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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivation_from_Italic_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation_from_Italic_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Derivation from Italic alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation_from_Italic_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_and_purpose_of_invention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_and_purpose_of_invention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Date and purpose of invention</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Inscription corpus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inscription_corpus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inscription corpus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inscription_corpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scandinavian_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavian_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Scandinavian inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavian_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Continental inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>List of inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elder Futhark</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieldra_Fu%C3%BEark" title="Ieldra Fuþark – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ieldra Fuþark" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="فوثارك قديمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوثارك قديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futhark_antiguu" title="Futhark antiguu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Futhark antiguu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_futhark_prost%C3%BD" title="Germánský futhark prostý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Germánský futhark prostý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futhark_antiguo" title="Futhark antiguo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Futhark antiguo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futhark_zaharra" title="Futhark zaharra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Futhark zaharra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="فوثارک قدیمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوثارک قدیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieux_futhark" title="Vieux futhark – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vieux futhark" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8D%89_%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA" title="𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐍆𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌺 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌹𐌶𐍉 𐍆𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌺" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Futhark_Kuno" title="Alfabet Futhark Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Futhark Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%BEark_antico" title="Fuþark antico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fuþark antico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futhark_Vetustius" title="Futhark Vetustius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Futhark Vetustius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C5%91sebb_futhark" title="Idősebb futhark – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Idősebb futhark" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_eldre_futharken" title="Den eldre futharken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den eldre futharken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_eldre_futharken" title="Den eldre futharken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den eldre futharken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%BEark_starszy" title="Fuþark starszy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fuþark starszy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futhark_antigo" title="Futhark antigo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Futhark antigo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Elder Futhark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ldre_futhark" title="Äldre futhark – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Äldre futhark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_Futhark" title="Eski Futhark – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Futhark" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2005583#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System of runes for Proto-Germanic</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Elder Futhark<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1st to 9th centuries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right, <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005583?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumae_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumae alphabet">Cumae variant</a>)<ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>?<ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Elder Futhark</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon futhorc</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tyr-runes.svg/40px-Tyr-runes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tyr-runes.svg/60px-Tyr-runes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tyr-runes.svg/80px-Tyr-runes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runic</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of runes.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elder_futhark_inscriptions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Elder_futhark_inscriptions.png/220px-Elder_futhark_inscriptions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Elder_futhark_inscriptions.png/330px-Elder_futhark_inscriptions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Elder_futhark_inscriptions.png/440px-Elder_futhark_inscriptions.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of pre–sixth-century Elder Futhark finds</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Elder Futhark</b> (or <b>Fuþark</b>), also known as the <b>Older Futhark</b>, <b>Old Futhark</b>, or <b>Germanic Futhark</b>, is the oldest form of the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabets">runic alphabets</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> for <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest Germanic</a> dialects in the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>. Inscriptions are found on artifacts including jewelry, amulets, plateware, tools, and weapons, as well as <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a>, from the 1st to the 9th centuries. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, beginning in the late 8th century, the script was simplified to the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> instead extended it, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon futhorc</a>. Both the Anglo-Saxon futhorc and the Younger Futhark remained in use during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> respectively, but knowledge of how to read the Elder Futhark was forgotten until 1865, when it was deciphered by Norwegian scholar <a href="/wiki/Sophus_Bugge" title="Sophus Bugge">Sophus Bugge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Elder Futhark (named after the initial <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> of the first six rune names: F, U, Þ, A, R and K) has 24 runes, often arranged in three groups of eight runes; each group is called an <i>ætt</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott198114_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott198114-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (pl. <i>ættir</i>; meaning '<a href="/wiki/Norse_clans" title="Norse clans">clan, group</a>', although sometimes thought to mean eight). In the following table, each rune is given with its common <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_fehu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="f"><img alt="f" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/12px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/18px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/24px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> f    </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_uruz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="u"><img alt="u" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/29px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> u    </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="th,þ"><img alt="th,þ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/10px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/15px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/20px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> þ    </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ansuz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="a"><img alt="a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/7px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/10px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> a    </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_raido.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="r"><img alt="r" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/9px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/14px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/19px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> r    </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_kauna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="k"><img alt="k" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/10px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/15px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/21px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="26" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> k    </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_gebo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="g"><img alt="g" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/12px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/18px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/24px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> g    </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_wunjo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="w"><img alt="w" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/8px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/12px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/16px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> w     </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_haglaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="h"><img alt="h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/32px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> h</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_naudiz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="n"><img alt="n" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/9px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/19px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> n</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_isaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="i"><img alt="i" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/1px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/2px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/3px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> i</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_jeran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="j"><img alt="j" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/15px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/23px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/30px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> j</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_iwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ï,ei"><img alt="ï,ei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/29px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> ï</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_pertho.