CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nong Zhigao - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a3ddaeb9-48d4-4dd7-ad33-dad001443220","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nong_Zhigao","wgTitle":"Nong Zhigao","wgCurRevisionId":1256290432,"wgRevisionId":1256290432,"wgArticleId":16973335,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","Articles containing Zhuang-language text","Articles containing Vietnamese-language text","Zhuang people","1025 births","1055 deaths","People from Cao Bằng province","Song dynasty rebels","11th-century Chinese monarchs","Founding monarchs","Nùng people"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Nong_Zhigao","wgRelevantArticleId":16973335,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1858865","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1160"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg/800px-%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="774"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg/640px-%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="619"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nong Zhigao - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nong_Zhigao"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nong_Zhigao"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nong_Zhigao rootpage-Nong_Zhigao skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nong+Zhigao" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nong+Zhigao" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nong+Zhigao" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nong+Zhigao" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nong Zhigao</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nong_Zhigao" title="Nong Zhigao – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nong Zhigao" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nong_Zhigao" title="Nong Zhigao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nong Zhigao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98" title="儂智高 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="儂智高" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="หนง จื้อเกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนง จื้อเกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nungz_Ciqgau" title="Nungz Ciqgau – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nungz Ciqgau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_Tr%C3%AD_Cao" title="Nùng Trí Cao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nùng Trí Cao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AC%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98" title="侬智高 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="侬智高" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1858865#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nong_Zhigao" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nong_Zhigao" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nong_Zhigao" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&oldid=1256290432" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nong_Zhigao&id=1256290432&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNong_Zhigao"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNong_Zhigao"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nong_Zhigao&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nong_Zhigao" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1858865" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Nong Zhigao<br />儂智高</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Emperor</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg/220px-%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg/330px-%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg/440px-%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="907" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Depiction of Nong Zhigao Passing the Border, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, 15th century</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chieftain of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%84%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:儂">Nong</a> (儂) clan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1041<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201288_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201288-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nong_Quanfu" title="Nong Quanfu">Nong Quanfu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Emperor of Dali (大曆)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1042<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Emperor of Nantian (南天)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1048<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Emperor of Danan (大南)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1052 – 1055<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1025<br /><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Uy%C3%AAn_district" title="Quảng Uyên district">Guangyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangnan_West_Circuit" title="Guangnan West Circuit">Guangnan West Circuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng_province" title="Cao Bằng province">Cao Bằng</a>, Vietnam)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nong Jifeng (儂繼封)<br />Nong Jiming (儂繼明)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Renhui (仁惠皇帝)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dali (大曆; 1041)<br />Nantian (南天; 1045–1052)<br />Danan (大南; 1052–1053)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nong_Quanfu" title="Nong Quanfu">Nong Quanfu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/A_Nong" title="A Nong">A Nong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nong Zhigao</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">儂智高</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Nóng Zhìgāo</span></i>; modern <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang language">Zhuang language</a>: <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Nungz Ciqgaoh</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Nùng Trí Cao</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1025–1055?) was a <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Nùng people">Nùng</a>) chieftain and the only emperor of Dali (大曆; 1041), Nantian (南天; 1045–1052), and eventually Danan (大南; 1052–1053). </p><p>Today, he is admired by the Zhuang people of China, as well as the Nùng and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_people" title="Tày people">Tày</a> peoples of Vietnam. His father, <a href="/wiki/Nong_Quanfu" title="Nong Quanfu">Nong Quanfu</a>, was a leader of the local Zhuang people in <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Uy%C3%AAn_district" title="Quảng Uyên district">Guangyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangnan_West_Circuit" title="Guangnan West Circuit">Guangnan West Circuit</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1127" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao_rebellions" title="Nong Zhigao rebellions">Nong Zhigao rebellions</a></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(book)" title="History of Song (book)">History of Song</a>: Biography of the Guangyuan Zhou Man</i> (宋史·廣源州蠻傳), Nong Zhigao succeeded his father, Nong Quanfu, as chieftain of the local Zhuang people in Guangyuan (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng_province" title="Cao Bằng province">Cao Bằng</a>, Vietnam), then under the rule of the Northern Song dynasty. </p><p>In 1042, at the age of 17, Zhigao declared independence and established a new state, Dali (大曆).