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id="toc-Re-manufactured_lumber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-manufactured_lumber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Re-manufactured lumber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-manufactured_lumber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic_lumber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_lumber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Plastic lumber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_lumber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timber_mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timber_mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Timber mark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timber_mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_of_wood_logs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_of_wood_logs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conversion of wood logs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_of_wood_logs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensional_lumber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensional_lumber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dimensional lumber</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dimensional_lumber-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dimensional lumber subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dimensional_lumber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_American_softwoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_softwoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>North American softwoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_softwoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grades_and_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grades_and_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Grades and standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grades_and_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_hardwoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_hardwoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>North American hardwoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_hardwoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineered_lumber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineered_lumber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Engineered lumber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineered_lumber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Various_pieces_and_cuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Various_pieces_and_cuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Various pieces and cuts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Various_pieces_and_cuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timber_piles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timber_piles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Timber piles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timber_piles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Chinese_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Chinese_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Historical Chinese construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Chinese_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defects_in_lumber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defects_in_lumber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Defects in lumber</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defects_in_lumber-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Defects in lumber subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Defects_in_lumber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defects_due_to_fungi_and_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defects_due_to_fungi_and_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Defects due to fungi and animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defects_due_to_fungi_and_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Natural forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Seasoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Durability_and_service_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durability_and_service_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Durability and service life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Durability_and_service_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Durability and service life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Durability_and_service_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moisture_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moisture_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Moisture control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moisture_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controlling_termites_and_other_insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controlling_termites_and_other_insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Controlling termites and other insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controlling_termites_and_other_insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Preservatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timber_framing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timber_framing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Timber framing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timber_framing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects_of_lumber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects_of_lumber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Environmental effects of lumber</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_effects_of_lumber-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental effects of lumber subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects_of_lumber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residual_wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residual_wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Residual wood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residual_wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Environmental impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End-of-life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End-of-life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>End-of-life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End-of-life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_circular_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_circular_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In the circular economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_circular_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_raw_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_raw_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Secondary raw material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_raw_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lumber</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="خشب منشور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خشب منشور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madera_pa_la_construcci%C3%B3n" title="Madera pa la construcción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Madera pa la construcción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дървен строителен материал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дървен строителен материал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenn" title="Prenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Prenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusta_per_a_la_construcci%C3%B3" title="Fusta per a la construcció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fusta per a la construcció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daku%C9%A3u" title="Dakuɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Dakuɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8mmer" title="Tømmer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tømmer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauholz" title="Bauholz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bauholz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsamaterjal" title="Metsamaterjal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metsamaterjal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madera_para_la_construcci%C3%B3n" title="Madera para la construcción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Madera para la construcción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstruligno" title="Konstruligno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstruligno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraikuntzako_zur" title="Eraikuntzako zur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eraikuntzako zur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="الوار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الوار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_d%27%C5%93uvre" title="Bois d'œuvre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bois d'œuvre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%AA%A9" title="재목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անտառանյութեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտառանյութեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="इमारती लकड़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इमारती लकड़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehni%C4%8Dka_oblovina" title="Tehnička oblovina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tehnička oblovina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayu_balok" title="Kayu balok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kayu balok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbur" title="Timbur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Timbur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legname" title="Legname – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Legname" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Бөрене – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бөрене" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%85stas" title="Rąstas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rąstas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balak" title="Balak – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Balak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%9C%A8" title="材木 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="材木" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8mmer" title="Tømmer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tømmer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8mmer" title="Tømmer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tømmer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarcica" title="Tarcica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tarcica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherestea" title="Cherestea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cherestea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27ullu" title="K'ullu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'ullu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Лесоматериалы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лесоматериалы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%80" title="දැව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දැව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lumber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%BA" title="عمارتي ڪاٺ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عمارتي