded" ) && __gaTracker.loaded == true ) || ( typeof(__gtagTracker) !== 'undefined' && __gtagTracker ) ) { (function(factory) { factory(jQuery); }(function($) { /* Scroll Depth */ "use strict"; var defaults = { percentage: true }; var $window = $(window), cache = [], scrollEventBound = false, lastPixelDepth = 0; /* * Plugin */ $.scrollDepth = function(options) { var startTime = +new Date(); options = $.extend({}, defaults, options); /* * Functions */ function sendEvent(action, label, scrollDistance, timing) { if ( 'undefined' === typeof MonsterInsightsObject || 'undefined' === typeof MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent ) { return; } var paramName = action.toLowerCase(); var fieldsArray = { send_to: 'G-2VJF54ND2K', non_interaction: true }; fieldsArray[paramName] = label; if (arguments.length > 3) { fieldsArray.scroll_timing = timing MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent('event', 'scroll_depth', fieldsArray); } else { MonsterInsightsObject.sendEvent('event', 'scroll_depth', fieldsArray); } } function calculateMarks(docHeight) { return { '25%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.25, 10), '50%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.50, 10), '75%' : parseInt(docHeight * 0.75, 10), /* Cushion to trigger 100% event in iOS */ '100%': docHeight - 5 }; } function checkMarks(marks, scrollDistance, timing) { /* Check each active mark */ $.each(marks, function(key, val) { if ( $.inArray(key, cache) === -1 && scrollDistance >= val ) { sendEvent('Percentage', key, scrollDistance, timing); cache.push(key); } }); } function rounded(scrollDistance) { /* Returns String */ return (Math.floor(scrollDistance/250) * 250).toString(); } function init() { bindScrollDepth(); } /* * Public Methods */ /* Reset Scroll Depth with the originally initialized options */ $.scrollDepth.reset = function() { cache = []; lastPixelDepth = 0; $window.off('scroll.scrollDepth'); bindScrollDepth(); }; /* Add DOM elements to be tracked */ $.scrollDepth.addElements = function(elems) { if (typeof elems == "undefined" || !$.isArray(elems)) { return; } $.merge(options.elements, elems); /* If scroll event has been unbound from window, rebind */ if (!scrollEventBound) { bindScrollDepth(); } }; /* Remove DOM elements currently tracked */ $.scrollDepth.removeElements = function(elems) { if (typeof elems == "undefined" || !$.isArray(elems)) { return; } $.each(elems, function(index, elem) { var inElementsArray = $.inArray(elem, options.elements); var inCacheArray = $.inArray(elem, cache); if (inElementsArray != -1) { options.elements.splice(inElementsArray, 1); } if (inCacheArray != -1) { cache.splice(inCacheArray, 1); } }); }; /* * Throttle function borrowed from: * Underscore.js 1.5.2 * http://underscorejs.org * (c) 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors * Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license. */ function throttle(func, wait) { var context, args, result; var timeout = null; var previous = 0; var later = function() { previous = new Date; timeout = null; result = func.apply(context, args); }; return function() { var now = new Date; if (!previous) previous = now; var remaining = wait - (now - previous); context = this; args = arguments; if (remaining <= 0) { clearTimeout(timeout); timeout = null; previous = now; result = func.apply(context, args); } else if (!timeout) { timeout = setTimeout(later, remaining); } return result; }; } /* * Scroll Event */ function bindScrollDepth() { scrollEventBound = true; $window.on('scroll.scrollDepth', throttle(function() { /* * We calculate document and window height on each scroll event to * account for dynamic DOM changes. */ var docHeight = $(document).height(), winHeight = window.innerHeight ? window.innerHeight : $window.height(), scrollDistance = $window.scrollTop() + winHeight, /* Recalculate percentage marks */ marks = calculateMarks(docHeight), /* Timing */ timing = +new Date - startTime; checkMarks(marks, scrollDistance, timing); }, 500)); } init(); }; /* UMD export */ return $.scrollDepth; })); jQuery.scrollDepth(); } else { setTimeout(monsterinsights_scroll_tracking_load, 200); } } monsterinsights_scroll_tracking_load(); }); } /* End MonsterInsights Scroll Tracking */ </script><script data-handles='wp-hooks' type='text/javascript' src='https://jamestown.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?m=1716204657'></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script><script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); 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