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this, Zhigao was captured by Vietnamese troops and held at <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thang Long</a> for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his release in 1048, Zhigao announced the founding of the Nantian (南天, "Southern Heavens") Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his announcement, the Vietnamese court launched an attack on Zhigao's stronghold, succeeding only in relocating Zhigao's force and his followers farther north into <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1052, Zhigao proclaimed the establishment of the Danan Kingdom (大南, "Great South") and took the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnam_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regnam name (page does not exist)">regnam name</a> "Emperor Renhui" (仁惠皇帝).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then took Yong (<a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a>), swept through the southeast en route to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and besieged <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> for 57 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After lifting the siege at Guangzhou, Nong Zhigao moved north, rapidly defeating a succession of Song forces due to his superior mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the Zhuang turned south and west, retaking Yong in October 1052, which had again fallen into Song hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Yong, Nong Zhigao immediately began building boats, announcing his intention to attack Guangzhou again and found the state Nanyue there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A succession of Song forces were sent against him, but he defeated them in the mountains around Yong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Renzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Renzong of Song">Emperor Renzong of Song</a> dispatched <a href="/wiki/Di_Qing" title="Di Qing">Di Qing</a>, a career military official, to attack Zhigao, and he eventually managed to defeat Zhigao's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that Zhigao and his followers fled to <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, as well as modern-day Thailand and Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defeat of Nong Zhigao may have ultimately been due to the failure of the Huang and Cen clans among the Zhuang to support him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Huang and Cen clans had lost territory to the Nong clan of Nong Zhigao, and was disturbed by the Nong intrusions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One weakness of the Zhuang combined forces was their cavalry. The region was a horse-trading center and there were specialized mounted units in which both man and horse were heavily armored, but the mountainous terrain and many rivers restricted the utility of cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr._Ch%C3%B9a_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m,_B%E1%BA%A3n_Gi%E1%BB%91c,_02-04-2015_(3)_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ng%C3%A0i_N%C3%B4ng_Tr%C3%AD_Cao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flickr._Ch%C3%B9a_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m%2C_B%E1%BA%A3n_Gi%E1%BB%91c%2C_02-04-2015_%283%29_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ng%C3%A0i_N%C3%B4ng_Tr%C3%AD_Cao.jpg/220px-Flickr._Ch%C3%B9a_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m%2C_B%E1%BA%A3n_Gi%E1%BB%91c%2C_02-04-2015_%283%29_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ng%C3%A0i_N%C3%B4ng_Tr%C3%AD_Cao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flickr._Ch%C3%B9a_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m%2C_B%E1%BA%A3n_Gi%E1%BB%91c%2C_02-04-2015_%283%29_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ng%C3%A0i_N%C3%B4ng_Tr%C3%AD_Cao.jpg/330px-Flickr._Ch%C3%B9a_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m%2C_B%E1%BA%A3n_Gi%E1%BB%91c%2C_02-04-2015_%283%29_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ng%C3%A0i_N%C3%B4ng_Tr%C3%AD_Cao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flickr._Ch%C3%B9a_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m%2C_B%E1%BA%A3n_Gi%E1%BB%91c%2C_02-04-2015_%283%29_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ng%C3%A0i_N%C3%B4ng_Tr%C3%AD_Cao.jpg/440px-Flickr._Ch%C3%B9a_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_T%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m%2C_B%E1%BA%A3n_Gi%E1%BB%91c%2C_02-04-2015_%283%29_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ng%C3%A0i_N%C3%B4ng_Tr%C3%AD_Cao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Nong Zhigao</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern-day veneration of Nong Zhigao and his father Nong Quanfu and his mother <a href="/wiki/A_Nong" title="A Nong">A Nong</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012104_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012104-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Cao Bằng province is closely tied to the shared regional identity of people from this region. Nong Zhigao remains a hero and a “man of prowess,” and worship includes practices that highlight the particular strengths of Nong Zhigao, including his willingness to face up to the aggression of both Song and Đai Viêt authorities and his ambition to unify and heighten the status of his region's people. From the historical record, one can also see that, by the late 19th century, annual festivals devoted to the spirit of Nong Zhigao were regionally important. It is equally