ڪاٺ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91evinsko_drvo" title="Građevinsko drvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Građevinsko drvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puutavara" title="Puutavara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puutavara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmer" title="Timmer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Timmer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="மரம் (கட்டிடப் பொருள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரம் (கட்டிடப் பொருள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AA" title="కలప – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కలప" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah%C5%9Fap" title="Ahşap – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahşap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Лісоматеріали – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лісоматеріали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%90" title="木材 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="木材" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81stos" title="Rāstos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rāstos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%96%99" title="木料 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="木料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wood that has been processed into beams and planks</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lumber_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lumber (disambiguation)">Lumber (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Timber" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Timber_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Timber (disambiguation)">Timber (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_from_victoria_mountain_ash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wood_from_victoria_mountain_ash.jpg/250px-Wood_from_victoria_mountain_ash.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wood_from_victoria_mountain_ash.jpg/375px-Wood_from_victoria_mountain_ash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wood_from_victoria_mountain_ash.jpg/500px-Wood_from_victoria_mountain_ash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Wood cut from Victorian <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_regnans" title="Eucalyptus regnans">Eucalyptus regnans</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellingham,_Washington,_harbor,_filled_with_logs,_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bellingham%2C_Washington%2C_harbor%2C_filled_with_logs%2C_1972.jpg/250px-Bellingham%2C_Washington%2C_harbor%2C_filled_with_logs%2C_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bellingham%2C_Washington%2C_harbor%2C_filled_with_logs%2C_1972.jpg/375px-Bellingham%2C_Washington%2C_harbor%2C_filled_with_logs%2C_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bellingham%2C_Washington%2C_harbor%2C_filled_with_logs%2C_1972.jpg/500px-Bellingham%2C_Washington%2C_harbor%2C_filled_with_logs%2C_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The harbor of Bellingham, Washington, filled with logs, 1972</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lumber</b> is <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> that has been <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">processed</a> into uniform and useful sizes (dimensional lumber), including <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">beams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">planks or boards</a>. Lumber is mainly used for <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">construction framing</a>, as well as finishing (floors, <a href="/wiki/Wall_panel" title="Wall panel">wall panels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Window_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Window frame">window frames</a>). Lumber has many uses beyond home building. Lumber is referred to as <b>timber</b> in the United Kingdom, Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia, and New Zealand, while in other<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> parts of the world (mainly the United States and Canada) the term <i>timber</i> refers specifically to unprocessed <a href="/wiki/Wood_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood fiber">wood fiber</a>, such as cut logs or standing trees that have yet to be cut. </p><p>Lumber may be supplied either rough-<a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawn</a>, or surfaced on one or more of its faces. <i>Rough lumber</i> is the raw material for furniture-making, and manufacture of other items requiring cutting and shaping. It is available in many species, including <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwoods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwoods</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinus_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus classification">white pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Red pine">red pine</a>, because of their low cost.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Finished lumber</i> is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry – primarily <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a> species, including <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> (collectively <a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">cedar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">hemlock</a>, but also some hardwood, for high-grade flooring. It is more commonly made from softwood than hardwoods, and 80% of lumber comes from softwood.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States and Canada, milled boards are called <i>lumber</i>, while <i>timber</i> describes standing or felled trees.<sup id="cite_ref-CRD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, in Britain, and some other Commonwealth nations and Ireland, the term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/timber" class="extiw" title="wikt:timber">timber</a></i> is used in both senses. (In the UK, the word <i>lumber</i> is rarely used in relation to wood and has several other meanings.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-manufactured_lumber">Re-manufactured lumber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Re-manufactured lumber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></div> <p>Re-manufactured lumber is the result of secondary or tertiary processing of previously milled lumber. Specifically, it refers to lumber cut for industrial or wood-packaging use. Lumber is cut by ripsaw or <a href="/wiki/Resaw" title="Resaw">resaw</a> to create dimensions that are not usually processed by a primary <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a>. </p><p>Re-sawing is the splitting of 1-to-12-inch (25–305 mm) <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a> lumber into two or more thinner pieces of full-length boards. For example, splitting a 10-foot-long (3.0 m) 2×4 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> by <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in or 38 by 89 mm) into two 1×4s (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> by <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in or 19 by 89 mm) of the same length is considered re-sawing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_lumber">Plastic lumber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plastic lumber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plastic_lumber" title="Plastic lumber">Plastic lumber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber-reinforced_composite" title="Fiber-reinforced composite">Fiber-reinforced composite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></div> <p>Structural lumber may also be produced from recycled plastic and new plastic stock. Its introduction has been strongly opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blending fiberglass in plastic lumber enhances its strength, durability, and fire resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plastic <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> structural lumber can have a "class 1 <a href="/wiki/Flame_spread" title="Flame spread">flame spread</a> rating of 25 or less, when tested in accordance with <a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> standard E 84," which means it burns more slowly than almost all treated wood lumber.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timber_mark">Timber mark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timber mark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A timber mark is a code beaten on to cut wood by a specially made hammer to show the logging licence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic understanding of lumber, or "sawn planks", came about in North America in the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lumber is the most common and widely used method of sawing logs. Plain sawn lumber is produced by making the first cut on a tangent to the circumference of the log. Each additional cut is then made parallel to the one before. This method produces the widest possible boards with the least amount of log waste.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lumber manufacturing globally is determined by the preferred style of building; areas with a "wood building culture" (homes were built from wood rather than other materials like brick) are the countries with significant sawmilling industries. Historical wood-frame home building regions are: Europe, North America, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different areas of the world are recognized as significant timber suppliers; however, these areas (Indonesia, Sarawak, New Guinea, etc.) are exporters of raw logs and do not have a significant domestic lumber producing industry. </p><p>The largest lumber manufacturing regions in the world are: China (18%); United States (17%); Canada (10%); Russia (9%); Germany (5%); Sweden (4%).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early periods of society, to make wood for building, the trunks of trees were split with wedges into as many and as thin pieces as possible. If it was necessary to have them still thinner, they were hewn, by some sharp instrument, on both sides, to the proper size.<sup id="cite_ref-woodchuckcanuck1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodchuckcanuck1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This simple but wasteful manner of making boards is still continued in some places. </p><p>Otherwise, logs were sawn using a two-person whipsaw, or pit-saw, using saddleblocks to hold the log, and a pit for the pitman who worked below. </p><p>In 1420 the island of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> –  an archipelago comprising four islands off the northwest coast of Africa and an autonomous region of Portugal –  was discovered. <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">King Henry VI</a> sent settlers to Madeira and the settlers started clearing the huge expanses of forest in order to grow crops. Felled trees were made into planks by water-powered mills and the timber (cedar and yew) was shipped to Portugal and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1427, the first sawmill in Germany was built.<sup id="cite_ref-woodchuckcanuck1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodchuckcanuck1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Corneliszoon_van_Uitgeest" title="Cornelis Corneliszoon van Uitgeest">Cornelis Corneliszoon</a> (or Krelis Lootjes) was a Dutch windmill owner from <a href="/wiki/Uitgeest" title="Uitgeest">Uitgeest</a> who invented the first mechanical sawmill, which was wind-powered, on 15 December 1593. This made the conversion of log timber into planks 30 times faster than previously.