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class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Tsuga</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="أتسوغة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أتسوغة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuqa" title="Tsuqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tsuqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тсуга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тсуга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedlovec" title="Jedlovec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jedlovec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock" title="Hemlock – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hemlock" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlocktannen" title="Hemlocktannen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hemlocktannen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuuga" title="Tsuuga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsuuga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugo" title="Cugo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cugo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کاج‌های شوکران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاج‌های شوکران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himlic" title="Himlic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Himlic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%94%EC%86%A1%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%86%8D" title="솔송나무속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="솔송나무속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cuga" title="Čuga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čuga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlok" title="Hemlok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hemlok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6ll_(tr%C3%A9)" title="Þöll (tré) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þöll (tré)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="צוגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צוגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="ცუგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცუგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABga" title="Cūga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cūga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlokfeny%C5%91" title="Hemlokfenyő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hemlokfenyő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="تسوجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تسوجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlockspar" title="Hemlockspar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hemlockspar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%82%AC%E5%B1%9E" title="ツガ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツガ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock" title="Hemlock – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hemlock" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlokkslekten" title="Hemlokkslekten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hemlokkslekten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choina" title="Choina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga_(gen_plante)" title="Tsuga (gen plante) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tsuga (gen plante)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тсуга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тсуга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlokit" title="Hemlokit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hemlokit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlocksl%C3%A4ktet" title="Hemlocksläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hemlocksläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%81%D1%83%D2%91%D0%B0" title="Тсуґа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тсуґа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsuga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81%E6%9D%89%E5%B1%9E" title="铁杉属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铁杉属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of conifers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the genus. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tsuga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tsuga (disambiguation)">Tsuga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Tsuga</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Cretaceous–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:171.56615384615px; width:48.433846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:171.56615384615px; width:48.433846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:172.56615384615px; width:46.433846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsuga_heterophylla1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tsuga_heterophylla1.jpg/220px-Tsuga_heterophylla1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tsuga_heterophylla1.jpg/330px-Tsuga_heterophylla1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tsuga_heterophylla1.jpg/440px-Tsuga_heterophylla1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1848" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla" title="Tsuga heterophylla">Tsuga heterophylla</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tsuga" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnospermae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abietoideae" title="Abietoideae">Abietoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Tsuga</i></a><br /><small>(Endlicher) <a href="/wiki/Elie-Abel_Carri%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Elie-Abel Carrière">Carrière</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-WCSP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCSP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FlorChina_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlorChina-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Pinus</i> sect. <i>Tsuga</i> <small>Endlicher</small></li> <li><i>Hesperopeuce</i> <small>(Engelmann) Lemmon</small></li> <li>×<i>Hesperotsuga</i> <small>C.N.Page</small></li> <li><i>Micropeuce</i> <small>(Spach) Gordon</small></li> <li>×<i>Tsugo-picea</i> <small>Van Campo & Gaussen</small></li> <li>×<i>Tsugo-piceo-picea</i> <small>Van Campo & Gaussen</small></li> <li>×<i>Tsugo-piceo-tsuga</i> <small>Van Campo & Gaussen</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Tsuga</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">栂</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ツガ</span></span>), the name of <i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_sieboldii" title="Tsuga sieboldii">Tsuga sieboldii</a></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Abietoideae" title="Abietoideae">Abietoideae</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a>, the pine family. The <a href="/wiki/English-language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language">English-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> "<b>hemlock</b>" arose from a perceived similarity in the smell of its crushed foliage to that of the unrelated plant <a href="/wiki/Conium_maculatum" title="Conium maculatum">hemlock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the latter, <i>Tsuga</i> species are not poisonous.<sup id="cite_ref-Farjon2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farjon2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genus comprises eight to ten species (depending on the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomic authority">authority</a>), with four species occurring in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and four to six in eastern <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farjon1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rushforth_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushforth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GymDat_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GymDat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FlorChina_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlorChina-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FloNA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloNA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are medium-sized to large <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, ranging from 10–60 metres (33–197 feet) tall, with a conical to irregular crown, the latter occurring especially in some of the Asian species. The leading shoots generally droop. The <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> is scaly and commonly deeply furrowed, with the colour ranging from grey to brown. The branches stem horizontally from the trunk and are usually arranged in flattened sprays that bend downward towards their tips. Short spur <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a>, which are present in many <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a>, are weakly to moderately developed. The young twigs, as well as the distal portions of stem, are flexible and often pendent. The stems are rough with <a