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style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Song–Đại Cồ Việt war</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:China,_Vietnam,_Korea_and_Japan_in_1100_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China%2C_Vietnam%2C_Korea_and_Japan_in_1100_AD.svg/220px-China%2C_Vietnam%2C_Korea_and_Japan_in_1100_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China%2C_Vietnam%2C_Korea_and_Japan_in_1100_AD.svg/330px-China%2C_Vietnam%2C_Korea_and_Japan_in_1100_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China%2C_Vietnam%2C_Korea_and_Japan_in_1100_AD.svg/440px-China%2C_Vietnam%2C_Korea_and_Japan_in_1100_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="465" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> and Song China map</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>January – April 981 (4 months)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Đại Cồ Việt victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Cồ Việt">Đại Cồ Việt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê dynasty</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Ho%C3%A0n" title="Lê Hoàn">Lê Hoàn</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Taizong of Song">Emperor Taizong of Song</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hou_Renbao" title="Hou Renbao">Hou Renbao</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Quanxing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Quanxing (page does not exist)">Sun Quanxing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Over 10,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019145_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019145-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>On Bạch Đằng River:</b><br />1,000 killed<br />200 junks captured<br /><b>Overall:</b> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown, half of land force were killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Song–Đại Cồ Việt war</b> was a military conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Cồ Việt">Đại Cồ Việt</a> in 981. It resulted in a victory for Đại Cồ Việt over the Song forces. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 9th century, the then-Tang dynasty administered territory of <a href="/wiki/Jinghai_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinghai Circuit">Jinghai Circuit</a> slipped away from Chinese control and a succession of local Viet chieftains and warlords ruled it autonomously until 939 when <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Ngô Quyền">Ngô Quyền</a> abolished the circuit and proclaimed himself king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012210_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012210-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201580_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201580-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their power waned with Ngô Quyền's death in 944 and a civil war in 958 that split the realm into the domains of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">twelve warlords</a>. In 968, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_B%E1%BB%99_L%C4%A9nh" title="Đinh Bộ Lĩnh">Đinh Bộ Lĩnh</a>, a warlord based in <a href="/wiki/Hoa_L%C6%B0" title="Hoa Lư">Hoa Lư</a>, defeated the other warlords and named the realm <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại Cồ Việt">Đại Cồ Việt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> bestowed titles upon Đinh Bộ Lĩnh such as the <i>King of Jiaozhi</i> (quận vương), <i>King of Annam province</i>, and <i>Peaceful Sea Military Governor</i>. In 971, the Song emperor ordered the subjugation of <a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a> (the lands <i>south of the passes</i>), which implicitly included Đại Cồ Việt. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_Li%E1%BB%85n" title="Đinh Liễn">Đinh Liễn</a>, who was recognized as the ruler of Đại Cồ Việt though his father Đinh Bộ Lĩnh held the real reins of power, requested his own title as a vassal of the Song court. The Song emperor duly named him <i>Imperial Commissioner and Prefect-General of Annam</i> and later promoted him to <i>Prince of Jiaozhi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019142_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWomack2006113_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWomack2006113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 979, a eunuch named Đỗ Thích killed both Đinh Bộ Lĩnh and Đinh Liễn while they slept. The general <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Ho%C3%A0n" title="Lê Hoàn">Lê Hoàn</a> took power as regent in the name of the five-year old <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_To%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Đinh Toàn">Đinh Toàn</a>, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh's youngest son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019144_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebellions soon swept the countryside. In addition, the Song dynasty sent troops under <a href="/wiki/Hou_Renbao" title="Hou Renbao">Hou Renbao</a> to invade Đại Cồ Việt under the pretext of removing threats to the young emperor's rule. In response the Viet court urged Lê Hoàn to become king, pacify the countryside, and prepare for the Song invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 980, officials and generals gathered at Hoa Lư and the queen dowager <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C3%A2n_Nga" title="Dương Vân Nga">Dương Vân Nga</a> brought out the king's robe to put on Lê Hoàn, crowning him king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019145_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019145-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201582_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201582-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 981, two Song armies attacked Đại Cồ Việt through land, and a fleet of ships sailed up the <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_River" title="Bạch Đằng River">Bạch Đằng River</a>. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Ho%C3%A0n" title="Lê Hoàn">Lê Hoàn</a>'s met the Song fleet on the river, but were greatly outnumbered and forced to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victorious Song fleet captured and beheaded 1,000 Viet sailors and seized 200 junks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019145_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019145-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaria struck the Song army and around 20% to 30% of the expedition forces died. The expedition force began to disintegrate as the leaders started quarreling with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-zhuang08_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhuang08-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lê Hoàn took to the land and led his army to the north, attempting to stop the Song armies by ambushing them at <a href="/wiki/Chi_L%C4%83ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi Lăng">Chi Lăng</a> (near modern-day <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Lạng Sơn">Lạng Sơn</a>). The ambush was successful with two Song generals captured and half of the Song force killed. As a result, the Song fleet was forced to withdraw and the Song invasion ended in April 981.