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The circular saw, as used in modern sawmills, was invented by an Englishman named Miller in 1777. It was not until the nineteenth century, however, that it was generally applied, and its great work belongs to that period. The first insertable teeth for this saw were invented by W. Kendal, an American, in 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Logging in the <a href="/wiki/American_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="American colonies">American colonies</a> began in 1607 when the Jamestown settlers cut timber to build the first settlement in the new world.<sup id="cite_ref-The_History_of_Logging_in_the_USA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Logging_in_the_USA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> America's first sawmill was built at the Falls of <a href="/wiki/Piscataqua_River" title="Piscataqua River">Piscatauqua</a>, on the line between the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Province of Maine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">Province of New Hampshire</a>, in 1634. Unauthenticated records, however, claim that as early as 1633 several mills were operating in <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-woodchuckcanuck1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodchuckcanuck1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American colonies were essential to England in the role of supplier of lumber for the British fleet. By the 1790s, <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> was exporting 36 million feet of pine boards and at least 300 ship masts per year to the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-The_History_of_Logging_in_the_USA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Logging_in_the_USA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timber supply began to dwindle at the start of the twentieth century due to significant harvest volumes, so the logging industry was forced to seek timber elsewhere; hence, the expansion into the American West.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_of_wood_logs">Conversion of wood logs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conversion of wood logs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg/220px-L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg/330px-L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg/440px-L%27_usine_de_transformation_de_bois_Kotkamills_Oy_%C3%A0_Kotka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">floating logs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Logs are <i>converted</i> into lumber by being sawn, <a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">hewn</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">split</a>. Sawing with a <a href="/wiki/Rip_saw" class="mw-redirect" title="Rip saw">rip saw</a> is the most common method, because sawing allows logs of lower quality, with irregular grain and large knots, to be used and is more economical. There are various types of sawing: </p> <ul><li>Plain sawn (flat sawn, through and through, bastard sawn) – A log sawn through without adjusting the position of the log and the grain runs across the width of the boards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">rift sawn</a> – These terms have been confused in history but generally mean lumber sawn so the annual rings are reasonably perpendicular to the sides (not edges) of the lumber.</li> <li>Boxed heart – The <a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">pith</a> remains within the timber, post or beam, with some allowance for exposure.</li> <li>Heart center – the center core of a log.</li> <li>Free of heart center (FOHC) – A side-cut timber, post or beam without any pith.</li> <li>Free of knots (FOK) – No knots are present.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensional_lumber">Dimensional lumber</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dimensional lumber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_By_4_Clue_Stick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/2_By_4_Clue_Stick.jpg/220px-2_By_4_Clue_Stick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/2_By_4_Clue_Stick.jpg/330px-2_By_4_Clue_Stick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/2_By_4_Clue_Stick.jpg/440px-2_By_4_Clue_Stick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>A common 50 by 100 mm (2-by-4-inch) board</figcaption></figure> <p>Dimensional lumber is lumber that is cut to standardized width and depth, often specified in millimetres or inches (but see below for information on nominal dimensions vs. actual dimensions). <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenters</a> extensively use dimensional lumber in <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">framing</a> wooden buildings. Common sizes include <i>2×4</i> (pictured) (also <i>two-by-four</i> and other variants, such as <i>four-by-two</i> in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK), <i>2×6</i>, and <i>4×4</i>. The length of a board is usually specified separately from the width and depth. It is thus possible to find 2×4s that are four, eight, and twelve feet in length. In Canada and the United States, the standard lengths of lumber are 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24 feet (1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.7, 4.3, 4.9, 5.5, 6.1, 6.7 and 7.3 m). For wall framing, precut "stud" lengths are available, and are commonly used. For ceilings heights of 8, 9 or 10 feet (2.4, 2.7 or 3.0 m), <a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">studs</a> are available in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">92<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inches (2.35 m), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">104<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inches (2.66 m), and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">116<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inches (2.96 m).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_softwoods">North American softwoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: North American softwoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The length of a unit of dimensional lumber is limited by the height and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/girth" class="extiw" title="wikt:girth">girth</a> of the tree it is milled from. In general the maximum length is 24 ft (7.32 m). Engineered wood products, manufactured by binding the strands, particles, fibers, or veneers of wood, together with adhesives, to form composite materials, offer more flexibility and greater structural strength than typical wood building materials.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pre-cut studs save a framer much time, because they are pre-cut by the manufacturer for use in 8-, 9-, and 10-foot ceiling applications, which means the manufacturer has removed a few inches or centimetres of the piece to allow for the sill plate and the double top plate with no additional sizing necessary. </p><p>In the Americas, <i>two-bys</i> (2×4s, 2×6s, 2×8s, 2×10s, and 2×12s), named for traditional board thickness in inches, along with the 4×4 (89 mm × 89 mm), are common lumber sizes used in modern construction. They are the basic building blocks for such common structures as <a href="/wiki/Balloon_framing" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon framing">balloon-frame</a> or <a href="/wiki/Platform_framing" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform framing">platform-frame</a> housing. Dimensional lumber made from <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a> is typically used for construction, while <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> boards are more commonly used for making cabinets or furniture. </p><p>Lumber's <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value#Engineering" title="Real versus nominal value"><i>nominal</i> dimensions</a> are larger than the actual standard dimensions of finished lumber. Historically, the nominal dimensions were the size of the green (not dried), rough (unfinished) boards that eventually became smaller finished lumber through drying and planing (to smooth the wood). Today, the standards specify the final finished dimensions and the mill cuts the logs to whatever size it needs to achieve those final dimensions. Typically, that rough cut is smaller than the nominal dimensions because modern technology makes it possible to use the logs more efficiently. For example, a "2×4" board historically started out as a green, rough board actually 2 by 4 inches (51 mm × 102 mm). After drying and planing, it would be smaller by a nonstandard amount. Today, a "2×4" board starts out as something smaller than 2 inches by 4 inches and not specified by standards, and after drying and planing is minimally <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> by <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches (38 mm × 89 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="clear:both; text-align:center"> <caption>North American softwood dimensional lumber sizes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nominal </th> <th style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;" colspan="2">Actual </th> <th>Nominal </th> <th style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;" colspan="2">Actual </th> <th>Nominal </th> <th style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;" colspan="2">Actual </th> <th>Nominal </th> <th style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;" colspan="2">Actual </th> <th>Nominal </th> <th colspan="2">Actual </th></tr> <tr> <th>inches </th> <th>inches </th> <th style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">mm </th> <th>inches </th> <th>inches </th> <th style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">mm </th> <th>inches </th> <th>inches </th> <th style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">mm </th> <th>inches </th> <th>inches </th> <th style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">mm </th> <th>inches </th> <th>inches </th> <th>mm </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>1 × 2</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">19 × 38 </td> <td><b>2 × 2</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">38 × 38 </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1 × 3</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">19 × 64 </td> <td><b>2 × 3</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">38 × 64 </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1 × 4</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">19 × 89 </td> <td><b>2 × 4</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">38 × 89 </td> <td><b>4 × 4</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">89 × 89 </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1 × 5</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">19 × 114 </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1 × 6</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">19 × 140 </td> <td><b>2 × 6</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">38 × 140 </td> <td><b>4 × 6</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">89 × 140 </td> <td><b>6 × 6</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">140 × 140 </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1 × 8</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">19 × 184 </td> <td><b>2 × 8</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">38 × 184 </td> <td><b>4 × 8</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">89 × 184 </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td><b>8 × 8</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td>191 × 191 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1 × 10</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">19 × 235 </td> <td><b>2 × 10</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">38 × 235 </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1 × 12</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">19 × 286 </td> <td><b>2 × 12</b> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> × <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">38 × 286 </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:3px;">  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As previously noted, less wood is needed to produce a given finished size than when standards called for the green lumber to be the full nominal dimension. However, even the dimensions for finished lumber of a given nominal size have changed over time. In 1910, a typical finished 1-inch (25 mm) board was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (21 mm). In 1928, that was reduced by 4%, and yet again by 4% in 1956. In 1961, at a meeting in Scottsdale, Arizona, the Committee on Grade Simplification and Standardization agreed to what is now the current U.S. standard: in part, the dressed size of a 1-inch (nominal) board was fixed at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch; while the dressed size of 2 inch (nominal) lumber was <i>reduced</i> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch to the current <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dimensional lumber is available in green, unfinished state, and for that kind of lumber, the nominal dimensions are the actual dimensions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grades_and_standards">Grades and standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grades and standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_longest_board_in_the_world_(2002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_longest_board_in_the_world_%282002%29.jpg/220px-The_longest_board_in_the_world_%282002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_longest_board_in_the_world_%282002%29.jpg/330px-The_longest_board_in_the_world_%282002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_longest_board_in_the_world_%282002%29.jpg/440px-The_longest_board_in_the_world_%282002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The longest plank in the world (2002) is in Poland (near Szymbark) and measures 36.83 metres (about 120 ft 10 in) long.</figcaption></figure> <p>Individual pieces of lumber exhibit a wide range in quality and appearance with respect to knots, slope of grain, shakes and other natural characteristics. Therefore, they vary considerably in strength, utility, and value. </p><p>The move to set national standards for lumber in the United States began with the publication of the American Lumber Standard in 1924, which set specifications for lumber dimensions, grade, and moisture content; it also developed inspection and accreditation programs. These standards have changed over the years to meet the changing needs of manufacturers and distributors, with the goal of keeping lumber competitive with other construction products. Current standards are set by the <a href="/wiki/American_Lumber_Standard_Committee" title="American Lumber Standard Committee">American Lumber Standard Committee</a>, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">U.S. Secretary of Commerce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Design values for most species and grades of visually graded structural products are determined in accordance with <a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> standards, which consider the effect of strength reducing characteristics, load duration, safety, and other influencing factors. The applicable standards are based on results of tests conducted in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> Forest Products Laboratory. Design Values for Wood Construction, which is a supplement to the ANSI/AF&PA National Design Specification® for Wood Construction, provides these lumber design values, which are recognized by the model building codes.<sup id="cite_ref-WoodWorks_Structural_Properties_and_Performance_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodWorks_Structural_Properties_and_Performance-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada has grading rules that maintain a standard among mills manufacturing similar woods to assure customers of uniform quality. Grades standardize the quality of lumber at different levels and are based on moisture content, size, and manufacture at the time of grading, shipping, and unloading by the buyer. The National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is responsible for writing, interpreting and maintaining Canadian lumber grading rules and standards. The Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board (CLSAB)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> monitors the quality of Canada's lumber grading and identification system. Their common grade abbrievation, CLS, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">Canadian Lumber Standard</a> is well utilised in the construction industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Homebuilding_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homebuilding-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to maintain lumber quality over time have been challenged by historical changes in the timber resources of the United States – from the slow-growing <a href="/wiki/Virgin_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin forest">virgin forests</a> common over a century ago to the fast-growing <a href="/wiki/Forest#Forest_plantations" title="Forest">plantations</a> now common in today's commercial forests. Resulting declines in lumber quality have been of concern to both the <a href="/wiki/Lumber_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumber industry">lumber industry</a> and consumers and have caused increased use of alternative construction products.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Machine stress-rated and machine-evaluated lumber are readily available for end-uses where high strength is critical, such as <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">trusses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">rafters</a>, laminating stock, <a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-beams</a> and web joints. Machine grading measures a characteristic such as stiffness or density that correlates with the structural properties of interest, such as <a href="/wiki/Bending_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Bending strength">bending strength</a>. The result is a more precise understanding of the strength of each piece of lumber than is possible with visually graded lumber, which allows designers to use full-design strength and avoid overbuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, strength grading of rectangular sawn lumber/timber (both softwood and hardwood) is done according to EN-14081<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commonly sorted into classes defined by EN-338. For softwoods, the common classes are (in increasing strength) C16, C18, C24, and C30. There are also classes specifically for hardwoods and those in most common use (in increasing strength) are D24, D30, D40, D50, D60, and D70. For these classes, the number refers to the required 5th percentile bending strength in newtons per square millimetre. There are other strength classes, including T-classes based on tension intended for use in <a href="/wiki/Glulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Glulam">glulam</a>. </p> <ul><li>C14, used for <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formwork" title="Formwork">formwork</a></li> <li>C16 and C24, general construction</li> <li>C30, prefab roof trusses and where design requires somewhat stronger <a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">joists</a> than C24 can offer. TR26 is also a common trussed rafter strength class in long standing use in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>C40, usually seen in <a href="/wiki/Glulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Glulam">glulam</a></li></ul> <p>Grading rules for African and South American sawn lumber have been developed by ATIBT<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the rules of the Sciages Avivés Tropicaux Africains (SATA) and is based on clear cuttings – established by the percentage of the clear surface.<sup id="cite_ref-fordaq_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordaq-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_hardwoods">North American hardwoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North American hardwoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In North America, market practices for dimensional lumber made from hardwoods<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> varies significantly from the regularized <i>standardized '<a href="/wiki/Dimension_lumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimension lumber">dimension lumber</a>' sizes</i> used for sales and specification of softwoods – hardwood boards are often sold totally rough cut,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or machine planed only on the two (broader) face sides. When hardwood boards are also supplied with planed faces, it is usually both by random widths of a specified thickness (normally matching milling of softwood dimensional lumber) and somewhat random lengths. But besides those older (traditional and normal) situations, in recent years some product lines have been widened to also market boards in standard stock sizes; these usually retail in <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">big-box stores</a> and using only a relatively small set of specified lengths;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in all cases hardwoods are sold to the consumer by the <a href="/wiki/Board-foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Board-foot">board-foot</a> (144 cubic inches or 2,360 cubic centimetres), whereas that <a href="/wiki/Measurement_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurement system">measure</a> is not used for softwoods at the retailer (to the cognizance of the buyer).