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="p"><img alt="p" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/10px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/15px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/20px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> p</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_algiz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="z"><img alt="z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/32px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> z</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_sowilo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/9px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/14px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/19px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> s </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="t"><img alt="t" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/32px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> t</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_berkanan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="b"><img alt="b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/10px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/15px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/20px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> b</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="e"><img alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/32px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> e</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_mannaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="m"><img alt="m" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/32px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> m</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_laukaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="l"><img alt="l" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/9px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/19px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> l</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/13px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/19px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/25px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> ŋ</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_dagaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="d"><img alt="d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/32px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> d</td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_othalan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="o"><img alt="o" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/17px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/26px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/34px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="57" /></a></span> o </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b> corresponds to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</span> (unvoiced) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span> (voiced) (like the English digraph -<i>th</i>-).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage200515_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage200515-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>ï</b> is also transliterated as <b>æ</b> and may have been either a diphthong or a vowel close to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span>. <b>z</b> was Proto-Germanic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span>, and evolved into <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r₂/</span> and is also transliterated as <b>ʀ</b>. The remaining transliterations correspond to the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol of their approximate value. </p><p>The earliest known sequential listing of the alphabet dates to A.D. 400 and is found on the <a href="/wiki/Kylver_Stone" title="Kylver Stone">Kylver Stone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, [ᚠ] and [ᚹ] only partially inscribed but widely authenticated: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em;"> <tbody><tr class="script-runic"> <td>[ᚠ]</td> <td>ᚢ</td> <td>ᚦ</td> <td>ᚨ</td> <td>ᚱ</td> <td>ᚲ</td> <td>ᚷ</td> <td>[ᚹ]</td> <td>ᚺ</td> <td>ᚾ</td> <td>ᛁ</td> <td>ᛃ</td> <td>ᛈ</td> <td>ᛇ</td> <td>ᛉ</td> <td>ᛊ</td> <td>ᛏ</td> <td>ᛒ</td> <td>ᛖ</td> <td>ᛗ</td> <td>ᛚ</td> <td>ᛜ</td> <td>ᛞ</td> <td>ᛟ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>[f]</td> <td>u</td> <td>þ</td> <td>a</td> <td>r</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>[w]</td> <td>h</td> <td>n</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>p</td> <td>ï</td> <td>z</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>b</td> <td>e</td> <td>m</td> <td>l</td> <td>ŋ</td> <td>d</td> <td>o </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two instances of another early inscription were found on the two <a href="/wiki/Vadstena_bracteate" title="Vadstena bracteate">Vadstena and Mariedamm bracteates</a> (6th century), showing the division in three ætts, with the positions of <b>ï</b>, <b>p</b> and <b>o</b>, <b>d</b> inverted compared to the Kylver stone: </p> <dl><dd><b>f u þ a r k g w</b>; <b>h n i j ï p z s</b>; <b>t b e m l ŋ o d</b></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grumpan_bracteate" title="Grumpan bracteate">Grumpan bracteate</a> presents a listing from 500 which is identical to the one found on the previous bracteates but incomplete: </p> <dl><dd><b>f u þ a r k g w</b> ... <b>h n i j ï p (z)</b> ... <b>t b e m l (ŋ) (o) d</b></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivation_from_Italic_alphabets">Derivation from Italic alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Derivation from Italic alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Elder_Futhark" title="Special:EditPage/Elder Futhark">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Elder+Futhark%22">"Elder Futhark"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Elder+Futhark%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Elder+Futhark%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Elder+Futhark%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Elder+Futhark%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Elder+Futhark%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Elder Futhark runes are commonly believed to originate in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic scripts</a>: either a North Italic variant (<a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetic alphabets">Rhaetic alphabets</a>), or the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> itself. Derivation from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> via <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> contact to Byzantine Greek culture was a popular theory in the 19th century, but has been ruled out since the dating of the <a href="/wiki/Vimose_inscriptions" title="Vimose inscriptions">Vimose inscriptions</a> to the 2nd century (whereas the Goths were in contact with Greek culture only from the early 3rd century). Conversely, the Greek-derived 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a> does have two letters derived from runes, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothic_j.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="j"><img alt="j" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gothic_j.svg/16px-Gothic_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gothic_j.svg/24px-Gothic_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gothic_j.svg/32px-Gothic_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> (from <a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran">Jer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_jeran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/8px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/12px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/16px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <b>j</b>) and <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothic_u.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="u"><img alt="u" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gothic_u.svg/16px-Gothic_u.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gothic_u.svg/24px-Gothic_u.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gothic_u.svg/32px-Gothic_u.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> (from <a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)">Uruz</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_uruz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/8px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <b>u</b>). </p><p>The angular shapes of the runes, presumably an adaptation to the incision in wood or metal, are not a Germanic innovation, but a property that is shared with other early alphabets, including the Old Italic ones (compare, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Duenos_inscription" title="Duenos inscription">Duenos inscription</a>). The 4th century BC <a href="/wiki/Negau_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Negau helmet">Negau helmet</a> inscription features a Germanic name, <i>Harigastiz</i>, in a North Etruscan alphabet, and may be a testimony of the earliest contact of Germanic speakers with alphabetic writing. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Meldorf_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Meldorf inscription">Meldorf inscription</a> of 50 may qualify as "proto-runic" use of the Latin alphabet by Germanic speakers. The <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetic alphabets">Raetic</a> "<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Bolzano" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabet of Bolzano">alphabet of Bolzano</a>" in particular seems to fit the letter shapes well.<sup id="cite_ref-gippert2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gippert2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spearhead_of_Kovel" class="mw-redirect" title="Spearhead of Kovel">spearhead of Kovel</a>, dated to 200 AD, sometimes advanced as evidence of a peculiar <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> variant of the runic alphabet, bears an inscription <i>tilarids</i> that may in fact be in an Old Italic rather than a runic alphabet, running right to left with a <i>T</i> and a <i>D</i> closer to the Latin or Etruscan than to the Bolzano or runic alphabets. Perhaps an "eclectic" approach can yield the best results for the explanation of the origin of the runes: most shapes of the letters can be accounted for when deriving them from several distinct North Italic writing systems: The <b>p</b> rune has a parallel in the <a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a> alphabet, while it has been argued that <b>d</b> derives from the shape of the letter <i>san</i> (= <b>ś</b>) in <a href="/wiki/Lepontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepontic">Lepontic</a> where it seems to represent the sound /d/.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStifter2010374_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStifter2010374-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>g</b>, <b>a</b>, <b>f</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>m</b> and <b>l</b> runes show no variation, and are generally accepted as identical to the Old Italic or Latin letters <i>X</i>, <i>A</i>, <i>F</i>, <i>I</i>, <i>T</i>, <i>M</i> and <i>L</i>, respectively. There is also wide agreement that the <b>u</b>, <b>r</b>, <b>k</b>, <b>h</b>, <b>s</b>, <b>b</b> and <b>o</b> runes respectively correspond directly to <i>V</i>, <i>R</i>, <i>C</i>, <i>H</i>, <i>S</i>, <i>B</i> and <i>O</i>. </p><p>The remaining ten runes of uncertain derivation may either be original innovations, or adaptions of otherwise unneeded Latin letters of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_alphabet#Classical_Latin_period" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Latin alphabet">classical Latin alphabet</a> (1st century, ignoring marginalized <i><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></i>). There are conflicting scholarly opinions regarding them: </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz">ᛖ</a></b> may be from <i>E</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz">ᚾ</a></b> may be from Raetic <i>N</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gippert2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gippert2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thurisaz (rune)">ᚦ</a></b> may be from Latin <i>D</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from Raetic <i>Θ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gippert2001_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gippert2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">Ƿ</a></b> may be from <i>Q</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> from Latin <i>P</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from Raetic <i>W</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gippert2001_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gippert2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz">ᛇ</a></b> may be from Latin <i>Z</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Latin <i>Y</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or from Raetic <i>E</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gippert2001_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gippert2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz">ᛉ</a></b> may