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<span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harold_and_Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harold_and_Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Harold and Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harold_and_Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Return to England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harthacnut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartaknoet" title="Hartaknoet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hartaknoet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C3%B0acnut" title="Harðacnut – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Harðacnut" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA" title="هارديكانوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هارديكانوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA" title="هاردیکانوت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاردیکانوت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknud" title="Hardeknud – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hardeknud" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хардэкнуд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хардэкнуд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Гардэкнуд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гардэкнуд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_III,_kralj_Danske" title="Knut III, kralj Danske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Knut III, kralj Danske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardecanut" title="Hardecanut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hardecanut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiknut" title="Hardiknut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hardiknut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknud" title="Hardeknud – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hardeknud" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiknut" title="Hardiknut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hardiknut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknud" title="Hardeknud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hardeknud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αρθακανούτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρθακανούτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuto_Hardeknut" title="Canuto Hardeknut – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canuto Hardeknut" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiknut" title="Hardiknut – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hardiknut" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuto_III.a_Hardeknut" title="Kanuto III.a Hardeknut – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanuto III.a Hardeknut" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA" title="هاردیکانوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاردیکانوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknut" title="Hardeknut – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hardeknut" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%88%84%ED%8A%B8" title="하르다크누트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하르다크누트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4" title="Հարդեկնուդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարդեկնուդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartaknut" title="Hartaknut – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hartaknut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_la_3ma_Hardeknut" title="Knut la 3ma Hardeknut – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Knut la 3ma Hardeknut" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6r%C3%B0a-Kn%C3%BAtur" title="Hörða-Knútur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hörða-Knútur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuto_II_d%27Inghilterra" title="Canuto II d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canuto II d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98" title="הארדיקאנוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הארדיקאנוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჰარდეკნუდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰარდეკნუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardecnutus_(rex_Anglorum)" title="Hardecnutus (rex Anglorum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hardecnutus (rex Anglorum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknuts" title="Hardeknuts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hardeknuts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Hardeknut_d%C3%A1n_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Hardeknut dán király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Hardeknut dán király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA" title="هارديكانوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارديكانوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknut" title="Hardeknut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hardeknut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknoet" title="Hardeknoet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hardeknoet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ハーデクヌーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーデクヌーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknut" title="Hardeknut – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hardeknut" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardekanut" title="Hardekanut – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hardekanut" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuto_III_da_Dinamarca" title="Canuto III da Dinamarca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canuto III da Dinamarca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknud" title="Hardeknud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hardeknud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хардекнуд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хардекнуд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthacanute" title="Harthacanute – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Harthacanute" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiknut" title="Hardiknut – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hardiknut" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82" title="Хартакнут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хартакнут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknud" title="Hardeknud – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hardeknud" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuut_III_Hardeknut" title="Knuut III Hardeknut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Knuut III Hardeknut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardeknut" title="Hardeknut – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hardeknut" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95" title="พระเจ้าฮาร์ธาคนุต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าฮาร์ธาคนุต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harthacnut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Гардекнуд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гардекнуд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Harthacnut" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the legendary earlier king of Denmark, see <a href="/wiki/Harthacnut_I_of_Denmark" title="Harthacnut I of Denmark">Harthacnut I of Denmark</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Harthacnut</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Harthacnut_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Harthacnut_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/220px-Harthacnut_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Harthacnut_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/330px-Harthacnut_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Harthacnut_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/440px-Harthacnut_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="601" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Harthacnut in the 14th-century Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Denmark">King of Denmark</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1035 – 8 June 1042<sup id="cite_ref-kongehuset_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kongehuset-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus the Good</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1040 – 8 June 1042</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1018<br />England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 1042 (aged 23–24)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Harthacnut</b> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Hardeknud</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Tough-knot";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1018</span> – 8 June 1042), traditionally <b>Hardicanute</b>, sometimes referred to as <b>Canute III</b>, was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">King of Denmark</a> from 1035 to 1042 and <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> from 1040 to 1042. </p><p>Harthacnut was the son of King <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a> (who ruled <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and England) and <a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a>. When Cnut died in 1035, Harthacnut struggled to retain his father's possessions. <a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus I</a> took control of Norway, but Harthacnut succeeded as King of Denmark and became King of England in 1040 after the death of his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a>, king of England. Harthacnut himself died suddenly in 1042 and was succeeded by Magnus in Denmark and <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> in England. Harthacnut was the last <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Dane</a> to rule England. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harthacnut was born shortly after the marriage of his parents in July or August 1017.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut had put aside his first wife <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton" title="Ælfgifu of Northampton">Ælfgifu of Northampton</a> to marry Emma, and according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encomium_Emmae_Reginae" title="Encomium Emmae Reginae">Encomium Emmae Reginae</a></i>, a book she inspired many years later, Cnut agreed that any sons of their marriage should take precedence over the sons of his first marriage. In 1023, Emma and Harthacnut played a leading role in the translation of the body of the martyr <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">St Ælfheah</a> from London to Canterbury, an occasion seen by Harthacnut's biographer, Ian Howard, as recognition of his position as Cnut's heir in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200815,_27_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200815,_27-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1020s, Denmark was threatened by Norway and Sweden, and in 1026 Cnut decided to strengthen its defences by bringing over his eight-year-old son to be the future king under a council headed by his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_the_Earl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulf the Earl">Earl Ulf</a>. Ulf alienated Cnut by getting the Danish provinces to acknowledge Harthacnut as king without reference to Cnut's overall authority and by failing to take vigorous measures to meet Norwegian and Swedish invasions, instead waiting for Cnut's assistance. In 1027, Cnut arrived with a fleet. He forgave Harthacnut his insubordination in view of his youth but had Ulf murdered. He drove the invaders out of Denmark and established his authority over Norway, returning to England in 1028 and leaving Denmark to be ruled by King Harthacnut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200829–38_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200829–38-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knut_syni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Knut_syni.jpg/240px-Knut_syni.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Knut_syni.jpg/360px-Knut_syni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Knut_syni.jpg/480px-Knut_syni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Cnut, king of England, Denmark, and Norway, and his sons <a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> and Harthacnut</figcaption></figure> <p>Cnut had left Norway under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Haakon_Ericsson" title="Haakon Ericsson">Håkon Eiriksson</a>, who drowned in a shipwreck in 1029 or 1030. Cnut then appointed his son <a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein</a> to rule Norway with the assistance of Ælfgifu, Cnut's first wife and Svein's mother. They made themselves unpopular by heavy taxation and favouring Danish advisers over the Norwegian nobles, and when King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus I of Norway</a>, the son of the former King of Norway, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf</a>, invaded in 1035, they were forced to flee to Harthacnut's court. Harthacnut was a close ally of Svein, but he did not feel his resources were great enough to launch an invasion of Norway, and the half-brothers looked for help from their father, but instead they received news of his death in November 1035.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200842–51_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200842–51-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harold_and_Denmark">Harold and Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Harold and Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1035, Harthacnut succeeded his father on the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">throne of Denmark</a> as Cnut III.<sup id="cite_ref-kongehuset_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kongehuset-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was unable to come to England in view of the situation in Denmark, and it was agreed that Svein's full brother, Harold Harefoot, should act as regent, with Emma holding Wessex on Harthacnut's behalf. In 1037, Harold was generally accepted as king, Harthacnut being, in the words of the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>, "forsaken because he was too long in Denmark",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton2000160_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton2000160-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Emma fled to <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. In 1039, Harthacnut sailed with ten ships to meet his mother in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> but delayed an invasion as it was clear Harold was sick and would soon die, which he did in March 1040. Envoys soon crossed the channel to offer Harthacnut the throne. </p><p>While the general outline of events following Cnut's death is clear, the details are obscure, and historians give differing interpretations. The historian M. K. Lawson states that it is unclear whether Harthacnut was to have England as well as Denmark, but it was probably a reflection of a formal arrangement that mints south of the Thames produced silver pennies in his name, while those to the north were almost all Harold's. There might have been a division of the kingdom if Harthacnut had appeared straight away. He probably stayed in Denmark because of the threat from Magnus of Norway, but they eventually made a treaty by which if either died without an heir, his kingdom would go to the other, and this may have freed Harthacnut to pursue his claim to England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ian Howard, Harthacnut agreed to help Svein recover Norway and planned an invasion in 1036. Svein died shortly before it was to set out, but Harthacnut proceeded anyway. War was avoided by the treaty between Harthacnut and Magnus, which Harthacnut agreed to because he had no plausible candidate to rule Norway after Svein's death, and he was in any case temperamentally inclined to avoid campaigns and wars. Howard dates the treaty to 1036,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200858–61_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200858–61-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas other historians date it to 1039 and believe it freed Harthacnut to launch an invasion of England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBricka189391–92_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBricka189391–92-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELund2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELund2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exiled in Bruges, Emma plotted to gain the English throne for her son. She sponsored the <i>Encomium Emmae Reginae</i>, which eulogised her and attacked Harold, especially for arranging the murder of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aetheling" title="Alfred Aetheling">Alfred Atheling</a> (the younger of Emma's two sons by Æthelred) in 1036. The work describes Harthacnut's horror at hearing of his half brother's murder, and in Howard's view, was probably influential in finally persuading the cautious Harthacnut to invade England. According to a later edition of the <i>Encomium</i>, the English took the initiative in communicating with Harthacnut in 1039, possibly when they became aware that Harold had not long to live.