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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conquest of England</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conquest_of_England-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conquest of England subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landing_in_Wessex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_in_Wessex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Landing in Wessex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_in_Wessex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advance_into_the_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advance_into_the_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Advance into the North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advance_into_the_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Siege of London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_captured_by_treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_captured_by_treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>London captured by treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_captured_by_treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>King of England</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_of_England-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle King of England subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-King_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolidation_and_Danegeld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_and_Danegeld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consolidation and Danegeld</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_and_Danegeld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affairs_to_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affairs_to_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Affairs to the East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affairs_to_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statesmanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statesmanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Statesmanship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statesmanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>King of Denmark</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_of_Denmark-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle King of Denmark subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-King_of_Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journey_to_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Journey to Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Norway_and_part_of_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Norway_and_part_of_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>King of Norway and part of Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_Norway_and_part_of_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_the_western_sea-ways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_the_western_sea-ways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence in the western sea-ways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_the_western_sea-ways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relations with the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death and succession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and succession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bones_at_Winchester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bones_at_Winchester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bones at Winchester</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bones_at_Winchester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cnut's_skalds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cnut's_skalds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Cnut's <i>skalds</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cnut's_skalds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_story_of_Cnut_and_the_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_story_of_Cnut_and_the_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>The story of Cnut and the waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_story_of_Cnut_and_the_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cnut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoet_die_Grote" title="Knoet die Grote – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Knoet die Grote" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut_se_Micela" title="Cnut se Micela – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cnut se Micela" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="كنوت العظيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنوت العظيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canutu_II_de_Dinamarca" title="Canutu II de Dinamarca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Canutu II de Dinamarca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud" title="Knud – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Knud" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9" title="کانوت بویوک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کانوت بویوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut_T%C4%81i-%C3%B4ng" title="Cnut Tāi-ông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cnut Tāi-ông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Кнуд Вялікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кнуд Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Канут Вялікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канут Вялікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кнут Велики – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кнут Велики" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_II,_kralj_Danske" title="Knut II, kralj Danske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Knut II, kralj Danske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_II_Danmark" title="Knut II Danmark – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Knut II Danmark" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canut_II_de_Dinamarca" title="Canut II de Dinamarca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canut II de Dinamarca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Velik%C3%BD" title="Knut Veliký – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Knut Veliký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut_Fawr" title="Cnut Fawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cnut Fawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_den_Store" title="Knud den Store – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Knud den Store" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe" title="Knut der Große – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Knut der Große" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_Suur" title="Knud Suur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Knud Suur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κνούτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κνούτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuto_II_de_Dinamarca" title="Canuto II de Dinamarca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canuto II de Dinamarca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuto_la_Granda" title="Knuto la Granda – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Knuto la Granda" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuto_II.a_Handia" title="Kanuto II.a Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanuto II.a Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کانوت بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانوت بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_le_Grand" title="Knut le Grand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Knut le Grand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cn%C3%BAt_M%C3%B3r" title="Cnút Mór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cnút Mór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuto_o_Grande" title="Canuto o Grande – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canuto o Grande" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%88%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%8C%80%EC%99%95" title="크누트 대왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크누트 대왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4_I_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE" title="Կնուդ I Մեծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կնուդ I Մեծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Veliki" title="Knut Veliki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Knut Veliki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_yang_Agung" title="Knut yang Agung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Knut yang Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%BAtur_r%C3%ADki" title="Knútur ríki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Knútur ríki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuto_il_Grande" title="Canuto il Grande – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canuto il Grande" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="קנוט הגדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנוט הגדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93_I_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="კნუდ I დიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კნუდ I დიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Кнуд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кнуд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnuto_(rex_Anglorum)" title="Cnuto (rex Anglorum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cnuto (rex Anglorum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuds_I_Lielais" title="Knuds I Lielais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Knuds I Lielais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knutas_II_Didysis" title="Knutas II Didysis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Knutas II Didysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Knut_d%C3%A1n_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Knut dán király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Knut dán király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кнут Велики – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кнут Велики" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut_Lehibe" title="Cnut Lehibe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Cnut Lehibe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="كانوت العظيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كانوت العظيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canute_si_Agung" title="Canute si Agung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Canute si Agung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ကနွတ်ဘုရင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကနွတ်ဘုရင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoet_de_Grote" title="Knoet de Grote – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Knoet de Grote" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoet_II_van_Denemaarken" title="Knoet II van Denemaarken – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Knoet II van Denemaarken" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%881%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="クヌート1世 (イングランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クヌート1世 (イングランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_den_mektige" title="Knut den mektige – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Knut den mektige" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_den_mektige" title="Knut den mektige – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Knut den mektige" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut_lo_Grand" title="Cnut lo Grand – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cnut lo Grand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Wielki" title="Knut Wielki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Knut Wielki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuto_II_da_Dinamarca" title="Canuto II da Dinamarca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canuto II da Dinamarca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_cel_Mare" title="Knut cel Mare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Knut cel Mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кнуд Великий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кнуд Великий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" title="Cnut the Great – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cnut the Great" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuti_i_Madh" title="Knuti i Madh – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Knuti i Madh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canute" title="Canute – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canute" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD" title="Knut Veľký – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Knut Veľký" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Veliki" title="Knut Veliki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Knut Veliki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%86" title="کانۆتی مەزن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانۆتی مەزن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кнут Велики – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кнут Велики" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Veliki" title="Knut Veliki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Knut Veliki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuut_Suuri" title="Knuut Suuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Knuut Suuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_den_store" title="Knut den store – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Knut den store" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="พระเจ้าคนุตมหาราช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าคนุตมหาราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_(%C4%B0ngiltere_kral%C4%B1)" title="Knut (İngiltere kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Knut (İngiltere kralı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Канут Великий – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канут Великий" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="کنوٹ اعظم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنوٹ اعظم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF" title="Knud Đại đế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Knud Đại đế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut_nga_Harangdon" title="Cnut nga Harangdon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cnut nga Harangdon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克努特大帝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努大帝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="克努大帝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="克努特大帝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克努特大帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134128#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Knut" title="Knut">Knut</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Canute" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Canute_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canute (disambiguation)">Canute (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Cnut</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu_cropped_(Canute).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu_cropped_%28Canute%29.jpg/220px-Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu_cropped_%28Canute%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu_cropped_%28Canute%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="414" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Contemporary drawing of King Cnut<br />from the <a href="/wiki/New_Minster_Liber_Vitae" title="New Minster Liber Vitae">New Minster <i>Liber Vitae</i></a>, 1031</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1016–1035</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1017 in London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund II</a><sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold I</a><sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Denmark">King of Denmark</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1018–1035</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harald_II_of_Denmark" title="Harald II of Denmark">Harald II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a><sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">King of Norway</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1028–1035</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">St Olaf II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus the Good</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-King</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 990</span><sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomervilleMcDonald2014435_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomervilleMcDonald2014435-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark#Middle_Ages" title="History of Denmark">Kingdom of Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 November 1035 (aged around 45)<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury" title="Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Minster,_Winchester" title="Old Minster, Winchester">Old Minster, Winchester</a>, England</li><li>Bones now in <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, England</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton" title="Ælfgifu of Northampton">Ælfgifu of Northampton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gunhilda_of_Denmark" title="Gunhilda of Denmark">Gunhilda, Queen of the Germans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa" title="Świętosława">Świętosława</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gunhild_of_Wenden" title="Gunhild of Wenden">Gunhild of Wenden</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cnut</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/nj/: 'n' in 'new'">nj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">Knútr</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Old Norse pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="non-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈknuːtr]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 990</span> – 12 November 1035), also known as <b>Canute</b> and with the epithet <b>the Great</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> from 1016, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Denmark">King of Denmark</a> from 1018, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">King of Norway</a> from 1028 until his death in 1035.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three kingdoms united under Cnut's rule are referred to together as the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a> by historians.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a Danish prince, Cnut won the throne of England in 1016 in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age#Northwestern_Europe" title="Viking Age">centuries of Viking activity in northwestern Europe</a>. His later accession to the Danish throne in 1018 brought the crowns of England and Denmark together. Cnut sought to keep this power base by uniting Danes and English under cultural bonds of wealth and custom. After a decade of conflict with opponents in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, Cnut claimed the crown of Norway in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> in 1028. In 1031, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm II">Malcolm II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> also submitted to him, though <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">Anglo-Norse</a> influence over Scotland was weak and ultimately did not last by the time of Cnut's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrow2005197–198_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrow2005197–198-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASC,_1031_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASC,_1031-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dominion of England lent the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a> an important link to the maritime zone between the islands of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, where Cnut, like his father before him, had a strong interest and wielded much influence among the <a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005196_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005196-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut's possession of England's <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> and the continental Diocese of Denmark – with a claim laid upon it by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Bremen" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen">Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen</a> – was a source of great prestige and leverage within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and among the magnates of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> (gaining notable concessions such as one on the price of the <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a> of his bishops, though they still had to travel to obtain the pallium, as well as on the tolls his people had to pay on the way to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>). After his 1026 victory against Norway and Sweden, and on his way back from Rome where he attended the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor">coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor</a>, Cnut deemed himself "King of all England and Denmark and the Norwegians and of some of the Swedes" in a letter written for the benefit of his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200497_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200497-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cantor" title="Norman Cantor">Norman Cantor</a> called him "the most effective king in Anglo-Saxon history".