<sup id="cite_ref-On_Australia_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Australia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>North American hardwood dimensional lumber sizes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nominal (rough-sawn size) </th> <th>S1S (surfaced on one side) </th> <th>S2S (surfaced on two sides) </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in (9.5 mm) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (7.9 mm) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (13 mm) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (11 mm) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in (16 mm) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">9</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (14 mm) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 in or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">4</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in (22 mm) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (21 mm) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in (29 mm) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (27 mm) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">6</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in (35 mm) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (33 mm) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 in or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">8</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (46 mm) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in (44 mm) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 in or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">12</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (71 mm) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in (70 mm) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 in or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">16</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">13</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (97 mm) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in (95 mm) </td> </tr></tbody><caption> </caption></table> <p>Also in North America, hardwood lumber is commonly sold in a "quarter" system, when referring to thickness; 4/4 (four quarter) refers to a 1-inch-thick (25 mm) board, 8/4 (eight quarter) is a 2-inch-thick (51 mm) board, etc. This "quarter" system is rarely used for softwood lumber; although softwood decking is sometimes sold as 5/4, even though it is actually one inch thick (from milling <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in or 3.2 mm off each side in a motorized <a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">planing</a> step of production). The "quarter" system of reference is a traditional North American lumber industry nomenclature used specifically to indicate the thickness of rough sawn hardwood lumber. </p><p>In rough-sawn lumber it immediately clarifies that the lumber is not yet milled, avoiding confusion with milled dimension lumber which is measured as actual thickness after machining. Examples – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch, 19 mm, or 1x. In recent years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> architects, designers, and builders<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have begun to use the "quarter" system in specifications as a vogue of insider knowledge, though the materials being specified are finished lumber, thus conflating the separate systems and causing confusion. </p><p>Hardwoods cut for furniture are cut in the fall and winter, after the sap has stopped running in the trees. If hardwoods are cut in the spring or summer the sap ruins the natural color of the lumber and decreases the value of the wood for furniture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineered_lumber">Engineered lumber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Engineered lumber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Engineered_lumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineered lumber">Engineered lumber</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Engineered_lumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineered lumber">Engineered lumber</a> is lumber created by a manufacturer and designed for a certain structural purpose. The main categories of engineered lumber are:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)</a> – LVL comes in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch (44 mm) thicknesses with depths such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">9<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>, <span class="frac">11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>, 14, 16, 18 and 24 inches (240, 300, 360, 410, 460 and 610 mm), and are often doubled or tripled up. They function as beams to provide support over large spans, such as removed support walls and garage door openings, places where dimensional lumber is insufficient, and also in areas where a heavy load is bearing from a floor, wall or roof above on a somewhat short span where dimensional lumber is impractical. This type of lumber is compromised if it is altered by holes or notches anywhere within the span or at the ends, but nails can be driven into it wherever necessary to anchor the beam or to add hangers for I-joists or dimensional lumber joists that terminate at an LVL beam.</li> <li>Wooden I-joists – sometimes called "TJI", "Trus Joists" or "BCI", all of which are brands of wooden I-joists, they are used for floor joists on upper floors and also in first floor conventional foundation construction on piers as opposed to slab floor construction. They are engineered for long spans and are doubled up in places where a wall will be aligned over them, and sometimes tripled where heavy roof-loaded support walls are placed above them. They consist of a top and bottom chord or flange made from dimensional lumber with a webbing in-between made from oriented strand board (OSB) (or, latterly, steel mesh forms which allow passage of services without cutting). The webbing can be removed up to certain sizes or shapes according to the manufacturer's or engineer's specifications, but for small holes, wooden I-joists come with "knockouts", which are perforated, pre-cut areas where holes can be made easily, typically without engineering approval. When large holes are needed, they can typically be made in the webbing only and only in the center third of the span; the top and bottom chords lose their integrity if cut. Sizes and shapes of the hole, and typically the placing of a hole itself, must be approved by an engineer prior to the cutting of the hole and in many areas, a sheet showing the calculations made by the engineer must be provided to the building inspection authorities before the hole will be approved. Some I-joists are made with W-style webbing like a truss to eliminate cutting and to allow ductwork to pass through.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger-jointed lumber</a> – solid dimensional lumber lengths typically are limited to lengths of 22 to 24 feet (6.7–7.3 m), but can be made longer by the technique of "finger-jointing" by using small solid pieces, usually 18 to 24 inches (460–610 mm) long, and joining them together using finger joints and glue to produce lengths that can be up to 36 feet (11 m) long in 2×6 size. Finger-jointing also is predominant in precut wall studs. It is also an affordable alternative for non-structural hardwood that will be painted (staining would leave the finger-joints visible). Care is taken during construction to avoid nailing directly into a glued joint as stud breakage can occur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glulam beams</a> – created from 2×4 or 2×6 stock by gluing the faces together to create beams such as 4×12 or 6×16. As such, a beam acts as one larger piece of lumber – thus eliminating the need to harvest larger, older trees for the same size beam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Manufactured trusses</a> – trusses are used in home construction as a pre-fabricated replacement for roof rafters and ceiling joists (stick-framing). It is seen as an easier installation and a better solution for supporting roofs than the use of dimensional lumber's struts and purlins as bracing. In the southern U.S. and elsewhere, stick-framing with dimensional lumber roof support is still predominant. The main drawbacks of trusses are reduced attic space, time required for engineering and ordering, and a cost higher than the dimensional lumber needed if the same project were conventionally framed. The advantages are significantly reduced labor costs (installation is faster than conventional framing), consistency, and overall schedule savings.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Various_pieces_and_cuts">Various pieces and cuts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Various pieces and cuts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div> <ul><li>Square and rectangular forms: <a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">plank</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slat" class="extiw" title="wikt:slat">slat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">batten</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/board" class="extiw" title="wikt:board">board</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">lath</a>, <i>strapping</i> (typically <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in × <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in [19 mm × 38 mm]), <i>cant</i> (A partially sawn log such as sawn on two sides or squared to a large size and later resawn into lumber. A <i>flitch</i> is a type of cant with wane on one or both sides). Various pieces are also known by their uses such as <a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">post</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">beam</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Girt" title="Girt">girt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">stud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">rafter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">joist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">sill plate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">wall plate</a>.</li> <li>Rod forms: <a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">pole</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">dowel</a>), stick (staff, baton)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timber_piles">Timber piles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Timber piles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Piling" class="mw-redirect" title="Piling">pilings</a> are mainly cut from <a href="/wiki/Southern_yellow_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern yellow pine">southern yellow pines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas-fir">Douglas-fir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Treated</a> pilings are available in <a href="/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate" title="Chromated copper arsenate">chromated copper arsenate</a> retentions of 0.60, 0.80 and 2.50 pounds per cubic foot (9.6, 12.8 and 40.0 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) if treatment is required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_Chinese_construction">Historical Chinese construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historical Chinese construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the prescription of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yingzao_Fashi" title="Yingzao Fashi">Method of Construction</a></i> (營造法式) issued by the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> government in the early twelfth century, timbers were standardized to eight cross-sectional dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the actual dimensions of the timber, the ratio between width and height was maintained at 1:1.5. Units are in Song dynasty inches (31.2 mm). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class</th> <th>height</th> <th>width</th> <th>uses </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st</td> <td>9</td> <td>6</td> <td>great halls 11 or 9 bays wide </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd</td> <td>8.25</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>great halls 7 or 5 bays wide </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>5</td> <td>great halls 5 or 3 bays wide or halls 7 or 5 bays wide </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>great halls 3 bays wide or halls 5 bays wide </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th</td> <td>6.6</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>great halls 3 small bays wide or halls 3 large bays wide </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th</td> <td>6</td> <td>4</td> <td>pagodas and small halls </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th</td> <td>5.25</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>pagodas and small great halls </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>3</td> <td>small pagodas and ceilings </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Timber smaller than the 8th class were called "unclassed" (等外). The width of a timber is referred to as one "timber" (材), and the dimensions of other structural components were quoted in multiples of "timber"; thus, as the width of the actual timber varied, the dimensions of other components were easily calculated, without resorting to specific figures for each scale. The dimensions of timbers in similar applications show a gradual diminution from the Sui dynasty (580–618) to the modern era; a 1st class timber during the Sui was reconstructed as 15×10 (Sui dynasty inches, or 29.4 mm).