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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term in computing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>object model</b> has two related but distinct meanings: </p> <ol><li>The properties of <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a> in general in a specific computer <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>, technology, notation or <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> that uses them. Examples are the object models of <i><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">Component Object Model</a> (COM)</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Object-modeling_technique" title="Object-modeling technique">Object-Modeling Technique</a> (OMT)</i>. Such object models are usually defined using concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_function" title="Generic function">generic function</a>, <a href="/wiki/Message_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Message (computer science)">message</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_in_object-oriented_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism in object-oriented programming">polymorphism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Information_hiding" title="Information hiding">encapsulation</a>. There is an extensive literature on formalized object models as a subset of the <a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics of programming languages">formal semantics of programming languages</a>.</li> <li>A collection of objects or classes through which a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a> can examine and manipulate some specific parts of its world. In other words, the object-oriented <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface (computer science)">interface</a> to some service or system. Such an interface is said to be the <i>object model of</i> the represented service or system. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a> (DOM) is a collection of objects that represent a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">page</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>, used by <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">script</a> programs to examine and dynamically change the page. There is a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a> object model <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/wss56bz7.aspx">[1]</a> for controlling Microsoft Excel from another program, and the <a href="/wiki/ASCOM_(standard)" title="ASCOM (standard)">ASCOM</a> Telescope Driver is an object model for controlling an astronomical telescope.</li></ol> <p>An object model consists of the following important features: </p> <dl><dt>Object reference</dt> <dd>Objects can be accessed via object references. To invoke a method in an object, the object reference and method name are given, together with any arguments.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Interfaces</dt> <dd>An interface provides a definition of the signature of a set of methods without specifying their implementation. An object will provide a particular interface if its class contains code that implement the method of that interface. An interface also defines types that can be used to declare the type of variables or parameters and <a href="/wiki/Return_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Return value">return values</a> of methods.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Actions</dt> <dd>An action in <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> (OOP) is initiated by an object invoking a method in another object. An invocation can include additional information needed to carry out the method. The receiver executes the appropriate method and then returns control to the invoking object, sometimes supplying a result.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Exceptions</dt> <dd>Programs can encounter various errors and unexpected conditions of varying seriousness. During the execution of the method many different problems may be discovered. <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">Exceptions</a> provide a clean way to deal with error conditions without complicating the code. A block of code may be defined to throw an exception whenever particular unexpected conditions or errors arise. This means that control passes to another block of code that catches the exception.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Object_model&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_analysis_and_design" title="Object-oriented analysis and design">Object-oriented analysis and design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_database" title="Object database">Object database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenclass_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenclass model">Eigenclass model</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Object_model&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeisfeld2003" class="citation book cs1">Weisfeld, Matt (2003). <i>The Object-Oriented Thought Process</i> (2nd ed.). Sams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-32611-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-32611-6"><bdi>0-672-32611-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Object-Oriented+Thought+Process&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sams&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-672-32611-6&rft.aulast=Weisfeld&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObject+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1996" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Martin (1996). <i>Analysis Patterns: Reusable Object Models</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-89542-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-89542-0"><bdi>0-201-89542-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+Patterns%3A+Reusable+Object+Models&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-201-89542-0&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObject+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherHonsellMitchell1994" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, K.; Honsell, F.; Mitchell, J.C. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703075724/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5cf7/1e3120c48c23f9cecdbe5f904b884e0e1a2d.pdf">"A lambda calculus of objects and method specialization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>[1993] Proceedings Eighth Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science</i>. Vol. 1. pp. 3–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FLICS.1993.287603">10.1109/LICS.1993.287603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8186-3140-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8186-3140-6"><bdi>0-8186-3140-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19578302">19578302</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5cf7/1e3120c48c23f9cecdbe5f904b884e0e1a2d.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+lambda+calculus+of+objects+and+method+specialization&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3B1993%26%2393%3B+Proceedings+Eighth+Annual+IEEE+Symposium+on+Logic+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=3-37&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19578302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FLICS.1993.287603&rft.isbn=0-8186-3140-6&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Honsell%2C+F.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F5cf7%2F1e3120c48c23f9cecdbe5f904b884e0e1a2d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObject+model" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarini2002" class="citation book cs1">Marini, Joe (2002). <i>Document Object Model: Processing Structured Documents</i>. Osborne/McGray-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-222436-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-222436-3"><bdi>0-07-222436-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Document+Object+Model%3A+Processing+Structured+Documents&rft.pub=Osborne%2FMcGray-Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-07-222436-3&rft.aulast=Marini&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObject+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Lippman" title="Stanley B. Lippman">Lippman, Stanley</a> (1996). <i>Inside the C++ Object Model</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-83454-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-83454-5"><bdi>0-201-83454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+C%2B%2B+Object+Model&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-201-83454-5&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObject+model" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Object_model&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/DOM/">Document Object Model (DOM)</a> The official <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> definition of the DOM.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.usfca.edu/~parrt/doc/java/JavaObjectModel-notes.pdf">"The Java Object Model"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atalon.cz/rb-om/ruby-object-model">The Ruby Object Model: Data Structure in Detail</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atalon.cz/om/object-membership/">Object Membership: The core structure of object-oriented programming</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.objs.com/x3h7/fmindex.htm">Object Model Features Matrix</a> A "representative sample of the design space of object models" (sense 1).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010201145500/http://ascom-standards.org/">ASCOM Standards</a> web site</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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