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is popularly invoked in the context of the legend of <a href="/wiki/King_Canute_and_the_tide" title="King Canute and the tide">King Canute and the tide</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_kingship">Birth and kingship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and kingship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cnut was a son of the Danish prince <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was the son and heir to King <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a> and thus came from a line of Scandinavian rulers central to the unification of Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither the place nor the date of his birth are known. <a href="/wiki/Harthacnut_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Harthacnut I">Harthacnut I</a> was the semi-legendary founder of the Danish royal house at the beginning of the 10th century, and his son, <a href="/wiki/Gorm_the_Old" title="Gorm the Old">Gorm the Old</a>, became the first in the official line (the "Old" in his name indicates this). Harald Bluetooth, Gorm's son and Cnut's grandfather, was the Danish king at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia#Denmark" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Denmark</a>; he became one of the first Scandinavian kings to accept <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Mother"></span> The <i><a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg#Thietmar's_Chronicle" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Chronicon</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Encomium_Emmae_Reginae" title="Encomium Emmae Reginae">Encomium Emmae</a></i> report Cnut's mother as having been <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa" title="Świętosława">Świętosława</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I of Poland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a> sources of the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, most prominently <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, also give a Polish princess as Cnut's mother, whom they call <a href="/wiki/Gunhild_of_Wenden" title="Gunhild of Wenden">Gunhild</a>, a daughter of <i><a href="/wiki/Burislav" title="Burislav">Burislav</a></i>, the king of <i><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Vindland</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since in the Norse <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a> the <i>king of Vindland</i> is always <i>Burislav</i>, this is reconcilable with the assumption that her father was Mieszko (not his son <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław</a>). Adam of Bremen in <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a></i> is unique in equating Cnut's mother (for whom he also produces no name) with the former queen of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious" title="Eric the Victorious">Eric the Victorious</a> and by this marriage mother of <a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To complicate the matter, <i>Heimskringla</i> and other sagas also have Sweyn marrying Eric's widow, but she is distinctly another person in these texts, named <i><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty" title="Sigrid the Haughty">Sigrid the Haughty</a></i>, whom Sweyn only marries after <i>Gunhild</i>, the Slavic princess who bore Cnut, has died.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different theories regarding the number and ancestry of Sweyn's wives (or wife) have been advanced (see <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty" title="Sigrid the Haughty">Sigrid the Haughty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunhild_of_Wenden" title="Gunhild of Wenden">Gunhild</a>). But since Adam is the only source to equate the identity of Cnut's and Olof Skötkonung's mother, this is often seen as an error on Adam's part, and it is often assumed that Sweyn had two wives, the first being Cnut's mother, and the second being the former Queen of Sweden. Cnut's brother <a href="/wiki/Harald_II_of_Denmark" title="Harald II of Denmark">Harald</a> was the younger of the two brothers according to <i>Encomium Emmae</i>. </p><p>Some hint of Cnut's childhood can be found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a></i>, a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> source that says he was taught his soldiery by the chieftain <a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrow200544_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrow200544-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brother to <a href="/wiki/Sigvaldi_Strut-Haraldsson" title="Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson">Sigurd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Jarl</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a>, and the legendary <a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a>, at their stronghold on the island of <a href="/wiki/Wolin" title="Wolin">Wollin</a>, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>. His date of birth, like his mother's name, is unknown. Contemporary works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg#Thietmar's_Chronicle" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Chronicon</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Encomium_Emmae_Reginae" title="Encomium Emmae Reginae">Encomium Emmae</a></i>, do not mention this. Even so, in a <i><a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BAtsdr%C3%A1pa_(%C3%93ttarr_svarti)" title="Knútsdrápa (Óttarr svarti)">Knútsdrápa</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ttarr_svarti" title="Óttarr svarti">Óttarr svarti</a>, there is a statement that Cnut was "of no great age" when he first went to war.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also mentions a battle identifiable with Sweyn Forkbeard's invasion of England and attack on the city of <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, in 1003–04, after the <a href="/wiki/St._Brice%27s_Day_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Brice's Day massacre">St. Brice's Day massacre</a> of Danes by the English, in 1002. If Cnut indeed accompanied this expedition, his birthdate may be near 990, or even 980. If not, and if the skald's poetic verse references another assault, such as Sweyn's conquest of England in 1013–14, it may even suggest a birth date nearer 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004160_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004160-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a passage of the Encomiast (as the author of the <i>Encomium Emmae</i> is known) with a reference to the force Cnut led in his English conquest of 1015–16. Here (<a href="#Conquest_of_England">see below</a>) it says all the Vikings were of "mature age" under Cnut "the king". </p><p>A description of Cnut appears in the 13th century Icelandic <i><a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BDtlinga_saga" title="Knýtlinga saga">Knýtlinga saga</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Knut was exceptionally tall and strong, and the handsomest of men, all except for his nose, that was thin, high-set, and rather hooked. He had a fair complexion and a fine, thick head of hair. His eyes were better than those of other men, being both more handsome and keener-sighted.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Knytlinga Saga</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Hardly anything is known for sure of Cnut's life until the year he was part of a Scandinavian force under his father, King Sweyn, in his invasion of England in summer 1013. Cnut was likely part of his father's 1003 and 1004 campaigns in England, although the evidence is not firm.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1013 invasion was the climax to a succession of <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> raids spread over a number of decades. Following their landing in the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1993182_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1993182-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the kingdom fell to the Vikings quickly, and near the end of the year King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred</a> fled to <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, leaving Sweyn Forkbeard in possession of England. In the winter, Sweyn was in the process of consolidating his kingship, with Cnut left in charge of the fleet and the base of the army at <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough,_Lincolnshire" title="Gainsborough, Lincolnshire">Gainsborough</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>. </p><p>On the death of Sweyn Forkbeard after a few months as king, on <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (Sunday 3 February 1014),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harald succeeded him as King of Denmark, while the Vikings and the people of the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> immediately elected Cnut as king in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer,_p._171_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer,_p._171-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the English nobility took a different view, and the <a href="/wiki/Witenagemot" class="mw-redirect" title="Witenagemot">Witenagemot</a> recalled Æthelred from <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. The restored king swiftly led an army against Cnut, who fled with his army to Denmark, along the way mutilating the hostages they had taken and abandoning them on the beach at <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200427-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut went to Harald and supposedly made the suggestion they might have a joint kingship, although this found no favour with his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer,_p._171_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer,_p._171-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harald is thought to have offered Cnut command of his forces for another invasion of England, on the condition he did not continue to press his claim.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer,_p._171_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer,_p._171-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, Cnut succeeded in assembling a large fleet with which to launch another invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200427-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest_of_England">Conquest of England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conquest of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U_194,_V%C3%A4sby.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/U_194%2C_V%C3%A4sby.JPG/260px-U_194%2C_V%C3%A4sby.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/U_194%2C_V%C3%A4sby.JPG/390px-U_194%2C_V%C3%A4sby.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/U_194%2C_V%C3%A4sby.JPG/520px-U_194%2C_V%C3%A4sby.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestone</a> in Sweden (<a href="/wiki/England_runestones#U_194" title="England runestones">U 194</a>), in memory of a Viking known as Alli, says he won <i>Knútr's payment in England</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the allies of Denmark was <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Poland">duke of Poland</a> (later crowned king) and a relative to the Danish royal house. He lent some <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> troops,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200449_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200449-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> likely to have been a pledge made to Cnut and his brother Harald when, in the winter, they "went amongst the <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a>" to fetch their mother back to the Danish court. She had been sent away by their father after the death of the Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious" title="Eric the Victorious">Eric the Victorious</a> in 995, and his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty" title="Sigrid the Haughty">Sigrid the Haughty</a>, the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Queen_mother" title="Queen mother">queen mother</a>. This wedlock formed a strong alliance between the successor to the throne of Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a>, and the rulers of Denmark, his in-laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200449_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200449-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swedes were certainly among the allies in the English conquest. Another in-law to the Danish royal house, <a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lade" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Lade">earl of Lade</a> and the co-ruler of Norway with his brother <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Haakonsson" title="Sweyn Haakonsson">Sweyn Haakonsson</a> – Norway having been under Danish sovereignty since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svolder" title="Battle of Svolder">Battle of Svolder</a>, in 999. Eiríkr's participation in the invasion left his son Hakon to rule Norway, with Sweyn. </p><p>In the summer of 1015, Cnut's fleet set sail for England with a Danish army of perhaps 10,000 in 200 longships.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut was at the head of an array of <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> from all over <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. The invading army was composed primarily of mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invasion force was to engage in often close and grisly warfare with the English for the next fourteen months. Practically all of the battles were fought against the eldest son of Æthelred, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_in_Wessex">Landing in Wessex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Landing in Wessex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Chronicle" title="Peterborough Chronicle">Peterborough Chronicle</a></i> manuscript, one of the major witnesses of the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, early in September 1015 "[Cnut] came into Sandwich, and straightway sailed around Kent to <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, until he came to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Frome,_Dorset" title="River Frome, Dorset">Frome</a>, and harried in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning a campaign of an intensity not seen since the days of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200427-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A passage from <a href="/wiki/Encomium_Emmae_Reginae" title="Encomium Emmae Reginae">Queen Emma's <i>Encomium</i></a> provides a picture of Cnut's fleet: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]here were there so many kinds of shields, that you could have believed that troops of all nations were present. ... Gold shone on the prows, silver also flashed on the variously shaped ships. ... For who could look upon the lions of the foe, terrible with the brightness of gold, who upon the men of metal, menacing with golden face, ... who upon the bulls on the ships threatening death, their horns shining with gold, without feeling any fear for the king of such a force? Furthermore, in this great expedition, there was present no slave, no man freed from slavery, no low-born man, no man weakened by age; for all were noble, all strong with the might of mature age, all sufficiently fit for any type of fighting, all of such great fleetness, that they scorned the speed of horsemen.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Encomium Emmae Reginae</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, long ruled by the dynasty of Alfred and Æthelred, submitted to Cnut late in 1015, as it had to his father two years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200427-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point <a href="/wiki/Eadric_Streona" title="Eadric Streona">Eadric Streona</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Mercia" title="Earl of Mercia">Ealdorman of Mercia</a>, deserted Æthelred together with 40 ships and their crews and joined forces with Cnut.<sup id="cite_ref-G._Jones,_Vikings,_p._370_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G._Jones,_Vikings,_p._370-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another defector was <a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsviking chief</a> who had fought against the Viking invasion of <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a>, with a pledge of allegiance to the English in 1012<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200427-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – some explanation for this shift of allegiance may be found in a stanza of the <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga saga</a></i> that mentions two attacks against Jomsborg's mercenaries while they were in England, with a man known as Henninge, a brother of Thorkell, among their casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._57_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._57-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the <i><a href="/wiki/Flateyjarb%C3%B3k" title="Flateyjarbók">Flateyjarbók</a></i> is correct that this man was Cnut's childhood mentor, it explains his acceptance of his allegiance – with <a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomvikings</a> ultimately in the service of <a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a>. The 40 ships Eadric came with, often thought to be of the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._57_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._57-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were probably Thorkell's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004161_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004161-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advance_into_the_North">Advance into the North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advance into the North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in 1016, the Vikings crossed the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> and harried <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, while Edmund Ironside's attempts at opposition seem to have come to nothing – the chronicler says the English army disbanded because the king and the citizenry of London were not present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200427-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mid-winter assault by Cnut devastated its way northwards across eastern <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>. Another summons of the army brought the Englishmen together, and they were met this time by the king, although "it came to nothing as so often before", and Æthelred returned to London with fears of betrayal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200427-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edmund then went north to join <a href="/wiki/Uhtred_the_Bold" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhtred the Bold">Uhtred</a> the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Earl of Northumbria">Earl of Northumbria</a> and together they harried <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> in western Mercia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200428_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200428-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly targeting the estates of Eadric Streona. Cnut's occupation of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Northumbria</a> meant Uhtred returned home to submit himself to Cnut,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who seems to have sent a Northumbrian rival, <a href="/wiki/Thurbrand_the_Hold" title="Thurbrand the Hold">Thurbrand the Hold</a>, to massacre Uhtred and his retinue. <a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a>, most likely with another force of Scandinavians, came to support Cnut at this point,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the veteran Norwegian jarl was put in charge of Northumbria. </p><p>Prince Edmund remained in London, still unsubdued behind <a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">its walls</a>, and was elected king after the death of Æthelred on 23 April 1016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_London">Siege of London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Siege of London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdmundIronside_Canutethe_Dane1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EdmundIronside_Canutethe_Dane1.jpg/400px-EdmundIronside_Canutethe_Dane1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EdmundIronside_Canutethe_Dane1.jpg/600px-EdmundIronside_Canutethe_Dane1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/EdmundIronside_Canutethe_Dane1.jpg/800px-EdmundIronside_Canutethe_Dane1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5167" data-file-height="2317" /></a><figcaption>Medieval illumination depicting Kings <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a> (left) and Cnut (right), from the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Majora" title="Chronica Majora">Chronica Majora</a></i> written and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cnut returned southward, and the Danish army evidently divided, some dealing with Edmund, who had broken out of London before Cnut's encirclement of the city was complete, and had gone to gather an army in <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, the traditional heartland of the English monarchy. Part of the Danish army besieged London, constructing dikes on the northern and southern flanks and a channel dug across the banks of the Thames to the south of the city, enabling their longships to cut off communications up-river. </p><p>There was a battle fought at <a href="/wiki/Penselwood" title="Penselwood">Penselwood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> – with a hill in <a href="/wiki/Selwood_Forest" title="Selwood Forest">Selwood Forest</a> as the likely location<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200428_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200428-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sherston" title="Battle of Sherston">a subsequent battle</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sherston,_Wiltshire" title="Sherston, Wiltshire">Sherston</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, which was fought over two days but left neither side victorious.