href="/wiki/Pulvini" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulvini">pulvini</a> that persist after the <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> fall. The winter <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">buds</a> are ovoid or globose, usually rounded at the apex and not resinous. </p><p>The leaves are flattened to slightly angular and range from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5–35 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inches) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1–3 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) broad. They are borne singly and are arranged spirally on the stem; the leaf bases are twisted so the leaves lie flat either side of the stem or more rarely radially. Towards the base, the leaves narrow abruptly to a <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> set on a forward-angled pulvinus. The petiole is twisted at the base so it is almost parallel with the stem. The leaf apex is either notched, rounded, or acute. The undersides have two white <a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">stomatal</a> bands (which are inconspicuous on <i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_mertensiana" title="Tsuga mertensiana">T. mertensiana</a></i>) separated by an elevated midvein. The upper surface of the leaves lack stomata, except those of <i>T. mertensiana</i>. They have one resin canal that is present beneath the single vascular bundle.<sup id="cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farjon1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rushforth_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushforth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GymDat_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GymDat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FlorChina_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlorChina-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FloNA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloNA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> cones grow solitary from lateral buds. They are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3–5 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) – usually up to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">5 mm or <span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in – in length, ovoid, globose, or ellipsoid, and yellowish-white to pale purple, and borne on a short peduncle. The pollen itself has a saccate, ring-like structure at its distal pole, and rarely this structure can be more or less doubly saccate. The <a href="/wiki/Seed_cones" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed cones">seed cones</a> are borne on year-old twigs and are small ovoid-globose or oblong-cylindric, ranging from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">15–40 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) long, except in <i>T. mertensiana</i>, where they are cylindrical and longer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">35–80 mm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>–<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) in length; they are solitary, terminal or rarely lateral, pendulous, and are <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">sessile</a> or on a short peduncle up to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in) long. Maturation occurs in 5–8 months, and the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> are shed shortly thereafter; the cones are shed soon after seed release or up to a year or two later. The seed scales are thin, leathery, and persistent. They vary in shape and lack an apophysis and an umbo. The <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> are included and small. The seeds are small, from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2 to 4 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) long, and winged, with the wing being <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">8 to 12 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) in length. They also contain small adaxial resin <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (biology)">vesicles</a>. Seed germination is <a href="/wiki/Epigeal_germination" title="Epigeal germination">epigeal</a>; the seedlings have 4–6 <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farjon1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rushforth_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushforth-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GymDat_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GymDat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FlorChina_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlorChina-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FloNA_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloNA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mountain hemlock (<i>T. mertensiana</i>) is unusual in the genus in several respects. The leaves are less flattened and arranged all round the shoot, and have stomata above as well as below, giving the foliage a glaucous colour; and the cones are the longest in the genus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">35–80 mm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) long and cylindrical rather than ovoid. Some botanists treat it in a distinct genus as <i>Hesperopeuce mertensiana</i> (Bong.) Rydb.,<sup id="cite_ref-Page1990_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Page1990-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is more generally only considered distinct at the rank of subgenus.<sup id="cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farjon1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest fossils attributed to the genus are twigs, known from the Early Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China, though their relationship to modern <i>Tsuga</i> is not unambiguous. The earliest pollen attributed to the genus is known from the Upper Cretaceous of Poland, dating to around 90 million years ago. Abundant remains are only known from <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> onwards, when the modern <i>Tsuga</i> <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> is thought to have begun to diversify.<sup id="cite_ref-WuZhou2020_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WuZhou2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While formerly present in the region <i>Tsuga</i> became extinct in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> epoch around 780-440,000 years ago, due to unfavourable climate change caused by the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-08-25_15_39_09_Closeup_of_Eastern_Hemlock_foliage_across_Taborton_Road_from_the_entrance_to_Spring_Lake_in_Berlin,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2013-08-25_15_39_09_Closeup_of_Eastern_Hemlock_foliage_across_Taborton_Road_from_the_entrance_to_Spring_Lake_in_Berlin%2C_New_York.jpg/220px-2013-08-25_15_39_09_Closeup_of_Eastern_Hemlock_foliage_across_Taborton_Road_from_the_entrance_to_Spring_Lake_in_Berlin%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2013-08-25_15_39_09_Closeup_of_Eastern_Hemlock_foliage_across_Taborton_Road_from_the_entrance_to_Spring_Lake_in_Berlin%2C_New_York.jpg/330px-2013-08-25_15_39_09_Closeup_of_Eastern_Hemlock_foliage_across_Taborton_Road_from_the_entrance_to_Spring_Lake_in_Berlin%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2013-08-25_15_39_09_Closeup_of_Eastern_Hemlock_foliage_across_Taborton_Road_from_the_entrance_to_Spring_Lake_in_Berlin%2C_New_York.jpg/440px-2013-08-25_15_39_09_Closeup_of_Eastern_Hemlock_foliage_across_Taborton_Road_from_the_entrance_to_Spring_Lake_in_Berlin%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis" title="Tsuga canadensis">T. canadensis</a></i> leaves are retained for 3–4 (–5) years</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsuga-diversifolia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tsuga-diversifolia.JPG/220px-Tsuga-diversifolia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tsuga-diversifolia.JPG/330px-Tsuga-diversifolia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tsuga-diversifolia.JPG/440px-Tsuga-diversifolia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_diversifolia" title="Tsuga diversifolia">T. diversifolia</a></i> foliage and cones in snow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MountainHemlock_6739.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MountainHemlock_6739.jpg/220px-MountainHemlock_6739.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MountainHemlock_6739.jpg/330px-MountainHemlock_6739.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MountainHemlock_6739.jpg/440px-MountainHemlock_6739.