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<span>Customs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Customs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France_and_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_and_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>France and Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_and_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canary_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canary_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Canary Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canary_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Catalonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden_and_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden_and_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Sweden and Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden_and_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>The Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Guatemala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Candlemas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marialigmis" title="Marialigmis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marialigmis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="عيد تطهير مريم العذراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد تطهير مريم العذراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelera" title="Candelera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Candelera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreteniye_(xristian_bayram%C4%B1)" title="Sreteniye (xristian bayramı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sreteniye (xristian bayramı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5" title="Стрэчанне Гасподняе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стрэчанне Гасподняе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Стрэчаньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стрэчаньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Сретение Господне – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сретение Господне" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liachtmess" title="Liachtmess – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Liachtmess" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelera" title="Candelera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Candelera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromnice_(sv%C3%A1tek)" title="Hromnice (svátek) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hromnice (svátek)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Candlemas" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyndelmisse" title="Kyndelmisse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kyndelmisse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtmess" title="Lichtmess – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lichtmess" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%BCnlap%C3%A4ev" title="Küünlapäev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Küünlapäev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiesta_de_la_Candelaria" title="Fiesta de la Candelaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fiesta de la Candelaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandelofesto" title="Kandelofesto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kandelofesto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandelario" title="Kandelario – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kandelario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B9" title="جشن شمع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جشن شمع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyndilsmessa" title="Kyndilsmessa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kyndilsmessa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandeleur" title="Chandeleur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chandeleur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1_Fh%C3%A9ile_Muire_na_gCoinneal" title="Lá Fhéile Muire na gCoinneal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lá Fhéile Muire na gCoinneal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_da_Candeloria" title="Día da Candeloria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Día da Candeloria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%B4%89%ED%97%8C%EC%B6%95%EC%9D%BC" title="주의 봉헌축일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주의 봉헌축일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svije%C4%87nica" title="Svijećnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svijećnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyndilmessa" title="Kyndilmessa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kyndilmessa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelora" title="Candelora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Candelora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1" title="קנדלמאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנדלמאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypapante" title="Hypapante – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hypapante" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liichtm%C3%ABssdag" title="Liichtmëssdag – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liichtmëssdag" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabny%C4%8Dios" title="Grabnyčios – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grabnyčios" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria-Leechm%C3%A8s" title="Maria-Leechmès – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Maria-Leechmès" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelora" title="Candelora – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Candelora" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сретение Господово – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сретение Господово" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiesta_de_la_Candelaria" title="Fiesta de la Candelaria – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Fiesta de la Candelaria" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria-Lichtmis" title="Maria-Lichtmis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maria-Lichtmis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%87%AD%E7%A5%AD" title="聖燭祭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖燭祭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyndelsmesse" title="Kyndelsmesse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kyndelsmesse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyndelsmesse" title="Kyndelsmesse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kyndelsmesse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candeleur" title="Candeleur – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Candeleur" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelosa" title="Candelosa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Candelosa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromnica" title="Gromnica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gromnica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian holiday</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Candlemas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Candlemas (disambiguation)">Candlemas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: transparent">Candlemas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2017Candlemas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2017Candlemas.jpg/240px-2017Candlemas.