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008105–107_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008105–107-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_England">Return to England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Return to England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Government in Anglo-Saxon England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_penny_of_Harthacnut_(YORYM_2000_687)_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Silver_penny_of_Harthacnut_%28YORYM_2000_687%29_obverse.jpg/220px-Silver_penny_of_Harthacnut_%28YORYM_2000_687%29_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Silver_penny_of_Harthacnut_%28YORYM_2000_687%29_obverse.jpg/330px-Silver_penny_of_Harthacnut_%28YORYM_2000_687%29_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Silver_penny_of_Harthacnut_%28YORYM_2000_687%29_obverse.jpg/440px-Silver_penny_of_Harthacnut_%28YORYM_2000_687%29_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2691" data-file-height="2786" /></a><figcaption>Silver penny of Harthacnut</figcaption></figure> <p>Harthacnut travelled to England with his mother. The landing at <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a> on 17 June 1040, "seven days before <a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton2000161Howard2008109_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton2000161Howard2008109-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a peaceful one, though he had a fleet of 62 warships. Even though he had been invited to take the throne, he was taking no chances and came as a conqueror with an invasion force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008109_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008109-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crews had to be rewarded for their service, and to pay them, he levied a geld of more than 21,000 pounds, a huge sum of money that made him unpopular, although it was only a quarter of the amount his father had raised in similar circumstances in 1017–1018.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008117_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008117-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harthacnut had been horrified by Harold's murder of Alfred, and his mother demanded vengeance. With the approval of Harold's former councillors, his body was disinterred from its place of honour at Westminster and publicly beheaded. It was disposed of in a sewer, but then retrieved and thrown in the Thames, from which London shipmen rescued it and had it buried in a churchyard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008111–112_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008111–112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="Godwin, Earl of Wessex">Godwin</a>, the powerful earl of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, had been complicit in the crime as he had handed over Alfred to Harold, and Queen Emma charged him in a trial before Harthacnut and members of his council. The king allowed Godwin to escape punishment by bringing witnesses that he had acted on Harold's orders, but Godwin then gave Harthacnut a ship so richly decorated that it amounted to the <a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">wergild</a> that Godwin would have had to pay if he had been found guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008112–117_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008112–117-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lyfing_of_Winchester" title="Lyfing of Winchester">Bishop Lyfing of Worcester</a> was also charged with complicity in the crime and deprived of his see, but in 1041 he made his peace with Harthacnut and was restored to his position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English had become used to the king ruling in council, with the advice of his chief men, but Harthacnut had ruled autocratically in Denmark, and he was not willing to change, particularly as he did not fully trust the leading earls. At first he was successful intimidating his subjects, though less so later in his short reign. He doubled the size of the English fleet from sixteen to thirty-two ships, partly so that he had a force capable of dealing with trouble elsewhere in his empire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008118–119_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008118–119-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to pay for it he severely increased the rate of taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELund2017_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELund2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase coincided with a poor harvest, causing severe hardship. In 1041, two of his tax gatherers were so harsh in dealing with people in and around <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a> that they rioted and killed the tax gatherers. Harthacnut reacted by imposing a then-legal but very unpopular punishment known as "harrying". He ordered his earls to burn the town and kill the population. Few people were killed, as the people of Worcester had fled in advance of their arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008119–120_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008119–120-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the city was burnt and plundered, citizens of Worcester who had taken refuge on an island in the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a> fought successfully against Harthacnut's troops, and won the right to return to their homes without further punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earl of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Northumbria</a> was <a href="/wiki/Siward,_Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Siward, Earl of Northumbria">Siward</a>, but Earl <a href="/wiki/Eadwulf_IV_of_Bamburgh" title="Eadwulf IV of Bamburgh">Eadwulf</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Bamburgh" title="Rulers of Bamburgh">Bamburgh</a> ruled the northern part in semi-independence, a situation which did not please the autocratic Harthacnut. In 1041, Earl Eadwulf gave offence to the king for an unknown reason but then sought reconciliation. Harthacnut promised him safe conduct but then colluded in his murder by Siward, who became earl of the whole of Northumbria. The crime was widely condemned, and the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> described it as "a betrayal" and the king as an "oath-breaker".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008120–121_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008120–121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harthacnut was generous to the church. Very few contemporary documents survive, but a royal charter of his transferred land to Bishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_of_Winchester" title="Ælfwine of Winchester">Ælfwine of Winchester</a>, and he made several grants to <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Abbey" title="Ramsey Abbey">Ramsey Abbey</a>. The 12th century <i>Ramsey Chronicle</i> speaks well of his generosity and of his character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Harthacnut had suffered from bouts of illness even before he became King of England. He may have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, and he probably knew that he had not long to live.