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_mertensiana" title="Tsuga mertensiana">T. mertensiana</a></i> foliage and cones</figcaption></figure> <p>Another species, bristlecone hemlock, first described as <i>T. longibracteata</i>, is now treated in a distinct genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nothotsuga" title="Nothotsuga">Nothotsuga</a></i>; it differs from <i>Tsuga</i> in the erect (not pendulous) cones with exserted bracts, and male cones clustered in umbels, in these features more closely allied to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Keteleeria" title="Keteleeria">Keteleeria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farjon1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GymDat_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GymDat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">Phylogeny of <i>Tsuga</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:80%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i>Tsuga</i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">series </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_caroliniana" title="Tsuga caroliniana">T. caroliniana</a></i> <small>Engelmann</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_diversifolia" title="Tsuga diversifolia">T. diversifolia</a></i> <small>(Maxim.) Masters</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_sieboldii" title="Tsuga sieboldii">T. sieboldii</a></i> <small>Carrière</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_chinensis" title="Tsuga chinensis">T. chinensis</a></i> <small>(Franchet) Pritzel ex Diels</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><i>Sieboldiae</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">series </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_forrestii" title="Tsuga forrestii">T. forrestii</a></i> <small>Downie</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_dumosa" title="Tsuga dumosa">T. dumosa</a></i> <small>(Don) Eichler</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis" title="Tsuga canadensis">T. canadensis</a></i> <small>(von Linné) Carrière</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla" title="Tsuga heterophylla">T. heterophylla</a></i> <small>(Rafinesque) Sargent</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_mertensiana" title="Tsuga mertensiana">T. mertensiana</a></i> <small>(Bongard) Carrière</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><i>Canadenses</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The above phylogeny is in marked conflict with earlier studies, which found <i>T. mertensiana</i> as basal to the rest of the genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farjon1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Accepted living species<sup id="cite_ref-WCSP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCSP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FlorChina_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlorChina-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis" title="Tsuga canadensis">Tsuga canadensis</a></i> – eastern hemlock – Eastern Canada, Eastern United States</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_caroliniana" title="Tsuga caroliniana">Tsuga caroliniana</a></i> – Carolina hemlock – Southern <a href="/wiki/Appalachians" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachians">Appalachians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_chinensis" title="Tsuga chinensis">Tsuga chinensis</a></i> – Taiwan hemlock – <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, much of China</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_diversifolia" title="Tsuga diversifolia">Tsuga diversifolia</a></i> – northern Japanese hemlock – <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_dumosa" title="Tsuga dumosa">Tsuga dumosa</a></i> – Himalayan hemlock – <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, Tibet, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_forrestii" title="Tsuga forrestii">Tsuga forrestii</a></i> – Forrest's hemlock – Sichuan, Yunnan, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla" title="Tsuga heterophylla">Tsuga heterophylla</a></i> – western hemlock – Western Canada, Northwestern United States</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga_%C3%97_jeffreyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuga × jeffreyi (page does not exist)">Tsuga × jeffreyi</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> (doubtful; often treated as a variety of <i>T. mertensiana</i>, with no verified evidence of hybrid origin<sup id="cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farjon1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GymDat2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GymDat2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_mertensiana" title="Tsuga mertensiana">Tsuga mertensiana</a></i> – mountain hemlock – <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, British Columbia, Western United States</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_sieboldii" title="Tsuga sieboldii">Tsuga sieboldii</a></i> – southern Japanese hemlock – Japan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_ulleungensis" title="Tsuga ulleungensis">Tsuga ulleungensis</a></i> – Ulleungdo hemlock – <a href="/wiki/Ulleung_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulleung Island">Ulleung Island</a>, Korea<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Accepted paleospecies</dt></dl> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga_aburaensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuga aburaensis (page does not exist)">Tsuga aburaensis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Tanai</span> - Abura, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Tanai1961_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanai1961-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga_asiatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuga asiatica (page does not exist)">Tsuga asiatica</a></i> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawula_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawula Formation (page does not exist)">Lawula Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Priabonian" title="Priabonian">Priabonian</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-WuZhou2020_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WuZhou2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga_europaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuga europaea (page does not exist)">Tsuga europaea</a></i> - Maria Mine, <a href="/wiki/Alsdorf" title="Alsdorf">Alsdorf</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia (Miocene)<sup id="cite_ref-Europae_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europae-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga_nanfengensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuga nanfengensis (page does not exist)">Tsuga nanfengensis</a></i> - <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> (Late Miocene)<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga_swedaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuga swedaea (page does not exist)">Tsuga swedaea</a></i> - <a href="/wiki/Buchanan_Lake_Formation" title="Buchanan Lake Formation">Buchanan Lake Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutetian" title="Lutetian">Lutetian</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-LePage2003_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LePage2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga_taxoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuga taxoides (page does not exist)">Tsuga taxoides</a></i> - <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Tan1982_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan1982-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga_xianfengensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuga xianfengensis (page does not exist)">Tsuga xianfengensis</a></i> - Yunnan (Late Miocene)<sup id="cite_ref-WuZhou2020_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WuZhou2020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Formerly included<sup id="cite_ref-WCSP_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCSP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <p>Moved to other genera: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i>T. ajanensis – <a href="/wiki/Picea_jezoensis" title="Picea jezoensis">Picea jezoensis</a></i></li> <li><i>T. argyrophylla – <a href="/wiki/Cathaya_argyrophylla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathaya argyrophylla">Cathaya argyrophylla</a></i></li> <li><i>T. balfouriana – <a href="/wiki/Picea_likiangensis" title="Picea likiangensis">Picea likiangensis</a> var. rubescens</i></li> <li><i>T. japonica – <a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga_japonica" title="Pseudotsuga japonica">Pseudotsuga japonica</a></i></li> <li><i>T. lindleyana – <a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii</a> var. glauca</i></li> <li><i>T. longibracteata – <a href="/wiki/Nothotsuga_longibracteata" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothotsuga longibracteata">Nothotsuga longibracteata</a></i></li> <li><i>T. macrocarpa – <a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga_macrocarpa" title="Pseudotsuga macrocarpa">Pseudotsuga macrocarpa</a></i></li> <li><i>T. mairei – <a href="/wiki/Taxus_mairei" title="Taxus mairei">Taxus mairei</a></i></li> <li><i>T. roulletii – <a href="/wiki/Keteleeria_evelyniana" title="Keteleeria evelyniana">Keteleeria evelyniana</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The species are all adapted to (and are confined to) relatively moist, cool temperate areas with high rainfall, cool summers, and little or no water stress; they are also adapted to cope with heavy to very heavy winter <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snowfall</a> and tolerate <a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">ice storms</a> better than most other trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farjon1990-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GymDat_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GymDat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hemlock trees are more tolerant of heavy shade than other conifers; they are, however, more susceptible to drought.