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2017Candlemas.jpg/360px-2017Candlemas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2017Candlemas.jpg/480px-2017Candlemas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="2584" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">Blessing of candles on Candlemas at an American church</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Candlemass</li><li>Candlemas Day</li><li>Feast of the Presentation of Jesus Christ</li><li>Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Commemoration of the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Having candles blessed for the year during a service of worship</li><li>removal of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas decorations">Christmas decorations</a> in some localities</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2_February" class="mw-redirect" title="2 February">2 February</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next time</th><td class="infobox-data">2 February 2025<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2025-02-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanytide" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphanytide">Epiphanytide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Candlemas</b>, also known as the <b>Feast of the Presentation of Jesus Christ</b>, the <b>Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary</b>, or the <b>Feast of the Holy Encounter</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian holiday">Christian feast day</a> commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>. It is based upon the account of the presentation of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2:22–40</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> rules in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus 12">Leviticus 12</a>, a woman was to be <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">purified</a> by presenting a lamb as a <a href="/wiki/Burnt_offering" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnt offering">burnt offering</a>, and either a young pigeon or dove as <a href="/wiki/Sin_offering" title="Sin offering">sin offering</a>, 33 days after a boy's <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>. The feast falls on 2 February, which is traditionally the 40th day of and the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas</a>–<a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany</a> season.<sup id="cite_ref-Knecht1910_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knecht1910-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it is customary for <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in some countries to remove their <a href="/wiki/Christmas_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas decorations">Christmas decorations</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a> (Epiphany Eve),<sup id="cite_ref-Learning_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Learning-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those in other <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christian countries</a> historically remove them after Candlemas.<sup id="cite_ref-Edworthy2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edworthy2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roud2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roud2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Candlemas, many Christians (especially <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and some mainline Protestant denominations including <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a>) also take their candles to their local <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>, where they are <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessed</a> and then used for the rest of the year;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pappas2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappas2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Christians, these blessed candles serve as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a>, who is the <a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazar2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazar2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marianne_Stokes_Candlemas_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Marianne_Stokes_Candlemas_Day.jpg/220px-Marianne_Stokes_Candlemas_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Marianne_Stokes_Candlemas_Day.jpg/330px-Marianne_Stokes_Candlemas_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Marianne_Stokes_Candlemas_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Candlemas day by <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Stokes" title="Marianne Stokes">Marianne Stokes</a>, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>The Feast of the Presentation or Purification is one of the oldest feasts of the church. The <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrim</a> <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Egeria</a> recorded how it was celebrated in Jerusalem in the 380s:<sup id="cite_ref-Holweck_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holweck-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>But certainly the Feast of the Purification is celebrated here with the greatest honour. On this day there is a procession to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Anastasis</a>; all go in procession, and all things are done in order with great joy, just as at Easter. All the priests preach, and also the bishop, always treating of that passage of the Gospel where, on the fortieth day, Joseph and Mary brought the Lord into the Temple, and Simeon and Anna the prophetess, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Phanuel" title="Phanuel">Famuhel</a>, saw Him, and of the words which they said when they saw the Lord, and of the offerings which the parents presented. And when all things have been celebrated in order as is customary, the sacrament is administered, and so the people are dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Bartolomeo_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fra_Bartolomeo_007.jpg/220px-Fra_Bartolomeo_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fra_Bartolomeo_007.jpg/330px-Fra_Bartolomeo_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fra_Bartolomeo_007.jpg/440px-Fra_Bartolomeo_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>The presentation of the Lord in the temple by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Bartolomeo" title="Fra Bartolomeo">Fra Bartolomeo</a>, 1516</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> was, in the West, celebrated on 25 December from at least the year AD 354 when it was fixed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Pope Liberius</a>. Forty days after 25 December is 2 February. In the Eastern parts of the Roman Empire, Roman consul <a href="/wiki/Justin_(consul_540)" title="Justin (consul 540)">Justin</a> established the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Hypapante" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypapante">Hypapante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holweck_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holweck-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Pope Gelasius I</a> (492–496) contributed to the spread of the celebration but did not invent it. It appears that it became important around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a> in 541 before slowly spreading west.<sup id="cite_ref-Holweck_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holweck-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Romans celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a> in mid-February, in honor of <a href="/wiki/Faunus#Festivals" title="Faunus">Lupercus</a>, the god of fertility and shepherds. The celebration of <a href="/wiki/Feralia" title="Feralia">Feralia</a> occurred around the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lupercalia has frequently been linked to the presentation of Jesus at the temple, particularly by Cardinal Caesar Baronius in the 16th century<sup id="cite_ref-Green_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially because of the theme of purification that the two festivals share. However, this is probably inaccurate since Lupercalia was not celebrated in Jerusalem, and it was only there that one finds some celebrations of the presentation of Jesus around this date.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pope Gelasius I had much earlier written a letter to senator Andromachus, who wanted to reestablish the Lupercalia for purification. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Sacramentary" title="Gelasian Sacramentary">Gelasian Sacramentary</a> mentions the celebration of the Presentation of Jesus, supporting the conclusion that Gelasius substituted a Christian festival for a pagan one.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the Gelasian Sacramentary showed a strong <a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican</a> influence and was compiled between AD 628 and AD 731. Hence it is possible that the addition of the celebration was not due to Pope Gelasius at all.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Moreover, when Gelasius addressed Andromachus, he did not try to use his authority but contented himself to argue, for example, that the Lupercalia would no longer have the effect it once had and was incompatible with Christian ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could be interpreted as evidence that he had limited influence on the Roman aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Centuries later, around the year 1392 or 1400, an image of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> that represented this invocation was found on the seashore by two <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanche</a> shepherds from the island of <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the appearance of the Virgin and its iconographic identification with this biblical event, the festival began to be celebrated with a Marian character in the year 1497, when the conqueror <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Alonso Fernández de Lugo">Alonso Fernández de Lugo</a> celebrated the first Candlemas festival dedicated especially to the Virgin Mary, coinciding with the Feast of Purification on 2 February.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the conquest of Tenerife, the Guanche aborigines celebrated a festivity around the image of the Virgin during the <a href="/wiki/Be%C3%B1esmen" title="Beñesmen">Beñesmen</a> festival in the month of August. This was the harvest party, which marked the beginning of the year. Currently, the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Candelaria" title="Virgin of Candelaria">Virgin of Candelaria</a> in the Canary Islands is celebrated in addition to 2 February also on 15 August, the day of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary">Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a> in the Catholic calendar. For some historians, the celebrations celebrated in honor of the Virgin during August are a syncretized reminiscence of the ancient feasts of the Beñesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Tesis_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tesis-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman church's custom of blessing candles by the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> found its way to Germany. The German conclusion that if the sun appeared on Candlemas, a hedgehog would cast a shadow, making a "second winter", was the origin of the modern American festival of <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a>, as many of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>'s early settlers were German.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs">Customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_and_Belgium">France and Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France and Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cr%C3%AApe_opened_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cr%C3%AApe_opened_up.jpg/220px-Cr%C3%AApe_opened_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cr%C3%AApe_opened_up.jpg/330px-Cr%C3%AApe_opened_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cr%C3%AApe_opened_up.jpg/440px-Cr%C3%AApe_opened_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">Crêpes</a> are a traditional food on <i>La Chandeleur</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Catholic churches in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Swiss Romandy</a> celebrate Candlemas (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">La Chandeleur</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Maria-Lichtmis</i>) on 2 February. Tradition says that <a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">manger</a> scenes should not be put away until Candlemas, which is the last feast of the Christmas cycle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Candlemas in those countries is also considered the day of <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">crêpes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Annette_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annette-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradition attributes this custom to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Pope Gelasius I</a>, who had <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancakes</a> distributed to pilgrims arriving in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Collet_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their round shape and golden color, reminiscent of the solar disc, refer to the return of spring after the dark and cold of winter.