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008106,_124,_149_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008106,_124,_149-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1041, he invited his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> (his mother Emma's son by <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a>) back from exile in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> says that Edward was sworn in as king. Lawson comments: "This may mean that Edward was recognized as heir of Harthacnut, who had neither wife nor children, and who is said by the slightly later Norman historian William of Poitiers to have suffered from frequent illness. The likely truth of this is suggested not only by his sudden death the following year, but also because it is otherwise difficult to see why a man in his early twenties with a normal life expectancy should have acted so." He may well have been influenced by Emma, who hoped to keep her power by ensuring that one of her sons was succeeded by another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/John_Maddicott" title="John Maddicott">John Maddicott</a> comments that Harthacnut must have sanctioned Edward's return and may have promoted it,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2004654_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2004654-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Tom_Licence" title="Tom Licence">Tom Licence</a> disagrees and suggests that Edward was summoned to England by the leading magnates because they had lost confidence in Harthacnut and forced Edward on him. Licence comments that no contemporary source says that Harthacnut was dying.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELicence202075–79_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELicence202075–79-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 June 1042, Harthacnut attended a wedding in <a href="/wiki/Lambeth" title="Lambeth">Lambeth</a>. The groom was <a href="/wiki/Tovi_the_Proud" title="Tovi the Proud">Tovi the Proud</a>, and the bride was Gytha, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Osgod_Clapa" title="Osgod Clapa">Osgod Clapa</a>. Both men had been close to Cnut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlingtonMcGurk1995532–535Lawson2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlingtonMcGurk1995532–535Lawson2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, "Harthacnut died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth with an awful convulsion; and those who were close by took hold of him, and he spoke no word afterwards".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton2000162_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton2000162-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Licence's view, the death was not that of a sick man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELicence202079_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELicence202079-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnus_den_godes_saga_-_Magnus_og_Horda-Knut_-_H._Egedius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Magnus_den_godes_saga_-_Magnus_og_Horda-Knut_-_H._Egedius.jpg/260px-Magnus_den_godes_saga_-_Magnus_og_Horda-Knut_-_H._Egedius.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Magnus_den_godes_saga_-_Magnus_og_Horda-Knut_-_H._Egedius.jpg/390px-Magnus_den_godes_saga_-_Magnus_og_Horda-Knut_-_H._Egedius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Magnus_den_godes_saga_-_Magnus_og_Horda-Knut_-_H._Egedius.jpg/520px-Magnus_den_godes_saga_-_Magnus_og_Horda-Knut_-_H._Egedius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Harthacnut (left) meeting the young King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus the Good</a> at the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_%C3%A4lv" title="Göta älv">Göta älv</a> river in modern-day Sweden. Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Egedius" title="Halfdan Egedius">Halfdan Egedius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The political agreement between Harthacnut and <a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus the Good</a> included the appointment of the latter as heir to Harthacnut. At the time, the agreement would have only affected the throne of Denmark. The <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i> reports that when Harthacnut died, Magnus extended his claim to England. He reportedly sent a letter to Edward the Confessor, pressing his claim to the English throne and threatening invasion. His own heir, <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a>, would also press this claim. Both considered themselves legal heirs to Harthacnut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200840–44_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200840–44-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a></i> contains a scene where Magnus proclaims: "I will take possession of all the Danish empire or else die in the attempt."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlay2004173_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay2004173-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Encomium</i>, Edward the Confessor already served as co-ruler of England since 1041. There is an emphasis on Harthacnut, Edward, and Emma serving as a trinity of rulers, in emulation of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>. Edward, by surviving his co-ruler, would be king by default. The <i>Heimskringla</i> depicts Edward portraying himself as brother and legal heir to both Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut, while pointing out that he had already won the support "<i>of all the people of the country"</i>. Unstated in both is that the marriage of Edward to <a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Edith of Wessex</a> would also support his claim by earning him both the political support of her father Godwin and an additional connection to Cnut. She was a niece to the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200840–44_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200840–44-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Fagrskinna</i> has Edward point out that he was the son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy, the half-brother to <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a>, the stepson of Cnut, the stepbrother of Harold Harefoot, and the half-brother of Harthacnut. In short, he had a much stronger family claim to the throne than Magnus. All the leaders of England had already acknowledged him as their king, and he was consecrated by an archbishop. England was his own heritage. Whether Magnus defeated him in war or not, he was told: "You can never be called king in England, and you will never be granted any allegiance there before you put an end to my life." This was supposedly enough to cause Magnus to doubt the strength of his own claim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlay2004174–175_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay2004174–175-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marriage agreement between <a href="/wiki/Gunhilda_of_Denmark" title="Gunhilda of Denmark">Gunhilda of Denmark</a> (sister of Harthacnut) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor</a> was meant to allow descendants of the marriage to claim the throne of Denmark and potentially of England. From Henry's perspective, it was probably orchestrated to allow the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> to claim control of Denmark and the western areas of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. She died in 1038 with no known sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200840–44_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200840–44-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her only daughter was <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Beatrice I, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Beatrice I, Abbess of Quedlinburg</a>, who never married. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Hardeknud_of_Denmark_and_England_(ca._1880).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Painting_of_Hardeknud_of_Denmark_and_England_%28ca._1880%29.jpg/220px-Painting_of_Hardeknud_of_Denmark_and_England_%28ca._1880%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Painting_of_Hardeknud_of_Denmark_and_England_%28ca._1880%29.jpg/330px-Painting_of_Hardeknud_of_Denmark_and_England_%28ca._1880%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Painting_of_Hardeknud_of_Denmark_and_England_%28ca._1880%29.jpg/440px-Painting_of_Hardeknud_of_Denmark_and_England_%28ca._1880%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>A painting of Harthacnut by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christen_Nielsen_Overgaard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christen Nielsen Overgaard (page does not exist)">Christen Nielsen Overgaard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.N._Overgaard" class="extiw" title="da:C.N. Overgaard">da</a>]</span> from around 1880 commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Frederiksborg_Castle#The_Museum_of_National_History" title="Frederiksborg Castle">The Museum of National History at Frederiksborg Castle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from the <i>Ramsey Chronicle</i>, medieval sources are hostile to Harthacnut. According to the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, he "did nothing worthy of a king as long as he ruled".