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edmund was able to temporarily relieve London, driving the enemy away and defeating them after crossing the Thames at <a href="/wiki/Brentford" title="Brentford">Brentford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200428_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200428-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suffering heavy losses, he withdrew to Wessex to gather fresh troops, and the Danes again brought London under siege, but after another unsuccessful assault they withdrew into Kent under attack by the English, with a battle fought at <a href="/wiki/Otford" title="Otford">Otford</a>. At this point Eadric Streona went over to King Edmund,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cnut set sail northwards across the Thames estuary to <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, and went from the landing of the ships up the <a href="/wiki/River_Orwell" title="River Orwell">River Orwell</a> to ravage Mercia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200428_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200428-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_captured_by_treaty">London captured by treaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: London captured by treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 October 1016, the Danes were engaged by Edmund's army as they retired towards their ships, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a>, fought at either <a href="/wiki/Ashingdon" title="Ashingdon">Ashingdon</a>, in south-east, or <a href="/wiki/Ashdon" title="Ashdon">Ashdon</a>, in north-west <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>. In the ensuing struggle, Eadric Streona, whose return to the English side had perhaps only been a ruse, withdrew his forces from the fray, bringing about a decisive English defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edmund fled westwards, and Cnut pursued him into <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, with another battle probably fought near the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean" title="Forest of Dean">Forest of Dean</a>, for Edmund had an alliance with some of the Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200428_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200428-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On an island near <a href="/wiki/Deerhurst" title="Deerhurst">Deerhurst</a>, Cnut and Edmund, who had been wounded, met to negotiate terms of peace. It was agreed that all of England north of the Thames was to be the domain of the Danish prince, while all to the south was kept by the English king, along with London. Accession to the reign of the entire realm was set to pass to Cnut upon Edmund's death. Edmund died on 30 November, within weeks of the arrangement. Some sources claim Edmund was murdered, although the circumstances of his death are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West Saxons now accepted Cnut as king of all of England,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971393_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971393-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was crowned by <a href="/wiki/Lyfing_(Archbishop_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyfing (Archbishop of Canterbury)">Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, in London in 1017.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200482,_121,_138_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200482,_121,_138-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_England">King of England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: King of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Government in Anglo-Saxon England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cnut_Cyning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cnut_Cyning.png/220px-Cnut_Cyning.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cnut_Cyning.png/330px-Cnut_Cyning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cnut_Cyning.png/440px-Cnut_Cyning.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Cnut in the late thirteenth century Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cnut ruled <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> for nearly two decades. The protection he lent against Viking raiders – many of them under his command – restored the prosperity that had been increasingly impaired since the resumption of Viking attacks in the <a href="/wiki/10th_century_in_England" title="10th century in England">980s</a>. In turn, the English helped him to establish control over the majority of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his rule, England did not experience serious external attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_and_Danegeld">Consolidation and Danegeld</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consolidation and Danegeld"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Danish King of England, Cnut was quick to eliminate any prospective challenge from the survivors of the mighty Wessex dynasty. The first year of his reign was marked by the executions of a number of English noblemen whom he considered suspect. <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Eadwig_%C3%86theling" title="Eadwig Ætheling">Eadwig Ætheling</a> fled from England but was killed on Cnut's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicles,_p._154_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicles,_p._154-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside's</a> sons likewise fled abroad. Æthelred's sons by <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a> went under the protection of their relatives in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>. </p><p>In July 1017, Cnut wed Queen Emma, the widow of Æthelred and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_Normandy" title="Richard I of Normandy">Richard I, Duke of Normandy</a>. In 1018, having collected a <a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a> amounting to the colossal sum of £72,000 levied nationwide, with an additional £10,500 extracted from London, Cnut paid off his army and sent most of them home. He retained 40 ships and their crews as a standing force in England. An annual tax called <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_medieval_England" title="Taxation in medieval England">heregeld</a> (army payment) was collected through the same system Æthelred had instituted in 1012 to reward Scandinavians in his service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200451–52,_163_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200451–52,_163-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cnut built on the existing English trend for multiple <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shires</a> to be grouped together under a single <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">ealdorman</a>, thus dividing the country into four large administrative units whose geographical extent was based on the largest and most durable of the separate kingdoms that had preceded the unification of England. The officials responsible for these provinces were designated <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earls</a>, a title of Scandinavian origin already in localised use in England, which now everywhere replaced that of ealdorman. Wessex was initially kept under Cnut's personal control, while Northumbria went to <a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Erik of Hlathir</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a>, and Mercia remained in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Eadric_Streona" title="Eadric Streona">Eadric Streona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200483_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200483-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This initial distribution of power was short-lived. The chronically treacherous Eadric was executed within a year of Cnut's accession.<sup id="cite_ref-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicles,_p._154_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicles,_p._154-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercia passed to one of the leading families of the region, probably first to <a href="/wiki/Leofwine,_Earl_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leofwine, Earl of Mercia">Leofwine</a>, ealdorman of the <a href="/wiki/Hwicce" title="Hwicce">Hwicce</a> under Æthelred, but certainly soon to his son <a href="/wiki/Leofric,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Leofric, Earl of Mercia">Leofric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004162_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004162-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1021, Thorkel also fell from favour and was outlawed. </p><p>Following his death in the 1020s, <a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Erik of Hlathir</a> was succeeded as Earl of Northumbria by <a href="/wiki/Siward,_Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Siward, Earl of Northumbria">Siward</a>, whose grandmother,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Estrid (married to <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Jarl" title="Ulf Jarl">Úlfr Thorgilsson</a>), was Cnut's sister. <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a>, the northern part of Northumbria, was theoretically part of Erik and Siward's earldom, but throughout Cnut's reign it effectively remained under the control of the English dynasty based at <a href="/wiki/Bamburgh" title="Bamburgh">Bamburgh</a>, which had dominated the area at least since the early 10th century. They served as junior Earls of Bernicia under the titular authority of the Earl of Northumbria. By the 1030s Cnut's direct administration of Wessex had come to an end, with the establishment of an earldom under <a href="/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="Godwin, Earl of Wessex">Godwin</a>, an Englishman from a powerful <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> family. In general, after initial reliance on his Scandinavian followers in the first years of his reign, Cnut allowed those Anglo-Saxon families of the existing English nobility who had earned his trust to assume rulership of his Earldoms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affairs_to_the_East">Affairs to the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Affairs to the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early-Medieval_Coin,_Penny_of_Cnut_the_Great._(FindID_934189)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Early-Medieval_Coin%2C_Penny_of_Cnut_the_Great._%28FindID_934189%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/310px-Early-Medieval_Coin%2C_Penny_of_Cnut_the_Great._%28FindID_934189%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Early-Medieval_Coin%2C_Penny_of_Cnut_the_Great._%28FindID_934189%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/465px-Early-Medieval_Coin%2C_Penny_of_Cnut_the_Great._%28FindID_934189%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Early-Medieval_Coin%2C_Penny_of_Cnut_the_Great._%28FindID_934189%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/620px-Early-Medieval_Coin%2C_Penny_of_Cnut_the_Great._%28FindID_934189%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penny#History" title="Penny">Silver penny</a> of Cnut the Great with a <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoil</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a> dating to the period <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1017–23</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesjar" title="Battle of Nesjar">Battle of Nesjar</a>, in 1016, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf Haraldsson</a> won the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> from the Danes. It was at some time after Erik left for England, and on the death of Svein while retreating to Sweden, maybe intent on returning to Norway with reinforcements, that Erik's son Hakon went to join his father and support Cnut in England, too. </p><p>Cnut's brother Harald may have been at Cnut's coronation, in 1016, returning to Denmark as its king, with part of the fleet, at some point thereafter. It is only certain, though, that there was an entry of his name, alongside Cnut's, in confraternity with <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Christ Church, Canterbury</a>, in 1018.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200489_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200489-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not conclusive, though, for the entry may have been made in Harald's absence, perhaps by the hand of Cnut himself, which means that, while it is usually thought that Harald died in 1018, it is unsure whether he was still alive at this point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200489_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200489-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entry of his brother's name in the Canterbury <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> may have been Cnut's attempt to make his vengeance for Harald's murder good with the Church. This may have been just a gesture for a soul to be under the protection of God. There is evidence Cnut was in battle with "pirates" in 1018, with his destruction of the crews of thirty ships,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is unknown if this was off the English or Danish shores. He himself mentions troubles in his 1019 letter (to England, from Denmark), written as the King of England and Denmark. These events can be seen, with plausibility, to be in connection with the death of Harald. Cnut says he dealt with dissenters to ensure Denmark was free to assist England:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200490_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200490-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>King Cnut greets in friendship his archbishop and his diocesan bishops and Earl Thurkil and all his earls ... ecclesiastic and lay, in England ... I inform you that I will be a gracious lord and a faithfull observer of God's rights and just secular law. (He exhorts his ealdormen to assist the bishops in the maintenance of) God's rights ... and the benefit of the people. </p><p>If anyone, ecclesiastic or layman, Dane or Englishman, is so presumptuous as to defy God's law and my royal authority or the secular laws, and he will not make amends and desist according to the direction of my bishops, I then pray, and also command, Earl Thurkil, if he can, to cause the evil-doer to do right. And if he cannot, then it is my will that with the power of us both he shall destroy him in the land or drive him out of the land, whether he be of high or low rank. And it is my will that all the nation, ecclesiastical and lay, shall steadfastly observe Edgar's laws, which all men have chosen and sworn at Oxford. </p><p> Since I did not spare my money, as long as hostility was threatening you, I with God's help have put an end to it. Then I was informed that greater danger was approaching us than we liked at all; and then I went myself with the men who accompanied me to Denmark, from where the greatest injury had come to us, and with God's help I have made it so that never henceforth shall hostility reach you from there as long as you support me rightly and my life lasts. Now I thank Almighty God for his help and his mercy, that I have settled the great dangers which were approaching us that we need fear no danger to us from there; but we may reckon on full help and deliverance if we need it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Cnut's letter of 1019</i>, <a href="#CITEREFTrow2005">Trow 2005</a>, pp. 168–169</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statesmanship">Statesmanship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Statesmanship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cnut_1016_1035_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cnut_1016_1035_b.jpg/220px-Cnut_1016_1035_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cnut_1016_1035_b.jpg/330px-Cnut_1016_1035_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cnut_1016_1035_b.jpg/440px-Cnut_1016_1035_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Silver penny of Cnut the Great dating to the period <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1024–30<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cnut was generally remembered as a wise and successful king of England, although this view may in part be attributable to his good treatment of the Church, keeper of the historic record. Accordingly, he is considered, even today, as a religious man despite the fact that he was in an arguably <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sinful</a> relationship, with two wives, and the harsh treatment he dealt his fellow Christian opponents. </p><p>Under his reign, Cnut brought together the English and Danish kingdoms, and the Scandinavic and Saxon peoples saw a period of dominance across <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, as well as within the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His campaigns abroad meant the tables of Viking supremacy were stacked in favour of the English, turning the prows of the longships towards Scandinavia. He reinstated the Laws of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">King Edgar</a> to allow for the constitution of a <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-CampbellHallJeschParsons20163_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-CampbellHallJeschParsons20163-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the activity of Scandinavians at large. </p><p>Cnut reinstituted the extant laws with a series of proclamations to assuage common grievances brought to his attention, including: <i>On <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> in case of <a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">Intestacy</a></i>, and <i>On <a href="/wiki/Heriot" title="Heriot">Heriots</a> and Reliefs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECokeHargrave185320_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECokeHargrave185320-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also strengthened the currency, initiating a series of coins of equal weight to those being used in Denmark and other parts of Scandinavia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He issued the <a href="/wiki/Law_codes_of_Cnut" title="Law codes of Cnut">Law codes of Cnut</a> known now as I Cnut and II Cnut, though these seem primarily to have been produced by <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)" title="Wulfstan (died 1023)">Wulfstan of York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2010137–156_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2010137–156-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his royal court, there were both Englishmen and Scandinavians.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Denmark">King of Denmark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: King of Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harald II died in 1018, and Cnut went to Denmark to affirm his succession to the Danish crown, stating his intention to avert attacks against England in a letter in 1019 (<a href="#Affairs_to_the_East">see above</a>). It seems there were Danes in opposition to him, and an attack he carried out on the <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> may have had something to do with this. In this expedition, at least one of Cnut's Englishmen, Godwin, apparently won the king's trust after a night-time raid he personally led against a Wendish encampment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His hold on the Danish throne presumably stable, Cnut was back in England in 1020. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Ulf_the_Earl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulf the Earl">Ulf Jarl</a>, the husband of his sister <a href="/wiki/Estrid_Svendsdatter" title="Estrid Svendsdatter">Estrid Svendsdatter</a>, as regent of Denmark, further entrusting him with his young son by Queen Emma, <a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a>, whom he had designated the heir of his kingdom. The banishment of Thorkell the Tall in 1021 may be seen in relation to the attack on the <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a>. With the death of <a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a> in 1022, and the succession to the Swedish throne of his son <a href="/wiki/Anund_Jacob" title="Anund Jacob">Anund Jacob</a> bringing Sweden into alliance with Norway, there was cause for a demonstration of Danish strength in the Baltic. <a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a>, the legendary stronghold of the Jomsvikings (thought to be on an island off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>), was probably the target of Cnut's expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successful, after this clear display of Cnut's intentions to dominate Scandinavian affairs, it seems that Thorkell reconciled with Cnut in 1023. </p><p>When the Norwegian king <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf Haraldsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anund_Jakob" class="mw-redirect" title="Anund Jakob">Anund Jakob</a> took advantage of Cnut's commitment to England and began to launch attacks against Denmark, Ulf gave the Danish freemen cause to accept <a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a>, still a child, as king. This ruse resulted in Ulf ruling the kingdom as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>. Upon news of these events, Cnut set sail for Denmark to restore himself and to deal with Ulf, who then got back in line. In a battle known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helge%C3%A5" title="Battle of Helgeå">Battle of the Helgeå</a>, Cnut and his men fought the Norwegians and Swedes at the mouth of the river Helgeå, probably in 1026, and the apparent victory left Cnut as the dominant leader in Scandinavia. Ulf the usurper's realignment and participation in the battle did not, in the end, earn him Cnut's forgiveness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some sources state that the brothers-in-law were playing <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> at a banquet in <a href="/wiki/Roskilde" title="Roskilde">Roskilde</a> when an argument arose between them, and the next day, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> 1026, one of Cnut's <a href="/wiki/Housecarl" title="Housecarl">housecarls</a> killed the jarl with his blessing, in Trinity Church, the predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_Cathedral" title="Roskilde Cathedral">Roskilde Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett201644_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett201644-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_to_Rome">Journey to Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Journey to Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coins_of_Canute_the_Great_from_the_Lenborough_Hoard,_Aylesbury,_April_2023_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coins_of_Canute_the_Great_from_the_Lenborough_Hoard%2C_Aylesbury%2C_April_2023_04.jpg/220px-Coins_of_Canute_the_Great_from_the_Lenborough_Hoard%2C_Aylesbury%2C_April_2023_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coins_of_Canute_the_Great_from_the_Lenborough_Hoard%2C_Aylesbury%2C_April_2023_04.jpg/330px-Coins_of_Canute_the_Great_from_the_Lenborough_Hoard%2C_Aylesbury%2C_April_2023_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coins_of_Canute_the_Great_from_the_Lenborough_Hoard%2C_Aylesbury%2C_April_2023_04.jpg/440px-Coins_of_Canute_the_Great_from_the_Lenborough_Hoard%2C_Aylesbury%2C_April_2023_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Coins of Cnut the Great, in <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_County_Museum" title="Buckinghamshire County Museum">Buckinghamshire County Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a></figcaption></figure> <p>His enemies in Scandinavia subdued, and apparently at his leisure, Cnut was able to accept an invitation to witness the accession in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a>. He left his affairs in the north and went from Denmark to the coronation at Easter 1027, which would have been of considerable prestige for rulers of Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. On the return journey he wrote his letter of 1027, like his letter of 1019, informing his subjects in England of his intentions from abroad<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200465–66_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200465–66-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proclaiming himself "king of all England and Denmark and the Norwegians and of some of the Swedes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200497_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200497-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consistent with his role as a Christian king, Cnut says he went to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to repent for his sins, to pray for redemption and the security of his subjects, and to negotiate with the Pope for a reduction in the costs of the <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a> for English archbishops,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004124–125_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004124–125-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for a resolution to the competition between the archdioceses of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Bremen" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen">Hamburg-Bremen</a> for superiority over the Danish dioceses. He also sought to improve the conditions for pilgrims, as well as merchants, on the road to Rome. In his own words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... I spoke with the Emperor himself and the Lord Pope and the princes there about the needs of all people of my entire realm, both English and Danes, that a juster law and securer peace might be granted to them on the road to Rome and that they should not be straitened by so many barriers along the road, and harassed by unjust tolls; and the Emperor agreed and likewise King Robert who governs most of these same toll gates. And all the magnates confirmed by edict that my people, both merchants, and the others who travel to make their devotions, might go to Rome and return without being afflicted by barriers and toll collectors, in firm peace and secure in a just law.