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even today, a specific symbolism can be associated with preparing the crêpes. A tradition is to flip the crepes in the air with the right hand while holding a gold coin (such as a <a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27or" title="Louis d'or">Louis d'or</a>) or some other coin in the left hand to have prosperity throughout the year. One has to ensure that the pancake lands properly back in the pan.<sup id="cite_ref-Collet_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Belgium, it is customary to eat pancakes. All the candles in the house should be lit. It is believed that a clear sky on Candlemas foretells a beneficial year for beekeepers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Candlemas used to be an important date <i>(Lostag)</i> in the year. It was associated with payment deadlines, fixed employment relationships, and the beginning of the "farmer's year". In addition, many customs, <a href="/wiki/Weather_proverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather proverb">weather proverbs</a>, other sayings, and rhymes are related to this feast. </p><p>The "farmer's year" began on Candlemas, and from then on, fieldwork or the preparations for it can be resumed depending on the circumstances. On Candlemas, the farmer should have had half of the winter food stock for his cattle. Depending on the proverb that one can eat by daylight on Candlemas, the time in which people worked with artificial light sources came to an end, as did when the women sat in the spinning room. </p><p>On this day, on the other hand, the "servant's year" ended. The servants were paid the remainder of their annual wages and could or had to look for a new job or extend their employment with the previous employer for another year, usually with a handshake. The custom of giving the servants a pair of shoes at Candlemas as a reward for further work or looking for a job was also widespread. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, a rich array of traditions surround this holiday. The feast is called <i>Gyertyaszentelő Boldogasszony</i> day. Nowaday the kids often dress up as bears, light candles and eat honey,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the bears' foretelling is still a well-known event.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folklore has it that on this day, the bear comes out of his den and when he sees his shadow (meaning it's nice and sunny), he gets scared of it and goes back to sleep, which is thought to mean that it will be cold again. If, on the other hand, there is no shadow, he stays outside, knowing that this is the last attempt of winter and that the weather will soon ease. This is similar to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a> traditions. </p><p>In the Szeged area, it was believed that if the candle did not go out at the time of consecration, there would be a good honey harvest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Being a lucky charm these candles have been placed on doorknobs. Also in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6csej" title="Göcsej">Göcsej</a>, a piece of a burning candle was placed on the <a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">navel</a> of a patient with a bloated stomach and covered with a glass cup, because according to folklore, its extinguishing flame sucked out the disease.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The women of the village of <a href="/wiki/Hercegsz%C3%A1nt%C3%B3" title="Hercegszántó">Hercegszántó</a> were used to roll red, white and black yarn together with the candle. After the consecration of the candle, necklaces were made from the yarn and worn by the children until the first spring sky. In the once <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> commune <a href="/wiki/Vinga" title="Vinga">Vinga</a> such necklaces were worn until <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a>) when they were burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A descendant of an ancient torchlight procession, the current tradition of <i><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Liichtmëssdag</i></span></i> in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> is a holiday centered around children. In small groups, they roam the streets in the afternoon or evening of 2 February, holding a lighted lantern or homemade wand, singing traditional songs at each house or store, especially "Léiwer Härgottsblieschen". In exchange for the music, they hope to receive a reward in the form of sweets or loose change (formerly bacon, peas, or biscuits).<sup id="cite_ref-duchy_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duchy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canary_Islands">Canary Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canary Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgendecandelariacamarin02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Virgendecandelariacamarin02.jpg/220px-Virgendecandelariacamarin02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Virgendecandelariacamarin02.jpg/330px-Virgendecandelariacamarin02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Virgendecandelariacamarin02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Candelaria" title="Virgin of Candelaria">Virgin of Candelaria</a> (patron of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>). The Virgin of Candles is depicted in the manner of a <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>La Virgen de la Candelaria</i> or Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (Our Lady of Light or Our Lady of Candles), popularly called <i>La Morenita</i>, celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (Spain). Our Lady of Candelaria is the patron saint of the Canary Islands. The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Candelaria" title="Basilica of Candelaria">Basilica of Candelaria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Candelaria,_Tenerife" title="Candelaria, Tenerife">Candelaria, Tenerife</a> is considered to be the main church dedicated to