be from Raetic <i>Z</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-gippert2001_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gippert2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Latin <i>Y</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from Etruscan <i>𐌙</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ingwaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingwaz">ᛜ</a></b> may be from Latin <i>Q</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jeran" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeran">ᛃ</a></b> may be from Latin <i>G</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peordh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peordh">ᛈ</a></b> may be from Raetic <i>P</i><sup id="cite_ref-gippert2001_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gippert2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or may be an original Germanic innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz">ᛞ</a></b> may be from Raetic <i>D</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-gippert2001_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gippert2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Lepontic <i>san</i> (<b>ś</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStifter2010374_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStifter2010374-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or may be an original Germanic innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Of the 24 runes in the classical futhark row attested from 400AD (<a href="/wiki/Kylver_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylver stone">Kylver stone</a>), <b><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz">ï</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Peordh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peordh">p</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b><a href="/wiki/Ingwaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingwaz">ŋ</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are unattested in the earliest inscriptions of c. 175 to 400, while <b><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz">e</a></b> in this early period mostly takes a Π-shape,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="the mentioned Kylver stone has M shaped ehwaz. not sure where pi shape is coming from (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> its M-shape (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/8px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/16px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>) gaining prevalence only from the 5th century. Similarly, the <b>s</b> rune may have either three (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/8px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/12px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/16px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>) or four (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_sowilo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/8px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/12px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/16px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>) strokes (and more rarely five or more), and only from the 5th century does the variant with three strokes become prevalent. </p><p>The "mature" runes of the 6th to 8th centuries tend to have only three directions of strokes, the vertical and two diagonal directions. Early inscriptions also show horizontal strokes: these appear in the case of <b>e</b> (mentioned above), but also in <b>t</b>, <b>l</b>, <b>ŋ</b> and <b>h</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_and_purpose_of_invention">Date and purpose of invention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Date and purpose of invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general agreement dates the creation of the first runic alphabet to roughly the 1st century. Early estimates include the 1st century,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and late estimates push the date into the 2nd century. The question is one of estimating the "findless" period separating the script's creation from the <a href="/wiki/Vimose" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimose">Vimose</a> finds of c. 160. If either <b><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz">ï</a></b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz">z</a></b> indeed derive from Latin <i>Y</i> or <i>Z</i>, as suggested by Odenstedt, the first century BC is ruled out, because these letters were only introduced into the Latin alphabet during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. </p><p>Other scholars are content to assume a findless period of a few decades, pushing the date into the early 2nd century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990168_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990168-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedersen (and with him Odenstedt) suggests a period of development of about a century to account for their assumed derivation of the shapes of <b>þ</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/6px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/9px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> and <b>j</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_jeran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/10px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/15px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/20px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> from Latin <i>D</i> and <i>G</i>. </p><p>The invention of the script has been ascribed to a single person<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or a group of people who had come into contact with Roman culture, maybe as mercenaries in the Roman army, or as merchants. The script was clearly designed for epigraphic purposes, but opinions differ in stressing either magical, practical or simply playful (<a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>) aspects. <a href="#CITEREFBæksted1952">Bæksted 1952</a>, p. 134 concludes that in its earliest stage, the runic script was an "artificial, playful, not really needed imitation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman script">Roman script</a>", much like the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a> were directly influenced by Roman currency, a view that is accepted by <a href="#CITEREFOdenstedt1990">Odenstedt 1990</a>, p. 171 in the light of the very primitive nature of the earliest (2nd to 4th century) inscription corpus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rune_names">Rune names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rune names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each rune most probably had a name, chosen to represent the sound of the rune itself according to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Acrophony" title="Acrophony">acrophony</a>. </p><p>The Old English names of all 24 runes of the Elder Futhark, along with five names of runes unique to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon runes</a>, are preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_rune_poem" title="Old English rune poem">Old English rune poem</a>, compiled in the 7th century. These names are in good agreement with medieval Scandinavian records of the names of the 16 <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> runes, and to some extent also with those of the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a> (recorded by <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> in the 9th century). Therefore, it is assumed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2016)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the names go back to the Elder Futhark period, at least to the 5th century. There is no positive evidence that the full row of 24 runes had been completed before the end of the 4th century, but it is likely that at least some runes had their name before that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (July 2016)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This concerns primarily the runes used <a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">magically</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Teiwaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Teiwaz">Teiwaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)">Ansuz</a> runes which are taken to symbolize or invoke deities in sequences such as that on the <a href="/wiki/Lindholm_amulet" title="Lindholm amulet">Lindholm amulet</a> (3rd or 4th century).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">Reconstructed</a> names in <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic">Common Germanic</a> can easily be given for most runes. Exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><i>þ</i> rune</a> (which is given different names in Anglo-Saxon, Gothic and Scandinavian traditions) and the <a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><i>z</i> rune</a> (whose original name is unknown, and preserved only in corrupted form from Old English tradition). The 24 Elder Futhark runes are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage20058,_15–16_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage20058,_15–16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rune </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Character Set">UCS</a> </th> <th><abbr title="Transliteration">Trans.</abbr> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> name </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_fehu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="f"><img alt="f" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/14px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/21px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Runic_letter_fehu.svg/28px-Runic_letter_fehu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227795492">.mw-parser-output .script-runic{font-family:"BabelStone Runic","FreeMono",Junicode,Code2000,Hnias,"Noto Sans Runic","San Francisco","New York"}</style><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚠ">ᚠ</a></span> </td> <th>f </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɸ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/f/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu">*fehu</a> </td> <td>"chattel, wealth" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_uruz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="u"><img alt="u" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_uruz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_uruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚢ">ᚢ</a></span> </td> <th>u </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)">?*ūruz</a> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>", Wild ox (or *ûram "water/slag"?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="th,þ"><img alt="th,þ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg/25px-Runic_letter_thurisaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚦ">ᚦ</a></span> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">þ</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ð/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/*%C3%BEurisaz" class="mw-redirect" title="*þurisaz">?*þurisaz</a> </td> <td>"Thurs" (see <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötunn</a>) or *þunraz ("the god <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thunraz</a>") </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ansuz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="a"><img alt="a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/9px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/13px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Runic_letter_ansuz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_ansuz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="18" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚨ">ᚨ</a></span> </td> <th>a </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/*Ansuz_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="*Ansuz (rune)">*ansuz</a> </td> <td>"god" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_raido.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="r"><img alt="r" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/12px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/18px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Runic_letter_raido.svg/24px-Runic_letter_raido.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚱ">ᚱ</a></span> </td> <th>r </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido">*raidō</a> </td> <td>"ride, journey" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_kauna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="k"><img alt="k" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/13px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/19px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Runic_letter_kauna.svg/26px-Runic_letter_kauna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="26" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚲ">ᚲ</a></span> </td> <th>k (c) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan">?