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Cnut's letter of 1027</i>, <a href="#CITEREFTrow2005">Trow 2005</a>, p. 193</cite></div></blockquote> <p>"Robert" in Cnut's text is probably a clerical error for <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_III_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph III of Burgundy">Rudolph</a>, the last ruler of an independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy" title="Kingdom of Burgundy">Kingdom of Burgundy</a>. Hence, the solemn word of the Pope, the Emperor and Rudolph was given with the witness of four archbishops, twenty bishops, and "innumerable multitudes of dukes and nobles",<sup id="cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._193_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._193-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting it was before the ceremonies were completed.<sup id="cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._193_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._193-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut without doubt threw himself into his role with zest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004125_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004125-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His image as a just Christian king, statesman and diplomat and crusader against unjustness, seems rooted in reality, as well as one he sought to project. </p><p>A good illustration of his status within Europe is the fact that Cnut and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burgundy" title="List of kings of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a> went alongside the emperor in the imperial procession<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stood shoulder-to-shoulder with him on the same pedestal.<sup id="cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._189_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._189-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut and the emperor, in accord with various sources,<sup id="cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._189_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._189-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took to one another's company like brothers, for they were of a similar age. Conrad gave Cnut lands in the <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)" title="March (territory)">Mark</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a> – the land-bridge between the Scandinavian kingdoms and the continent – as a token of their treaty of friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004104_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004104-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centuries of conflict in this area between the Danes and the Germans led to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Danevirke</a>, from Schleswig, on the <a href="/wiki/Schlei" title="Schlei">Schlei</a>, an inlet of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. </p><p>Cnut's visit to Rome was a triumph. In the verse of <i><a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BAtsdr%C3%A1pa" title="Knútsdrápa">Knútsdrápa</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sigvatr_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Sigvatr Þórðarson">Sigvatr Þórðarson</a> praises Cnut, his king, as being "dear to the Emperor, close to Peter".<sup id="cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._191_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._191-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the days of Christendom, a king seen to be in favour with God could expect to be ruler over a happy kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._191_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._191-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was surely in a stronger position, not only with the Church and the people, but also in the alliance with his southern rivals he was able to conclude his conflicts with his rivals in the north. His letter not only tells his countrymen of his achievements in Rome, but also of his ambitions within the Scandinavian world at his arrival home: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... I, as I wish to be made known to you, returning by the same route that I took out, am going to Denmark to arrange peace and a firm treaty, in the counsel of all the Danes, with those races and people who would have deprived us of life and rule if they could, but they could not, God destroying their strength. May he preserve us by his bounteous compassion in rule and honour and henceforth scatter and bring to nothing the power and might of all our enemies! And finally, when peace has been arranged with our surrounding peoples and all our kingdom here in the east has been properly ordered and pacified, so that we have no war to fear on any side or the hostility of individuals, I intend to come to England as early this summer as I can to attend to the equipping of a fleet.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Cnut's letter of 1027</i><sup id="cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._193_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._193-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Cnut was to return to Denmark from Rome, arrange for its security,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200497_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200497-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and afterward sail to England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Norway_and_part_of_Sweden">King of Norway and part of Sweden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: King of Norway and part of Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cnut_lands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cnut_lands.svg/220px-Cnut_lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cnut_lands.svg/330px-Cnut_lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cnut_lands.svg/440px-Cnut_lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a> of Cnut the Great, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1030. (Note that the Norwegian (now Swedish) lands of <a href="/wiki/Jemtland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemtland">Jemtland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herjedalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Herjedalen">Herjedalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idre" title="Idre">Idre</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rna" title="Särna">Særna</a> are not included in this map.)</figcaption></figure> <p>In his 1027 letter, Cnut refers to himself as king of "the Norwegians, and of some of the Swedes" – his victory over Swedes suggests Helgeå to be the river in <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a> and not <a href="/wiki/Helge_River" title="Helge River">the one</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> – while the king of Sweden appears to have been made a renegade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200495–98_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200495–98-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been speculated that the Swedish city <a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a> was held by Cnut; there were coins struck there that called him king, but there is no narrative record of his occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These coins are however usually regarded as copies of coins minted in Denmark. Coins stating that the Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a> was King of England have also been found in <a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagerman1996135_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagerman1996135-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawyer199123_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyer199123-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut also stated his intention of proceeding to Denmark to secure peace between the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, which fits the account of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Worcester" title="John of Worcester">John of Worcester</a> that in 1027 Cnut heard some Norwegians were discontented and sent them sums of gold and silver to gain their support for his claim to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200497_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200497-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1028, <a href="/wiki/Cnut%27s_Invasion_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut's Invasion of Norway">Cnut set off from England to Norway</a>, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, with a fleet of fifty ships. King <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf Haraldsson</a> was unable to put up a serious fight, both as his nobles had been bribed by Cnut and (according to Adam of Bremen) because he tended to apprehend their wives for sorcery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200497–98_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200497–98-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut was crowned king, now of England, Denmark and Norway as well as part of Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200449_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200449-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entrusted the Earldom of <a href="/wiki/Lade,_Trondheim" title="Lade, Trondheim">Lade</a> to the former line of earls, in <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Ericsson" title="Haakon Ericsson">Håkon Eiriksson</a>, with Eiríkr Hákonarson probably dead by this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hakon was possibly the Earl of Northumbria after Erik as well.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hakon, a member of a family with a long tradition of hostility towards the independent Norwegian kings, and a relative of Cnut's, was already in lordship over the Isles with the earldom of <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a>, possibly from 1016 to 1017. The sea-lanes through the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> led to <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and were central to Cnut's ambitions for dominance of Scandinavia and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. Hakon was meant to be Cnut's lieutenant in this strategic chain, and the final component was his installation as the king's deputy in Norway, after the expulsion of Olaf Haraldsson in 1028. Unfortunately, he was drowned in a shipwreck in the <a href="/wiki/Pentland_Firth" title="Pentland Firth">Pentland Firth</a> (between the <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney Islands">Orkney Islands</a> and the mainland coast) either late 1029 or early 1030.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005196–197_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005196–197-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the death of Hakon, Olaf Haraldsson returned to Norway, with Swedes in his army. He died at the hands of his own people, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a> in 1030. Cnut's subsequent attempt to rule Norway without the key support of the <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Lade" title="Earls of Lade">Trondejarls</a>, through <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton" title="Ælfgifu of Northampton">Ælfgifu of Northampton</a>, and his eldest son by her, <a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Sweyn Knutsson</a>, was not a success. The period is known as <i>Aelfgifu's Time</i> in Norway, with heavy taxation, a rebellion, and the restoration of the former Norwegian dynasty under <a href="/wiki/Saint_Olaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Olaf">Saint Olaf</a>'s illegitimate son <a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus the Good</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_the_western_sea-ways">Influence in the western sea-ways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influence in the western sea-ways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1014, while Cnut was preparing his re-invasion of England, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a> pitted an array of armies laid out on the fields before the walls of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_M%C3%B3rda_mac_Murchada" title="Máel Mórda mac Murchada">Máel Mórda mac Murchada</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sigtrygg_Silkbeard" title="Sigtrygg Silkbeard">Sigtrygg Silkbeard</a>, ruler of the Norse-Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">kingdom of Dublin</a>, had sent out emissaries to all the Viking kingdoms to request assistance in their rebellion against <a href="/wiki/Brian_Boru" title="Brian Boru">Brian Bóruma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">Earl of Orkney</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGettigan201361–63_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGettigan201361–63-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was offered command of all the Norse forces, while the High King had sought assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Albannaich" class="mw-redirect" title="Albannaich">Albannaich</a>, who were led by <a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Eim%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Eimín">Domnall mac Eimín meic Cainnig</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Mar" title="Earl of Mar">Mormaer of Mar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENí_Mhaonaigh2018131–156_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENí_Mhaonaigh2018131–156-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Leinster-Norse alliance was defeated, and both commanders, Sigurd and Máel Mórda, were killed. Brian, his son, his grandson, and the Mormaer Domhnall were slain as well. Sigtrygg's alliance was broken, although he was left alive, and the high-kingship of Ireland went back to the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a>, again under <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Sechnaill_mac_Domnaill" title="Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill">Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis,_''Celt_&_Saxon'',_p._182_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis,_''Celt_&_Saxon'',_p._182-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a brief period of freedom in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> zone for the Vikings of Dublin, with a political vacuum felt throughout the entire Western Maritime Zone of the North Atlantic Archipelago. Prominent among those who stood to fill the void was Cnut, "whose leadership of the Scandinavian world gave him a unique influence over the western colonies and whose control of their commercial arteries gave an economic edge to political domination".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005227_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005227-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coinage struck by the king in Dublin, Silkbeard, bearing Cnut's <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoil</a> type – in issue c. 1017–25 – sporadically replacing the legend with one bearing his own name and styling him as ruler either "of Dublin" or "among the Irish" provides evidence of Cnut's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further evidence is the entry of one <i>Sihtric dux</i> in three of Cnut's charters.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of his verses, Cnut's court poet <a href="/wiki/Sigvatr_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Sigvatr Þórðarson">Sigvatr Þórðarson</a> recounts that famous princes brought their heads to Cnut and bought peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownend2012660_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownend2012660-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This verse mentions Olaf Haraldsson in the past tense, his death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a> having occurred in 1030. It was therefore at some point after this and the consolidation of Norway that Cnut went to Scotland with an army,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005197–198_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005197–198-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the navy in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004102_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004102-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1031, to receive, without bloodshed, the submission of three Scottish kings: <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Maelcolm</a>, the future King <a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Maelbeth</a> and Iehmarc.<sup id="cite_ref-Trow,_p._197-98_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trow,_p._197-98-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these kings, Iehmarc, may be one <a href="/wiki/Echmarcach_mac_Ragnaill" title="Echmarcach mac Ragnaill">Echmarcach mac Ragnaill</a>, an <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> chieftain and the ruler of a sea-kingdom of the Irish Sea,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> among his domains. Nevertheless, it appears that Malcolm adhered to little of Cnut's power, and that influence over Scotland died out by the time of Cnut's death.<sup id="cite_ref-ASC,_1031_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASC,_1031-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, a <i><a href="/wiki/Lausav%C3%ADsa" title="Lausavísa">Lausavísa</a></i> attributable to the <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ttarr_svarti" title="Óttarr svarti">Óttarr svarti</a> greets the ruler of the Danes, Irish, English and Island-dwellers<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – use of <i>Irish</i> here being likely to mean the <a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Gall Ghaedil</a> kingdoms rather than the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> kingdoms. It "brings to mind Sweyn Forkbeard's putative activities in the Irish Sea and Adam of Bremen's story of his stay with a <i>rex Scothorum</i> (? king of the Irish)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200431–32_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200431–32-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [&] can also be linked to... Iehmarc, who submitted in 1031 [&] could be relevant to Cnut's relations with the Irish".