<sup id="cite_ref-HWAbiocontrol_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWAbiocontrol-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats">Threats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two eastern North American species, <i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_canadensis" title="Tsuga canadensis">T. canadensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga_caroliniana" title="Tsuga caroliniana">T. caroliniana</a></i>, are under serious threat by the sap-sucking <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> <i>Adelges tsugae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hemlock_woolly_adelgid" title="Hemlock woolly adelgid">hemlock woolly adelgid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This adelgid, related to the <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, was introduced accidentally from eastern Asia, where it is only a minor pest. Extensive mortality has occurred, particularly east of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. The Asian species are resistant to this pest, and the two western American hemlocks are moderately resistant. In North America, hemlocks are also attacked by <a href="/wiki/Hemlock_looper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemlock looper">hemlock looper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger infected hemlocks have large, relatively high root systems that can bring other trees down if one falls. The foliage of young trees is often browsed by <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, and the seeds are eaten by <a href="/wiki/Finch" title="Finch">finches</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>. </p><p>Old trees are commonly attacked by various <a href="/wiki/Fungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal">fungal</a> disease and decay species, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Heterobasidion_annosum" title="Heterobasidion annosum">Heterobasidion annosum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Armillaria" title="Armillaria">Armillaria</a></i> species, which rot the heartwood and eventually leave the tree liable to <a href="/wiki/Windthrow" title="Windthrow">windthrow</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizina_undulata" title="Rhizina undulata">Rhizina undulata</a></i>, which may kill groups of trees following minor grass fires that activate growth of the <i>Rhizina</i> spores.<sup id="cite_ref-pb_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pb-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wood obtained from hemlocks is important in the timber industry, especially for use as <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a>. Many species are used in <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> have been selected for use in gardens. <a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">The bark</a> is also used in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a> leather.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The needles are sometimes used to make a tea and perfume.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WCSP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCSP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCSP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCSP_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=379374">"Tsuga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a> (WCSP)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families+%28WCSP%29&rft.atitle=Tsuga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcsp.science.kew.org%2Fnamedetail.do%3Fname_id%3D379374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FlorChina-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FlorChina_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlorChina_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlorChina_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlorChina_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlorChina_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlora_of_China" class="citation cs1">Fu, Liguo; Li, Nan; Elias, Thomas S.; Mill, Robert R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=133931">"<i>Tsuga</i>"</a>. <i>Flora of China</i>. Vol. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-16</span></span> – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3ETsuga%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=Flora+of+China&rft.aulast=Fu&rft.aufirst=Liguo&rft.au=Li%2C+Nan&rft.au=Elias%2C+Thomas+S.&rft.au=Mill%2C+Robert+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D2%26taxon_id%3D133931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sunset Western Garden Book,</i> 1995:606–607</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1972" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Alan (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk/1972/03/fcbk033.pdf">"Conifers in the British Isles: a descriptive handbook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 302<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conifers+in+the+British+Isles%3A+a+descriptive+handbook&rft.pages=302&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.forestresearch.gov.uk%2F1972%2F03%2Ffcbk033.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farjon2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farjon2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarjon2010" class="citation book cs1">Farjon, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nqkKTQcGOtYC"><i>A handbook of the world's Conifers</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">533–</span>1111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17718-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17718-5"><bdi>978-90-04-17718-5</bdi></a>. <q>Tsuga is the Japanese name for Hemlock (the conifer, not the poisonous herb <i>Conium maculatum</i> in <i>Apiaceae</i>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+the+world%27s+Conifers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E1111&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17718-5&rft.aulast=Farjon&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnqkKTQcGOtYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farjon1990-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farjon1990_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarjon1990" class="citation book cs1">Farjon, A. (1990). <i>Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera</i>. Koeltz Scientific Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87429-298-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-87429-298-3"><bdi>3-87429-298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pinaceae.+Drawings+and+Descriptions+of+the+Genera&rft.pub=Koeltz+Scientific+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3-87429-298-3&rft.aulast=Farjon&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rushforth-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rushforth_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushforth_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushforth_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushforth1987" class="citation book cs1">Rushforth, K. (1987). <i>Conifers</i>. Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7470-2801-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7470-2801-X"><bdi>0-7470-2801-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conifers&rft.pub=Helm&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7470-2801-X&rft.aulast=Rushforth&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GymDat-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GymDat_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GymDat_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GymDat_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GymDat_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GymDat_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGymnosperm_Database" class="citation web cs1">Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conifers.org/pi/Tsuga.php">"<i>Tsuga</i>"</a>. <i>The Gymnosperm Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gymnosperm+Database&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3ETsuga%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conifers.org%2Fpi%2FTsuga.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FloNA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FloNA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloNA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloNA_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlora_of_North_America" class="citation cs1">Taylor, Ronald J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133931">"<i>Tsuga</i>"</a>. