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<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html> <head> <title>Runic alphabets / Runes / Futhark</title> <meta name="description" content="Details of Runic alphabets, including Elder Futhark, Gothic Runes, Anglo-Saxon Futhorc and Younger Futhark" />  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WB7PSHBG');</script>  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.omniglot.com/images/logos/omniglot_thumbnail.jpg" /> <meta property="og:type" content="https://www.facebook.com/pg/Omniglot-100430558332117/posts/" /> <link href="/styles/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script src="https://the.gatekeeperconsent.com/cmp.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <script async src="//www.ezojs.com/ezoic/sa.min.js"></script> <script> window.ezstandalone = window.ezstandalone || {}; ezstandalone.cmd = ezstandalone.cmd || []; </script></head> <body> <div id="header">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WB7PSHBG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <p><a href="/index.htm"><img src="/images/logos/header_omniglot.png" width="600" height="70" alt="Omniglot - the online encyclopedia of writing systems & languages" /></a></p> <ul> <li><a href="/index.htm">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/index.htm">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/conscripts/index.htm">Constructed scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/writing/languages.htm">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/language/phrases/phraseindex.htm">Phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/language/numbers/index.htm">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/language/ml.htm">Multilingual Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/search.htm">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/news/index.htm">News</a></li> <li><a href="/about.htm">About</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.htm">Contact</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="bodybox"> <span style="text-align:center;"><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-162"></div> <script> ezstandalone.cmd.push(function() { ezstandalone.showAds(162); }); </script></span><div id="body"> <h1>Runic alphabet <img src="../images/langnames/nm_runic.gif" width="81" height="22" class="rightfloat" alt="Runic/Futhark" /></h1> <p>Little is known about the origins of the Runic alphabet, which is traditionally known as <em>futhark</em> after the first six letters. </p> <p>The Runic alphabet may have been based on an early version of the <a href="greek.htm">Greek alphabet</a>. A number of letters resemble those used in early Greek alphabet. Alternatively it may have developed from one of the ancient alphabets used in Italy for Etruscan or other languages. </p> <p>The earliest known Runic inscriptions date from the 1st century AD, but the vast majority of Runic inscriptions date from the 11th century. Runic inscriptions have been found throughout Europe from the Balkans to Germany, Scandinavia and the British Isles. </p> <p>The word rune comes from the Old Norse word <em>rún</em> (secret, runic letter), from the Proto-Norse ᚱᚢᚾᛟ <em>runo</em> (secret, mystery, rune), from the Proto-Germanic <em>rūnō</em> (secret, mystery, rune), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*rewHn-</em> (to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rune">source</a>]. </p> <h2>Notable features</h2> <ul> <li>The direction of writing in early Runic inscriptions is variable. Later they settled down into a left to right pattern.</li> <li>Word divisions were not generally recognised in Runic writing, although one or more dots were occasionally used for this function.</li> </ul> <h2>Types of runic inscriptions include:</h2> <ul> <li>'Hrolf was here' type inscriptions on cliff walls, large rocks and buildings.</li> <li>grave stone inscriptions, often with who carved the runes and who was buried, and also who made sure the stone was raised. (Later grave slabs or stone coffins were sometimes inscribed with Christian texts carved in runes).</li> <li>religious/magic inscriptions: prayers and curses, formulas on charms, etc.</li> <li>inscriptions related to trade and politics: There are many examples of trade communication: stock orders and descriptions, excuses for not having payed on time, trade name tags for bags or cases of produce, etc. The trade inscriptions are often carved on wooden rune sticks. Political inscriptions are to do with matters of the law, historical figures state that they were somewhere hiding from the enemy, secret messages to do with the fighting of wars, etc.</li> <li>personal letters: love letters, greetings between friends, proposals, etc.</li> <li>rude messages, similar to modern graffiti</li> <li>Art and craft-signatures: Goldsmiths, blacksmiths, wood carvers, church builders, etc., often put their name on what they made. Objects also somtimes had names carved onto them – either the name of the object itself, or the name of the person who owned it.