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004102_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004102-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_the_Church">Relations with the Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relations with the Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu.jpg/240px-Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu.jpg/360px-Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu.jpg/480px-Canute_and_%C3%86lfgifu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="2521" /></a><figcaption>Angels crown Cnut as he and <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2009_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Ælfgifu) present a large gold cross to <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Abbey" title="Hyde Abbey">Hyde Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/New_Minster_Liber_Vitae" title="New Minster Liber Vitae">New Minster <i>Liber Vitae</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cnut's actions as a conqueror and his ruthless treatment of the overthrown dynasty had made him uneasy with the Church. He was already a Christian before he was king – being named <i>Lambert</i> at his baptism<sup id="cite_ref-Bremen,_p._112_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremen,_p._112-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004121_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004121-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – although the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a> was not at all complete. His marriage to <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a>, even though he was already married to <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton" title="Ælfgifu of Northampton">Ælfgifu of Northampton</a>, who was kept in the south with an estate in <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>, was another conflict with Church teaching. In an effort to reconcile himself with his churchmen, Cnut repaired all the English churches and monasteries that were victims of Viking plunder and refilled their coffers. He also built new churches and was an earnest patron of monastic communities. His homeland of Denmark was a Christian nation on the rise, and the desire to enhance the religion was still fresh. As an example, the first stone church recorded to have been built in Scandinavia was in <a href="/wiki/Roskilde" title="Roskilde">Roskilde</a>, c. 1027, and its patron was Cnut's sister Estrid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsen1992_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsen1992-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to ascertain whether Cnut's attitude towards the Church derived from deep religious devotion or was merely a means to reinforce his regime's hold on the people. There is evidence of respect for the pagan religion in his praise poetry, which he was happy enough for his <i>skalds</i> to embellish in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, while other Viking leaders were insistent on the rigid observation of the Christian line, like <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">St Olaf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet he also displays the desire for a respectable Christian nationhood within Europe. In 1018, some sources suggest he was at Canterbury on the return of its Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Lyfing_(Archbishop_of_Canterbury)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyfing (Archbishop of Canterbury)">Lyfing</a> from Rome, to receive letters of exhortation from the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200486_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200486-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this chronology is correct, he probably went from Canterbury to the Witan at Oxford, with Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)" title="Wulfstan (died 1023)">Wulfstan</a> of York in attendance, to record the event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200487_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200487-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His ecumenical gifts were widespread and often exuberant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004139–147_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004139–147-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly held land was given, along with exemption from taxes as well as <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Christ Church</a> was probably given rights at the important port of Sandwich as well as tax exemption, with confirmation in the placement of their charters on the altar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200487_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200487-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while it got the relics of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">St Ælfheah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004141_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004141-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the displeasure of the people of London. Another see in the king's favour was Winchester, second only to the Canterbury see in terms of wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004142_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004142-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Minster_Liber_Vitae" title="New Minster Liber Vitae">New Minster <i>Liber Vitae</i></a> records Cnut as a benefactor of the monastery,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004142_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004142-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Winchester Cross, with 500 marks of silver and 30 marks of gold, as well as relics of various saints<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was given to it. <a href="/wiki/Old_Minster,_Winchester" title="Old Minster, Winchester">Old Minster</a> was the recipient of a <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> for the relics of <a href="/wiki/Birinus" title="Birinus">St Birinus</a> and the probable confirmation of its privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004142_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004142-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monastery at Evesham, with its Abbot Ælfweard purportedly a relative of the king through Ælfgifu the Lady (probably Ælfgifu of Northampton, rather than Queen Emma, also known as Ælfgifu), got the relics of <a href="/wiki/Wigstan" title="Wigstan">St Wigstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004143_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004143-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some English approved of these policies, which his skalds called "destroying treasure",<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the burden of taxation was widely felt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004147_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004147-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His attitude towards London's see was clearly not benign. The monasteries at <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a> were apparently not on good terms either. </p><p>Other gifts were also given to his neighbours. Among these was one to <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, of which its bishop wrote: "When we saw the gift that you sent us, we were amazed at your knowledge as well as your faith ... since you, whom we had heard to be a pagan prince, we now know to be not only a Christian, but also a most generous donor to God's churches and servants".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004142_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004142-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known to have sent a <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">psalter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">sacramentary</a> made in <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a> (famous for its <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illustrations</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004146_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004146-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a book written in gold, among other gifts, to <a href="/wiki/William_V,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William V, Duke of Aquitaine">William the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004146_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004146-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This golden book was apparently to support Aquitanian claims of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martial" title="Saint Martial">St Martial</a>, patron saint of Aquitaine, as an <a href="/wiki/Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles">apostle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004144_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004144-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of some consequence, its recipient was an avid <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">scholar</a> and devout Christian, and the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Martial,_Limoges" title="Abbey of Saint Martial, Limoges">Abbey of Saint-Martial</a> was a great <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>, second only to the one at <a href="/wiki/Cluny" title="Cluny">Cluny</a>. It is likely that Cnut's gifts were well beyond historian's current knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004146_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004146-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cnut's journey to Rome in 1027 is another sign of his dedication to the Christian religion. It may be that he went to attend the coronation of Conrad II in order to improve relations between the two powers, yet he had previously made a vow to seek the favour of St Peter, the keeper of the keys to the heavenly kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004145_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004145-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Rome, Cnut made an agreement with the Pope to reduce the fees paid by the English archbishops to receive their <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a>. He also arranged that travellers from his realm not be straitened by unjust tolls and that they should be safeguarded on their way to and from Rome. Some evidence exists for a second journey in 1030.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg/220px-Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg/330px-Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg/440px-Knut_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>14th-century portrait of Cnut the Great</figcaption></figure> <p>Cnut died on 12 November 1035 in <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury" title="Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Denmark, he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a>, reigning as Cnut III, although with a war in Scandinavia against <a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus I of Norway</a>, Harthacnut was "forsaken [by the English] because he was too long in Denmark".<sup id="cite_ref-asc_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Queen Emma</a>, previously resident at Winchester with some of her son's <a href="/wiki/Housecarl" title="Housecarl">housecarls</a>, was made to flee to <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, under pressure from supporters of Cnut's other son, after Svein, by <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton" title="Ælfgifu of Northampton">Ælfgifu of Northampton</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> – <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> in England 1035–37 (who went on to claim the English throne in 1037, reigning until his death in 1040). Eventual peace in Scandinavia left Harthacnut free to claim the throne himself in 1040 and to regain for his mother her place.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He brought the crowns of Denmark and England together again until his death in 1042. Denmark fell into a period of disorder with a power struggle between the pretender to the throne <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sweyn Estridsson</a>, son of Ulf, and the Norwegian king, until the death of Magnus in 1047.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If the sons of Cnut had not died within a decade of his death, and if his only known daughter <a href="/wiki/Gunhilda_of_Denmark" title="Gunhilda of Denmark">Gunhilda</a>, who was to marry Conrad II's son <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a> eight months after his death, had not died in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> before she could become empress consort,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200498,_104–105_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200498,_104–105-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut's reign might well have been the foundation for a complete political union between England and Scandinavia, a <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a> with blood ties to the Holy Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004195_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004195-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bones_at_Winchester">Bones at Winchester</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bones at Winchester"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cnut was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Minster,_Winchester" title="Old Minster, Winchester">Old Minster, Winchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the events of 1066, the new Norman regime was keen to signal its authority with an ambitious programme of grandiose <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a>, which proceeded throughout the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> was built on the old <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> site and the previous burials, including Cnut's, were set in mortuary chests there.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> in the 17th century, plundering <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Roundhead</a> soldiers scattered the bones of Cnut on the floor and they were spread amongst the various other chests, notably those of <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William Rufus</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">restoration of the monarchy</a>, the bones were collected and replaced in their chests, although somewhat out of order.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1 – <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton" title="Ælfgifu of Northampton">Ælfgifu of Northampton</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2004_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2004-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Sweyn Knutsson</a>, King of Norway;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a>, King of England.</li></ul></li> <li>2 – <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a>, King of Denmark and England;<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunhilda_of_Denmark" title="Gunhilda of Denmark">Gunhilda of Denmark</a>, wed <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gunhilda_of_Denmark" title="Gunhilda of Denmark">Gunhilda of Denmark</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_%C3%86theling" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Ætheling">Alfred Ætheling</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ealdgyth_(floruit_1015%E2%80%931016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdgyth (floruit 1015–1016)">Ealdgyth</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Robert I, Duke of Normandy">Robert I of Normandy</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Herleva" title="Herleva">Herleva</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gytha_Thorkelsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Gytha Thorkelsdóttir">Gytha Thorkelsdóttir</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="Godwin, Earl of Wessex">Godwin, Earl of Wessex</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Exile" title="Edward the Exile">Edward the Exile</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Agatha,_wife_of_Edward_the_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile">Agatha</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders" title="Matilda of Flanders">Matilda of Flanders</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Godwinson" title="Sweyn Godwinson">Sweyn Godwinson</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson" title="Tostig Godwinson">Tostig Godwinson</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Edith of Wessex</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Cristina,_daughter_of_Edward_the_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristina, daughter of Edward the Exile">Cristina</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gyrth_Godwinson" title="Gyrth Godwinson">Gyrth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunhild_of_Wessex" title="Gunhild of Wessex">Gunhild</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86lfgifu_of_Wessex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ælfgifu of Wessex (page does not exist)">Ælfgifu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leofwine_Godwinson" title="Leofwine Godwinson">Leofwine</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wulfnoth_Godwinson" title="Wulfnoth Godwinson">Wulfnoth</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III of Scotland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td 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style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Other children</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Matilda of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cnut's_skalds"><span id="Cnut.27s_skalds"></span>Cnut's <i>skalds</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cnut's skalds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Old Norse catalogue of <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skalds</a> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldatal" title="Skáldatal">Skáldatal</a></i> lists eight skalds who were active at Cnut's court. Four of them, namely <a href="/wiki/Sigvatr_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Sigvatr Þórðarson">Sigvatr Þórðarson</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ttarr_svarti" title="Óttarr svarti">Óttarr svarti</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3rarinn_loftunga" title="Þórarinn loftunga">Þórarinn loftunga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallvar%C3%B0r_H%C3%A1reksblesi" title="Hallvarðr Háreksblesi">Hallvarðr háreksblesi</a>, composed verses in honour of Cnut which have survived in some form, while no such thing is apparent from the four other skalds <a href="/wiki/Bersi_Sk%C3%A1ldtorfuson" title="Bersi Skáldtorfuson">Bersi Torfuson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arn%C3%B3rr_jarlask%C3%A1ld" title="Arnórr jarlaskáld">Arnórr Þórðarson jarlaskáld</a> (known from other works), Steinn Skaptason and Óðarkeptr (unknown). The principal works for Cnut are the three <i><a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BAtsdr%C3%A1pa" title="Knútsdrápa">Knútsdrápur</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sigvatr_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Sigvatr Þórðarson">Sigvatr Þórðarson</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ttarr_svarti" title="Óttarr svarti">Óttarr svarti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallvar%C3%B0r_H%C3%A1reksblesi" title="Hallvarðr Háreksblesi">Hallvarðr háreksblesi</a>, and the <i>Höfuðlausn</i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B8gdr%C3%A1pa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tøgdrápa (page does not exist)">Tøgdrápa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3rarinn_loftunga" title="Þórarinn loftunga">Þórarinn loftunga</a>. Cnut also features in two other contemporary skaldic poems, namely <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0r_Kolbeinsson" title="Þórðr Kolbeinsson">Þórðr Kolbeinsson</a>'s <i>Eiríksdrápa</i> and the anonymous <i><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%B0smannaflokkr" title="Liðsmannaflokkr">Liðsmannaflokkr</a></i>. </p><p>Cnut's skalds emphasise the parallelism between Cnut's rule of his earthly kingdom and God's rule of Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004126_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004126-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is particularly apparent in their refrains. Thus the refrain of Þórarinn's <i>Höfuðlausn</i> translates to "Cnut protects the land as the guardian of Byzantium [God] [does] Heaven" and the refrain of Hallvarðr's <i>Knútsdrápa</i> translates to "Cnut protects the land as the Lord of all [does] the splendid hall of the mountains [Heaven]".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the Christian message, the poets also make use of traditional pagan references and this is particularly true of Hallvarðr. As an example, one of his half-stanzas translates to "The Freyr of the noise of weapons [warrior] has also cast under him Norway; the battle-server [warrior] diminishes the hunger of the <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">valcyrie</a>'s hawks [ravens]."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skald here refers to Cnut as "Freyr of battle", a <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kenning</a> using the name of the pagan god <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>. References of this sort were avoided by poets composing for the contemporary kings of Norway but Cnut seems to have had a more relaxed attitude towards pagan literary allusions.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_story_of_Cnut_and_the_waves">The story of Cnut and the waves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The story of Cnut and the waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/King_Canute_and_the_tide" title="King Canute and the tide">King Canute and the tide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canute_Reproving_His_Courtiers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Canute_Reproving_His_Courtiers.png/220px-Canute_Reproving_His_Courtiers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Canute_Reproving_His_Courtiers.png/330px-Canute_Reproving_His_Courtiers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Canute_Reproving_His_Courtiers.png/440px-Canute_Reproving_His_Courtiers.png 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption><i>Canute Reproving His Courtiers</i> (1848)</figcaption></figure> <p>This story of Cnut resisting the incoming tide was first recorded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a> in his <i>Historia Anglorum</i> in the early twelfth century: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When he was at the height of his ascendancy, he ordered his chair to be placed on the sea-shore as the tide was coming in. Then he said to the rising tide, "You are subject to me, as the land on which I am sitting is mine, and no one has resisted my overlordship with impunity. I command you, therefore, not to rise on to my land, nor to presume to wet the clothing or limbs of your master." But the sea came up as usual, and disrespectfully drenched the king's feet and shins. So jumping back, the king cried, "Let all the world know that the power of kings is empty and worthless, and there is no king worthy of the name save Him by whose will heaven, earth and the sea obey eternal laws."