the Virgin Mary in Canary Islands and has been a <a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">minor basilica</a> since 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Multicultural_America_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multicultural_America-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her feast is celebrated on 2 February (Candlemas, <i>Fiesta de la Candelaria</i>) and 15 August as the patronal feast of the Canary Islands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalonia">Catalonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catalonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in many regions, Catalonia has a <a href="/wiki/Weather_proverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather proverb">weather proverb</a> asserting that bad weather on Candlemas predicts good weather to come, and vice versa: <i>Si la Candelera plora, l'hivern és fora; si la Candelera riu, l'hivern és viu</i> ("If Candlemas cries, winter is gone; if Candlemas laughs, winter is alive") </p><p>Traditionally, Candlemas was identified in mountainous areas of Catalonia as the date that bears awake from <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>: <i>Per la Candelera, l'ós surt de l'ossera</i> ("on Candlemas, the bear leaves its den"). Accordingly, bear festivals, where a man in a bear costume scares and annoys the populace, are celebrated in some areas of Catalonia around <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a>. The original meaning was linked to the popular belief that they were held at Candlemas.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden_and_Finland">Sweden and Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sweden and Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church">Finnish Lutheran churches</a>, since 1774 Candlemas has been celebrated on the Sunday between 2 and 8 February inclusive. If this Sunday happens to be the last Sunday before <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrove Sunday">Shrove Sunday</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Fastlagssöndagen</i>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Laskiaissunnuntai</i>), Candlemas is celebrated one week earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Philippines">The Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Philippines, Our Lady of Candles is also the patroness of <a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Silang,_Cavite" title="Silang, Cavite">Silang, Cavite</a>, her feast is observed locally as a <a href="/wiki/Triduum" title="Triduum">triduum</a> from 1 to 3 February, with 2 February as the actual feast day.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This festivity officially finalizes the end of Christmas for Catholics in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>; the festivities include a procession where the statue of Nuestra Señora de Candelaria (Our Lady of the Light) is carried on the shoulders. Others follow with lit candles until they reach the church where a Mass is celebrated. In the evening, the festivities may continue with a giant bonfire and singing. Some families in the countryside burn their dried Christmas trees on this date as a culmination of the holiday season.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Guatemala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Candelaria" title="Virgin of Candelaria">Virgin of Candles</a> is the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Jacaltenango" title="Jacaltenango">Jacaltenango</a>, and her feast marks the end of the Christmas season.<sup id="cite_ref-Multicultural_America_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multicultural_America-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dressing and adoration of the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> and family meals with <a href="/wiki/Tamales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamales">tamales</a> on Candlemas are an important Mexican tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The customs of this feast is closely linked to that of the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>, during which the tasting of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rosca_de_reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosca de reyes">rosca de reyes</a></i> (kings cake) will determine who is responsible for organizing <i>La candelaria</i>. Whoever finds the <i>muñeco</i> (bean-shaped Christ Child]) in the cake is named godparent of the Christ child, who will then dress the <i>niño dios</i> (an image of the Christ child in the form of a doll) on Candlemas with richly decorated clothes. This Christ child is then brought to the church to be blessed. Memories of these events are often passed down from generation to generation in families.<sup id="cite_ref-Amer1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amer1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this is the family meal. Whoever draws the bean on Epiphany must also prepare <i>tamales</i>, believed to echo Mexico's pre-Christian past with its offerings of maize. The whole family is invited to this meal (often the same people as for the Rosca at Epiphany), which gives the festival an aspect of family and sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-Amer1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amer1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajesdeluces207.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dancer of Diablada puneña in the Candlemas festivity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trajesdeluces207.jpg/220px-Trajesdeluces207.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trajesdeluces207.jpg/330px-Trajesdeluces207.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trajesdeluces207.jpg/440px-Trajesdeluces207.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diablada_pune%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Diablada puneña">Diablada puneña</a> during the Fiesta de la Candelaria in Peru</figcaption></figure> <p>The Virgin of Candles is the patron saint of the city of <a href="/wiki/Puno" title="Puno">Puno</a> in Peru, held in the first fortnight of February each year.