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defects_in_lumber">Defects in lumber</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Defects in lumber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzfehler" class="extiw" title="de:Holzfehler">the corresponding article</a> in German</b>.  <i><small>(May 2016)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHolzfehler&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the German article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_German#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand German">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 2,064 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_German_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Holzfehler]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|de|Holzfehler}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Lumber" title="Talk:Lumber">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Defects occurring in lumber are grouped into the following four divisions: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion">Conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the process of converting timber to commercial forms of lumber the following defects may occur: </p> <ul><li>Chip mark: this defect is indicated by the marks or signs placed by chips on the finished surface of timber</li> <li>Diagonal grain: improper sawing of timber</li> <li>Torn grain: when a small dent is made on the finished surface due to falling of some tool</li> <li>Wane: presence of original rounded surface in the finished product</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defects_due_to_fungi_and_animals">Defects due to fungi and animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Defects due to fungi and animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fungi attack wood (both timber and lumber) when these conditions are all present: </p> <ul><li>The wood moisture content is above 25% on a dry-weight basis</li> <li>The environment is sufficiently warm</li> <li>Oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) is present</li></ul> <p>Wood with less than 25% moisture (dry weight basis) can remain free of decay for centuries. Similarly, wood submerged in water may not be attacked by fungi if the amount of oxygen is inadequate. </p><p>Fungi lumber/timber defects: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_stain_fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue stain fungus">Blue stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-decay_fungus" title="Wood-decay fungus">Brown rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_rot" title="Dry rot">Dry rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_rot" title="Heart rot">Heart rot</a></li> <li>Sap stain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_rot" title="Wet rot">Wet rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="White rot">White rot</a></li></ul> <p>Following are the insects and <a href="/wiki/Molluscs" class="mw-redirect" title="Molluscs">molluscs</a> which are usually responsible for the decay of timber/lumber: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodboring_beetle" title="Woodboring beetle">Woodboring beetles</a></li> <li>Marine borers (<a href="/wiki/Barnea_similis" title="Barnea similis">Barnea similis</a>)</li> <li>Teredos (<a href="/wiki/Teredo_navalis" title="Teredo navalis">Teredo navalis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termites" class="mw-redirect" title="Termites">Termites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter ants">Carpenter ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_bee" title="Carpenter bee">Carpenter bees</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_forces">Natural forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Natural forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wood_warping" title="Wood warping">Wood warping</a></div> <p>There are two main natural forces responsible for causing defects in timber and lumber: abnormal growth and rupture of tissues. Rupture of tissue includes cracks or splits in the wood called "shakes". "Ring shake", "wind shake", or "ring failure" is when the wood grain separates around the growth rings either while standing or during felling. Shakes may reduce the strength of a timber and the appearance thus reduce lumber grade and may capture moisture, promoting decay. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_hemlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern hemlock">Eastern hemlock</a> is known for having <a href="/wiki/Ring_shake" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring shake">ring shake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "check" is a crack on the surface of the wood caused by the outside of a timber shrinking as it seasons. Checks may extend to the <a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">pith</a> and follow the grain. Like shakes, checks can hold water promoting rot. A "split" goes all the way through a timber. Checks and splits occur more frequently at the ends of lumber because of the more rapid drying in these locations.<sup id="cite_ref-DA_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasoning">Seasoning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Seasoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">seasoning</a> of lumber is typically either kiln- or air-dried. Defects due to seasoning are the main cause of splits, bowing and honeycombing. Seasoning is the process of drying timber to remove the bound moisture contained in the walls of the wood cells to produce seasoned timber.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Durability_and_service_life">Durability and service life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Durability and service life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under proper conditions, wood provides excellent, lasting performance. However, it also faces several potential threats to service life, including fungal activity and insect damage – which can be avoided in numerous ways. Section 2304.11 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Building_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Building Code">International Building Code</a> addresses protection against decay and termites. This section provides requirements for non-residential construction applications, such as wood used above ground (e.g., for framing, decks, stairs, etc.), as well as other applications. </p><p>There are four recommended methods to protect wood-frame structures against durability hazards and thus provide maximum service life for the building. All require proper design and construction: </p> <ul><li>Controlling moisture using design techniques to avoid decay</li> <li>Providing effective control of termites and other insects</li> <li>Using durable materials such as pressure-treated or naturally durable species of wood where appropriate</li> <li>Providing quality assurance during design and construction and throughout the building's service life using appropriate maintenance practices</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moisture_control">Moisture control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Moisture control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wood is a <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopy" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopic</a> material, which means it naturally absorbs and releases water to balance its internal moisture content with the surrounding environment. The moisture content of wood is measured by the weight of water as a percentage of the oven-dry weight of the wood fiber. The key to controlling decay is controlling moisture. Once decay fungi are established, the minimum moisture content for decay to propagate is 22 to 24 percent, so building experts recommend 19 percent as the maximum safe moisture content for untreated wood in service. Water by itself does not harm the wood, but rather, wood with consistently high moisture content enables fungal organisms to grow. </p><p>The primary objective when addressing moisture loads is to keep water from entering the building envelope in the first place and to balance the moisture content within the building itself. Moisture control by means of accepted design and construction details is a simple and practical method of protecting a <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">wood-frame building</a> against decay. For applications with a high risk of staying wet, designers specify durable materials such as naturally decay-resistant species or wood that has been treated with <a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">preservatives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cladding_(construction)" title="Cladding (construction)">Cladding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shake_(shingle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shake (shingle)">shingles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">sill plates</a> and exposed timbers or <a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">glulam beams</a> are examples of potential applications for treated wood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controlling_termites_and_other_insects">Controlling termites and other insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Controlling termites and other insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For buildings in termite zones, basic protection practices addressed in current building codes include (but are not limited to) the following: </p> <ul><li>Grading the building site away from the foundation to provide proper drainage</li> <li>Covering exposed ground in any crawl spaces with 6-mil polyethylene film and maintaining at least 12 to 18 inches (300 to 460 mm) of clearance between the ground and the bottom of framing members above (12 inches to beams or girders, 18 inches to joists or plank flooring members)</li> <li>Supporting post columns by concrete piers so that there is at least 6 inches (150 mm) of clear space between the wood and exposed earth</li> <li>Installing wood framing and sheathing in exterior walls at least eight inches above exposed earth; locating siding at least six inches from the finished grade</li> <li>Where appropriate, ventilating crawl spaces according to local building codes</li> <li>Removing building material scraps from the job site before backfilling.</li> <li>If allowed by local regulation, treating the soil around the foundation with an approved termiticide to provide protection against subterranean termites</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservatives">Preservatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Preservatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treated_timber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Treated_timber.jpg/170px-Treated_timber.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Treated_timber.jpg/255px-Treated_timber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Treated_timber.jpg/340px-Treated_timber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1514" /></a><figcaption>Special fasteners are used with treated lumber because of the corrosive chemicals used in its preservation process.