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var(--bs-nav-link-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-nav-link-font-size);font-weight:var(--bs-nav-link-font-weight);color:var(--bs-nav-link-color)}.nav-fill .nav-item{flex:1 1 auto;text-align:center}.nav-fill .nav-item .nav-link{width:100%}.navbar{--bs-navbar-padding-x:0;--bs-navbar-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.55);--bs-navbar-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);--bs-navbar-active-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end:1rem;--bs-navbar-brand-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-brand-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y:0.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x:0.75rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size:1.25rem;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 30 30'%3e%3cpath stroke='rgba%280, 0, 0, 0.55%29' stroke-linecap='round' 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var(--bs-navbar-padding-x);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.navbar>.container,.navbar>.container-fluid{display:flex;flex-wrap:inherit;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.navbar-brand{padding-top:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);padding-bottom:var(--bs-navbar-brand-padding-y);margin-right:var(--bs-navbar-brand-margin-end);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-brand-font-size);color:var(--bs-navbar-brand-color);white-space:nowrap}.navbar-nav{--bs-nav-link-padding-x:0;--bs-nav-link-padding-y:0.7rem;--bs-nav-link-color:var(--bs-navbar-color);--bs-nav-link-hover-color:var(--bs-navbar-hover-color);--bs-nav-link-disabled-color:var(--bs-navbar-disabled-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style:none}.navbar-collapse{flex-basis:100%;flex-grow:1;align-items:center}.navbar-toggler{padding:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-y) var(--bs-navbar-toggler-padding-x);font-size:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-font-size);line-height:1;color:var(--bs-navbar-color);background-color:transparent;border:var(--bs-border-width) solid var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-navbar-toggler-border-radius)}@media (min-width:576px){.navbar-expand-sm{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav{flex-direction:row}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-nav .nav-link{padding-right:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x);padding-left:var(--bs-navbar-nav-link-padding-x)}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-collapse{display:flex!important;flex-basis:auto}.navbar-expand-sm .navbar-toggler{display:none}}body:before{display:none}.navbar-dark{--bs-navbar-color:#324a98;--bs-navbar-hover-color:#4d4d4f;--bs-navbar-disabled-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);--bs-navbar-active-color:#324a98;--bs-navbar-brand-color:#324a98;--bs-navbar-brand-hover-color:#324a98;--bs-navbar-toggler-border-color:transparent;--bs-navbar-toggler-icon-bg:none}.card{--bs-card-spacer-y:1rem;--bs-card-spacer-x:1rem;--bs-card-title-spacer-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-border-width:1px;--bs-card-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-card-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-card-inner-border-radius:calc(0.375rem - 1px);--bs-card-cap-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-card-cap-padding-x:1rem;--bs-card-cap-bg:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.03);--bs-card-bg:#f8f9fa;--bs-card-img-overlay-padding:1rem;--bs-card-group-margin:0.75rem;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;height:var(--bs-card-height);word-wrap:break-word;background-color:var(--bs-card-bg);background-clip:border-box;border:var(--bs-card-border-width) solid var(--bs-card-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-card-border-radius);box-shadow:var(--bs-card-box-shadow)}.card-body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-card-spacer-y) var(--bs-card-spacer-x);color:var(--bs-card-color)}.breadcrumb{display:flex;list-style:none;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x:0;--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom:0;--bs-breadcrumb-font-size:0.75rem;--bs-breadcrumb-bg:transparent;--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color:#6c757d;--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x:0.5rem;--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color:#6c757d;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-y) var(--bs-breadcrumb-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-breadcrumb-margin-bottom);font-size:var(--bs-breadcrumb-font-size);background-color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-bg);border-radius:var(--bs-breadcrumb-border-radius)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x)}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider-color);content:var(--bs-breadcrumb-divider, "|")}.breadcrumb-item.active{color:var(--bs-breadcrumb-item-active-color)}.alert{--bs-alert-bg:transparent;--bs-alert-padding-x:1rem;--bs-alert-padding-y:1rem;--bs-alert-margin-bottom:1rem;--bs-alert-color:inherit;--bs-alert-border-color:transparent;--bs-alert-border:1px solid var(--bs-alert-border-color);--bs-alert-border-radius:0.375rem;position:relative;padding:var(--bs-alert-padding-y) var(--bs-alert-padding-x);margin-bottom:var(--bs-alert-margin-bottom);color:var(--bs-alert-color);background-color:var(--bs-alert-bg);border:var(--bs-alert-border);border-radius:var(--bs-alert-border-radius)}.alert-heading{color:inherit}.alert-link{font-weight:700}.alert-dismissible{padding-right:3rem}.alert-dismissible .btn-close{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;z-index:2;padding:1.25rem 1rem}.alert-primary,.alert-secondary{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-primary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(30, 44.4, 91.