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1"><i>Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-16</span></span> – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3ETsuga%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America+North+of+Mexico+%28FNA%29&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D133931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Page1990-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Page1990_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Page, C. N. (1990). "Pinaceae". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). <i>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</i>. 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National Geographic News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/01/ulleungdo-hemlock-tree-discovered-korea-wooly-adelgid/">the original</a> on January 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+New+Species+of+Temperate+Conifer+Tree+Discovered+in+More+Than+a+Decade&rft.pub=National+Geographic+News&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fulleungdo-hemlock-tree-discovered-korea-wooly-adelgid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanai1961-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tanai1961_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanai1961" class="citation journal cs1">Tanai, T. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/35928/1/11(2)_119-398.pdf">"Neogene floral change in Japan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. 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(2015). "A New Species of <i>Tsuga</i> (Pinaceae) based on Lignified Wood from the Late Miocene of Central Yunnan, China, and Its Paleoenvironmental Implications". <i>Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition</i>. <b>89</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1429–</span>1439. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AcGlS..89.1429W">2015AcGlS..89.1429W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1755-6724.12555">10.1111/1755-6724.12555</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130310084">130310084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Geologica+Sinica+-+English+Edition&rft.atitle=A+New+Species+of+Tsuga+%28Pinaceae%29+based+on+Lignified+Wood+from+the+Late+Miocene+of+Central+Yunnan%2C+China%2C+and+Its+Paleoenvironmental+Implications&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1429-%3C%2Fspan%3E1439&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130310084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1755-6724.12555&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015AcGlS..89.1429W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=H.B.&rft.au=Bondarenko%2C+O.V.&rft.au=Jacques%2C+F.M.B.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.H.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Z.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LePage2003-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LePage2003_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepage2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lepage, B. A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.00131.x">"A new species of <i>Tsuga</i> (Pinaceae) from the middle Eocene of Axel Heiberg Island, Canada, and an assessment of the evolution and biogeographical history of the genus"</a>. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>141</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.00131.x">10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00131.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+new+species+of+Tsuga+%28Pinaceae%29+from+the+middle+Eocene+of+Axel+Heiberg+Island%2C+Canada%2C+and+an+assessment+of+the+evolution+and+biogeographical+history+of+the+genus&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1095-8339.2003.00131.x&rft.aulast=Lepage&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1095-8339.2003.00131.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tan1982-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tan1982_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanZhu1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tan, L.; Zhu, J.N. (1982). <i>Mesozoic Strata Paleontology of Coal-bearing Basin in Guyang, Inner Mongolia</i> (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Press, Beijing. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesozoic+Strata+Paleontology+of+Coal-bearing+Basin+in+Guyang%2C+Inner+Mongolia&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Geological+Press%2C+Beijing&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+J.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HWAbiocontrol-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HWAbiocontrol_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://na.fs.fed.us/pubs/fhp/hemlocks/bio_control-2012.pdf">"Implementation and Status of Biological Control of the Hemlock Woody Adelgid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Forest Service. December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Implementation+and+Status+of+Biological+Control+of+the+Hemlock+Woody+Adelgid&rft.pub=US+Forest+Service&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fna.fs.fed.us%2Fpubs%2Ffhp%2Fhemlocks%2Fbio_control-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Forest Service: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/">Hemlock Woolly Adelgid website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">USDA Forest Service NA-PR-05-92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pb-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pb_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, D. H., & Burdekin, D. A. (1992). <i>Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees</i>. Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-49493-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-49493-8">0-333-49493-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-handbook_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallimoreJackson1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dallimore" title="William Dallimore">Dallimore, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bruce_Jackson" title="Albert Bruce Jackson">Jackson, Albert Bruce</a> (1966). <i>A handbook of Coniferae, including Ginkgoaceae</i> (4 ed.). 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class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Hemlock-tree"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Hemlock-tree">"Hemlock-tree" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hemlock-tree&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsuga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sources_of_tannins124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tannin_source" title="Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tannin_source" title="Template talk:Tannin source"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin_source" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sources_of_tannins124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sources of <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">condensed tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a></i> seed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecatannin" title="Arecatannin">arecatannins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Broad bean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Vicia faba</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a> <ul><li><i>Vitis vinifera</i></li></ul></li> <li>Mimosa bark <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_mearnsii" title="Acacia mearnsii">Acacia mollissima</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrtan or black marlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_redunca" title="Eucalyptus redunca">Eucalyptus redunca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebracho_tree" title="Quebracho tree">Quebracho</a> wood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysable_tannin" title="Hydrolysable tannin">hydrolysable tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> wood</li> <li>Dhawa <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anogeissus_latifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anogeissus latifolia">Anogeissus latifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrobalan fruit <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_chebula" title="Terminalia chebula">Terminalia chebula</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak bark">Oak bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> wood</li> <li>Valonia oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_macrolepis" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus macrolepis">Quercus macrolepis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a> <ul><li>Tanner's sumach leaves - <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_coriaria" title="Rhus coriaria">Rhus coriaria</a></i> or Chinese gall on <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_chinensis" title="Rhus chinensis">Rhus chinensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tara pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tara_spinosa" title="Tara spinosa">Tara spinosa</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sources<br />by organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">Barks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>General : <a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_used_for_tannin_production" title="List of Acacia species used for tannin production">Acacias</a> (most notably <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_pycnantha" title="Acacia pycnantha">Acacia pycnantha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_decurrens" title="Acacia decurrens">Acacia decurrens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a> <ul><li><i>Alnus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Avaram <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senna_auriculata" title="Senna auriculata">Senna auriculata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Babul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a> <ul><li><i>Betula sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Button mangrove <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Conocarpus_erectus" title="Conocarpus erectus">Conocarpus erectus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Hemlock <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsuga</a> sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a> <ul><li><i>Larix sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> <ul><li><i>Pinus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a> <ul><li><i>Picea sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Urunday <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myracrodruon_urundeuva" title="Myracrodruon urundeuva">Myracrodruon urundeuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Willow <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_caprea" title="Salix caprea">Salix caprea</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Badan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergenia_crassifolia" title="Bergenia crassifolia">Bergenia crassifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_(extract)" title="Gambier (extract)">Gambier</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">Uncaria gambir</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Redoul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriaria_myrtifolia" title="Coriaria myrtifolia">Coriaria myrtifolia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canaigre <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumex_hymenosepalus" title="Rumex hymenosepalus">Rumex hymenosepalus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Garouille <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sea lavender <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limonium" title="Limonium">Limonium</a> sp</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cutch <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senegalia_catechu" title="Senegalia catechu">Senegalia catechu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Divi-divi pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Libidibia_coriaria" title="Libidibia coriaria">Libidibia coriaria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sant pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Teri pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moullava_digyna" title="Moullava digyna">Moullava digyna</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">Galls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gall oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_lusitanica" title="Quercus lusitanica">Quercus lusitanica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_infectoria" title="Quercus infectoria">Quercus infectoria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whole plant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis" title="Prosopis">Prosopis</a></i> sp. bark and wood <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_humilis" title="Prosopis humilis">Prosopis humilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_nigra" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis nigra">Prosopis nigra</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tanoak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">Notholithocarpus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tizra heartwood and root <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Searsia_pentaphylla" title="Searsia pentaphylla">Searsia pentaphylla</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Undetermined organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Anadenanthera colubrina</a></i> (vilca)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classification_of_Archaeplastida_or_Plantae_s.l.1558" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant_classification" title="Template talk:Plant classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plant classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classification_of_Archaeplastida_or_Plantae_s.l.1558" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification of <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu lato; in the broad sense"><i>s.l.</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaeplastida230" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Picomonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Picomonas">Picomonas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodelphis" title="Rhodelphis">Rhodelphis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(red algae)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteorhodophytina" title="Proteorhodophytina">Proteorhodophytina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurhodophytina" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurhodophytina">Eurhodophytina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florideophyceae" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algospongia" title="Algospongia">Algospongia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sensu stricto; in the strict sense"><i>s.s.</i></span></a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> &<br /> land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prasinodermophyta21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinodermophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmophyllophyceae" title="Palmophyllophyceae">Palmophyllophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Prasinophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamiellophyceae" title="Mamiellophyceae">Mamiellophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramimonadophyceae" title="Pyramimonadophyceae">Pyramimonadophyceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Chlorophytina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephroselmidaceae" title="Nephroselmidaceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocystis" title="Picocystis">Picocystophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloropicophyceae">Chloropicophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedinophyceae" title="Pedinophyceae">Pedinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesostigmatophyceae" title="Mesostigmatophyceae">Mesostigmatophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorokybophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorokybophyceae">Chlorokybophyceae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotaenia" title="Spirotaenia">Spirotaenia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsormidiophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Klebsormidiophyceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phragmoplastophyta22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmoplastophyta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleochaetophyceae" title="Coleochaetophyceae">Coleochaetophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Anydrophyta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(land plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div id="Embryophytes_or_Plantae_sensu_strictissimo1558" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophytes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="in the strictest sense"><i>sensu strictissimo</i></span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bryophytes228" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(liverworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplomitriopsida" title="Haplomitriopsida">Haplomitriopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiopsida" title="Marchantiopsida">Marchantiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungermanniopsida" title="Jungermanniopsida">Jungermanniopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(hornworts)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leiosporoceros" title="Leiosporoceros">Leiosporocerotopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><br /><span