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008119_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008119-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians are less dismissive. In the view of M. K. Lawson, he had at least two of the requisites of a successful medieval king: he was "both ruthless and feared"; had he not died young, the Norman Conquest might not have happened. Ian Howard praises Harthacnut for keeping peace throughout his empire, benefiting trade and merchants, and ensuring a peaceful succession by inviting Edward to his court as his heir. Had he lived longer, Howard believes, his character might have enabled him to become a successful king like his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008136_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008136-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry of Huntingdon">Henry of Huntingdon</a> (12th century) claimed that Harthacnut ordered for the dining tables of his court to be "<i>laid four times a day with royal sumptuousness</i>" which O'Brien says is likely a popular myth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2006202–203_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2006202–203-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry of Huntingdon viewed this detail in the context of the monarch sharing these meals with the members of his household, making Harthacnut more generous than his own contemporaries, who "<i>through avarice, or as they pretend through disgust, ... set but one meal a day before their dependents</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr200777Note_25_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr200777Note_25-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His account produced the image of Harthacnut as a "very generous <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bon_viveur" class="extiw" title="wikt:bon viveur">bon viveur</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2006202–203_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2006202–203-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ranulf_Higden" title="Ranulf Higden">Ranulf Higden</a> (14th century) viewed the same detail in a negative light. He claimed that Harthacnut insisted on having two dinners and two suppers per day. His example influenced the English people, who supposedly were to Higden's day gluttonous and extravagant. Higden so claimed that Harthacnut had a lasting effect on the English national character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-Wilson2004133–134_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-Wilson2004133–134-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association of Harthacnut with gluttony was well known enough to appear in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i> (1819) by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>. The character Cedric comments on his friend Athelstane, whose main character trait is a love for food and drink: "The soul of Hardicanute hath taken possession of him, and he hath no pleasure save to fill, to swill, and to call for more."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1998177Ch._21_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1998177Ch._21-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shmoop.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shmoop.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BDtlinga_saga" title="Knýtlinga saga">Knýtlinga saga</a></i> treats the death of Harthacnut as the end of an ancient line of kings, and notes that he was the last Danish king to rule over England. But otherwise, Harthacnut is treated as a mere footnote in the line of monarchs, while there are many observations on Cnut. The <i><a href="/wiki/Morkinskinna" title="Morkinskinna">Morkinskinna</a></i> covers Harthacnut's death in some detail, but records next to nothing about his life, suggesting a lack of memorable details on him, presumably due to his short reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFjalldal200551–53_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFjalldal200551–53-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brut_Chronicle" title="Brut Chronicle"><i>Brut</i> Chronicle</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> work, covering British and English monarchs from Brut (<a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a>) to the death of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> in 1272. It was probably written during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (reigned 1272–1307), though the oldest surviving manuscript dates to 1338. The text often includes notable errors. The original author remains unknown, but there were a number of continuations by different hands, continuing the story to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill" title="Battle of Halidon Hill">Battle of Halidon Hill</a> (1333).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin200640–42,_47–49,_75_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200640–42,_47–49,_75-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material on Harthacnut is largely positive. The author considered both Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut to have been sons of Cnut and Emma of Normandy. He portrays Harold as lacking in chivalry, courtesy or honour, and Harthacnut as "a noble knight and stalwart of body, and he greatly loved knighthood and all virtues". He praises Harthacnut for his generosity with food and drink, writing that his table was open "for all who wished to come to his court to be richly served with royal dishes". He concludes by portraying Harthacnut as a loyal son for accepting his mother, Emma, back to court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin2006223–225_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin2006223–225-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes spelled <b>Harðacnut</b>, <b>Harthacanute</b>, <b>Hardicanute</b>, <b>Hardecanute</b>, <b>Hordaknut</b> or <b>Hörthaknútr</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kongehuset-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kongehuset_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kongehuset_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kongehuset.dk/lineage.php?id=58197&dogtag=k_dk_monarkiet_kongeraek&list_id=1">Monarkiet i Danmark – Kongerækken</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091118011459/http://kongehuset.dk/lineage.php?id=58197&dogtag=k_dk_monarkiet_kongeraek&list_id=1">Archived</a> 18 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">The Danish Monarchy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2004_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200815,_27-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200815,_27_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 15, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200829–38-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200829–38_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 29–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200842–51-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200842–51_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 42–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton2000160-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton2000160_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanton2000">Swanton 2000</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200858–61-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200858–61_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 58–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBricka189391–92-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBricka189391–92_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBricka1893">Bricka 1893</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELund2017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELund2017_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELund2017_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLund2017">Lund 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008105–107-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008105–107_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton2000161Howard2008109-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton2000161Howard2008109_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanton2000">Swanton 2000</a>, p. 