*kaunan</a> </td> <td>"ulcer"? (or *kenaz "torch"?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_gebo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="g"><img alt="g" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/14px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/21px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_gebo.svg/28px-Runic_letter_gebo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚷ">ᚷ</a></span> </td> <th>g </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu">*gebō</a> </td> <td>"gift" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_wunjo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="w"><img alt="w" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/10px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/15px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Runic_letter_wunjo.svg/20px-Runic_letter_wunjo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚹ">ᚹ</a></span> </td> <th>w </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wunj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wunjō">*wunjō</a> </td> <td>"joy" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_haglaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="h"><img alt="h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Runic_letter_haglaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_haglaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="h"><img alt="h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg/14px-Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg/21px-Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg/28px-Runic_letter_haglaz_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚺ">ᚺ ᚻ</a></span> </td> <th>h </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz">*hagalaz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">"hail"</a> (the precipitation) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_naudiz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="n"><img alt="n" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Runic_letter_naudiz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_naudiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚾ">ᚾ</a></span> </td> <th>n </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz">*naudiz</a> </td> <td>"need" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_isaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="i"><img alt="i" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/2px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/3px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Runic_letter_isaz.svg/4px-Runic_letter_isaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛁ">ᛁ</a></span> </td> <th>i </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz">*īsaz</a> </td> <td>"ice" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_jeran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="j"><img alt="j" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/14px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/21px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Runic_letter_jeran.svg/28px-Runic_letter_jeran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛃ">ᛃ</a></span> </td> <th>j </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran">*jēra-</a> </td> <td>"year, good year, harvest" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_iwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ï,ei"><img alt="ï,ei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Runic_letter_iwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_iwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛇ">ᛇ</a></span> </td> <th>ï (æ) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æː/</span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eihaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Eihaz">*ī(h)waz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">"yew-tree"</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_pertho.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="p"><img alt="p" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/12px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/18px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Runic_letter_pertho.svg/25px-Runic_letter_pertho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛈ">ᛈ</a></span> </td> <th>p </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pertho" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertho">?*perþ-</a> </td> <td>meaning unknown; possibly "pear-tree". </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_algiz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="z"><img alt="z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Runic_letter_algiz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_algiz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛉ">ᛉ</a></span> </td> <th>z </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz">?*algiz</a> </td> <td>"elk" (or "protection, defence"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_sowilo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/12px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/18px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Runic_letter_sowilo.svg/24px-Runic_letter_sowilo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s"><img alt="s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/12px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/18px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg/24px-Runic_letter_sowilo_variant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛊ">ᛊ ᛋ</a></span> </td> <th>s </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sowilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilo">*sōwilō</a> </td> <td>"sun" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="t"><img alt="t" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_tiwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛏ">ᛏ</a></span> </td> <th>t </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwaz rune">*tīwaz</a> </td> <td>"the god <a href="/wiki/Tyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyr">Tiwaz</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_berkanan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="b"><img alt="b" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/12px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/18px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Runic_letter_berkanan.svg/25px-Runic_letter_berkanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛒ">ᛒ</a></span> </td> <th>b </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan">*berkanan</a> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Betula" class="mw-redirect" title="Betula">birch</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="e"><img alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_ehwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛖ">ᛖ</a></span> </td> <th>e </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz">*ehwaz</a> </td> <td>"horse" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_mannaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="m"><img alt="m" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Runic_letter_mannaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_mannaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛗ">ᛗ</a></span> </td> <th>m </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mannaz_rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaz rune">*mannaz</a> </td> <td>"man" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_laukaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="l"><img alt="l" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/12px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/18px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Runic_letter_laukaz.svg/24px-Runic_letter_laukaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛚ">ᛚ</a></span> </td> <th>l </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz">*laguz</a> </td> <td>"water, lake" (or possibly *laukaz "leek") </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_ingwaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŋ"><img alt="ŋ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg/16px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg/24px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg/32px-Runic_letter_ingwaz_variant2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛜ">ᛜ</a></span> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingwaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingwaz">*ingwaz</a> </td> <td>"the god <a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ingwaz</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_dagaz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="d"><img alt="d" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/14px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/21px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Runic_letter_dagaz.svg/28px-Runic_letter_dagaz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛞ">ᛞ</a></span> </td> <th>d </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz">*dagaz</a> </td> <td>"day" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runic_letter_othalan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="o"><img alt="o" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/14px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/21px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Runic_letter_othalan.svg/28px-Runic_letter_othalan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="41" data-file-height="57" /></a></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛟ">ᛟ</a></span> </td> <th>o </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o(ː)/</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Othalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Othalan">*ōþila-/*ōþala-</a> </td> <td>"heritage, estate, possession" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each rune derived its sound from the first phoneme of the rune's respective name, with the exception of <i>Ingwaz</i> and <i>Algiz</i>: the Proto-Germanic <i>z</i> sound of the <i>Algiz</i> rune never occurred in a word-initial position. The phoneme acquired an <i>r</i>-like quality in Proto-Norse, usually <a href="/wiki/Runic_transliteration_and_transcription" title="Runic transliteration and transcription">transliterated</a> with <b>ʀ</b>, and finally merged with <b>r</b> in Icelandic, rendering the rune superfluous as a letter. Similarly, the <i>ng</i>-sound of the <i>Ingwaz</i> rune does not occur word-initially. The names come from the vocabulary of daily life and mythology, some trivial, some beneficent and some inauspicious: </p> <ul><li>Mythology: Tiwaz, Thurisaz, Ingwaz, God, Man, Sun.</li> <li>Nature and environment: Sun, day, year, hail, ice, lake, water, birch, yew, pear, elk, aurochs.