</li> </ul> <p>There are a number of different Runic alphabets including: </p> <ul> <li><a href="#elder">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="#yngrfuthark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="#medieval">Medieval (Latinised) Futhark</a></li> </ul> <a id="elder"></a> <hr /> <h2>Elder Futhark</h2> <p>Elder Futhark is thought to be the oldest version of the Runic alphabet, and was used in the parts of Europe which were home to Germanic peoples, including Scandinavia. Other versions probably developed from it. The names of the letters are shown in Common Germanic, the reconstructed ancestor of all Germanic languages. </p> <p>Elder Futhark is also known as Fuþark, Older Futhark, Old Futhark or Germanic Futhark. </p> <p><img src="../images/writing/eldrfuthark.gif" width="554" height="321" alt="Elder Futhark" /> </p> <h3>Notes</h3> <p>The letter k is also called <em>kēnaz</em> (torch) or <em>kanō</em> (skiff). The meaning of the letter name <em>perþ</em> is unknown. </p> <p>More information about Elder Futhark<br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Futhark">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Futhark</a><br /> <a href="http://www.therunesite.com/elder-futhark-rune-meanings/">http://www.therunesite.com/elder-futhark-rune-meanings/</a> </p> <a id="yngrfuthark"></a> <hr /> <h2>Younger Futhark</h2> <p>Younger Futhark or "Normal Runes" gradually evolved Elder Futhark over a period of many years and stabilized by about 800 A.D., the beginning of the Viking Age. It was the main alphabet in Norway, Sweden and Denmark throughout the Viking Age, but was largely though not completely replaced by the Latin alphabet by about 1200 as a result of the conversion of most of Scandinavia to Christianity. </p> <p>Three slightly different versions of the alphabet developed in Denmark, Norway and Sweden - the first row of runes are the Danish ones, the second row are the Norwegian ones, and the third row are the Swedish ones, which are also known as Short-twig or Rök Runes. </p> <p><img src="../images/writing/youngerfuthark.gif" width="560" height="392" alt="Younger Futhark" /> </p> <h3>Gothenburg / Bohuslän Runes</h3> <p>These runes were used in Gothenburg in Sweden. </p> <p><img src="../images/writing/gothenburg_runes.gif" width="559" height="112" alt="Gothenburg / Bohuslän Runes" /> </p> <p>More information about Younger Futhark<br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Futhark">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Futhark</a><br /> <a href="https://www.vikingrune.com/2008/11/younger-futhark-runes/">https://www.vikingrune.com/2008/11/younger-futhark-runes/</a><br /> <a href="http://www.therunesite.com/younger-futhork-rune-meanings/">http://www.therunesite.com/younger-futhork-rune-meanings/</a> </p> <a id="medieval"></a> <hr /> <h2>Medieval (Latinised) Futhark</h2> <p>After the arrival of Christianity in Scandinavia, the Runic alphabet was Latinised and was used occasionally, mainly for decoration, until 1850. They are also known as futhork. </p> <p><img src="../images/writing/futhark_medieval.gif" width="559" height="261" alt="Medieval (Latinised) Futhark" /> </p> <p>More information about Medieval Futhark<br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_runes">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_runes</a> </p> <hr /> <p><em>Thanks to Niklas Dougherty for some of the information on this page.</em> </p> <h2>Sample text - Lord's Prayer in Old Norse (Runic alphabet - Futhark)</h2> <p><img src="../images/langsamples/udhr_oldnorse.gif" width="600" height="277" alt="Lord's prayer in Old Norse (ᚠᛆᚦᛅᛦ ᚢᚮᛦ ᛋᚮᛘ ᛆᛋᛐ ᛁ ᚼᛁᛘᛚᚤᛘ ᚼᛆᛚᚵᛆᚦ )" /> </p> <h3>Transliteration</h3> <p>Faðer uor som ast i himlüm, halgað warðe þit nama. Tilkomme þit rikie. Skie þin uilie so som i himmalan so oh bo iordanne. Wort dahliha broð gif os i dah. Oh forlat os uora skuldar so som oh ui forlate þem os skuüldihi are. Oh inleð os ikkie i frestalsan utan frels os ifra ondo. Tü rikiað ar þit oh mahtan oh harlihheten i ewihhet. Aman. </p> <p><em>Source: <a href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-norse-old.html">www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-norse-old.html</a></em> </p> <p>Hear the Lord's Prayer in Old Icelandic (not quite the same as the above text, but similar): </p> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RQ-d_jQL2EI" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p class="info"><a href="/writing/oldnorse.htm">Information about Old Norse</a> | <a href="/language/numbers/oldnorse.htm">Numbers</a> | <a href="/babel/oldnorse.htm">Tower of Babel</a> | <a href="/books/language/oldnorse.htm">Learning materials</a></p> <p><a href="../charts/runes.xls">Download these alphabet charts</a> (Excel speadsheet) </p> <h2>Videos about Runes</h2> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CH0ZhhGwCOQ" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <div class="intrinsic-container intrinsic-container-16x9"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/X7Z65582ex4" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p><a href="../books/writing/runic.htm">Books