</figcaption></figure> <p>To avoid decay and termite infestation, untreated wood is separated from the ground and other sources of moisture. These separations are required by many building codes and are considered necessary to maintain wood elements in permanent structures at a safe moisture content for decay protection. When it is not possible to separate wood from the sources of moisture, designers often rely on preservative-treated wood.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wood can be treated with a preservative that improves service life under severe conditions without altering its basic characteristics. It can also be pressure-impregnated with fire-retardant chemicals that improve its performance in a fire.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the early treatments to "fireproof lumber", which retard fires, was developed in 1936 by the Protexol Corporation, in which lumber is heavily treated with salt.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood does not deteriorate simply because it gets wet. When wood breaks down, it is because an organism is eating it. Preservatives work by making the food source inedible to these organisms. Properly preservative-treated wood can have 5 to 10 times the service life of untreated wood. Preserved wood is used most often for railroad ties, utility poles, marine piles, decks, fences and other outdoor applications. Various treatment methods and types of chemicals are available, depending on the attributes required in the particular application and the level of protection needed.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Treated_Wood_-_CWC_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Treated_Wood_-_CWC-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two basic methods of treating: with and without pressure. Non-pressure methods are the application of preservatives by brushing, spraying, or dipping the piece to be treated. Deeper, more thorough penetration is achieved by driving the preservative into the wood cells with pressure. Various combinations of pressure and vacuum are used to force adequate levels of chemical into the wood. Pressure-treating preservatives consist of chemicals carried in a solvent. Chromated copper arsenate, once the most commonly used wood preservative in North America began being phased out of most residential applications in 2004. Replacing it are amine copper quat and copper azole. </p><p>All wood preservatives used in the United States and Canada are registered and regularly re-examined for safety by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Health Canada's Pest Management and Regulatory Agency, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Treated_Wood_-_CWC_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Treated_Wood_-_CWC-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timber_framing">Timber framing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Timber framing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></div> <p><i>Timber framing</i> is a style of construction that uses heavier framing elements (larger posts and beams) than modern <a href="/wiki/Framing_(construction)" title="Framing (construction)">stick framing</a>, which uses smaller standard dimensional lumber. The timbers are cut from log <a href="/wiki/Bole_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bole (botany)">boles</a> and squared with a saw, broadaxe or adze, and then joined together with joinery without nails. Modern timber framing has been growing in popularity in the United States since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects_of_lumber">Environmental effects of lumber</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Environmental effects of lumber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green building minimizes the impact or "environmental footprint" of a building. Wood is a major building material that is renewable and replenishable in a continuous cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-About_Treated_Wood_-_CWC_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Treated_Wood_-_CWC-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies show manufacturing wood uses less energy and results in less air and water pollution than steel and concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, demand for lumber is blamed for <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residual_wood">Residual wood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Residual wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conversion from coal to <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> power is a growing trend in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Australia, Fiji, Madagascar, Mongolia, Russia, Denmark, Switzerland, and Eswatini governments all support an increased role for energy derived from biomass, which are organic materials available on a renewable basis and include residues and/or byproducts of the logging, saw milling and paper-making processes. In particular, they view it as a way to lower greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the consumption of oil and gas while supporting the growth of forestry, agriculture and rural economies. Studies by the U.S. government have found the country's combined forest and agriculture land resources have the power to sustainably supply more than one-third of its current petroleum consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biomass is already an important source of energy for the North American forest products industry. It is common for companies to have cogeneration facilities, also known as combined heat and power, which convert some of the biomass that results from wood and paper manufacturing to electrical and thermal energy in the form of steam. The electricity is used to, among other things, dry lumber and supply heat to the dryers used in paper-making. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lumber is a sustainable and environmentally friendly construction material that could replace modern building materials (e.g. concrete and steel) given its structural performance, capacity to fixate CO<sub>2</sub> and low energy demand during the manufacturing process.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_2020_r215_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_2020_r215-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substituting lumber for concrete or steel avoids the carbon emissions of those materials. Cement and concrete manufacture is responsible for around 8% of global GHG emissions while the iron and steel industry is responsible for another 5% (half a ton of CO<sub>2</sub> is emitted to manufacture a ton of concrete; two tons of CO<sub>2</sub>  are emitted in the manufacture of a ton of steel).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Advantages of lumber:</b> </p> <ul><li><b>Fire performance:</b> In the case of fire, the outer layer of mass timber will tend to char in a predictable way that effectively self-extinguishes and shields the interior, allowing it to retain structural integrity for several hours, even in an intense fire.</li> <li><b>Reduction of carbon emissions:</b> Building materials and construction make up 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Though the exact amount will depend on tree species, forestry practices, transportation costs, and several other factors, that one cubic meter of lumber sequesters roughly one tonne of CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Natural insulation:</b> lumber is a natural insulator which makes it particularly good for windows and doors.</li> <li><b>Less construction time, labor costs, and waste:</b> it is easy to manufacture prefabricated lumber, from which pieces can be assembled simultaneously (with relatively little labor). This reduces material waste, avoids massive on-site inventory, and minimizes on-site disruption. According to the softwood lumber industry, "Mass timber buildings are roughly 25% faster to construct than concrete buildings and require 90% less construction traffic".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End-of-life">End-of-life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: End-of-life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An EPA study showed the typical end-of-life scenario for wood waste from municipal solid waste (MSW), wood packaging, and other miscellaneous wood products in the US. Based on the 2018 data, about 67% of wood waste was landfilled, 16% incinerated with energy recovery, and 17% recycled.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Napier_University" title="Edinburgh Napier University">Edinburgh Napier University</a> demonstrated the proportional waste stream of recovered lumber in the UK. The study showed that timber from municipal solid waste and <a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">packaging waste</a> made up 13 and 26% of waste collected. Construction and demolition waste made up the biggest bulk of waste collectively at 52%, with the remaining 10% coming from industry.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_circular_economy">In the circular economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In the circular economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen MacArthur Foundation">Ellen MacArthur Foundation</a> defines the <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a> as "based on the principles of designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems." </p><p>The circular economy can be considered as a model that aims to eliminate waste by targeting materials, and products at their maximum value of utility and time. In short, it is a whole new model of production and consumption that ensures sustainable development over time. It is related to the reuse of materials, components, and products over a longer life cycle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wood is among the most demanding materials, which makes it important to come up with a model of the circular economy. The lumber industry creates a lot of waste, especially in its manufacturing process. From log debarking to finished products, there are several stages of processing that generate a considerable volume of waste, which includes solid wood waste, harmful gases, and residual water.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, it is important to identify and apply measures to reduce environmental contamination, giving a financial return to the industries (e.g., selling the waste to wood chippings manufacturers) and maintaining a healthy relationship between the environment and industries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wood waste can be recycled at its end of life to make new products. Recycled chips can be used to make wood panels, which is beneficial for both the environment and industry. Such practice reduces the use of virgin raw materials, eliminating emissions that would have otherwise been emitted in its manufacturing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the studies conducted in Hong Kong<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was done using <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life-cycle assessment</a> (LCA). The study aimed to assess and compare the environmental impacts of wood waste management from building construction activities using different alternative management scenarios in Hong Kong. Despite various advantages of lumber and its waste, the contribution to the study of the circular economy of lumber is still very small. Some areas where improvements can be made to improve the circularity of lumber is as follows: </p> <ol><li>First, regulations to support recycled lumber use. For example, establishing grading standards and enforcing penalties for improper disposal, especially in sectors that produce big quantities of wood waste, such as the construction and demolition sector.