<sup id="cite_ref-peru.travel_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peru.travel-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the largest festivals of culture, music, and dancing in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. In terms of the number of events related to the cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> peoples and of the <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizos</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>, and also in terms of the number of people directly and indirectly involved in its realization, it stands with the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Carnival in Rio de Janeiro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Oruro" title="Carnaval de Oruro">Carnaval de Oruro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> as one of the three largest festivals in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. </p><p>At the festival's core are music and dance performances organized by the <i>Federación Regional de Folklore y Cultura de Puno</i>, consisting of more than 200 dances in more than 150 dance sets. These include "native dances" from the various communities in Puno and sets of dances organized in different quarters of the city, mostly those known as "costume dances". These performances directly involve 40,000 dancers and some 5,000 musicians and indirectly involve about 25,000 people, including directors, sponsors, embroiderers, and the makers of masks, clothing, boots, shoes, bells, and other items, as well as the bandsmen and staff. Some dance groups are linked to uniformed organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Knecht1910-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knecht1910_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1910" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apracticalcomme00knecgoog"><i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i></a>. B. Herder. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apracticalcomme00knecgoog/page/n452">410</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>We keep a feast on the 2nd of February, forty days after Christmas, in memory of our Lord's Presentation in the Temple. This feast has several names. First, it is known as the Feast of the Presentation of our Lord Jesus. Secondly, it is called the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary. But the usual and popular name for this Feast is Candlemas-day, because on this day candles are blessed before Mass, and there takes place a procession with lighted candles. Candles are blessed and lighted on this particular feast.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Justus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapracticalcomme00knecgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Learning-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Learning_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Study Guide for William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night"</i> (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. 2016. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410361349" title="Special:BookSources/9781410361349"><bdi>9781410361349</bdi></a>. <q>Twelfth Night saw people feasting and taking down Christmas decorations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+Guide+for+William+Shakespeare%27s+%22Twelfth+Night%22&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781410361349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edworthy2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edworthy2008_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdworthy2008" class="citation book cs1">Edworthy, Niall (2008). <i>The Curious World of Christmas</i>. Penguin Group. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399534577" title="Special:BookSources/9780399534577"><bdi>9780399534577</bdi></a>. <q>The time-honoured epoch for taking down Christmas decorations from Church and house in Candlemas Day, February 2nd...Candlemas in old times represented the end of the Christmas holidays, which, when 'fine old leisure' reigned, were far longer than they are now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Curious+World+of+Christmas&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780399534577&rft.aulast=Edworthy&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roud2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roud2008_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoud2008" class="citation book cs1">Roud, Steve (31 January 2008). <i>The English Year</i>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 690. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141919270" title="Special:BookSources/9780141919270"><bdi>9780141919270</bdi></a>. <q>As indicated in Herrick's poem, quoted above, in the mid seventeenth century Christmas decorations were expected to stay in place until Candlemas (2 February), and this remained the norm until the nineteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Year&rft.pages=690&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2008-01-31&rft.isbn=9780141919270&rft.aulast=Roud&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHothersall" class="citation web cs1">Hothersall, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fulwoodmethodist.org.uk/fmcmag/archives/saints/candlemas/candlemas.htm">"Candlemas – Festival of Light"</a>. <i>Fulwood Methodist Church Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>In some countries special candles are brought along to the blessing by the worshippers. These are often very elaborate and are highly treasured. Afterwards they are taken home and kept to be lighted at times of stress – during storms, in sickrooms and at the bedside of the dying.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fulwood+Methodist+Church+Magazine&rft.atitle=Candlemas+%E2%80%93+Festival+of+Light&rft.aulast=Hothersall&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulwoodmethodist.org.uk%2Ffmcmag%2Farchives%2Fsaints%2Fcandlemas%2Fcandlemas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pappas2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pappas2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappas2012" class="citation web cs1">Pappas, Christopher A. (18 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holytrinity.ab.ca/ecumenical-candlemas-feast-of-the-presentation/">"Ecumenical Candlemas (Feast of the Presentation)"</a>. Holy Trinity Anglican Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073917/http://holytrinity.ab.ca/ecumenical-candlemas-feast-of-the-presentation/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecumenical+Candlemas+%28Feast+of+the+Presentation%29&rft.pub=Holy+Trinity+Anglican+Church&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholytrinity.ab.ca%2Fecumenical-candlemas-feast-of-the-presentation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazar2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mazar2015_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2015" class="citation book cs1">Mazar, Peter (6 March 2015). <i>To Crown the Year: Decorating the Church Through the Seasons</i> (2nd ed.). Liturgy Training Publications. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781618331328" title="Special:BookSources/9781618331328"><bdi>9781618331328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Crown+the+Year%3A+Decorating+the+Church+Through+the+Seasons&rft.pages=253&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liturgy+Training+Publications&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft.isbn=9781618331328&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holweck-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holweck_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holweck_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holweck_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolweck1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holweck, Frederick (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03245b.htm">"Candlemas"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Candlemas&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Holweck&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03245b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/egeria/pilgrimage/pilgrimage.html">"The Pilgrimage of S. Silvia of Aquitania to the Holy Places"</a>. <i>digital.library.upenn.edu</i>. Translated by John H. Bernard. 1896 [385].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digital.library.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=The+Pilgrimage+of+S.+Silvia+of+Aquitania+to+the+Holy+Places&rft.date=1896&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.upenn.edu%2Fwomen%2Fegeria%2Fpilgrimage%2Fpilgrimage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumézil, Georges. <i>Archaic Roman Religion.</i> Vol 1. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1966. p. 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1931" class="citation journal cs1">Green, William M. (January 1931). "The Lupercalia in the Fifth Century". <i>Classical Philology</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 60–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F361308">10.1086/361308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161431650">161431650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Lupercalia+in+the+Fifth+Century&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-69&rft.date=1931-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F361308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161431650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(la) Barri Ducis, L.Guerin, Annales Ecclesiastici Caesaris Baroni, 186, t.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemacopoulos2013" class="citation book cs1">Demacopoulos, George E. (2013). <i>The Invention of Peter: Apostolic Discourse and Papal Authority in Late Antiquity</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 74–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812245172" title="Special:BookSources/9780812245172"><bdi>9780812245172</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fj4j1">j.ctt3fj4j1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Peter%3A+Apostolic+Discourse+and+Papal+Authority+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=74-80&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt3fj4j1%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780812245172&rft.aulast=Demacopoulos&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corazones.org/maria/candelaria.htm">"Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria"</a> [Our Lady of the Candelaria]. <i>corazones.org</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corazones.org&rft.atitle=Nuestra+Se%C3%B1ora+de+la+Candelaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorazones.org%2Fmaria%2Fcandelaria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaldón" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Galdón, Sonia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824012038/Https://www.laopinion.es/afondo/2009/02/09/medio-siglo-fervor-candelaria/197498.html">"Medio siglo de fervor en Candelaria"</a>. <i>La Opinión de Tenerife</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laopinion.es/afondo/2009/02/09/medio-siglo-fervor-candelaria/197498.html">the original</a> on 24 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Opini%C3%B3n+de+Tenerife&rft.atitle=Medio+siglo+de+fervor+en+Candelaria&rft.aulast=Gald%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laopinion.es%2Fafondo%2F2009%2F02%2F09%2Fmedio-siglo-fervor-candelaria%2F197498.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesis-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tesis_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez_Delgado1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez_Delgado" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Álvarez Delgado">Álvarez Delgado, Juan</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Spanish]</span> (1949). <i>Sistema de Numeración Norteafricano. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+and+Lifestyle+Journal&rft.atitle=425-year-old+church+in+Cavite+releases+heritage+book&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft.aulast=Humarang&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechandlifestylejournal.com%2Fsilang-parish-heritage-book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Vega2016" class="citation news cs1">de la Vega, Wallice J. (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicphilly.com/2016/02/news/world-news/traditional-candlemas-celebration-still-alive-in-rural-puerto-rico/">"Traditional Candlemas celebration still alive in rural Puerto Rico"</a>. <i>Catholic Philly</i>. Catholic News Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Philly&rft.atitle=Traditional+Candlemas+celebration+still+alive+in+rural+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.aulast=de+la+Vega&rft.aufirst=Wallice+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicphilly.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2Ftraditional-candlemas-celebration-still-alive-in-rural-puerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latintimes.com/what-true-meaning-dia-de-la-candelaria-291917">"What Is The True Meaning Of Día De La Candelaria?"</a>. <i>latintimes.com</i>. 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=latintimes.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+The+True+Meaning+Of+D%C3%ADa+De+La+Candelaria%3F&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latintimes.com%2Fwhat-true-meaning-dia-de-la-candelaria-291917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amer1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amer1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amer1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong-Garcia2019" class="citation web cs1">Long-Garcia, J. D. (1 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2019/02/01/what-candlemas-and-who-making-tamales-year">"What is Candlemas—and who is making the tamales this year?"