about Runes and Runic scripts</a> </p> <h2>Links</h2> <p>Information about the Runic alphabets<br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes</a><br /> <a href="https://www.scandinavianarchaeology.com/all-about-the-futharks/">https://www.scandinavianarchaeology.com/all-about-the-futharks/</a><br /> <a href="http://www.arild-hauge.com/eindex.htm">http://www.arild-hauge.com/eindex.htm</a><br /> <a href="https://runicstudies.org/runic-resources/">https://runicstudies.org/runic-resources/</a> </p> <p>An English Dictionary of Runic Inscriptions of the Younger Futhark<br /> <a href="http://runic-dictionary.nottingham.ac.uk/">http://runic-dictionary.nottingham.ac.uk/</a> </p> <p>Rune Translator<br /> <a href="https://valhyr.com/pages/rune-translator">https://valhyr.com/pages/rune-translator</a> </p> <p>Runic Inscriptions<br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_inscriptions">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_inscriptions</a><br /> <a href="https://emidsvikings.ac.uk/resources/runes-and-runic-inscriptions/">https://emidsvikings.ac.uk/resources/runes-and-runic-inscriptions/</a> </p> <p>Runes Secrets - How to Use the Elder Futhark Runes<br /> <a href="http://runesecrets.com/">http://runesecrets.com</a> </p> <p>Runic fonts<br /> <a href="https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Sans+Runic">https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Sans+Runic</a><br /> <a href="https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Fonts/">https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Fonts/index.html</a></p> <p>Your name in runes<br /> <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/runes.html">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/runes.html</a> </p> <p class="blackbox"><strong>ALPHABETUM</strong> - a Unicode font for ancient scripts, including Classical & Medieval Latin, Ancient Greek, Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Faliscan, Messapic, Picene, Iberian, Celtiberian, Gothic, Runic, Old & Middle English, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Old Nordic, Ogham, Kharosthi, Glagolitic, Anatolian scripts, Phoenician, Brahmi, Imperial Aramaic, Old Turkic, Old Permic, Ugaritic, Linear B, Phaistos Disc, Meroitic, Coptic, Cypriot and Avestan.<br /> <a href="https://www.typofonts.com/alphabetum.html">https://www.typofonts.com/alphabetum.html</a> </p><h2>Runic scripts</h2> <p><a href="/writing/runic.htm#elder">Elder Futhark</a>, <a href="/writing/runic.htm#yngrfuthark">Younger Futhork</a>, <a href="/writing/runic.htm#medieval">Medieval (Latinised) Futhark</a>, <a href="/writing/dalecarlianrunes.htm">Dalecarlian Runes</a>, <a href="/writing/futhorc.htm" title="ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱ/Futhorc/Fuþorc">Anglo-Saxon Runes</a></p> <h2><a href="/writing/alphabets.htm">Alphabets</a></h2> <p><a href="/writing/achiktokbirim.htm">A-chik Tokbirim</a>, <a href="/writing/adinkra.htm">Adinkra</a>, <a href="/writing/adlam.htm">ADLaM</a>, <a href="/writing/armenian.htm">Armenian</a>, <a href="/writing/avestan.htm">Avestan</a>, <a href="/writing/avoiuli.htm">Avoiuli</a>, <a href="/writing/bactrian.htm">Bactrian</a>, <a href="/writing/bassavah.htm">Bassa (Vah)</a>, <a href="/writing/beithakukju.htm">Beitha Kukju</a>, <a href="/writing/beria.htm">Beria (Zaghawa)</a>, <a href="/writing/borama.htm">Borama / Gadabuursi</a>, <a href="/writing/carian.php">Carian</a>, <a href="/writing/carpathianbasinrovas.htm">Carpathian Basin Rovas</a>, <a href="/writing/chinookjargon.htm">Chinuk pipa</a>, <a href="/writing/chisoi.htm">Chisoi</a>, <a href="/writing/coorgicox.htm">Coorgi-Cox</a>, <a href="/writing/coptic.htm">Coptic</a>, <a href="/writing/cyrillic.htm">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/writing/dalecarlianrunes.htm">Dalecarlian runes</a>, <a href="/writing/elbasan.htm">Elbasan</a>, <a href="/writing/etruscan.htm">Etruscan</a>, <a href="/writing/faliscan.htm">Faliscan</a>, <a href="/writing/fox.htm">Fox</a>, <a href="/writing/galik.htm">Galik</a>, <a 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Italic</a>, <a href="/writing/oldnubian.htm">Old Nubian</a>, <a href="/writing/oldpermic.htm">Old Permic</a>, <a href="/writing/olonal.htm">Ol Onal</a>, <a href="/writing/orkhon.htm">Orkhon</a>, <a href="/writing/osage.htm">Osage</a>, <a href="/writing/oscan.htm">Oscan</a>, <a href="/writing/osmanya.htm">Osmanya (Somali)</a>, <a href="/writing/paucinhau.htm">Pau Cin Hau</a>, <a href="/writing/phrygian.htm">Phrygian</a>, <a href="/writing/pollardmiao.htm">Pollard script</a>, <a href="/writing/runic.htm">Runic</a>, <a href="/writing/hungarian_runes.htm">Székely-Hungarian Rovás (Hungarian Runes)</a>, <a href="/writing/southpicene.htm">South Picene</a>, <a href="/writing/signwriting.htm">Sutton SignWriting</a>, <a href="/writing/sunuwar.htm">Sunuwar</a>, <a href="/writing/taiviet.htm">Tai Viet</a>, <a href="/writing/tangsa.htm">Tangsa</a>, <a href="/writing/todhri.htm">Todhri</a>, <a href="/writing/toto2.htm">Toto</a>, <a href="/writing/umbrian.htm">Umbrian</a>, <a 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