apparent that the appeal of these festivals extended beyond clan or ethnic affiliations to the general populace that has often included communities on both sides of the modern political border. At Du-zhun village in Guangxi there was a Spirit Temple to him where lightning and thunder manifestations were still being recorded in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005b_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005b-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five temples dedicated to Nong Zhigao in Vietnam remained active into the 20th century. The keepers of the Kỳ Sầm Temple all bear the surname Nùng. Although a romanized script has been created for the Nùng language, worshipers of the temple prefer Chinese, similar to the Zhuang in China, and sometimes Vietnamese. In the 1990s, the <i><a href="/wiki/Doi_Moi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi Moi">Doi Moi program</a></i> shifted the policy of ethnic affairs towards liberalization and preservation. Part of this was the appeal of creating tourist attractions and revenue. The Kỳ Sầm Temple was renovated sometime prior to 2001 to portray a more nationalistic image. The exterior and interior pillars of the temple have been retouched and the Chinese-character inscriptions at the front and Quốc ngữ inscriptions on the walls have been removed. References to "King Nùng" who had "raised high the banner proclaiming independence" have been replaced with floral patterns and pictures of horses, generic symbols associated with local heroes. A large sign indicates the temple as a historical landmark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012177-178_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012177-178-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nong Zhigao has sometimes been claimed by Vietnam as a native Vietnamese but this is a recent phenomenon related to antagonism with modern China, whereas in previous times the Vietnamese saw him as Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1987265_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1987265-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In stark contrast to the wealth of evidence for worship activity in northern Viet Nam, there is little confirmation in the Chinese historical record of the existence of temple sites dedicated to Nong Zhigao in China. In fact, most relevant Chinese sources only describe stelae and temples that honor the names of the Song generals who crushed Nong Zhigao's bid for independence. Only in the last few years has the issue of a public memorial to Nong Zhigao in China been addressed. On January 8, 1997 a local group of Nong Zhigao's descendants and their supporters from the Guangxi township of Jingxi (靖西) and the tiny village of Xialei (下雷) took the initiative to revive interest in this rebel's life and deeds. The vice-director of the Center for <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_studies" title="Zhuang studies">Zhuang studies</a> in Nanning, Pan Qixu (潘其旭), had earlier been invited to Xia Lei to authenticate the discovery of the cave believed to be Nong Zhigao′s dwelling and storehouse at the time he founded his first kingdom. A modern stele was then erected on this site. A large group of provincial officials and leading academics from Guangxi reportedly attended the commemoration ceremony. </p><p>This ceremony did generate some controversy. Funds for this stele had to be raised privately. Organizers of this event said that high-level political figures have avoided involvement in the project, voicing concerns over its "separatist" implications. Nevertheless, the goal of bringing Nong Zhigao back into the public eye was largely successful, as the long list of small donors to the stele installation suggested. A glance at the large donors list, however, reveals that 32 out of the 34 persons included had the surname Nong. This fact suggests that although distant Han officials fear that the memorial could be used to fan regional "<a href="/wiki/Pan-Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Tai">Pan-Tai</a>" sentiments, older clan associations may shape local identification with this site. </p><p>Local disputes aside, this recent <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> memorial and the continuing regional popularity of the temples in Viet Nam are signs that the region has recovered from the "dark days" of the 1980s when the Sino-Vietnamese border remained tense and frosty diplomatic relations curbed official crossborder activities. Communities that honor Nong Zhigao still span a region that contains many historical sites of bloody confrontation between Chinese and Vietnamese armies. However, these communities share a common thread of identity, preserved in part by a devotion to the figure of Nong Zhigao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012173_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012173-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="History of the Song dynasty">History of the Song dynasty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201288-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201288_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2012">Anderson 2012</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127–8_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2012">Anderson 2012</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFK._W._Taylor2013" class="citation book cs1">K. W. Taylor (9 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HP31kOSA4C&pg=PA70"><i>A History of the Vietnamese</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87586-8"><bdi>978-0-521-87586-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vietnamese&rft.pages=70-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87586-8&rft.au=K.+W.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2HP31kOSA4C%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANong+Zhigao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20127_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2012">Anderson 2012</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017">Baker & Phongpaichit 2017</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005a_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2005a">Barlow 2005a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2001" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, Hilary (2001). <i>Sinitic grammar: Synchronic and Diachronic</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829977-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829977-X"><bdi>0-19-829977-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinitic+grammar%3A+Synchronic+and+Diachronic&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-829977-X&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANong+Zhigao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2002-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2002_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2002">Barlow 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012104-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012104_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2012">Anderson 2012</a>, pp. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005b-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow2005b_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow2005b">Barlow 2005b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012177-178-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012177-178_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2012">Anderson 2012</a>, p. 177-178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinahan2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinahan2012_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinahan2012">Minahan 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1987265-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1987265_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1987">Barlow 1987</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2001">Anderson 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012173-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012173_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2012">Anderson 2012</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Works cited</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation cs2">Anderson, James A. (2012) [2007], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWLMQFiNh3oC&q=The%20Rebel%20Den%20of%20Nung%20Tr%20Cao%3A%20Loyalty%20and%20Identity%20along%20the%20Sino-Vietnamese&pg=PA173"><i>The Rebel Den of Nung Tri Cao: loyalty and identity along the Sino-Vietnamese frontier</i></a>, University of Washington Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80077-6"><bdi>978-0-295-80077-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebel+Den+of+Nung+Tri+Cao%3A+loyalty+and+identity+along+the+Sino-Vietnamese+frontier&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80077-6&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWLMQFiNh3oC%26q%3DThe%2520Rebel%2520Den%2520of%2520Nung%2520Tr%2520Cao%253A%2520Loyalty%2520and%2520Identity%2520along%2520the%2520Sino-Vietnamese%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANong+Zhigao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2001" class="citation cs2">——— (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/J_Anderson_Monumental_2001.pdf">"Monumental Pride: Sino-Vietnamese Cross-border Commemorations of Nùng Trí Cao"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Thai-Yunnan Project Bulletin No.1</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thai-Yunnan+Project+Bulletin+No.1&rft.atitle=Monumental+Pride%3A+Sino-Vietnamese+Cross-border+Commemorations+of+N%C3%B9ng+Tr%C3%AD+Cao&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibres.uncg.edu%2Fir%2Funcg%2Ff%2FJ_Anderson_Monumental_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANong+Zhigao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017" class="citation cs2">Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>A History of Ayutthaya</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19076-4"><bdi>978-1-107-19076-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ayutthaya&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-19076-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Phongpaichit%2C+Pasuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHiuDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANong+Zhigao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2002" class="citation cs2">Barlow, Jeffrey G. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nong-c-1005-1055">"A Nong (c. 1005–1055)"</a>, in Commire, Anne (ed.), <i>Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia</i>, Waterford, Connecticut: Yorkin Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-4074-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-4074-3"><bdi>0-7876-4074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Nong+%28c.+1005%E2%80%931055%29&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+History%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Waterford%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yorkin+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7876-4074-3&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fwomen%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnong-c-1005-1055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANong+Zhigao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1987" class="citation cs2">——— (1987), "The Zhuang Minority Peoples of the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier in the Song Period", <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>, <b>18</b> (2): 250–269, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022463400020543">10.1017/s0022463400020543</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20070970">20070970</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163042066">163042066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Zhuang+Minority+Peoples+of+the+Sino-Vietnamese+Frontier+in+the+Song+Period&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=250-269&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163042066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20070970%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022463400020543&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANong+Zhigao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2005a" class="citation cs2">——— (2005a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208024207/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/zhuang8.htm">"The Tang-Song Interregnum"</a>, <i>The Zhuang: A Longitudinal Study of Their History and Their Culture</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_University" title="Pacific University">Pacific University</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/zhuang/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tang-Song+Interregnum&rft.btitle=The+Zhuang%3A+A+Longitudinal+Study+of+Their+History+and+Their+Culture&rft.pub=Pacific+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcel.pacificu.edu%2Fas%2Fresources%2Fzhuang%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANong+Zhigao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2005b" class="citation