</p></blockquote> <p>This has become by far the best known story about Cnut, although in modern readings he is usually a wise man who knows from the start that he cannot control the waves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenway1996367–69Bolton2017214–16_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenway1996367–69Bolton2017214–16-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern languages: <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Knud den Store</i> or <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">Knud II</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">Knut den mektige</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Knut den Store</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-weir-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeir1989" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (1989). <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>. Vintage. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099539735" title="Special:BookSources/9780099539735"><bdi>9780099539735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780099539735&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomervilleMcDonald2014435-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomervilleMcDonald2014435_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomervilleMcDonald2014">Somerville & McDonald 2014</a>, p. 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cnut">"Cnut"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025626/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cnut">Archived</a> 8 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/King-Cnut-The-Great/">"King Cnut The Great"</a>. <i>Historic UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+UK&rft.atitle=King+Cnut+The+Great&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FHistoryUK%2FHistoryofEngland%2FKing-Cnut-The-Great%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_M._Larson" title="Laurence M. Larson">Laurence M. Larson</a> <i>Canute the Great</i> <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a> 1912</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/canute-great-r-1016-1035">Article</a> Royal Family website (2023)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestergaard1917" class="citation book cs1">Westergaard, Waldemar (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cwARLE3UAesC&dq=%22north+sea+empire%22&pg=PA13"><i>The Danish West Indies Under Company Rule (1671–1754): With a Supplementary Chapter, 1755–1917</i></a>. Macmillan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119014810/https://books.google.com/books?id=cwARLE3UAesC&dq=%22north+sea+empire%22&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Danish+West+Indies+Under+Company+Rule+%281671%E2%80%931754%29%3A+With+a+Supplementary+Chapter%2C+1755%E2%80%931917&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Westergaard&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcwARLE3UAesC%26dq%3D%2522north%2Bsea%2Bempire%2522%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelloc1925" class="citation book cs1">Belloc, Hilaire (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vSAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22north+sea+empire%22&pg=PA368"><i>A History of England</i></a>. Methuen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119014812/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vSAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22north+sea+empire%22&pg=PA368">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Belloc&rft.aufirst=Hilaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5vSAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522north%2Bsea%2Bempire%2522%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrow2005197–198-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrow2005197–198_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrow2005">Trow 2005</a>, pp. 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASC,_1031-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASC,_1031_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASC,_1031_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ASC, Ms. D, s.a. 1031.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005196-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005196_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForteOramPedersen2005">Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200497-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200497_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200497_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200497_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200497_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cantor, <i>The Civilisation of the Middle Ages</i>, 1995: 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snorri, <i>Heimskringla</i>, <i>The History of Olav Trygvason</i>, ch. 34, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam of Bremen, <i>History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen</i>, Book II, ch. 37; see also Book II, ch. 33, Scholion 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snorri, <i>Heimskringla</i>, <i>The History of Olav Trygvason</i>, ch. 91, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrow200544-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrow200544_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrow2005">Trow 2005</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas, <i>English Historical Documents</i>, pp. 335–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004160-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004160_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Paul and Pálsson, Hermann (trans.), <i>Knytlinga saga: the history of the kings of Denmark</i>, Odense University Press (1986), p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John, H., <i>The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings</i>, Penguin (1995), p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2003" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzXp1yYjq94C"><i>Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-928-1"><bdi>0-85115-928-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015622/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzXp1yYjq94C">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swein+Forkbeard%27s+Invasions+and+the+Danish+Conquest+of+England%2C+991%E2%80%931017&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-85115-928-1&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzXp1yYjq94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis1993182-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis1993182_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllis1993">Ellis 1993</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William of Malms., <i>Gesta Regnum Anglorum</i>, pp. 308–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer,_p._171-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer,_p._171_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer,_p._171_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer,_p._171_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sawyer, <i>History of the Vikings</i>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200427-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200427_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200449-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200449_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200449_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200449_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p. ???.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2009" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Timothy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_8LAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Empire of Cnut the Great: Conquest and the Consolidation of Power in Northern Europe in the Early Eleventh Century</i></a>. Brill. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16670-7"><bdi>978-90-04-16670-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015556/https://books.google.com/books?id=c_8LAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+Cnut+the+Great%3A+Conquest+and+the+Consolidation+of+Power+in+Northern+Europe+in+the+Early+Eleventh+Century&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16670-7&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_8LAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garmonsway, G.N. (ed. & trans.), <i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, Dent Dutton, 1972 & 1975, Peterborough (E) text, s.a. 1015, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, A. (ed. & trans.), <i>Encomium Emmae Reginae</i>, Camden 3rd Series vol. LXXII, 1949, pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G._Jones,_Vikings,_p._370-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-G._Jones,_Vikings,_p._370_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Jones, <i>Vikings</i>, p. 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._57-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._57_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._57_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004161-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004161_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200428-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200428_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200428_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200428_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200428_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200428_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</i>, pp. 146–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</i>, pp. 148–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</i>, pp. 150–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</i>, pp. 151–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</i>, pp. 152–53; Williams, A., <i>Æthelred the Unready the Ill-Counselled King</i>, Hambledon & London, 2003, pp. 146–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971393-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971393_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200482,_121,_138-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200482,_121,_138_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, pp. 82, 121, 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005198_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForteOramPedersen2005">Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolyneaux2015" class="citation book cs1">Molyneaux, George (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E1HCBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-102775-8"><bdi>978-0-19-102775-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015619/https://books.google.com/books?id=E1HCBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+English+Kingdom+in+the+Tenth+Century&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-102775-8&rft.aulast=Molyneaux&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE1HCBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicles,_p._154-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicles,_p._154_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anglo-Saxon_Chronicles,_p._154_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</i>, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200451–52,_163-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200451–52,_163_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, pp. 51–52, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200483-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200483_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004162-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004162_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200489-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200489_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200489_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thietmar, <i>Chronicon</i>, vii. 7, pp. 502–03</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200490-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200490_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseumStreetT:_+4420_73238618" class="citation web cs1">Museum, The British; Street, Great Russell; T: +4420 73238618, London WC1B 3DG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/414218">"Record ID: LEIC-3E8CC4 – EARLY MEDIEVAL coin"</a>. <i>The Portable Antiquities Scheme</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Portable+Antiquities+Scheme&rft.atitle=Record+ID%3A+LEIC-3E8CC4+%E2%80%93+EARLY+MEDIEVAL+coin&rft.aulast=Museum&rft.aufirst=The+British&rft.au=Street%2C+Great+Russell&rft.au=T%3A+%2B4420+73238618%2C+London+WC1B+3DG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinds.org.uk%2Fdatabase%2Fartefacts%2Frecord%2Fid%2F414218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham-CampbellHallJeschParsons20163-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham-CampbellHallJeschParsons20163_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraham-CampbellHallJeschParsons2016">Graham-Campbell et al. 2016</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECokeHargrave185320-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECokeHargrave185320_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCokeHargrave1853">Coke & Hargrave 1853</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2010137–156-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2010137–156_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2010">Richards 2010</a>, pp. 137–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2009" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Timothy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CV-1H24C_MwC"><i>The Empire of Cnut the Great: Conquest and the Consolidation of Power in Northern Europe in the Early Eleventh Century</i></a>. Brill. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16670-7"><bdi>978-90-04-16670-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015607/https://books.google.com/books?id=CV-1H24C_MwC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+Cnut+the+Great%3A+Conquest+and+the+Consolidation+of+Power+in+Northern+Europe+in+the+Early+Eleventh+Century&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16670-7&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCV-1H24C_MwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, <i>Vikings</i>, p.373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett201644-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett201644_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2016">Bartlett 2016</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200465–66-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200465–66_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004124–125-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004124–125_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._193-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._193_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._193_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._193_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004125-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004125_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._189-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._189_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._189_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004104-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004104_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trow,_Cnut,_p._191-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._191_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trow,_Cnut,_p._191_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200495–98-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200495–98_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, pp. 95–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graslund, B.,'Knut den store och sveariket: Slaget vid Helgea i ny belysning', <i>Scandia</i>, vol. 52 (1986), pp. 211–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHagerman1996135-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHagerman1996135_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHagerman1996">Hagerman 1996</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyer199123-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawyer199123_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSawyer1991">Sawyer 1991</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200497–98-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200497–98_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005196–197-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005196–197_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForteOramPedersen2005">Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGettigan201361–63-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGettigan201361–63_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGettigan2013">McGettigan 2013</a>, pp. 61–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENí_Mhaonaigh2018131–156-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENí_Mhaonaigh2018131–156_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNí_Mhaonaigh2018">Ní Mhaonaigh 2018</a>, pp. 131–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis,_''Celt_&_Saxon'',_p._182-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis,_''Celt_&_Saxon'',_p._182_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, <i>Celt & Saxon</i>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005227-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005227_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForteOramPedersen2005">Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hudson, <i>Knutr</i>, pp. 323–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hudson, <i>Knutr</i>, pp. 330–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownend2012660-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownend2012660_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTownend2012">Townend 2012</a>, p. 660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005197–198-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForteOramPedersen2005197–198_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForteOramPedersen2005">Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005</a>, pp. 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004102-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004102_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004102_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trow,_p._197-98-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trow,_p._197-98_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, pp. 197–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lausavisur</i>, ed. Johnson Al, pp. 269–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200431–32-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200431–32_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2009-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2009_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2009">Keynes 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bremen,_p._112-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bremen,_p._112_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam of Bremen, <i>Gesta Daenorum</i>, scholium 37, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004121-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004121_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlsen1992-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlsen1992_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlsen1992">Olsen 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p.129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200486-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200486_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200487-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200487_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200487_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004139–147-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004139–147_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, pp. 139–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004141-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004141_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004142-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004142_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004142_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004142_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004142_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawson, <i>Cnut</i>, p.126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004143-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004143_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004147-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004147_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004146-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004146_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004146_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004146_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004144-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004144_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004145-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004145_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trow, <i>Cnut</i>, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asc-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asc_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson200498,_104–105-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson200498,_104–105_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, pp. 98, 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004195-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004195_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astoft.co.uk/Dscn0764-405.jpg">"Photo of a sign posted in Winchester Cathedral marking Cnut's mortuary chest, posted at the astoft.co.uk web site, retrieved 2009-07-25"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090621023839/http://www.astoft.co.uk/Dscn0764-405.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+of+a+sign+posted+in+Winchester+Cathedral+marking+Cnut%27s+mortuary+chest%2C+posted+at+the+astoft.co.uk+web+site%2C+retrieved+2009-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astoft.co.uk%2FDscn0764-405.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford2004-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford2004_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStafford2004">Stafford 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessex_Family_Tree-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessex_Family_Tree_113-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090824022435/http://www.royal.gov.uk/pdf/wessex.pdf">"Kings of Wessex and England 802–1066"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The official website of The British Monarchy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/pdf/wessex.