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214, 218.8, 234.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(193.5, 200.7, 224.1)}.alert-primary .alert-link{color:#182449}.alert-secondary{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216)}.alert-secondary .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-native,.alert-success,.alert-validation{--bs-alert-color:rgb(15, 81, 50.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(209, 231, 220.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(186, 219, 203.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-native .alert-link,.alert-success .alert-link,.alert-validation .alert-link{color:#0c4128}.alert-info,.alert-warning{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-info{--bs-alert-color:rgb(5.2, 80.8, 96);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 244.4, 252);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 239.1, 250.5)}.alert-info .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-warning{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-warning .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-danger,.alert-error{--bs-alert-color:#8a0000;--bs-alert-bg:#facccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(247.5, 178.5, 178.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-danger .alert-link,.alert-error .alert-link{color:#6e0000}.alert-light{--bs-alert-color:rgb(99.2, 99.6, 100);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(253.6, 253.8, 254);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(252.9, 253.2, 253.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-light .alert-link{color:#4f5050}.alert-cleanup,.alert-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.8, 22.2, 24.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.6, 211.4, 212.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.4, 189.6, 190.8);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cleanup .alert-link,.alert-dark .alert-link{color:#101214}.alert-inverse{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white}.alert-inverse .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-inverse,.alert-navbar,.alert-navitem{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-navbar{--bs-alert-color:rgb(87.2, 88, 88.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(247.6, 248, 248.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(243.9, 244.5, 245.1)}.alert-navbar .alert-link{color:#464647}.alert-navitem{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white}.alert-navitem .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-lightgray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(93.2, 94.4, 95.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(250.6, 251.2, 251.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(248.4, 249.3, 250.2)}.alert-lightgray .alert-link{color:#4b4c4c}.alert-color-indigo,.alert-lightgray{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-advertising,.alert-color-indigo{--bs-alert-color:rgb(61.2, 9.6, 145.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(224.4, 207.2, 252.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(209.1, 183.3, 251.1)}.alert-color-indigo .alert-link{color:#310874}.alert-color-cyan{--bs-alert-color:rgb(5.2, 80.8, 96);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 244.4, 252);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 239.1, 250.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-cyan .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-color-blue,.alert-criticalcss{--bs-alert-color:rgb(7.8, 66, 151.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 226, 254.6);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 211.5, 254.4);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-blue .alert-link,.alert-criticalcss .alert-link{color:#063579}.alert-color-orange{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cache,.alert-color-orange{--bs-alert-color:rgb(151.8, 75.6, 12);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(254.6, 229.2, 208);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(254.4, 216.3, 184.5)}.alert-color-orange .alert-link{color:#793c0a}.alert-color-red{--bs-alert-color:rgb(132, 31.8, 41.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(248, 214.6, 217.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(244.5, 194.4, 199.2);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-red .alert-link{color:#6a1921}.alert-cdnjs,.alert-color-yellow{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-cdnjs .alert-link,.alert-color-yellow .alert-link{color:#523e02}.alert-cdnjs,.alert-color-teal,.alert-color-yellow{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-teal,.alert-topic{--bs-alert-color:rgb(19.2, 120.6, 90.6);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(210.4, 244.2, 234.2);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(188.1, 238.8, 223.8)}.alert-color-teal .alert-link{color:#0f6048}.alert-color-green{--bs-alert-color:rgb(15, 81, 50.