161; <a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008109-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008109_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008117-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008117_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008111–112-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008111–112_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008112–117-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008112–117_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 112–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008118–119-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008118–119_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008119–120-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008119–120_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFleming2011" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Robin (2011). <i>Britain after Rome : the fall and rise, 400–1070</i>. London: Penguin. pp. 251–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-14823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-14823-7"><bdi>978-0-140-14823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+after+Rome+%3A+the+fall+and+rise%2C+400%E2%80%931070&rft.place=London&rft.pages=251-252&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-140-14823-7&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_of_Worcester" class="citation book cs1">John of Worcester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsswebsite.me.uk/History/JohnofWorcester/Chronicle_John2.html"><i>Chronicon ex chronicis</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182523/https://www.bsswebsite.me.uk/History/JohnofWorcester/Chronicle_John2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicon+ex+chronicis&rft.au=John+of+Worcester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsswebsite.me.uk%2FHistory%2FJohnofWorcester%2FChronicle_John2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008120–121-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008120–121_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008106,_124,_149-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008106,_124,_149_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 106, 124, 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2004654-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2004654_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2004">Maddicott 2004</a>, p. 654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELicence202075–79-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELicence202075–79_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLicence2020">Licence 2020</a>, pp. 75–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarlingtonMcGurk1995532–535Lawson2004-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarlingtonMcGurk1995532–535Lawson2004_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarlingtonMcGurk1995">Darlington & McGurk 1995</a>, pp. 532–535; <a href="#CITEREFLawson2004">Lawson 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanton2000162-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanton2000162_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwanton2000">Swanton 2000</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELicence202079-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELicence202079_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLicence2020">Licence 2020</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward200840–44-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200840–44_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200840–44_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward200840–44_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, pp. 40–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay2004173-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlay2004173_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinlay2004">Finlay 2004</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlay2004174–175-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlay2004174–175_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinlay2004">Finlay 2004</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008119-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008119_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2008136-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2008136_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward2008">Howard 2008</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2006202–203-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2006202–203_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Brien2006202–203_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Brien2006">O'Brien 2006</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr200777Note_25-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr200777Note_25_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr2007">Kerr 2007</a>, p. 77, Note 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiven-Wilson2004133–134-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiven-Wilson2004133–134_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiven-Wilson2004">Given-Wilson 2004</a>, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1998177Ch._21-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1998177Ch._21_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1998">Scott 1998</a>, p. 177, Ch. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shmoop.com-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shmoop.com_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/ivanhoe/athelstane">"Study Guide: Athelstane in Ivanhoe"</a>. <i>shmoop.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925012215/https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/ivanhoe/athelstane">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shmoop.com&rft.atitle=Study+Guide%3A+Athelstane+in+Ivanhoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shmoop.com%2Fstudy-guides%2Fliterature%2Fivanhoe%2Fathelstane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFjalldal200551–53-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFjalldal200551–53_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFjalldal2005">Fjalldal 2005</a>, pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin200640–42,_47–49,_75-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin200640–42,_47–49,_75_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarvin2006">Marvin 2006</a>, pp. 40–42, 47–49, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarvin2006223–225-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarvin2006223–225_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarvin2006">Marvin 2006</a>, pp. 223–225.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBricka1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Frederik_Bricka" title="Carl Frederik Bricka">Bricka, Carl Frederik</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/dbl/7/0093.html"><i>Dansk Biografisk Lexikon</i></a>. Vol. VII. Holmsted: I. Hansen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200119144640/http://runeberg.org/dbl/7/0093.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dansk+Biografisk+Lexikon&rft.place=Holmsted&rft.pub=I.+Hansen&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Bricka&rft.aufirst=Carl+Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fdbl%2F7%2F0093.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarlingtonMcGurk1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/R._R._Darlington" title="R. R. Darlington">Darlington, Reginald</a>; McGurk, Patrick, eds. (1995). <i>The Chronicle of John of Worcester</i> (in Latin and English). Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822261-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822261-3"><bdi>978-0-19-822261-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John+of+Worcester&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822261-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlay2004" class="citation book cs1">Finlay, Alison (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmJ8v1ENhg4C&pg=PA173"><i>Fagrskinna: A Catalogue of the Kings of Norway</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13172-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13172-8"><bdi>90-04-13172-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911172643/https://books.google.com/books?id=SmJ8v1ENhg4C&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fagrskinna%3A+A+Catalogue+of+the+Kings+of+Norway&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13172-8&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSmJ8v1ENhg4C%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span> Based primarily on Einarsson's 1984 edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFjalldal2005" class="citation book cs1">Fjalldal, Magnús (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=paq91FA5fu8C&pg=PA51"><i>Anglo-Saxon England in Icelandic Medieval Texts</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3837-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3837-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-3837-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911172716/https://books.google.com/books?id=paq91FA5fu8C&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England+in+Icelandic+Medieval+Texts&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3837-1&rft.aulast=Fjalldal&rft.aufirst=Magn%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpaq91FA5fu8C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiven-Wilson2004" class="citation book cs1">Given-Wilson, Chris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PNoC2MhEakC&pg=PA133"><i>Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-358-7"><bdi>978-1-85285-358-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911172649/https://books.google.com/books?id=9PNoC2MhEakC&pg=PA133">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicles%3A+The+Writing+of+History+in+Medieval+England&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-358-7&rft.aulast=Given-Wilson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PNoC2MhEakC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2008" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Ian (2008). <i>Harthacnut: The Last Danish King of England</i>. The History Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harthacnut%3A+The+Last+Danish+King+of+England&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn1996" class="citation book cs1">John, Eric (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ju8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA169"><i>Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5053-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5053-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-5053-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911172701/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ju8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA169">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reassessing+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5053-4&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ju8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kerr, Julie (2007). Stephen Morillo Diane Korngiebel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4KL1vA7jzAC&pg=PA77">"Food, Drink, and Lodging:Hospitality in Twelfth-Century England"</a>. <i>The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History</i>. <b>18</b>. Boydell Press: 72–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-336-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-336-9"><bdi>978-1-84383-336-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911172710/https://books.google.com/books?id=G4KL1vA7jzAC&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Haskins+Society+Journal%3A+Studies+in+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Food%2C+Drink%2C+and+Lodging%3AHospitality+in+Twelfth-Century+England&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=72-92&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-336-9&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4KL1vA7jzAC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lawson, M. K. (23 September 2004). "Harthacnut (Hardecanute) (c.1018–1042)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12252">10.1093/ref:odnb/12252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harthacnut+%28Hardecanute%29+%28c.1018%E2%80%931042%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12252&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddicott2004" class="citation journal cs1">Maddicott, John (June 2004). "Edward the Confessor's Return to England in 1041". <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>. <b>CXIX</b> (482): 650–666. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-6751">0263-6751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.atitle=Edward+the+Confessor%27s+Return+to+England+in+1041&rft.volume=CXIX&rft.issue=482&rft.pages=650-666&rft.date=2004-06&rft.issn=0263-6751&rft.aulast=Maddicott&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLicence2020" class="citation book cs1">Licence, Tom (2020). <i>Edward the Confessor: Last of the Royal Blood</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21154-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21154-2"><bdi>978-0-300-21154-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor%3A+Last+of+the+Royal+Blood&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21154-2&rft.aulast=Licence&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2017" class="citation cs2">Lund, Niels (24 August 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://denstoredanske.dk/index.php?sideId=107551">"Knud 3. Hardeknud"</a>, <i>Den Store Danske</i>, Gyldendal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911173231/https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/">archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den+Store+Danske&rft.atitle=Knud+3.+Hardeknud&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdenstoredanske.dk%2Findex.php%3FsideId%3D107551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin2006" class="citation book cs1">Marvin, Julia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AGfyiKd8KD8C&pg=PA223"><i>Brut</i></a>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-274-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-274-4"><bdi>978-1-84383-274-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911173250/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGfyiKd8KD8C&pg=PA223">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brut&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-274-4&rft.aulast=Marvin&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGfyiKd8KD8C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Harriet (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V56rCRrxDv8C"><i>Queen Emma and the Vikings: The Woman Who Shaped the Events of 1066</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7968-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7968-7"><bdi>978-0-7475-7968-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911173230/https://books.google.com/books?id=V56rCRrxDv8C">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Emma+and+the+Vikings%3A+The+Woman+Who+Shaped+the+Events+of+1066&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-7968-7&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV56rCRrxDv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott, Walter</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-Fe-PRzbEwC&pg=PA177"><i>Ivanhoe</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0573-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0573-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0573-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230911173235/https://books.google.com/books?id=7-Fe-PRzbEwC&pg=PA177">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivanhoe&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0573-6&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-Fe-PRzbEwC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanton" title="Michael Swanton">Swanton, Michael</a>, ed. (2000). <i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles</i> (revised paperback ed.). London, UK: Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-003-3"><bdi>978-1-84212-003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicles&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.edition=revised+paperback&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-003-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarthacnut" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>DeVries, Kelly, <i>The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066</i> (2003), Boydell & Brewer Ltd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1843830272" title="Special:BookSources/1843830272">1843830272</a></li> <li>Douglas, David Charles, <i>William The Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England</i> (1964), University of California Press.