</li> <li>Daily life and <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>: Man, need/constraint, wealth/cattle, horse, estate/inheritance, slag/protection from evil, ride/journey, year/harvest, gift, joy, need, ulcer/illness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IPA_vowels_and_consonants">IPA vowels and consonants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: IPA vowels and consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following charts show the probable sound values of each rune based upon <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language#Phonology" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic phonology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Consonants</b> </td> <td><b>Labial</b> </td> <td><b>Dental</b> </td> <td><b>Alveolar</b> </td> <td><b>Palatal</b> </td> <td><b>Velar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Nasal</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛗ">ᛗ</a> /m/ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚾ">ᚾ</a> /n/ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yngvi#The_Ingwaz_rune" title="Yngvi">ᛜ</a> /ŋ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Plosive</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛈ">ᛈ</a> /p/, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛒ">ᛒ</a> /b/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛏ">ᛏ</a> /t/, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛞ">ᛞ</a> /d/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚲ">ᚲ</a> /k/, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚷ">ᚷ</a> /g/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Fricative</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚠ">ᚠ</a> /ɸ/, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛒ">ᛒ</a> /β/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚦ">ᚦ</a> /θ/, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛞ">ᛞ</a> /ð/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛊ">ᛊ ᛋ</a> /s/, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛉ">ᛉ</a> /z/ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚺ">ᚺ ᚻ</a> /x/, <a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚷ">ᚷ</a> /ɣ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Approximant</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛚ">ᛚ</a> /l/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛃ">ᛃ</a> /j/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚹ">ᚹ</a> /w/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Trill</b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚱ">ᚱ</a> /r/ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Vowels</b> </td> <td><b>Front</b> </td> <td><b>Back</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Close</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛁ">ᛁ</a> /i/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚢ">ᚢ</a> /u/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Close Mid</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛖ">ᛖ</a> /e/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛟ">ᛟ</a> /o/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Open</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚨ">ᚨ</a> /ɑ/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>ᛇ has been excluded from the table because what its sound might have been is highly disputed. It may have been a diphthong, or it may have been a monophthong falling somewhere within the range of [ɪ] to [æ]. The only certain fact is that it represented a front vowel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscription_corpus">Inscription corpus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inscription corpus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder Futhark inscriptions">Elder Futhark inscriptions</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einangsteinen_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Einangsteinen_inscription.jpg/300px-Einangsteinen_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Einangsteinen_inscription.jpg/450px-Einangsteinen_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Einangsteinen_inscription.jpg/600px-Einangsteinen_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption><b>[ek go]dagastiz runo faihido</b> inscription on the 4th century "<a href="/wiki/Einang_stone" title="Einang stone">Einang stone</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Old Futhark inscriptions were found on artifacts scattered between the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sápmi (area)">Lappland</a>, with the highest concentration in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. They are usually short inscriptions on jewelry (<a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a>, belt buckles), utensils (combs, spinning whorls) or weapons (lance tips, <a href="/wiki/Seax" title="Seax">seaxes</a>) and were mostly found in graves or bogs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavian_inscriptions">Scandinavian inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scandinavian inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Words frequently appearing in inscriptions on <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a> with possibly magical significance are <b><a href="/wiki/Alu_(runic)" title="Alu (runic)">alu</a></b>, <b>laþu</b> and <b>laukaz</b>. While their meaning is unclear, <b>alu</b> has been associated with "ale, intoxicating drink", in a context of <a href="/wiki/Sumbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumbel">ritual drinking</a>, and <b>laukaz</b> with "leek, garlic", in a context of fertility and growth. An example of a longer early inscription is on a 4th-century axe-handle found in Nydam, <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>: <b>wagagastiz / alu:??hgusikijaz:aiþalataz</b> (<i>wagagastiz</i> "wave-guest" could be a personal name, the rest has been read as <b>alu:wihgu sikijaz:aiþalataz</b> with a putative meaning "wave/flame-guest, from a bog, <b>alu</b>, I, oath-sayer consecrate/fight". The obscurity even of emended readings is typical for runic inscriptions that go beyond simple personal names). A term frequently found in early inscriptions is <b><a href="/wiki/Erilaz" title="Erilaz">Erilaz</a></b>, apparently describing a person with knowledge of runes. </p><p>The oldest known runic inscription dates to 160 and is found on the <a href="/wiki/Vimose_inscriptions" title="Vimose inscriptions">Vimose Comb</a> discovered in the bog of <a href="/wiki/Vimose" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimose">Vimose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ILKJÆRINLOOIJENGA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILKJÆRINLOOIJENGA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription reads <b>harja</b>, either a personal name or an epithet, viz. <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*harjaz</i> (<a href="/wiki/PIE" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE">PIE</a> <i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*koryos</span></span></i>) "<a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a>", or simply the word for "comb" (<i>*hārijaz</i>). Another early inscription is found on the <a href="/wiki/Thorsberg_chape" title="Thorsberg chape">Thorsberg chape</a> (200), probably containing the theonym <a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a>. </p><p>The typically Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a> begin to show the transition to <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> from the 6th century, with transitional examples like the <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rketorp_Runestone" title="Björketorp Runestone">Björketorp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stentoften_Runestone" title="Stentoften Runestone">Stentoften</a> stones. In the early 9th century, both the older and the younger futhark were known and used, which is shown on the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6k_runestone" title="Rök runestone">Rök runestone</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Runemaster" title="Runemaster">runemaster</a> used both. </p><p>The oldest known runestone, the <a href="/wiki/Svingerud_Runestone" title="Svingerud Runestone">Svingerud Runestone</a>, dates to the Roman Iron Age, c. 1–250 CE, and was found in Ringerike, Norway, in autumn 2021. The inscription has several sections, notably a name <b>idiberug</b> (possibly <b>idiberun</b>), which could be interpreted as one of several names, including <i>Idibera</i>, <i>Idibergu</i>, or the family name <i>Idiberung</i>. The first three letters of the Elder Futhark, <b>ᚠ</b> (f), <b>ᚢ</b> (u) and <b>ᚦ</b> (th), are also found on the stone.<sup id="cite_ref-Gulliksen,_2023_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulliksen,_2023-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The longest known inscription in the Elder Futhark, and one of the youngest, consists of some 200 characters, is found on the <a href="/wiki/Eggjum_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eggjum stone">Eggjum stone</a>, dated to the early 8th century, and may even contain a stanza of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_poetry" title="Old Norse poetry">Old Norse poetry</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Caistor-by-Norwich_astragalus" title="Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus">Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus</a> reading <b>raïhan</b> "deer" is notable as the oldest inscription of the British Isles, dating to 400, the very <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">end of Roman Britain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_inscriptions">Continental inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Continental inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest inscriptions (before 500) found on the Continent are divided into two groups, the area of the North Sea coast and Northern Germany (including parts of the Netherlands) associated with the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> on one hand (part of the "North Germanic <i>Koine</i>"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004173_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004173-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and loosely scattered finds from along the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> to south-eastern Poland, as far as the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Pietroassa" title="Ring of Pietroassa">ring of Pietroassa</a> in Romania), associated with East Germanic peoples. The latter group disappeared during the 5th century at the time of contact of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and their conversion to <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Christianity">Christianity</a>. </p><p>In this early period, there is no specifically West Germanic runic tradition. This changes from the early 6th century, and for about one century (520 to 620), an <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamannic</a> "runic province"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emerges, with examples on fibulae, weapon parts and belt buckles. As in the East Germanic case, use of runes subsides with Christianization, in the case of the Alamanni in the course of the 7th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some 350 known Elder Futhark inscriptions with 81 known inscriptions from the South (Germany, Austria, Switzerland) and 267 from Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2004281_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004281-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüthi2004321_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi2004321-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise numbers are debatable because of some suspected forgeries, and some disputed inscriptions (identification as "runes" vs. accidental scratches, simple ornaments or Latin letters). 133 Scandinavian inscriptions are on bracteates (compared to 2 from the South), and 65 are on <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a> (no Southern example is extant). Southern inscriptions are predominantly on fibulae (43, compared to 15 in Scandinavia). The Scandinavian runestones belong to the later period of the Elder Futhark, and initiate the boom of medieval <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a> stones (with some 6,000 surviving examples). As of 2021, one inscription was found in a settlement associated with <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elder Futhark inscriptions were rare, with very few active literati, in relation to the total population, at any time, so that knowledge of the runes was probably an actual "secret" throughout the Migration period. Of 366 lances excavated at <a href="/wiki/Illerup_%C3%85dal" title="Illerup Ådal">Illerup</a>, only 2 bore inscriptions. A similar ratio is estimated for Alemannia, with an estimated 170 excavated graves to every inscription found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüthi2004323_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi2004323-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates of the total number of inscriptions produced are based on the "minimal runological estimate" of 40,000 (ten individuals making ten inscriptions per year for four centuries). The actual number was probably considerably higher. The 80 known Southern inscriptions are from some 100,000 known graves. With an estimated total of 50,000,000 graves (based on population density estimates), some 80,000 inscriptions would have been produced in total in the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> South alone (and maybe close to 400,000 in total, so that of the order of 0.1% of the corpus has come down to us), and <a href="#CITEREFFischer2004">Fischer 2004</a>, p. 281 estimates a population of several hundred active literati throughout the period, with as many as 1,600 during the Alamannic "runic boom" of the 6th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_inscriptions">List of inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20;"> <p>After <a href="#CITEREFLooijenga1997">Looijenga 1997</a>, <a href="#CITEREFLüthi2004">Lüthi 2004</a>. </p> <ul><li>Scandinavia <ul><li>Period I (150–550) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svingerud_Runestone" title="Svingerud Runestone">Svingerud Runestone</a> (1–250)<sup id="cite_ref-Gulliksen,_2023_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulliksen,_2023-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimose_inscriptions" title="Vimose inscriptions">Vimose inscriptions</a> (6 objects, 160–300)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98vre_Stabu_spearhead" title="Øvre Stabu spearhead">Øvre Stabu spearhead</a> (c. 180), <b>raunijaz</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illerup_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Illerup inscriptions">Illerup inscriptions</a> (9 objects)</li> <li>Mos spearhead (c. 300), <b><a href="/wiki/Gaois" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaois">gaois</a></b>(?)