cs2">——— (2005b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208024218/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/zhuang9.htm">"The Zhuang in the Song"</a>, <i>The Zhuang: A Longitudinal Study of Their History and Their Culture</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_University" title="Pacific University">Pacific University</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/zhuang/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Zhuang+in+the+Song&rft.btitle=The+Zhuang%3A+A+Longitudinal+Study+of+Their+History+and+Their+Culture&rft.pub=Pacific+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcel.pacificu.edu%2Fas%2Fresources%2Fzhuang%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANong+Zhigao" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation cs2">Minahan, James B. (2012-08-30), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT288"><i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598846607" title="Special:BookSources/9781598846607"><bdi>9781598846607</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.isbn=9781598846607&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOQkpcVcd9AC%26pg%3DPT288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANong+Zhigao" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Song_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Song_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Song dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Song_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Song dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Song_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Song dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Song_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="History of the Song dynasty">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Song dynasty">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenqiao_mutiny" title="Chenqiao mutiny">Chenqiao mutiny</a></li> <li>Unification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_conquest_of_Later_Shu" title="Song conquest of Later Shu">Later Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_conquest_of_Southern_Han" title="Song conquest of Southern Han">Southern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_conquest_of_Southern_Tang" title="Song conquest of Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaoliang_River" title="Battle of Gaoliang River">Gaoliang River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t_war" title="Song–Đại Cồ Việt war">Song–Đại Cồ Việt war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Xia_wars" title="Song–Xia wars">Song–Xia wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Chanyuan Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ze" title="Wang Ze">Wang Ze rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao_rebellions" title="Nong Zhigao rebellions">Nong Zhigao rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Song–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Viet_war_(1075%E2%80%931077)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song–Viet war (1075–1077)">Song–Viet war (1075–1077)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_La" title="Fang La">Fang La rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Conducted_at_Sea" title="Alliance Conducted at Sea">Alliance Conducted at Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingkang_incident" title="Jingkang incident">Jingkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huangtiandang" title="Battle of Huangtiandang">Huangtiandang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_De%27an" title="Siege of De'an">De'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yancheng" title="Battle of Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shaoxing" title="Treaty of Shaoxing">Treaty of Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangdao" title="Battle of Tangdao">Tangdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi" title="Battle of Caishi">Caishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caizhou" title="Siege of Caizhou">Caizhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Song_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Song China">Mongol conquest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diaoyucheng" title="Siege of Diaoyucheng">Diaoyucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting by Song painter Ma Lin"><img alt="Painting by Song painter Ma Lin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/50px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/75px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/100px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Song dynasty">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(middle)#Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination#Song_dynasty_(960–1279)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China#Song_dynasty_(960–1279)" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Administrative units</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Military history of the Song dynasty">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Bureau of Military Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingli_Reforms" title="Qingli Reforms">Qingli Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Policies_(Song_dynasty)" title="New Policies (Song dynasty)">New Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baojia_system" title="Baojia system">Baojia system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bureaus" title="Three Bureaus">Three Bureaus</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Culture of the Song dynasty">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Society of the Song dynasty">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Song_dynasty" title="Religion in the Song dynasty">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_poetry" title="Song poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Kilns" title="Five Great Kilns">Five Great Kilns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_ware" title="Ding ware">Ding ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_ware" title="Ge ware">Ge ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_ware" title="Guan ware">Guan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_ware" title="Jun ware">Jun ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ru_ware" title="Ru ware">Ru ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longquan_celadon" title="Longquan celadon">Longquan celadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizhou_ware" title="Cizhou ware">Cizhou ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingbai_ware" title="Qingbai