</li> <li>Second, creating a stronger supply force. This can be achieved by improving demolition protocol and technology and enhancing the secondary raw materials market through circular business models.</li> <li>Third, increase demand by introducing incentives to the construction sector and new homeowners to use recycled lumber. This can be in the form of reduced taxes for the construction of the new build.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_raw_material">Secondary raw material</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Secondary raw material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material"><i>secondary raw material</i></a> denotes waste material that has been recycled and injected back into use as productive material. Lumber has a high potential to be used as a secondary raw material at various stages, as listed below: </p> <dl><dt>Recovery of branches and leaves for use as fertilisers</dt> <dd>Timber undergo multiple processing stages before lumber of desired shapes, size, and standards are achieved for commercial use. The process generates a lot of waste which in most cases is disregarded. But being an organic waste, the positive aspect of such waste is that it can be used as a fertiliser or to protect the soil in severe weather conditions.</dd> <dt>Recovery of <a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">woodchips</a> for thermal energy generation</dt> <dd>Waste generated during the manufacturing of lumber products can be used to produce thermal energy. Lumber products after their end-of-life can be <a href="/wiki/Downcycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Downcycle">downcycled</a> into chips and be used as biomass to produce thermal energy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is beneficial for industries that need thermal energy.</dd></dl> <p>Circular economy practices offer effective solutions concerning waste. It targets its unnecessary generation through waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. There is no clear explicit evidence of circular economy in the wood panel industry. However, based on the circular economy concept and its characteristics, there are opportunities present in the wood panel industry from the raw material extraction phase to its end-of-life. Therefore, there lies a gap yet to be explored.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_ton" title="Cubic ton">Cubic ton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck (building)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardwood_timber_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwood timber production">Hardwood timber production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycling timber">Recycling timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_Wood_and_Bamboo_Mechanical_and_Agricultural_Properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Wood and Bamboo Mechanical and Agricultural Properties">Table of Wood and Bamboo Mechanical and Agricultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber treatment">Timber treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Wood industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because working expensive hardwoods is far more difficult and costly, and because an odd width might well be conserved and be of use in making such surfaces as a cabinet side or tabletop <a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">joined</a> from many smaller widths, the industry generally only does minimal processing, preserving as much board width as is practicable. This leaves culling and width decisions totally in the hands of the craftsman building <a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinets</a> or furniture with the boards. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In quarter sawn thicknesses, meaning the thickness and width dimensions as they come out of the sawmill's table. Because lengths vary most with temperature, hardwood boards in the US often have a bit of extra length. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Small set of specified lengths: Fixed-length hardwood boards in the United States are most common in 4–6 ft (1.2–1.8 m) lengths, with a good representation of 8 ft (2.4 m) lengths in a variety of widths, and a few widths with occasional dimensional sizes to 12 ft (3.7 m) lengths. Often the longer sizes need be special ordered. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_Australia-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-On_Australia_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fixed board lengths do not apply in all countries; for example, in Australia and the United States, many hardwood boards are sold to timber yards in packs with a common width profile (dimensions) but not necessarily consisting of boards of identical lengths.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalwood.org/market/timber_prices_2021/aaw20210101e.htm">"Europe Timber Market - Europe Timber & Wood Products Prices -01 – 15th January 2021"</a>. <i>www.globalwood.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Think+Wood&rft.atitle=4+Things+to+Know+About+Mass+Timber&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkwood.com%2Fblog%2F4-things-to-know-about-mass-timber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/wood-material-specific-data">EPA’s study on Wood Waste</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcramer2020" class="citation web cs1">cramer, marlene (2 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.napier.ac.uk/cwst/timber-recycling-and-demolition/">"Insights in Timber Recycling and Demolition"</a>. <i>Centre for Wood Science & Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Wood+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Insights+in+Timber+Recycling+and+Demolition&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft.aulast=cramer&rft.aufirst=marlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.napier.ac.uk%2Fcwst%2Ftimber-recycling-and-demolition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Carvalho_AraújoSalvadorMoro_PiekarskiSokulski2019" class="citation journal cs1">de Carvalho Araújo, Cristiane Karyn; Salvador, Rodrigo; Moro Piekarski, Cassiano; Sokulski, Carla Cristiane; de Francisco, Antonio Carlos; de Carvalho Araújo Camargo, Sâmique Kyene (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu11041057">"Circular Economy Practices on Wood Panels: A Bibliographic Analysis"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 1057. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu11041057">10.3390/su11041057</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Circular+Economy+Practices+on+Wood+Panels%3A+A+Bibliographic+Analysis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1057&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu11041057&rft.aulast=de+Carvalho+Ara%C3%BAjo&rft.aufirst=Cristiane+Karyn&rft.au=Salvador%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Moro+Piekarski%2C+Cassiano&rft.au=Sokulski%2C+Carla+Cristiane&rft.au=de+Francisco%2C+Antonio+Carlos&rft.au=de+Carvalho+Ara%C3%BAjo+Camargo%2C+S%C3%A2mique+Kyene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu11041057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcramer2020" class="citation web cs1">cramer, marlene (2 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.napier.ac.uk/cwst/timber-recycling-and-demolition/">"Insights in Timber Recycling and Demolition"</a>. <i>Centre for Wood Science & Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Wood+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Insights+in+Timber+Recycling+and+Demolition&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft.aulast=cramer&rft.aufirst=marlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.napier.ac.uk%2Fcwst%2Ftimber-recycling-and-demolition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Davis, Richard C. <i>Encyclopedia of American forest and conservation history</i> (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam01davi">vol 1 online</a> see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam02davil">2 online</a>, 871pp. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/4004699?journalCode=jforehist">online review of this book</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSathreO'Conner2010" class="citation book cs1">Sathre, R; O'Conner, J (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321215904/http://www.forintek.ca/public/pdf/Public_Information/technical_rpt/TR19%20Complete%20Pub-web.pdf"><i>A Synthesis of Research on Wood Products and Greenhouse Gas Impacts</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd ed.). FPInnovations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86488-546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86488-546-3"><bdi>978-0-86488-546-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forintek.ca/public/pdf/Public_Information/technical_rpt/TR19%20Complete%20Pub-web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Synthesis+of+Research+on+Wood+Products+and+Greenhouse+Gas+Impacts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=FPInnovations&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-86488-546-3&rft.aulast=Sathre&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=O%27Conner%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forintek.ca%2Fpublic%2Fpdf%2FPublic_Information%2Ftechnical_rpt%2FTR19%2520Complete%2520Pub-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALumber" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumber&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lumber" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lumber">lumber</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/timber" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:timber">timber</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Timber" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Timber">Timber</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhla.com/">National Hardwood Lumber Association</a> (Rules for Grading Hardwood Lumber – Inspector Training School)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timber.net.au/">Timber Development Association of NSW</a> – Australia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tda.org.uk/">TDA: Timber Decking Association</a> – UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trada.co.uk/">TRADA: Timber Research And Development Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100306013214/http://www.trada.co.uk/">Archived</a> 6 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/">The Forest Products Laboratory. U.S. main wood products research lab. Madison, WI (E)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcte2010.org/">WCTE, World Conference on Timber Engineering</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127014735/http://www.wcte2010.org/">Archived</a> 27 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>　June 20–24, 2010, Riva del Garda, Trentino, Italy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912183307/http://nfdp.ccfm.org/products/national_e.php">Forest Products data in Canada since 1990</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lumber</a>/<br />timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wood_products" title="Category:Wood products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wood_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wood products">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" 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