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_horns_of_Gallehus" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden horns of Gallehus">Golden horns of Gallehus</a> (c. 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einang_stone" title="Einang stone">Einang stone</a> (400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylver_Stone" title="Kylver Stone">Kylver Stone</a> (400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6_Runestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rö Runestone">Rö Runestone</a> (400–450)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalleby_Runestone" title="Kalleby Runestone">Kalleby Runestone</a> (5th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6jbro_Runestone" title="Möjbro Runestone">Möjbro Runestone</a> (400–550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rsberg_Runestone" title="Järsberg Runestone">Järsberg Runestone</a> (500–550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogganvik_runestone" title="Hogganvik runestone">Hogganvik runestone</a> (5th century)</li></ul></li> <li>Bracteates: total 133 (see also <b><a href="/wiki/Alu_(runic)" title="Alu (runic)">Alu</a></b>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seeland-II-C" title="Seeland-II-C">Seeland-II-C</a> (500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadstena_bracteate" title="Vadstena bracteate">Vadstena bracteate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjurk%C3%B6_bracteate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjurkö bracteate">Tjurkö bracteate</a></li></ul></li> <li>Period II (550–700) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5%C3%A4ng_Runestone" title="Skåäng Runestone">Skåäng Runestone</a> (6th century?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rketorp_Runestone" title="Björketorp Runestone">Björketorp Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gummarp_Runestone" title="Gummarp Runestone">Gummarp Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istaby_Runestone" title="Istaby Runestone">Istaby Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stentoften_Runestone" title="Stentoften Runestone">Stentoften Runestone</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>South-Eastern Europe (200–550): 4 AD. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic runic inscriptions</a> (200–350)</li></ul></li> <li>Continental inscriptions (mainly Germany; 200–700): 50 legible, 15 illegible (39 brooches, 11 weapon parts, 4 fittings and belt buckles, 3 strap ends, 8 other) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorsberg_chape" title="Thorsberg chape">Thorsberg chape</a> (200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClach_fibula" title="Bülach fibula">Bülach fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnay_Fibula" title="Charnay Fibula">Charnay fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordendorf_fibula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordendorf fibula">Nordendorf fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzen_buckle" title="Pforzen buckle">Pforzen buckle</a></li></ul></li> <li>English and <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> (300–700): 44; see <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">futhorc</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Runic_(Unicode_block)" title="Runic (Unicode block)">Runic (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>The Elder Futhark is encoded in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> within the unified Runic range, 16A0–16FF. Among the freely available <a href="/wiki/TrueType" title="TrueType">TrueType</a> fonts that include this range are <a href="/wiki/Junicode" title="Junicode">Junicode</a> and <a href="/wiki/FreeMono" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeMono">FreeMono</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kylver_Stone" title="Kylver Stone">Kylver Stone</a> row encoded in Unicode reads: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲᚷᚹᚺᚾᛁᛃᛇᛈᛉᛊᛏᛒᛖᛗᛚᛜᛞᛟ</span></dd></dl> <p>Encoded separately are the double-barred <i>h</i>-rune, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span> and a graphical variant of the <i>ng</i>-rune, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span>. These two have separate codepoints because they become independent characters in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon futhorc</a>. The numerous other graphical variants of Elder Futhark runes are considered glyph variants better rendered by the use of different fonts and so not given Unicode codepoints. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Bind_rune" title="Bind rune">bind runes</a> are considered ligatures and not given Unicode codepoints. The only bindrunes that can arguably be rendered as a single Unicode glyph are those that coincidentally look exactly like another rune, e.g. the double <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛚ">ᛚ</a> bindrune is visually identical to <a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛏ">ᛏ</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rune_poem" title="Rune poem">Rune poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic script">Runic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speculated by <a href="#CITEREFLooijenga1997">Looijenga 1997</a> to be a variant of <b><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan">b</a></b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestergaard1981">Westergaard 1981</a> postulates occurrence in <a href="/wiki/Vimose" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimose">34 Vimose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">23 Letcani</a>, rejected by <a href="#CITEREFOdenstedt1990">Odenstedt 1990</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVänehem" class="citation cs2">Vänehem, Mats, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822223535/http://www.stockholmslansmuseum.se/faktabanken/forskning-om-runor-och-runstenar/"><i>Forskning om runor och runstenar</i></a> (article), Stockholms Lans Museum, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stockholmslansmuseum.se/faktabanken/forskning-om-runor-och-runstenar/">the original</a> on 2010-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forskning+om+runor+och+runstenar&rft.pub=Stockholms+Lans+Museum&rft.aulast=V%C3%A4nehem&rft.aufirst=Mats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stockholmslansmuseum.se%2Ffaktabanken%2Fforskning-om-runor-och-runstenar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott198114-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott198114_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott1981">Elliott 1981</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage200515-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage200515_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPage2005">Page 2005</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gippert2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gippert2001_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gippert2001_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gippert2001_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gippert2001_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gippert2001_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gippert2001_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gippert2001_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gippert2001_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGippert" class="citation cs2">Gippert, Jost, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/idg/germ/runealph.htm"><i>The Development of Old Germanic Alphabets</i></a>, Uni Frankfurt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225051327/http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/idg/germ/runealph.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Old+Germanic+Alphabets&rft.pub=Uni+Frankfurt&rft.aulast=Gippert&rft.aufirst=Jost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftitus.uni-frankfurt.de%2Fdidact%2Fidg%2Fgerm%2Frunealph.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStifter2010374-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStifter2010374_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStifter2010374_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStifter2010">Stifter 2010</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990160ff_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdenstedt1990">Odenstedt 1990</a>, pp. 160ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990168-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdenstedt1990168_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdenstedt1990">Odenstedt 1990</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage20058,_15–16-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage20058,_15–16_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPage2005">Page 2005</a>, pp. 8, 15–16. The asterisk before the rune names means that they are unattested reconstructions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also rendered <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span>, see <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language#Vowels" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic phonology</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Warren, Victor Elliott, Runes: an introduction, Manchester University Press ND, 1980, 51-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter2014" class="citation journal cs1">Painter, Robert (May 2014). "An Acoustic Investigation of R-Umlaut in Old Norse". <i>An Acoustic Investigation of R-Umlaut in Old Norse</i>. <b>26</b> – via Google Scholar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=An+Acoustic+Investigation+of+R-Umlaut+in+Old+Norse&rft.atitle=An+Acoustic+Investigation+of+R-Umlaut+in+Old+Norse&rft.volume=26&rft.date=2014-05&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Runic", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordic-life.org/nmh/runic.htm"><i>Nordic life</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423070113/https://www.nordic-life.org/nmh/runic.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-03-05</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Runic&rft.btitle=Nordic+life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordic-life.org%2Fnmh%2Frunic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILKJÆRINLOOIJENGA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ILKJÆRINLOOIJENGA_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIlkjær1996">Ilkjær 1996</a>, p. 74 in <a href="#CITEREFLooijenga2004">Looijenga 2004</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gulliksen,_2023-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gulliksen,_2023_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulliksen,_2023_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulliksen" class="citation web cs1">Gulliksen, Øivind. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khm.uio.no/english/news/found-the-world-s-oldest-rune-stone.html">"Found the world's oldest rune stone"</a>. <i>Museum of Cultural History</i>. University of Oslo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Cultural+History&rft.atitle=Found+the+world%27s+oldest+rune+stone&rft.aulast=Gulliksen&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ivind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khm.uio.no%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Ffound-the-world-s-oldest-rune-stone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004173-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004173_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004281-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2004281_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2004">Fischer 2004</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi2004321-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüthi2004321_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLüthi2004">Lüthi 2004</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacháčekNedomaDreslerSchulz2021" class="citation journal cs1">Macháček, Jiří; Nedoma, Robert; Dresler, Petr; Schulz, Ilektra; Lagonik, Elias; Johnson, Stephen M.; Kaňáková, Ludmila; Slámová, Alena; Llamas, Bastien; Wegmann, Daniel; Hofmanová, Zuzana (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.muni.cz/publication/1763997/JAS_Machacek_1.pdf">"Runes from Lány (Czech Republic) – The oldest inscription among Slavs. A new standard for multidisciplinary analysis of runic bones"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>127</b>: 105333. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JArSc.127j5333M">2021JArSc.127j5333M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2021.105333">10.1016/j.jas.2021.105333</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Runes+from+L%C3%A1ny+%28Czech+Republic%29+%E2%80%93+The+oldest+inscription+among+Slavs.+A+new+standard+for+multidisciplinary+analysis+of+runic+bones&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=105333&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2021.105333&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021JArSc.127j5333M&rft.aulast=Mach%C3%A1%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Nedoma%2C+Robert&rft.au=Dresler%2C+Petr&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Ilektra&rft.au=Lagonik%2C+Elias&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Stephen+M.&rft.au=Ka%C5%88%C3%A1kov%C3%A1%2C+Ludmila&rft.au=Sl%C3%A1mov%C3%A1%2C+Alena&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Wegmann%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hofmanov%C3%A1%2C+Zuzana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fis.muni.cz%2Fpublication%2F1763997%2FJAS_Machacek_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi2004323-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüthi2004323_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLüthi2004">Lüthi 2004</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansson1962" class="citation cs2">Jansson, Sven Birger Fredrik (1962), <i>The runes of Sweden</i>, Bedminster Press, pp. iii–iv, <q>The oldest known runic inscription from Sweden is found on a spearhead, recovered from a grave at Mos in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Stenkyrka" title="Stenkyrka">Stenkyrka</a> in Gotland. The inscription, consisting of only five runes, might be dated to the end of the third century of our era</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+runes+of+Sweden&rft.pages=iii-iv&rft.pub=Bedminster+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Jansson&rft.aufirst=Sven+Birger+Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBæksted1952" class="citation cs2">Bæksted, A (1952), <i>Målruner og troldruner</i>, Copenhagen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A5lruner+og+troldruner&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=B%C3%A6ksted&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Warren_Victor_Elliott" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Warren Victor Elliott">Elliott, Ralph Warren Victor</a> (15 January 1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SDS8AAAAIAAJ"><i>Runes: An Introduction</i></a>, Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0787-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0787-9"><bdi>0-7190-0787-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runes%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1981-01-15&rft.isbn=0-7190-0787-9&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Warren+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSDS8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2004" class="citation cs2">Fischer, Svante (2004), "Alemannia and the North — Early Runic Contexts Apart (400–800)", in Naumann, Hans-Peter; Lanter, Franziska; et al. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHLqfS7mI3YC"><i>Alemannien und der Norden</i></a>, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 266–317, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017891-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017891-5"><bdi>3-11-017891-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alemannia+and+the+North+%E2%80%94+Early+Runic+Contexts+Apart+%28400%E2%80%93800%29&rft.btitle=Alemannien+und+der+Norden&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=266-317&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017891-5&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHLqfS7mI3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlkjær1996" class="citation cs2">Ilkjær, Jørgen (1996), "Runeindskrifter fra mosefund i Danmark – kontekst og oprindelse", <i>Frisian Runes and Neighbouring Traditions</i>, Rodopi</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Runeindskrifter+fra+mosefund+i+Danmark+%E2%80%93+kontekst+og+oprindelse&rft.btitle=Frisian+Runes+and+Neighbouring+Traditions&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ilkj%C3%A6r&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLooijenga1997" class="citation cs2">Looijenga, Jantina Helena (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/faculties/arts/1997/j.h.looijenga/"><i>Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150–700</i></a> (dissertation), Groningen University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runes+around+the+North+Sea+and+on+the+Continent+AD+150%E2%80%93700&rft.pub=Groningen+University&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Looijenga&rft.aufirst=Jantina+Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdissertations.ub.rug.nl%2Ffaculties%2Farts%2F1997%2Fj.h.looijenga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLooijenga2004" class="citation cs2">Looijenga, Tineke (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-edm1fMPbXwC"><i>Texts and Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions</i></a>, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12396-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12396-2"><bdi>90-04-12396-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+and+Contexts+of+the+Oldest+Runic+Inscriptions&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-12396-2&rft.aulast=Looijenga&rft.aufirst=Tineke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-edm1fMPbXwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLüthi2004" class="citation cs2">Lüthi, Katrin (2004), "Von Þruþhild und Hariso: Alemannische und ältere skandinavische Runenkultur im Vergleich", in Naumann, Hans-Peter; Lanter, Franziska; et al. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHLqfS7mI3YC"><i>Alemannien und der Norden</i></a>, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 318–39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017891-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017891-5"><bdi>3-11-017891-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Von+%C3%9Eru%C3%BEhild+und+Hariso%3A+Alemannische+und+%C3%A4ltere+skandinavische+Runenkultur+im+Vergleich&rft.btitle=Alemannien+und+der+Norden&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=318-39&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017891-5&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCthi&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHLqfS7mI3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation cs2">Martin, Max (2004), "Kontinentalgermanische Runeninschriften und 'Alamannische Runenprovinz'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", in Naumann, Hans-Peter; Lanter, Franziska; et al. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHLqfS7mI3YC"><i>Alemannien und der Norden</i></a>, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 165–212, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017891-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017891-5"><bdi>3-11-017891-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kontinentalgermanische+Runeninschriften+und+%27Alamannische+Runenprovinz%27&rft.btitle=Alemannien+und+der+Norden&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=165-212&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017891-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHLqfS7mI3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak2003" class="citation cs2">Nowak, Sean (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2003/nowak/nowak.pdf"><i>Schrift auf den Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (diss), Göttingen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schrift+auf+den+Goldbrakteaten+der+V%C3%B6lkerwanderungszeit&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebdoc.sub.gwdg.de%2Fdiss%2F2003%2Fnowak%2Fnowak.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdenstedt1990" class="citation cs2">Odenstedt, Bengt (1990), <i>On the Origin and Early History of the Runic Script, Typology and Graphic Variation in the Older Futhark</i>, Uppsala, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-85352-20-9" title="Special:BookSources/91-85352-20-9"><bdi>91-85352-20-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+and+Early+History+of+the+Runic+Script%2C+Typology+and+Graphic+Variation+in+the+Older+Futhark&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=91-85352-20-9&rft.aulast=Odenstedt&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/R.I._Page" class="mw-redirect" title="R.I. Page">Page, Raymond Ian</a> (2005) [1987], <i>Runes</i>, The British Museum Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-8065-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-8065-3"><bdi>0-7141-8065-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runes&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7141-8065-3&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRix1997" class="citation cs2">Rix, Helmut (1997), "Germanische Runen und venetische Phonetik", in Birkmann; et al. (eds.), <i>Vergleichende germanische Philologie und Skandinavistik, Festschrift für Otmar Werner</i>, Tübingen, pp. 231–48, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-73031-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-73031-5"><bdi>3-484-73031-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanische+Runen+und+venetische+Phonetik&rft.btitle=Vergleichende+germanische+Philologie+und+Skandinavistik%2C+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Otmar+Werner&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=231-48&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=3-484-73031-5&rft.aulast=Rix&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Orrin_W._Robinson_(philologist)" title="Orrin W. Robinson (philologist)">Robinson, Orrin W</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47wOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Old English and its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08169-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08169-6"><bdi>0-415-08169-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+English+and+its+Closest+Relatives%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Earliest+Germanic+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-08169-6&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Orrin+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47wOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStifter2010" class="citation cs2">Stifter, David (2010), "Lepontische Studien: <i>Lexicon Leponticum</i> und die Funktion von <i>san</i> im Lepontischen", in Stüber, Karin; et al. (eds.), <i>Akten des 5. Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums. Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009</i>, Wien, pp. 361–76</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lepontische+Studien%3A+Lexicon+Leponticum+und+die+Funktion+von+san+im+Lepontischen&rft.btitle=Akten+des+5.+Deutschsprachigen+Keltologensymposiums.+Z%C3%BCrich%2C+7.%E2%80%9310.