class="nobold">(mosses)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takakia" title="Takakia">Takakiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphagnopsida" title="Sphagnopsida">Sphagnopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeobryum" title="Andreaeobryum">Andreaeobryopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreaeaceae" title="Andreaeaceae">Andreaeopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipodium" title="Oedipodium">Oedipodiopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraphidaceae" title="Tetraphidaceae">Tetraphidopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytrichaceae" title="Polytrichaceae">Polytrichopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryopsida" title="Bryopsida">Bryopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -55px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Polysporangiophyte" title="Polysporangiophyte">Polysporangiophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Protracheophytes*90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Protracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Aglaophyton" title="Aglaophyton">Aglaophyton</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(vascular plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Paratracheophytes*91" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span>Paratracheophytes*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooksoniopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooksoniopsida (page does not exist)">Cooksoniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Rhyniophyte" title="Rhyniophyte">Rhyniopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaliales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaliales (page does not exist)">Renaliales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -40px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Eutracheophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lycophytes14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Barinophyte" title="Barinophyte">Barinophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zosterophyll" title="Zosterophyll">Zosterophyllopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lycopodiaceae" title="Lycopodiaceae">clubmosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selaginella" title="Selaginella">spikemosses</a> & <a href="/wiki/Isoetes" title="Isoetes">quillworts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophytes</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Eophyllophyton" title="Eophyllophyton">Eophyllophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moniliformopses15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;">Moniliformopses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibykales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibykales (page does not exist)">Ibykales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a> (ferns and <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);">Lignophytes</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†Progymnosperms*92" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">Progymnosperms</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Noeggerathiopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noeggerathiopsida (page does not exist)">Noeggerathiopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aneurophytopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aneurophytopsida (page does not exist)">Aneurophytopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeopteridopsida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeopteridopsida (page does not exist)">Archaeopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protopityales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protopityales (page does not exist)">Protopityales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a><br /><span class="nobold">(seed plants)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><span class="nobold">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Pteridosperms</a><span class="nobold">*</span><br /><span class="nobold">(seed ferns)<br />and other extinct<br /> seed plant groups</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Calamopityales" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamopityales">Calamopityales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Callistophytales" title="Callistophytales">Callistophytales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Corystospermaceae" title="Corystospermaceae">Corystospermales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Czekanowskiales" title="Czekanowskiales">Czekanowskiales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Gigantopteridales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantopteridales">Gigantopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">Glossopteridales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Lyginopteridales" title="Lyginopteridales">Lyginopteridopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">Medullosales</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Peltaspermales" title="Peltaspermales">Peltaspermopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pentoxylales" title="Pentoxylales">Pentoxylopsida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Petriellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petriellales (page does not exist)">Petriellales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Acrogymnospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(living gymnosperms)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida (cycads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales (<i>Ginkgo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida (conifers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a><br /><span class="nobold">(flowering plants)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal angiosperms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Core angiosperms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>*<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> groups</li> <li>† = <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">List of plant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Current definitions of Plantae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classification_of_Acrogymnospermae_(living_Gymnosperms)354" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template talk:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acrogymnospermae classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classification_of_Acrogymnospermae_(living_Gymnosperms)354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification of <a href="/wiki/Acrogymnospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrogymnospermae">Acrogymnospermae</a> (living <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoidae" title="Ginkgoidae">Ginkgoidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ginkgoales14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ginkgoaceae" title="Ginkgoaceae">Ginkgoaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cycadidae" title="Cycadidae">Cycadidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cycadales13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycadales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadales">Cycadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadaceae">Cycadaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycas" title="Cycas">Cycas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamiaceae" title="Zamiaceae">Zamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diooideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dioon" title="Dioon">Dioon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zamioideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Macrozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidozamia" title="Lepidozamia">Lepidozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encephalartos" title="Encephalartos">Encephalartos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowenia" title="Bowenia">Bowenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratozamia" title="Ceratozamia">Ceratozamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stangeria" title="Stangeria">Stangeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zamia" title="Zamia">Zamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcycas" title="Microcycas">Microcycas</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em; background: #D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pinidae" title="Pinidae">Pinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetales">Gnetales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)" title="Ephedra (plant)">Ephedra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnetaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetaceae">Gnetaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welwitschiaceae" title="Welwitschiaceae">Welwitschiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pinaceae12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abietoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudolarix" title="Pseudolarix">Pseudolarix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothotsuga" title="Nothotsuga">Nothotsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keteleeria" title="Keteleeria">Keteleeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abies" class="mw-redirect" title="Abies">Abies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pinoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga">Pseudotsuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larix" class="mw-redirect" title="Larix">Larix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathaya" title="Cathaya">Cathaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea" class="mw-redirect" title="Picea">Picea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Araucariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucariales">Araucariales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Araucariaceae" title="Araucariaceae">Araucariaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wollemia" title="Wollemia">Wollemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">Podocarpaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phyllocladoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Halocarpus" title="Halocarpus">Halocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pectinopitys" title="Pectinopitys">Pectinopitys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sundacarpus" title="Sundacarpus">Sundacarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prumnopitys" title="Prumnopitys">Prumnopitys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasitaxus" title="Parasitaxus">Parasitaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lagarostrobos" title="Lagarostrobos">Lagarostrobos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manoao" title="Manoao">Manoao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidothamnus" title="Lepidothamnus">Lepidothamnus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phyllocladus" title="Phyllocladus">Phyllocladus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Podocarpoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saxegothaea" title="Saxegothaea">Saxegothaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microcachrys" title="Microcachrys">Microcachrys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pherosphaera" title="Pherosphaera">Pherosphaera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acmopyle" title="Acmopyle">Acmopyle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacrycarpus" title="Dacrycarpus">Dacrycarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falcatifolium" title="Falcatifolium">Falcatifolium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium" title="Dacrydium">Dacrydium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Retrophyllum" title="Retrophyllum">Retrophyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrocarpus" title="Afrocarpus">Afrocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nageia" title="Nageia">Nageia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus" title="Podocarpus">Podocarpus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressales">Cupressales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sciadopityaceae" title="Sciadopityaceae">Sciadopityaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciadopitys" title="Sciadopitys">Sciadopitys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">Taxaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cephalotaxeae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaxus" title="Cephalotaxus">Cephalotaxus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amentotaxus" title="Amentotaxus">Amentotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torreya" title="Torreya">Torreya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrotaxus" title="Austrotaxus">Austrotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotaxus" title="Pseudotaxus">Pseudotaxus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Taxus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunninghamioideae">Cunninghamioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cunninghamia" title="Cunninghamia">Cunninghamia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanioideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanioideae">Taiwanioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwania" title="Taiwania">Taiwania</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Athrotaxidoideae">Athrotaxidoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Athrotaxis" title="Athrotaxis">Athrotaxis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sequoioideae" title="Sequoioideae">Sequoioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron" title="Sequoiadendron">Sequoiadendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">Sequoia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxodioideae" title="Taxodioideae">Taxodioideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptomeria" title="Cryptomeria">Cryptomeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glyptostrobus" title="Glyptostrobus">Glyptostrobus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxodium" title="Taxodium">Taxodium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Callitroideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Callitroideae">Callitroideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Papuacedrus" title="Papuacedrus">Papuacedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrocedrus" title="Austrocedrus">Austrocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilgerodendron" title="Pilgerodendron">Pilgerodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libocedrus" title="Libocedrus">Libocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diselma" title="Diselma">Diselma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzroya" title="Fitzroya">Fitzroya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widdringtonia" title="Widdringtonia">Widdringtonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neocallitropsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocallitropsis">Neocallitropsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callitris" title="Callitris">Callitris</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupressoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupressoideae">Cupressoideae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thujopsis" title="Thujopsis">Thujopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thuja" title="Thuja">Thuja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis" title="Chamaecyparis">Chamaecyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetraclinis" title="Tetraclinis">Tetraclinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">Microbiota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platycladus" title="Platycladus">Platycladus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupressus" title="Cupressus">Cupressus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xanthocyparis" title="Xanthocyparis">Xanthocyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperocyparis" title="Hesperocyparis">Hesperocyparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniperus">Juniperus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4400" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Tsuga</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739430" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q739430">Q739430</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tsuga" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tsuga">Tsuga</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/C85JP">C85JP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/34199">34199</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1TSUG">1TSUG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133931">133931</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=133931">133931</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8527396">8527396</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=12479">12479</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48255">48255</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/11721-1">11721-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1103941">1103941</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183396">183396</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000464647">NHMSYS0000464647</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3358">3358</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/6053823d-8cb3-492c-82de-bcf63789e6de">6053823d-8cb3-492c-82de-bcf63789e6de</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1095220">1095220</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/gymnosperma/coniferales/pinaceae/tsuga/genus-tsuga/">genus-tsuga</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/TSUGA">TSUGA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A11721-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:11721-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40020343">40020343</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1796">1796</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000039518">wfo-4000039518</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pinus <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Tsuga</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17330718" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q17330718">Q17330718</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/77109538-1">77109538-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/24900832">24900832</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox729" 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