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Lê Hoàn returned the two Song generals and requested to renew tributary relations with Song dynasty, and the Song accepted the offer. A Song delegation arrived in Đại Cồ Việt in 990.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019146_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019146-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 993, Lê Hoàn was given the title King of Jiaozhi Prefecture, and in 997, was also accorded the title <i>Nam Bình Vương</i> (King of Southern Peace).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Song threat diminished, Lê Hoàn began the Viet <a href="/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(982)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham–Vietnamese War (982)">southward advance</a> against <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in 979 failed in an attempt to invade Đại Cồ Việt with the support of <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Ngô Nhật Khánh">Ngô Nhật Khánh</a>, a former Ngô prince.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019144_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/48px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/64px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD%E2%80%93Song_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Lý–Song War">Lý–Song War</a>: Second Song–Viet war (1075–1077)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019145-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019145_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019145_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019145_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012212_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2012">Walker 2012</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012210-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012210_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2012">Walker 2012</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201580-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201580_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedes2015">Coedes 2015</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019142-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019142_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWomack2006113-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWomack2006113_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWomack2006">Womack 2006</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019144-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019144_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019144_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoedes201582-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoedes201582_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoedes2015">Coedes 2015</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhuang08-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zhuang08_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208024207/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/zhuang8.htm">"Zhuang 08"</a>. <i>mcel.pacificu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/zhuang8.htm">the original</a> on 8 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mcel.pacificu.edu&rft.atitle=Zhuang+08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcel.pacificu.edu%2Fas%2Fresources%2FZHUANG%2Fzhuang8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+C%E1%BB%93+Vi%E1%BB%87t+war" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019146-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan2019146_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan2019">Kiernan 2019</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedes2015" class="citation book cs1">Coedes, George (2015). <i>The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317450955" title="Special:BookSources/9781317450955"><bdi>9781317450955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+South+East+Asia+%28RLE+Modern+East+and+South+East+Asia%29&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317450955&rft.aulast=Coedes&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+C%E1%BB%93+Vi%E1%BB%87t+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsu2012" class="citation book cs1">Hsu, Cho-yun (2012). <i>China: A New Cultural History</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52818-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52818-4"><bdi>978-0-231-52818-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+New+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52818-4&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Cho-yun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+C%E1%BB%93+Vi%E1%BB%87t+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2019" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2019). <i>Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-05379-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-05379-6"><bdi>978-0-190-05379-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+a+history+from+earliest+time+to+the+present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-190-05379-6&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+C%E1%BB%93+Vi%E1%BB%87t+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2012" class="citation cs2">Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012), <i>East Asia: A New History</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1477265161" title="Special:BookSources/978-1477265161"><bdi>978-1477265161</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1477265161&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Dyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+C%E1%BB%93+Vi%E1%BB%87t+war" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWomack2006" class="citation cs2">Womack, Brantly (2006), <i>China and Vietnam: The Politics of Asymmetry</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5216-1834-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-5216-1834-7"><bdi>0-5216-1834-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Vietnam%3A+The+Politics+of+Asymmetry&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-5216-1834-7&rft.aulast=Womack&rft.aufirst=Brantly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASong%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+C%E1%BB%93+Vi%E1%BB%87t+war" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Song_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Song_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Song dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Song_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Song dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Song_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Song dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Song_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="History of the Song dynasty">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Song