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+official+website+of+The+British+Monarchy&rft.atitle=Kings+of+Wessex+and+England+802%E2%80%931066&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2Fpdf%2Fwessex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004126-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004126_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank 1999:116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank 1999:120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank 1999:121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenway1996367–69Bolton2017214–16-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenway1996367–69Bolton2017214–16_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenway1996">Greenway 1996</a>, pp. 367–69; <a href="#CITEREFBolton2017">Bolton 2017</a>, pp. 214–16.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_of_Bremen1917" class="citation cs2">Adam of Bremen (1917), <i>Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontifificum, </i>or<i> History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. </i>English translation by F. J. Tschan<i>.</i>, Hamburg: Hahnuni</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Hammaburgensis+ecclesiae+pontifificum%2C+or+History+of+the+Archbishops+of+Hamburg-Bremen.+English+translation+by+F.+J.+Tschan.&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Hahnuni&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Adam+of+Bremen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2016" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, W. B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lrBNDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT44"><i>King Cnut and the Viking Conquest of England 1016</i></a>. Amberley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4592-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4592-6"><bdi>978-1-4456-4592-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015619/https://books.google.com/books?id=lrBNDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Cnut+and+the+Viking+Conquest+of+England+1016&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-4592-6&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlrBNDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2017" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Timothy (2017). <i>Cnut the Great</i>. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20833-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20833-7"><bdi>978-0-300-20833-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cnut+the+Great&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+USA&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-20833-7&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1998" class="citation cs2">Campbell, Alistair, ed. (1998), <i>Encomium Emmae Reginae</i>, London: Cambridge University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encomium+Emmae+Reginae&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCokeHargrave1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Coke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Coke">Coke, Sir Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hargrave" title="Francis Hargrave">Hargrave, Francis</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDtKAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA20-PA76"><i>The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, Or, A Commentary Upon Littleton: Not the Name of the Author Only, But of the Law Itself</i></a>. Robert H. Small. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015606/https://books.google.com/books?id=eDtKAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA20-PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Part+of+the+Institutes+of+the+Laws+of+England%2C+Or%2C+A+Commentary+Upon+Littleton%3A+Not+the+Name+of+the+Author+Only%2C+But+of+the+Law+Itself&rft.pub=Robert+H.+Small&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Coke&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edward&rft.au=Hargrave%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDtKAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA20-PA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1993" class="citation cs2">Ellis, P. B. (1993), <i>Celt & Saxon</i>, Suffolk: St. Edmundsbury Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celt+%26+Saxon&rft.place=Suffolk&rft.pub=St.+Edmundsbury+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForteOramPedersen2005" class="citation book cs1">Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D.; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C"><i>Viking Empires</i></a>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82992-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82992-2"><bdi>978-0-521-82992-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405152116/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vEd859jvk0C">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Empires&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82992-2&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft.au=Oram%2C+Richard+D.&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_vEd859jvk0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1999" class="citation cs2">Frank, R. (1999), "King Cnut in the verse of his skalds", in Alexander R. Rumble (ed.), <i>The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway</i>, London: Leicester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7185-0205-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7185-0205-1"><bdi>0-7185-0205-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=King+Cnut+in+the+verse+of+his+skalds&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Cnut%3A+King+of+England%2C+Denmark+and+Norway&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7185-0205-1&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-CampbellHallJeschParsons2016" class="citation book cs1">Graham-Campbell, James; Hall, Richard; Jesch, Judith; Parsons, David N (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zl83DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Vikings and the Danelaw</i></a>. Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-455-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-455-0"><bdi>978-1-78570-455-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015619/https://books.google.com/books?id=zl83DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikings+and+the+Danelaw&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78570-455-0&rft.aulast=Graham-Campbell&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Hall%2C+Richard&rft.au=Jesch%2C+Judith&rft.au=Parsons%2C+David+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzl83DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenway1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Greenway, Diana, ed. (1996). <i>Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon, </i>Historia Anglorum<i> The History of the English People</i> (in Latin and English). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822224-8"><bdi>978-0-19-822224-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry%2C+Archdeacon+of+Huntingdon%2C+Historia+Anglorum+The+History+of+the+English+People&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822224-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagerman1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Maja_Hagerman" title="Maja Hagerman">Hagerman, Maja</a> (1996), <i>Spåren av kungens män</i>, Rabén Prisma</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sp%C3%A5ren+av+kungens+m%C3%A4n&rft.pub=Rab%C3%A9n+Prisma&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hagerman&rft.aufirst=Maja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1994" class="citation cs2">Hudson, B. T. (1994), <i>Knutr & Viking Dublin</i>, Scandinavian Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knutr+%26+Viking+Dublin&rft.pub=Scandinavian+Studies&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=B.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_Jones_(author)" title="Gwyn Jones (author)">Jones, Gwyn</a> (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvikings0002jone"><i>A History of the Vikings</i></a> (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285139-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285139-X"><bdi>0-19-285139-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-19-285139-X&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofvikings0002jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a> (8 October 2009). "Æthelred II [Ethelred; known as Ethelred the Unready] (c. 966–1016), king of England". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8915">10.1093/ref:odnb/8915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelred+II+%5BEthelred%3B+known+as+Ethelred+the+Unready%5D+%28c.+966%E2%80%931016%29%2C+king+of+England&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8915&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2004" class="citation cs2">Lawson, M. K. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=plmfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Cnut: England's Viking King</i></a> (2nd ed.), Stroud: Tempus, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2964-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2964-7"><bdi>0-7524-2964-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015633/https://books.google.com/books?id=plmfAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cnut%3A+England%27s+Viking+King&rft.place=Stroud&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7524-2964-7&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DplmfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lawson, M. K. (2013). "Cnut [Canute] (d. 1035)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4579">10.1093/ref:odnb/4579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cnut+%5BCanute%5D+%28d.+1035%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4579&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGettigan2013" class="citation book cs1">McGettigan, Darren (2013). <i>The Battle of Clontarf: Good Friday 1014</i>. Dublin: Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846823848" title="Special:BookSources/9781846823848"><bdi>9781846823848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Clontarf%3A+Good+Friday+1014&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781846823848&rft.aulast=McGettigan&rft.aufirst=Darren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNí_Mhaonaigh2018" class="citation book cs1">Ní Mhaonaigh, Máire (2018). "Perception and Reality: Ireland c.980–1229". In Smith, Brendan (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Ireland</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perception+and+Reality%3A+Ireland+c.980%E2%80%931229&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ireland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=N%C3%AD+Mhaonaigh&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1ire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen1992" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, Olaf (1992). "Christianity & Churches". In Else Roesdahl; David Mackenzie Wilson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YNpAAAAMAAJ"><i>From Viking to Crusader: The Scandinavians and Europe, 800–1200</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-1625-5"><bdi>978-0-8478-1625-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015619/https://books.google.com/books?id=9YNpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+%26+Churches&rft.btitle=From+Viking+to+Crusader%3A+The+Scandinavians+and+Europe%2C+800%E2%80%931200&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-1625-5&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9YNpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanelagh2001" class="citation cs2">Ranelagh, John O'Bernie (2001), <i>A Short History of Ireland</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46944-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46944-9"><bdi>0-521-46944-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Ireland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-46944-9&rft.aulast=Ranelagh&rft.aufirst=John+O%27Bernie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2010" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Mary P. (2010). "I-II Cnut: Wulfstan's <i>Summa</i>?". In Stefan Jurasinski; Lisi Oliver; Andrew Rabin (eds.). <i>English Law Before Magna Carta: Felix Liebermann and "Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen"</i>. Medieval Law and Its Practice. Vol. 8. Leiden: Brill. pp. 137–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004187566.i-330.31">10.1163/ej.9789004187566.i-330.31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004187573" title="Special:BookSources/9789004187573"><bdi>9789004187573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I-II+Cnut%3A+Wulfstan%27s+Summa%3F&rft.btitle=English+Law+Before+Magna+Carta%3A+Felix+Liebermann+and+%22Die+Gesetze+der+Angelsachsen%22&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Medieval+Law+and+Its+Practice&rft.pages=137-156&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004187566.i-330.31&rft.isbn=9789004187573&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Mary+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1991" class="citation cs2">Sawyer, P. (1991), <i>När Sverige blev Sverige (Occasional papers on medieval topics)</i>, Alingsås: Viktoria</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A4r+Sverige+blev+Sverige+%28Occasional+papers+on+medieval+topics%29&rft.place=Alings%C3%A5s&rft.pub=Viktoria&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1997" class="citation cs2">Sawyer, P. (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00sawy"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings</i></a> (1st ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820526-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820526-0"><bdi>0-19-820526-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Vikings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-820526-0&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate00sawy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnorri_Sturluson1990" class="citation cs2">Snorri Sturluson (1990), <i>Heimskringla, </i>or<i> The Lives of the Norse Kings. English translation by Erling Monsen & A. H. Smith.</i>, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26366-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-26366-5"><bdi>0-486-26366-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heimskringla%2C+or+The+Lives+of+the+Norse+Kings.+English+translation+by+Erling+Monsen+%26+A.+H.+Smith.&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-486-26366-5&rft.au=Snorri+Sturluson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomervilleMcDonald2014" class="citation book cs1">Somerville, Angus A.; McDonald, R. Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GCQBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Viking Age: A Reader, Second Edition</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0870-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0870-2"><bdi>978-1-4426-0870-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015558/https://books.google.com/books?id=-GCQBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Viking+Age%3A+A+Reader%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0870-2&rft.aulast=Somerville&rft.aufirst=Angus+A.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+R.+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GCQBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Stafford, Pauline</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-180">"Ælfgifu [Ælfgifu of Northampton] (fl. 1006–1036)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F180">10.1093/ref:odnb/180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911235242/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-180">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86lfgifu+%5B%C3%86lfgifu+of+Northampton%5D+%28fl.+1006%E2%80%931036%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F180&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, Frank</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y65NxJaMtcC&pg=PA393"><i>Anglo-Saxon England</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821716-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821716-9"><bdi>978-0-19-821716-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414015620/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y65NxJaMtcC&pg=PA393">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821716-9&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Y65NxJaMtcC%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton1996" class="citation cs2">Swanton, Michael, ed. (1996), <i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92129-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92129-5"><bdi>0-415-92129-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-92129-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thietmar (1962) <i>Chronik: Chronicon</i>; Neu übertragen und erläutert von Werner Trillmich. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownend2012" class="citation book cs1">Townend, Matthew (2012). "(Introduction to) Sigvatr Þórðarson, Knútsdrápa.". In Whaley, Diana; Townend, Matthew (eds.). <i>Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1</i>. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 651–663. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51896-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51896-1"><bdi>978-2-503-51896-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28Introduction+to%29+Sigvatr+%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson%2C+Kn%C3%BAtsdr%C3%A1pa.&rft.btitle=Poetry+from+the+Kings%27+Sagas+1%3A+From+Mythical+Times+to+c.+1035.+Skaldic+Poetry+of+the+Scandinavian+Middle+Ages+1&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pages=651-663&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51896-1&rft.aulast=Townend&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrow2005" class="citation cs2">Trow, M. J. (2005), <i>Cnut – Emperor of the North</i>, Stroud: Sutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3387-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3387-9"><bdi>0-7509-3387-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cnut+%E2%80%93+Emperor+of+the+North&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7509-3387-9&rft.aulast=Trow&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_of_Malmesbury1998" class="citation cs2">William of Malmesbury (1998), <i>Gesta Regnum Anglorum. </i>English translation by R.A.B. Mynors<i><span></span></i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Regnum+Anglorum.+English+translation+by+R.A.B.+Mynors&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=William+of+Malmesbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (1979) [1963]. <i>The English Church, 1000–1066</i> (2nd ed.). London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Church%2C+1000%E2%80%931066&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2009" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Timothy (2009). <i>The Empire of Cnut the Great: Conquest and the Consolidation of Power in Northern Europe in the Early Eleventh Century</i>. The Northern World. North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 A.D.: Peoples, Economies and Cultures. Vol. 40. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16670-7"><bdi>978-90-04-16670-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-1462">1569-1462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+Cnut+the+Great%3A+Conquest+and+the+Consolidation+of+Power+in+Northern+Europe+in+the+Early+Eleventh+Century&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=The+Northern+World.+North+Europe+and+the+Baltic+c.+400%E2%80%931700+A.D.%3A+Peoples%2C+Economies+and+Cultures&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1569-1462&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16670-7&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hudson" title="Benjamin Hudson">Hudson, B. T.</a> (1992). "Cnut and the Scottish Kings". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>107</b> (423): 350–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcvii.423.350">10.1093/ehr/cvii.423.350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Cnut+and+the+Scottish+Kings&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=423&rft.pages=350-60&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcvii.423.350&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=B.