ware">Qingbai ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaozhou_ware" title="Yaozhou ware">Yaozhou ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jian_ware" title="Jian ware">Jian ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_Hebei#Great_Bodhisattva_of_Zhengding_(971)" title="Four Treasures of Hebei">Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival" title="Along the River During the Qingming Festival">Along the River During the Qingming Festival</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Books_of_Song" title="Four Great Books of Song">Four Great Books of Song</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongjing_Meng_Hua_Lu" title="Dongjing Meng Hua Lu">Dongjing Meng Hua Lu</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a> (989–1052)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Shu" title="Yan Shu">Yan Shu</a> (991–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Qi" title="Song Qi">Song Qi</a> (998–1061)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei_Yaochen" title="Mei Yaochen">Mei Yaochen</a> (1002–1060)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a> (1007–1072)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Xun" title="Su Xun">Su Xun</a> (1009–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a> (1011–1077)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Xiang" title="Cai Xiang">Cai Xiang</a> (1012–1067)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a> (1017–1073)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Gong" title="Zeng Gong">Zeng Gong</a> (1019–1083)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a> (1019–1086)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a> (1022–1077)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a> (1032–1085)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a> (1033–1107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> (1037–1101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhe" title="Su Zhe">Su Zhe</a> (1039–1112)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Tingjian" title="Huang Tingjian">Huang Tingjian</a> (1045–1105)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Jing" title="Cai Jing">Cai Jing</a> (1047–1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Bangyan" title="Zhou Bangyan">Zhou Bangyan</a> (1056–1121)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qingzhao" title="Li Qingzhao">Li Qingzhao</a> (1084–1155)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bian" title="Zhu Bian">Zhu Bian</a> (1085–1144)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yu_(author)" title="Zhu Yu (author)">Zhu Yu</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1111–1117</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_You" title="Lu You">Lu You</a> (1125–1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Chengda" title="Fan Chengda">Fan Chengda</a> (1126–1193)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wanli" title="Yang Wanli">Yang Wanli</a> (1127–1206)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> (1130–1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_Qiji" title="Xin Qiji">Xin Qiji</a> (1140–1207)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Rukuo" title="Zhao Rukuo">Zhao Rukuo</a> (1170–1231)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Painters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuan" title="Fan Kuan">Fan Kuan</a> (960–1030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Daoning" title="Xu Daoning">Xu Daoning</a> (970–1053)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Chang" title="Zhao Chang">Zhao Chang</a> (10th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Yuanji" title="Yi Yuanji">Yi Yuanji</a> (1000–1064)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tong" title="Wen Tong">Wen Tong</a> (1019–1079)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xi" title="Guo Xi">Guo Xi</a> (1020–1090)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shen_(Song_dynasty)" title="Wang Shen (Song dynasty)">Wang Shen</a> (1036–1093)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Gonglin" title="Li Gonglin">Li Gonglin</a> (1049–1106)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Bai" title="Cui Bai">Cui Bai</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1050–1080</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_Fu" title="Mi Fu">Mi Fu</a> (1051–1107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong</a> (1082–1135)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zeduan" title="Zhang Zeduan">Zhang Zeduan</a> (1085–1145)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Hanchen" title="Su Hanchen">Su Hanchen</a> (1094-1172)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ximeng" title="Wang Ximeng">Wang Ximeng</a> (1096–1119)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Di" title="Li Di">Li Di</a> (1100–1197)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Boju" title="Zhao Boju">Zhao Boju</a> (1120–1182)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai">Liang Kai</a> (1140–1210)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Tinggui" title="Lin Tinggui">Lin Tinggui</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1174–1189</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jichang" title="Zhou Jichang">Zhou Jichang</a> (12th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhun_Shifan" title="Wuzhun Shifan">Wuzhun Shifan</a> (1178–1249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Song_(painter)" title="Li Song (painter)">Li Song</a> (1190–1230)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mengjian" title="Zhao Mengjian">Zhao Mengjian</a> (1199–1295)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqi" title="Muqi">Muqi</a> (1210–1269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Kai" title="Gong Kai">Gong Kai</a> (1222–1307)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuan" title="Qian Xuan">Qian Xuan</a> (1235–1305)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a> (1021–1086)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)" title="Jiaozi (currency)">Jiaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(currency)" title="Guanzi (currency)">Guanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizi_(currency)" title="Huizi (currency)">Huizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty_coinage" title="Southern Song dynasty coinage">Southern Song dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_rice" title="Champa rice">Champa rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanhai_One" title="Nanhai One">Nanhai One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi" title="Zhu