+September+2009&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=361-76&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stifter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestergaard1981" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Westergaard, Kai-Erik (1981), <i>Skrifttegn og symboler : noen studier over tegnformer i det eldre runealfabet</i>, Osloer Beiträge zur Germanistik (in Norwegian), vol. 6, Oslo: Germanistisches Institut der Universität Oslo, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-90389-02-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-90389-02-9"><bdi>978-82-90389-02-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skrifttegn+og+symboler+%3A+noen+studier+over+tegnformer+i+det+eldre+runealfabet&rft.place=Oslo&rft.series=Osloer+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Germanistik&rft.pub=Germanistisches+Institut+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Oslo&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-82-90389-02-9&rft.aulast=Westergaard&rft.aufirst=Kai-Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elder_Futhark&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Elder_Futhark_inscriptions" class="extiw" title="commons:Elder Futhark inscriptions"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Elder Futhark inscriptions</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runenprojekt.uni-kiel.de/">Runenprojekt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616030657/http://www.runenprojekt.uni-kiel.de/">Archived</a> 2008-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> inscription database at the University of Kiel</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/olde1239">"Older Runic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a></i>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Older+Runic&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Folde1239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElder+Futhark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/runic.htm#elder">Omniglot.com – Elder Futhark</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Runes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist nounderlines mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Runes" title="Template:Runes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Runes" title="Template talk:Runes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Runes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Runes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Runes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runology" title="Runology">Runology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_runologists" title="List of runologists">List of runologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germanic Elder Futhark</a><br />24-type Fuþark<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> to <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Normalized<br />Variations</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em;">–<br />–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚨ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚲ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚹ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚺ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛃ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Peor%C3%B0" title="Peorð"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛉ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛊ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛗ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛜ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛞ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Othala" title="Othala"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛟ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%83" title="Ã">ã</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƿ">ƿ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Frisian Futhorc</a><br />28-type Fuþorc<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Normalized<br />Variations</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em;">–<br />–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚩ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚳ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚹ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚺ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛄ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Peor%C3%B0" title="Peorð"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛉ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛗ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛜ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛞ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Othala" title="Othala"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛟ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚪ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚫ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚣ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ear_(rune)" title="Ear (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛠ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȝ">ȝ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƿ">ƿ</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a><br />ēo</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">oe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ōe</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>ea</b><br />æa</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Later Anglo-Saxon Futhorc</a><br />33-type Fuþorc<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Normalized<br />Variations</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em;">–<br />–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚩ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚳ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚹ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚺ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛄ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Peor%C3%B0" title="Peorð"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛉ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛗ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛜ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛞ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Othala" title="Othala"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛟ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚪ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚫ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚣ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ear_(rune)" title="Ear (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛢ"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Calc_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calc (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛣ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛥ"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛥ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚸ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes#Rune_inventory" title="Anglo-Saxon runes"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛤ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȝ">ȝ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƿ">ƿ</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a><br />ēo</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">oe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ōe</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>īa</b><br />īo</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>ea</b><br />æa</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>st</b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ḡ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">k̄</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">c̄</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ck_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ck (digraph)">ck</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kk_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kk (digraph)">kk</a></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Norse Younger Futhark</a><br />16-type Fuþark<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i><a href="/wiki/Long-branch_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-branch runes">Long-Branch</a></i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚬ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i><a href="/wiki/Short-twig_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-twig runes">Short-Twig</a></i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚭ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚽ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛌ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛓ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛙ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛧ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a><br /><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a>/<a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ą</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">å</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ǫ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a><br /><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Later Younger Futhark</a><br />Stung Fuþark<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Regular</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚬ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a><br /><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">å</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ǫ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 2.5em"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Stung</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚧ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚵ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛀ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛂ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛑ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛔ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛛ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval runes</a><br />Medieval Fuþark<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>1st types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚮ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>2nd types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚧ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚰ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚵ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛂ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛍ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛑ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛔ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛛ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛨ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%AA" title="Ǫ">ǫ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>3rd types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚯ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚶ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛀ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛎ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastur_(rune)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastur (rune) (page does not exist)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛕ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ng</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴘ">ᴘ</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>4th types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛪ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><small><i>Alphabetical<br />amalgamation</i></small></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛍ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛎ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛑ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚧ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛂ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚵ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚶ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛛ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛀ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚮ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚰ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛔ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastur_(rune)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastur (rune) (page does not exist)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛕ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚡ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 1.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛪ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛨ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛎ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛍ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚰ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚯ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%AA" title="Ǫ">ǫ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴘ">ᴘ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a><br />Dalecarlian alphabet<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><small><i>Alphabetical<br />(incomplete)</i></small></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""></span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛰ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">𐋐</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛩ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛌ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋᛌ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛠ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""></span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">Å</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚯ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.raa.se/open/runor/search">Runic inscriptions interactive map</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic inscriptions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rune_Poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune Poems">Rune Poems</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modern_runic_writing" title="Modern runic writing">Modern runic writing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-runes" title="Pseudo-runes">Pseudo-runes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless runes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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