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack1984" class="citation journal cs1">Mack, Katharine (1984). "Changing Thegns: Cnut's Conquest and the English Aristocracy". <i>Albion</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 375–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4049386">10.2307/4049386</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4049386">4049386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion&rft.atitle=Changing+Thegns%3A+Cnut%27s+Conquest+and+the+English+Aristocracy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=375-87&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4049386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4049386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthGoeresFinlay2022" class="citation book cs1">North, Richard; Goeres, Erin; Finlay, Alison, eds. (2022). <i>Anglo-Danish Empire: A Companion to the Reign of King Cnut the Great</i>. De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Danish+Empire%3A+A+Companion+to+the+Reign+of+King+Cnut+the+Great&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumble1994" class="citation book cs1">Rumble, Alexander R., ed. (1994). <i>The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway</i>. Studies in the early history of Britain. London: Leicester UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Cnut%3A+King+of+England%2C+Denmark+and+Norway&rft.place=London&rft.series=Studies+in+the+early+history+of+Britain&rft.pub=Leicester+UP&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Scandinavica, An International Journal of Scandinavian Studies</i>, (2018) Vol. 57, No 1, issue on "Remembering Cnut the Great"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnut&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canute_the_Great" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Canute the Great">Cnut</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Canute" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Canute">Canute</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/canute-great-r-1016-1035">Canute</a> at the official website of the British monarchy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=8845">Cnut 3</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070909235310/http://www.viking.no/e/people/e-knud.htm">Canute (Knud) The Great – From Viking warrior to English king</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313220032/http://www.vikingworld.dk/jellinge49.htm">Vikingworld (Danish) – Canute the Great (Knud den Store)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp14455">Portraits of Canute or Cnut 'the Great'</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134128#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund II</a></div><i><b>as King of the English </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> </b><br />1016–1035 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harald_II_of_Denmark" title="Harald II of Denmark">Harald II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Denmark">King of Denmark</a> </b><br />1018–1035 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf the Saint</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">King of Norway</a> </b><br />1028–1035<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Eiriksson" class="mw-redirect" title="Håkon Eiriksson">Hákon Eiríksson</a></i> <i> (1028–1029)</i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Sveinn Alfífuson</a></i> <i> (1030–1035)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus I of Norway">Magnus the Good</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Denmark" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Denmark" title="Template:Monarchs of Denmark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Denmark" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Denmark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Denmark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Denmark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Denmark" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">Monarchs of Denmark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._916_–_1042" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 916 – 1042</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut_I_of_Denmark" title="Harthacnut I of Denmark">Сanute I</a> (Harthacnut)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorm_the_Old" title="Gorm the Old">Gorm the Old</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald I Bluetooth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn I</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_II_of_Denmark" title="Harald II of Denmark">Harald II</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canute II</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Canute III</a> (Harthacanute)<sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/120px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/180px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/240px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1177" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fairhair_dynasty" title="Fairhair dynasty">Fairhair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1042–1047" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1042–1047</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus the Good</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">Estridsen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1047–1375" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1047–1375</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sweyn II Estridsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hen" title="Harald Hen">Harald III Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canute_IV_of_Denmark" title="Canute IV of Denmark">Canute IV the Saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_I_of_Denmark" title="Olaf I of Denmark">Olaf I Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I Evergood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels,_King_of_Denmark" title="Niels, King of Denmark">Niels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_II_of_Denmark" title="Eric II of Denmark">Eric II the Memorable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_III_of_Denmark" title="Eric III of Denmark">Eric III Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_III_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn III of Denmark">Sweyn III Grathe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Canute_V_of_Denmark" title="Canute V of Denmark">Canute V</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canute_VI_of_Denmark" title="Canute VI of Denmark">Canute VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar II of Denmark">Valdemar II the Victorious</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_the_Young" title="Valdemar the Young">Valdemar the Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_IV_of_Denmark" title="Eric IV of Denmark">Eric IV Plough-tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel,_King_of_Denmark" title="Abel, King of Denmark">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I_of_Denmark" title="Christopher I of Denmark">Christopher I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_V_of_Denmark" title="Eric V of Denmark">Eric V Klipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_VI_of_Denmark" title="Eric VI of Denmark">Eric VI Menved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_II_of_Denmark" title="Christopher II of Denmark">Christopher II</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Christoffersen_of_Denmark" title="Eric Christoffersen of Denmark">Eric Christoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar_III_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar III of Denmark">Valdemar III</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#999">Interregnum</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar_IV_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar IV of Denmark">Valdemar IV Atterdag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bj%C3%A4lbo" title="House of Bjälbo">Bjälbo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1376–1387" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1376–1387</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Denmark" title="Olaf II of Denmark">Olaf II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Estridsen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1376–1412" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1376–1412</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margrethe I</a></i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1397–1439" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1397–1439</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric VII of Pomerania</a></i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Neumarkt" title="House of Palatinate-Neumarkt">Palatinate-Neumarkt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1440–1448" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1440–1448</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher III of Bavaria</a></i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><b>Senior branch</b><br />1448–1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark" title="Frederick III of Denmark">Frederick III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_V_of_Denmark" title="Christian V of Denmark">Christian V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_VI_of_Denmark" title="Christian VI of Denmark">Christian VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark" title="Frederick V of Denmark">Frederick V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VII of Denmark">Christian VII</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian VIII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VII of Denmark">Frederick VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="House of Glücksburg">Glücksburg</a></b><br />since 1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VIII of Denmark">Frederick VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark" title="Christian X of Denmark">Christian X</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_IX" title="Frederik IX">Frederik IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_X" title="Frederik X">Frederik X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates Danish monarchs who were also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">monarchs of Norway</a>.</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">monarch of England</a>.</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">monarch of Sweden</a>.</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Icelandic monarchs">monarch of Iceland</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Norway" title="Template:Monarchs of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">Monarchs of</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">I. Independent Norway</a><br /><br /><small>Foreign and non-royal<br /> rulers in <i>italics</i>, disputed<br /> monarchs in brackets</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="872–1387" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-size:80%; font-weight:normal;">872–1387</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald I Fairhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric I Bloodaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon I the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Greycloak" title="Harald Greycloak">Harald II Greycloak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a></i> <sup><small>d</small></sup> & <i><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf I Tryggvason</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></i> <sup><small>de</small></sup> & <i><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup> & <i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Haakonsson" title="Sweyn Haakonsson">Sweyn Haakonsson</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf II the Saint</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cnut</a></i> <sup><small>de</small></sup> & <i><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Ericsson" title="Haakon Ericsson">Haakon Ericsson</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup> & <i><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Sweyn Knutsson</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup> (<i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton" title="Ælfgifu of Northampton">Ælfgifu</a></i> <sup><small>r</small></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus I the Good</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald III Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_II_of_Norway" title="Magnus II of Norway">Magnus II Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway" title="Olaf III of Norway">Olaf III Kyrre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Toresfostre" title="Haakon Toresfostre">Haakon Toresfostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus III Barefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Magnusson_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav Magnusson of Norway">Olav Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eystein_I_of_Norway" title="Eystein I of Norway">Eystein I Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader" title="Sigurd the Crusader">Sigurd I the Crusader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Gille" title="Harald Gille">Harald IV Gille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Sigurdsson" title="Magnus Sigurdsson">Magnus IV the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_II" title="Sigurd II">Sigurd II Munn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_Haraldsson" title="Inge Haraldsson">Inge I Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eystein_II_of_Norway" title="Eystein II of Norway">Eystein II Haraldsson</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Magnus_Haraldsson_(son_of_Harald_Gille)" title="Magnus Haraldsson (son of Harald Gille)">Magnus Haraldsson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_II" title="Haakon II">Haakon II Broadshoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_V_of_Norway" title="Magnus V of Norway">Magnus V Erlingsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_of_Norway" title="Sverre of Norway">Sverre Sigurdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon III of Norway">Haakon III Sverresson</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Guttorm_of_Norway" title="Guttorm of Norway">Guttorm Sigurdsson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_B%C3%A5rdsson" title="Inge Bårdsson">Inge II Bårdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV" title="Haakon IV">Haakon IV Haakonsson</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Young" title="Haakon the Young">Haakon the Young</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus VI">Magnus VI the Law-mender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_II_of_Norway" title="Eric II of Norway">Eric II Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_V" title="Haakon V">Haakon V Magnusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus VII Ericsson</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_VI" title="Haakon VI">Haakon VI Magnusson</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Denmark" title="Olaf II of Denmark">Olaf IV Haakonsson</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1387–1523" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-size:80%; font-weight:normal;">1387–1523</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric III</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles I</a></i> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a> <sup><small>ds</small></sup></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1524–1814" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-size:80%; font-weight:normal;">1524–1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark" title="Frederick III of Denmark">Frederick III</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_V_of_Denmark" title="Christian V of Denmark">Christian V</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_VI_of_Denmark" title="Christian VI of Denmark">Christian VI</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark" title="Frederick V of Denmark">Frederick V</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VII of Denmark">Christian VII</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI</a> <sup><small>d</small></sup></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">II. Independent Norway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1814" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-size:80%; font-weight:normal;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian Frederick</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Union with Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1814–1905" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-size:80%; font-weight:normal;">1814–1905</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles II</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Charles III John</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar I</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">Charles IV</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">Oscar II</a> <sup><small>s</small></sup></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">III. Independent Norway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Since_1905" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-size:80%; font-weight:normal;">Since 1905</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Haakon VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_V" title="Olav V">Olav V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_V" title="Harald V">Harald V</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>r</small></sup></span> Regent</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>d</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">Danish monarch</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>e</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English monarch</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>s</small></sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">Swedish monarch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Viking activity in Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglo-Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> (757–796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" title="Ælla of Northumbria">Ælla of Northumbria</a> (unk–867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> of East Anglia (855–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> (978–1013, 1014–1016)</li> <li>Wessex: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a> (802–839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf, King of Wessex">Æthelwulf</a> (839–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (871–899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> (899–924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (924–939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> (946–954</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 881</span>–911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon" title="Odda, Ealdorman of Devon">Odda, Ealdorman of Devon</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Wiltshire" title="Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire">Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire</a> (855–?877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a> (1035–1042)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cnut</a> (1016–1035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> (1035–1040)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a> (1030–1035)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a> (883–895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> (947–948, 952–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a> (941–944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid ua Ímair</a> (921–934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> (939–941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 914</span>–921)</li></ul></li> <li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> (1013–1014)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgberht I of Northumbria">Ecgberht I of Northumbria</a> (867–872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a> (852–874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf II of Mercia">Ceolwulf II of Mercia</a> (874–880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a> (917–927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> (865–877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a> (865–878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> (874–890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein#"Hastein"_in_England" title="Hastein">Hastein</a> (892–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 970</span>–1024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking raids: 793–850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> (793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey#Vikings" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> (835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a> (838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent#Saxon" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Battle of Rochester</a> (842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carhampton#History" title="Carhampton">Carhampton</a> (843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a> (851)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First invasion 865–896</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Heathen_Army(865–78)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a><br />(865–78)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a> (867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham#Anglo-Saxon_era" title="History of Nottingham">Siege of Nottingham</a> (867)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a> (870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanage#History" title="Swanage">Sea Battle near Swanage</a> (877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a> (878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking_period_London" title="London">Battle of London</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter#Medieval_times" title="Exeter">Siege of Exeter</a> (893, 1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham#The_Anglo-Saxon_period" title="Farnham">Battle of Fearnhamme</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a> (894)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">First Stamford</a> (894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">The Holme</a> (902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Tettenhall</a> (910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Tempsford</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Derby</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Second Stamford</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Corbridge</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a> (937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Stainmore</a> (954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second invasion: 980–1012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Maldon</a> (991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Alton</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day</a> (1002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Ringmere</a> (1010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England" title="Cnut's invasion of England">Cnut's invasion</a> (1015–1016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Brentford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Assandun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald's invasion</a> (1066)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Fulford</a> (1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Stamford Bridge</a> (1066)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> (865–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Jorvik</a> (866–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> (519–927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a> (410–825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (653–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (527–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 890</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)" title="Battle of Brunanburh (poem)">"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard" title="Cuerdale Hoard">Cuerdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furness_Hoard" title="Furness Hoard">Furness Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">List of English words of Old Norse origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale_Hoard" title="Silverdale Hoard">Silverdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York_Hoard" title="Vale of York Hoard">Vale of York Hoard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134128#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134128#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078328891">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268401625">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69151776734318010583">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/78294/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjvPTPgBDjFHyYDDm6tjfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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