dynasty">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chenqiao_mutiny" title="Chenqiao mutiny">Chenqiao mutiny</a></li> <li>Unification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_conquest_of_Later_Shu" title="Song conquest of Later Shu">Later Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_conquest_of_Southern_Han" title="Song conquest of Southern Han">Southern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_conquest_of_Southern_Tang" title="Song conquest of Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaoliang_River" title="Battle of Gaoliang River">Gaoliang River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Song–Đại Cồ Việt war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Xia_wars" title="Song–Xia wars">Song–Xia wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanyuan_Treaty" title="Chanyuan Treaty">Chanyuan Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ze" title="Wang Ze">Wang Ze rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao_rebellions" title="Nong Zhigao rebellions">Nong Zhigao rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Song–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Viet_war_(1075%E2%80%931077)" class="mw-redirect" title="Song–Viet war (1075–1077)">Song–Viet war (1075–1077)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_La" title="Fang La">Fang La rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Conducted_at_Sea" title="Alliance Conducted at Sea">Alliance Conducted at Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingkang_incident" title="Jingkang incident">Jingkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huangtiandang" title="Battle of Huangtiandang">Huangtiandang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_De%27an" title="Siege of De'an">De'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yancheng" title="Battle of Yancheng">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shaoxing" title="Treaty of Shaoxing">Treaty of Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangdao" title="Battle of Tangdao">Tangdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi" title="Battle of Caishi">Caishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caizhou" title="Siege of Caizhou">Caizhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Song_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Song China">Mongol conquest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diaoyucheng" title="Siege of Diaoyucheng">Diaoyucheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting by Song painter Ma Lin"><img alt="Painting by Song painter Ma Lin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/50px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/75px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg/100px-Ma_Lin_Guests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Song dynasty">Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(middle)#Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination#Song_dynasty_(960–1279)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China#Song_dynasty_(960–1279)" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Administrative units</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Military history of the Song dynasty">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Bureau of Military Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingli_Reforms" title="Qingli Reforms">Qingli Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Policies_(Song_dynasty)" title="New Policies (Song dynasty)">New Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baojia_system" title="Baojia system">Baojia system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bureaus" title="Three Bureaus">Three Bureaus</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Culture of the Song dynasty">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Society of the Song dynasty">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Song_dynasty" title="Religion in the Song dynasty">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_poetry" title="Song poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Kilns" title="Five Great Kilns">Five Great Kilns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_ware" title="Ding ware">Ding ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_ware" title="Ge ware">Ge ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_ware" title="Guan ware">Guan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_ware" title="Jun ware">Jun ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ru_ware" title="Ru ware">Ru ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longquan_celadon" title="Longquan celadon">Longquan celadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizhou_ware" title="Cizhou ware">Cizhou ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingbai_ware" title="Qingbai ware">Qingbai ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaozhou_ware" title="Yaozhou ware">Yaozhou ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jian_ware" title="Jian ware">Jian ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_Hebei#Great_Bodhisattva_of_Zhengding_(971)" title="Four Treasures of Hebei">Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Along_the_River_During_the_Qingming_Festival" title="Along the River During the Qingming Festival">Along the River During the Qingming Festival</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Books_of_Song" title="Four Great Books of Song">Four Great Books of Song</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dongjing_Meng_Hua_Lu" title="Dongjing Meng Hua Lu">Dongjing Meng Hua Lu</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Zhongyan" title="Fan Zhongyan">Fan Zhongyan</a> (989–1052)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Shu" title="Yan Shu">Yan Shu</a> (991–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Qi" title="Song Qi">Song Qi</a> (998–1061)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei_Yaochen" title="Mei Yaochen">Mei Yaochen</a> (1002–1060)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyang_Xiu" title="Ouyang Xiu">Ouyang Xiu</a> (1007–1072)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Xun" title="Su Xun">Su Xun</a> (1009–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_Yong" title="Shao Yong">Shao Yong</a> (1011–1077)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Xiang" title="Cai Xiang">Cai Xiang</a> (1012–1067)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Dunyi" title="Zhou Dunyi">Zhou Dunyi</a> (1017–1073)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Gong" title="Zeng Gong">Zeng Gong</a> (1019–1083)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a> (1019–1086)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zai" title="Zhang Zai">Zhang Zai</a> (1022–1077)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Hao" title="Cheng Hao">Cheng Hao</a> (1032–1085)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yi_(philosopher)" title="Cheng Yi (philosopher)">Cheng Yi</a> (1033–1107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> (1037–1101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhe" title="Su Zhe">Su Zhe</a> (1039–1112)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Tingjian" title="Huang Tingjian">Huang