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(209, 231, 220.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(186, 219, 203.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-green .alert-link{color:#0c4128}.alert-cloudinary,.alert-color-pink{--bs-alert-color:rgb(128.4, 30.6, 79.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(246.8, 214.2, 230.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(242.7, 193.8, 218.1);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cloudinary .alert-link,.alert-color-pink .alert-link{color:#67183f}.alert-color-black{--bs-alert-color:black;--bs-alert-bg:#cccccc;--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(178.5, 178.5, 178.5);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-black .alert-link{color:#000}.alert-color-white{--bs-alert-color:#666666;--bs-alert-bg:white;--bs-alert-border-color:white;background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-white .alert-link{color:#525252}.alert-color-gray{--bs-alert-color:rgb(64.8, 70.2, 75);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(225.6, 227.4, 229);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(210.9, 213.6, 216);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-gray .alert-link{color:#34383c}.alert-color-gray-dark{--bs-alert-color:rgb(31.2, 34.8, 38.4);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(214.4, 215.6, 216.8);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(194.1, 195.9, 197.7);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-color-gray-dark .alert-link{color:#191c1f}.alert-cache{--bs-alert-color:rgb(61.2, 9.6, 145.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(224.4, 207.2, 252.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(209.1, 183.3, 251.1);background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-cache .alert-link{color:#310874}.alert-notice{--bs-alert-color:rgb(5.2, 80.8, 96);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(206.6, 244.4, 252);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(182.4, 239.1, 250.5)}.alert-notice .alert-link{color:#04414d}.alert-advertising,.alert-notice,.alert-topic{background-image:var(--bs-gradient)}.alert-topic{--bs-alert-color:rgb(113.4, 34.2, 10.2);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(241.8, 215.4, 207.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(235.2, 195.6, 183.6)}.alert-topic .alert-link{color:#5b1b08}.alert-advertising{--bs-alert-color:rgb(102, 77.2, 2.8);--bs-alert-bg:rgb(255, 242.6, 205.4);--bs-alert-border-color:rgb(255, 236.4, 180.6)}.alert-advertising .alert-link{color:#523e02}.list-group{--bs-list-group-color:#212529;--bs-list-group-bg:#fff;--bs-list-group-border-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);--bs-list-group-border-width:1px;--bs-list-group-border-radius:0.375rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-x:1rem;--bs-list-group-item-padding-y:0.5rem;--bs-list-group-action-color:#495057;--bs-list-group-action-hover-color:#495057;--bs-list-group-action-hover-bg:#f8f9fa;--bs-list-group-action-active-color:#212529;--bs-list-group-action-active-bg:#e9ecef;--bs-list-group-disabled-color:#6c757d;--bs-list-group-disabled-bg:#fff;--bs-list-group-active-color:#fff;--bs-list-group-active-bg:#bd3911;--bs-list-group-active-border-color:#bd3911;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding-left:0;margin-bottom:0;border-radius:var(--bs-list-group-border-radius)}.list-group-item{position:relative;display:block;padding:var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-y) var(--bs-list-group-item-padding-x);color:var(--bs-list-group-color);background-color:var(--bs-list-group-bg);border:var(--bs-list-group-border-width) solid var(--bs-list-group-border-color)}.list-group-item:first-child{border-top-left-radius:inherit;border-top-right-radius:inherit}.list-group-item:last-child{border-bottom-right-radius:inherit;border-bottom-left-radius:inherit}.list-group-item+.list-group-item{border-top-width:0}.btn-close{box-sizing:content-box;width:1em;height:1em;padding:.25em;color:#000;background:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23000'%3e%3cpath d='M.293.293a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0L8 6.586 14.293.293a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L9.414 8l6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L8 9.414l-6.293 6.