</a>. <i>americamagazine.org</i>. America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americamagazine.org&rft.atitle=What+is+Candlemas%E2%80%94and+who+is+making+the+tamales+this+year%3F&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft.aulast=Long-Garcia&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Ffaith%2F2019%2F02%2F01%2Fwhat-candlemas-and-who-making-tamales-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peru.travel-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peru.travel_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peru.travel/en/masperu/the-festival-of-virgen-de-la-candelaria-one-of-the-most-exciting-celebrations-in-peru">"The Festival of Virgen de la Candelaria, one of the most exciting celebrations"</a>. <i>peru.travel</i>. 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peru.travel&rft.atitle=The+Festival+of+Virgen+de+la+Candelaria%2C+one+of+the+most+exciting+celebrations&rft.date=2020-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peru.travel%2Fen%2Fmasperu%2Fthe-festival-of-virgen-de-la-candelaria-one-of-the-most-exciting-celebrations-in-peru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candlemas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMergnacKöhler2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mergnac, Marie-Odile; Köhler, Thomas (2008). <i>Proverbes et dictons de toujours</i> (in French). Paris: Archives et cultures.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proverbes+et+dictons+de+toujours&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Archives+et+cultures&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mergnac&rft.aufirst=Marie-Odile&rft.au=K%C3%B6hler%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walter, Philippe (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FJcAAAAMAAJ"><i>La Mémoire du temps. Fêtes et calendriers de Chrétien de Troyes à la Mort Artur</i></a> (in French). Paris: Champion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782051010337" title="Special:BookSources/9782051010337"><bdi>9782051010337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+M%C3%A9moire+du+temps.+F%C3%AAtes+et+calendriers+de+Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes+%C3%A0+la+Mort+Artur&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Champion&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9782051010337&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FJcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walter, Philippe (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220184408/http://www.editions-imago.fr/listeauteur.php?recordID=59"><i>Mythologie chrétienne</i></a> (in French). Imago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editions-imago.fr/listeauteur.php?recordID=59">the original</a> on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologie+chr%C3%A9tienne&rft.pub=Imago&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.editions-imago.fr%2Flisteauteur.php%3FrecordID%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACandlemas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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id="Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Ordinary_Form_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1969_Calendar)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Ordinary Form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">1969 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">December 17 to 23</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/250px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/375px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/500px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mary, Mother of God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presentation of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">5th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">7th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Feast of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Nativity of John the Baptist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Tridentine_Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1960_Calendar)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">1960 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sunday of Advent">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorate_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorate Mass">Rorate Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">Greater Ferias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Winter Ember Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Circumcision_of_Christ" title="Feast of the Circumcision of Christ">Octave Day of Christmas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Purification of Mary</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesima" title="Sexagesima">Sexagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Spring Ember Days</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_procession" title="Holy Week procession">P</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Easter_parade" title="Easter parade">P</a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays after Easter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogation_days" title="Rogation days">Rogation Days</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></i><sup><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">P</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Pentecost Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Summer Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></i><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Most_Precious_Blood" title="Feast of the Most Precious Blood">Precious Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Autumn Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Maternity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffea7d"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>P = <a href="/wiki/Procession#Roman_Catholics" title="Procession">Ordinary Procession</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: gold;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd><i>Italic font</i> marks the 10 <a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">holy days of obligation</a> in the universal calendar which do not normally fall on a Sunday.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Older calendars <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">pre-1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colours" title="Liturgical colours">Liturgical colours</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">Computus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_cycle" title="Easter cycle">Easter cycle</a></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18647897#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18647897#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13738941d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13738941d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="svátek Uvedení Páně do chrámu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1025115&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283368405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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