Tingjian</a> (1045–1105)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Jing" title="Cai Jing">Cai Jing</a> (1047–1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Bangyan" title="Zhou Bangyan">Zhou Bangyan</a> (1056–1121)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qingzhao" title="Li Qingzhao">Li Qingzhao</a> (1084–1155)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bian" title="Zhu Bian">Zhu Bian</a> (1085–1144)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yu_(author)" title="Zhu Yu (author)">Zhu Yu</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1111–1117</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_You" title="Lu You">Lu You</a> (1125–1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Chengda" title="Fan Chengda">Fan Chengda</a> (1126–1193)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wanli" title="Yang Wanli">Yang Wanli</a> (1127–1206)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> (1130–1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_Qiji" title="Xin Qiji">Xin Qiji</a> (1140–1207)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Rukuo" title="Zhao Rukuo">Zhao Rukuo</a> (1170–1231)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Painters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Kuan" title="Fan Kuan">Fan Kuan</a> (960–1030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Daoning" title="Xu Daoning">Xu Daoning</a> (970–1053)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Chang" title="Zhao Chang">Zhao Chang</a> (10th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Yuanji" title="Yi Yuanji">Yi Yuanji</a> (1000–1064)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tong" title="Wen Tong">Wen Tong</a> (1019–1079)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xi" title="Guo Xi">Guo Xi</a> (1020–1090)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shen_(Song_dynasty)" title="Wang Shen (Song dynasty)">Wang Shen</a> (1036–1093)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Gonglin" title="Li Gonglin">Li Gonglin</a> (1049–1106)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Bai" title="Cui Bai">Cui Bai</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1050–1080</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_Fu" title="Mi Fu">Mi Fu</a> (1051–1107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong</a> (1082–1135)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zeduan" title="Zhang Zeduan">Zhang Zeduan</a> (1085–1145)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Hanchen" title="Su Hanchen">Su Hanchen</a> (1094-1172)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ximeng" title="Wang Ximeng">Wang Ximeng</a> (1096–1119)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Di" title="Li Di">Li Di</a> (1100–1197)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Boju" title="Zhao Boju">Zhao Boju</a> (1120–1182)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Kai" title="Liang Kai">Liang Kai</a> (1140–1210)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Tinggui" title="Lin Tinggui">Lin Tinggui</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1174–1189</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Jichang" title="Zhou Jichang">Zhou Jichang</a> (12th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuzhun_Shifan" title="Wuzhun Shifan">Wuzhun Shifan</a> (1178–1249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Song_(painter)" title="Li Song (painter)">Li Song</a> (1190–1230)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mengjian" title="Zhao Mengjian">Zhao Mengjian</a> (1199–1295)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqi" title="Muqi">Muqi</a> (1210–1269)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Kai" title="Gong Kai">Gong Kai</a> (1222–1307)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuan" title="Qian Xuan">Qian Xuan</a> (1235–1305)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang Anshi</a> (1021–1086)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)" title="Jiaozi (currency)">Jiaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(currency)" title="Guanzi (currency)">Guanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizi_(currency)" title="Huizi (currency)">Huizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty_coinage" title="Southern Song dynasty coinage">Southern Song dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_rice" title="Champa rice">Champa rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanhai_One" title="Nanhai One">Nanhai One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi" title="Zhu Fan Zhi">Zhu Fan Zhi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Song dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Song_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty">Gunpowder weapons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wujing_Zongyao" title="Wujing Zongyao">Wujing Zongyao</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Early Bessemer process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">Endless power transmitting chain drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">Astronomical clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)" title="Lock (water navigation)">Pound lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)" title="Bulkhead (partition)">Watertight bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_reel" title="Fishing reel">Fishing reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianchi_basin" title="Tianchi basin">Tianchi basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horner%27s_method" title="Horner's method">Horner's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Architecture of the Song dynasty">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liaodi_Pagoda" title="Liaodi Pagoda">Liaodi Pagoda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi" title="Yingzao Fashi">Yingzao Fashi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_entomology" title="Forensic entomology">Forensic entomology</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Cases_of_Injustice_Rectified" title="Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified">Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_Pool_Essays" title="Dream Pool Essays">Dream Pool Essays</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inventors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> (972–1051)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sixun" title="Zhang Sixun">Zhang Sixun</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10th c.</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Xian" title="Jia Xian">Jia Xian</a> (1010–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a> (1020–1101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Ci" title="Song Ci">Song Ci</a> (1186–1249)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(mathematician)" title="Li Ye (mathematician)">Li Ye</a> (1192-1279)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiushao" title="Qin Jiushao">Qin Jiushao</a> (1202–1261)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shoujing" title="Guo Shoujing">Guo Shoujing</a> (1231–1316)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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