</li> <li>Gillingham, John, <i>The introduction of chivalry into England</i>, Essay included in <i>Law and Government in Medieval England and Normandy: Essays in Honour of Sir James Holt</i> (1994), pages 31–56, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521430763" title="Special:BookSources/0521430763">0521430763</a></li> <li>Howard, Ian, <i>Harold II: a Throne-Worthy King</i>, Essay included in <i>King Harold II and the Bayeux Tapestry</i> (2005), pages 35–52. Boydell Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1843831244" title="Special:BookSources/1843831244">1843831244</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harthacnut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Harthacnut" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=8856">Harthacnut 1</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">King of Denmark</a> </b><br />1035–1042 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus the Good</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> </b><br />1040–1042 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Denmark" title="Template:Monarchs of Denmark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Denmark" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Denmark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Denmark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Denmark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Denmark" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">Monarchs of Denmark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._916_–_1042" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 916 – 1042</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut_I_of_Denmark" title="Harthacnut I of Denmark">Сanute I</a> (Harthacnut)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorm_the_Old" title="Gorm the Old">Gorm the Old</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald I Bluetooth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn I</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_II_of_Denmark" title="Harald II of Denmark">Harald II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Canute II</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canute III</a> (Harthacanute)<sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/120px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/180px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/240px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1177" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fairhair_dynasty" title="Fairhair dynasty">Fairhair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1042–1047" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1042–1047</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Good" title="Magnus the Good">Magnus the Good</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">Estridsen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1047–1375" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1047–1375</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sweyn II Estridsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hen" title="Harald Hen">Harald III Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canute_IV_of_Denmark" title="Canute IV of Denmark">Canute IV the Saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_I_of_Denmark" title="Olaf I of Denmark">Olaf I Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I Evergood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels,_King_of_Denmark" title="Niels, King of Denmark">Niels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_II_of_Denmark" title="Eric II of Denmark">Eric II the Memorable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_III_of_Denmark" title="Eric III of Denmark">Eric III Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_III_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn III of Denmark">Sweyn III Grathe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Canute_V_of_Denmark" title="Canute V of Denmark">Canute V</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canute_VI_of_Denmark" title="Canute VI of Denmark">Canute VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar II of Denmark">Valdemar II the Victorious</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_the_Young" title="Valdemar the Young">Valdemar the Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_IV_of_Denmark" title="Eric IV of Denmark">Eric IV Plough-tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel,_King_of_Denmark" title="Abel, King of Denmark">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I_of_Denmark" title="Christopher I of Denmark">Christopher I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_V_of_Denmark" title="Eric V of Denmark">Eric V Klipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_VI_of_Denmark" title="Eric VI of Denmark">Eric VI Menved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_II_of_Denmark" title="Christopher II of Denmark">Christopher II</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Christoffersen_of_Denmark" title="Eric Christoffersen of Denmark">Eric Christoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar_III_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar III of Denmark">Valdemar III</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#999">Interregnum</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar_IV_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar IV of Denmark">Valdemar IV Atterdag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bj%C3%A4lbo" title="House of Bjälbo">Bjälbo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1376–1387" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1376–1387</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Denmark" title="Olaf II of Denmark">Olaf II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Estridsen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1376–1412" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1376–1412</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margrethe I</a></i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1397–1439" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1397–1439</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric VII of Pomerania</a></i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Neumarkt" title="House of Palatinate-Neumarkt">Palatinate-Neumarkt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1440–1448" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">1440–1448</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher III of Bavaria</a></i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><b>Senior branch</b><br />1448–1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark" title="Frederick III of Denmark">Frederick III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_V_of_Denmark" title="Christian V of Denmark">Christian V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark" title="Frederick IV of Denmark">Frederick IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_VI_of_Denmark" title="Christian VI of Denmark">Christian VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark" title="Frederick V of Denmark">Frederick V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VII of Denmark">Christian VII</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian VIII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VII of Denmark">Frederick VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="House of Glücksburg">Glücksburg</a></b><br />since 1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VIII of Denmark">Frederick VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark" title="Christian X of Denmark">Christian X</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_IX" title="Frederik IX">Frederik IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_X" title="Frederik X">Frederik X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates Danish monarchs who were also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">monarchs of Norway</a>.</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">monarch of England</a>.</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">monarch of Sweden</a>.</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Icelandic monarchs">monarch of Iceland</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190091#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190091#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190091#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121370842">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66001922">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMjHWXjBymcF4xyrCfbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1013332903">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2008006857">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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