Fan Zhi">Zhu Fan Zhi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Song dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Song_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty">Gunpowder weapons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Early Bessemer process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">Endless power transmitting chain drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">Astronomical clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)" title="Lock (water navigation)">Pound lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)" title="Bulkhead (partition)">Watertight bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_reel" title="Fishing reel">Fishing reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianchi_basin" title="Tianchi basin">Tianchi basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horner%27s_method" title="Horner's method">Horner's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Architecture of the Song dynasty">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaodi_Pagoda" title="Liaodi Pagoda">Liaodi Pagoda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi" title="Yingzao Fashi">Yingzao Fashi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_entomology" title="Forensic entomology">Forensic entomology</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Cases_of_Injustice_Rectified" title="Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified">Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_Pool_Essays" title="Dream Pool Essays">Dream Pool Essays</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inventors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> (972–1051)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sixun" title="Zhang Sixun">Zhang Sixun</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10th c.</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Xian" title="Jia Xian">Jia Xian</a> (1010–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a> (1020–1101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Ci" title="Song Ci">Song Ci</a> (1186–1249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(mathematician)" title="Li Ye (mathematician)">Li Ye</a> (1192-1279)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiushao" title="Qin Jiushao">Qin Jiushao</a> (1202–1261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shoujing" title="Guo Shoujing">Guo Shoujing</a> (1231–1316)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1858865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1858865#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1858865#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000052000564">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77515438">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1838707/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmcDGFJgGWT3cbHHYVmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/133851621">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006086668">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p310534917">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&oldid=1256290432">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&oldid=1256290432</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zhuang_people" title="Category:Zhuang people">Zhuang people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1025_births" title="Category:1025 births">1025 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1055_deaths" title="Category:1055 deaths">1055 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng_province" title="Category:People from Cao Bằng province">People from Cao Bằng province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Song_dynasty_rebels" title="Category:Song dynasty rebels">Song dynasty rebels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th-century_Chinese_monarchs" title="Category:11th-century Chinese monarchs">11th-century Chinese monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Founding_monarchs" title="Category:Founding monarchs">Founding monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:N%C3%B9ng_people" title="Category:Nùng people">Nùng people</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Zhuang-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Zhuang-language text">Articles containing Zhuang-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text">Articles containing Vietnamese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 05:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nong_Zhigao&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7ztkk","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.577","walltime":"0.759","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3648,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":84377,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3790,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":51649,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 650.331 1 -total"," 35.13% 228.460 1 Template:Infobox_monarch"," 16.89% 109.852 2 Template:Infobox"," 16.24% 105.596 1 Template:Infobox_royalty/short_description"," 15.87% 103.179 4 Template:Navbox"," 14.49% 94.233 1 Template:Song_dynasty_topics"," 14.18% 92.246 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.98% 90.915 1 Template:Short_description"," 13.60% 88.427 1 Template:Lang"," 12.93% 84.098 26 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.390","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27659082,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarlow1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarlow2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarlow2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarlow2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._W._Taylor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Nong, Zhigao\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox monarch\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 26,\n [\"Song dynasty topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rnwnx","timestamp":"20241124163446","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nong Zhigao","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nong_Zhigao","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1858865","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1858865","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-04-17T06:36:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T05:08:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e2\/%E5%84%82%E6%99%BA%E9%AB%98%E9%81%8E%E9%97%9C%E5%9C%96.jpg","headline":"chieftain of N\u1ed3ng people"}</script> </body> </html>