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L6.586 8 .293 1.707a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e") center/1em auto no-repeat;border:0;border-radius:.375rem;opacity:.5}.modal{--bs-modal-zindex:1055;--bs-modal-width:500px;--bs-modal-padding:1rem;--bs-modal-margin:0.5rem;--bs-modal-bg:#fff;--bs-modal-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-modal-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-border-radius:0.5rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);--bs-modal-inner-border-radius:calc(0.5rem - 1px);--bs-modal-header-padding-x:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding-y:1rem;--bs-modal-header-padding:1rem 1rem;--bs-modal-header-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-header-border-width:1px;--bs-modal-title-line-height:1.5;--bs-modal-footer-gap:0.5rem;--bs-modal-footer-border-color:var(--bs-border-color);--bs-modal-footer-border-width:1px;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:var(--bs-modal-zindex);display:none;width:100%;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;outline:0}.modal-dialog{position:relative;width:auto;margin:var(--bs-modal-margin)}.modal.fade .modal-dialog{transform:translate(0,-50px)}.modal-content{position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;color:var(--bs-modal-color);background-color:var(--bs-modal-bg);background-clip:padding-box;border:var(--bs-modal-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-border-color);border-radius:var(--bs-modal-border-radius);box-shadow:var(--bs-modal-box-shadow);outline:0}.modal-header{display:flex;flex-shrink:0;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--bs-modal-header-padding);border-bottom:var(--bs-modal-header-border-width) solid var(--bs-modal-header-border-color);border-top-left-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius);border-top-right-radius:var(--bs-modal-inner-border-radius)}.modal-title{margin-bottom:0;line-height:var(--bs-modal-title-line-height)}.modal-body{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;padding:var(--bs-modal-padding)}@media (min-width:576px){.modal{--bs-modal-margin:1.75rem;--bs-modal-box-shadow:0 0.5rem 1rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15)}.modal-dialog{max-width:var(--bs-modal-width);margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto}.modal-sm{--bs-modal-width:300px}}.offcanvas{--bs-offcanvas-zindex:1045;--bs-offcanvas-width:400px;--bs-offcanvas-height:30vh;--bs-offcanvas-padding-x:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-padding-y:1rem;--bs-offcanvas-bg:#fff;--bs-offcanvas-border-width:1px;--bs-offcanvas-border-color:var(--bs-border-color-translucent);--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow:0 0.125rem 0.25rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:var(--bs-offcanvas-zindex);display:flex;flex-direction:column;max-width:100%;color:var(--bs-offcanvas-color);visibility:hidden;background-color:var(--bs-offcanvas-bg);background-clip:padding-box;outline:0;box-shadow:var(--bs-offcanvas-box-shadow)}.offcanvas.offcanvas-start{top:0;left:0;width:var(--bs-offcanvas-width);border-right:var(--bs-offcanvas-border-width) solid 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class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/mdb/topic/sensors-wearables/sensors">Sensors/Data Acquisition</a> <span class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/mdb/topic/materials-manufacturing/materials-adhesives-coatings">Materials</a> <span class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/mechanical_fluid_systems/*/mdb/*">Mechanical & Fluid Systems</a> <span class="mx-2">|</span> <a href="/mdb/topic/electronics-software/electronics">Electronics & Computers</a></h6> <time datetime="2022-06-08T11:31:08-04:00" itemprop="dateModified"> </time> <meta itemprop="keywords" content="Sensors/Data Acquisition,Materials,Electronics & Computers"><h1 itemprop="headline">Smartphone-Powered Microchip Enables At-Home Medical Diagnostic Testing</h1><h2 class="subhead" itemprop="alternativeHeadline"> The new technology could make at-home diagnosis of diseases faster and more affordable.</h2></div></div> <div id="promoted" class="mb-3"> <figure title=""><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1654400059/sites/mdb/articles/2022/briefs/MDB-0622-p26_fig1.jpg' class=' w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>A new microfluidic chip for diagnosing diseases that uses a minimal number of components and can be powered wirelessly by a smartphone. (Credit: Laboratory of Nanostructures and Biosensing, University of Minnesota)</figcaption></figure></div> <div class="row" itemprop="articleBody"><aside class="article-social text-center col-md-1 col-12"> <ul class="list-group list-group-horizontal-down-md"> <li class="d-block list-group-item border-0"> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=522f4331bb8588162f964362d440d767&apitype=1&v=1&service=facebook&link=https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/component/content/article/45946-smartphone-powered-microchip-enables-at-home-medical-diagnostic-testing?r=36406&title=Smartphone-Powered+Microchip+Enables+At-Home+Medical+Diagnostic+Testing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook fa-lg"></i></a></li> <li class="d-block list-group-item border-0"> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=522f4331bb8588162f964362d440d767&apitype=1&v=1&service=twitter&link=https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/component/content/article/45946-smartphone-powered-microchip-enables-at-home-medical-diagnostic-testing?r=36406&title=Smartphone-Powered+Microchip+Enables+At-Home+Medical+Diagnostic+Testing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter fa-lg"></i></a></li> <li class="d-block list-group-item border-0"> <a href="https://www.shareaholic.com/api/share/?apikey=522f4331bb8588162f964362d440d767&apitype=1&v=1&service=linkedin&link=https://www.medicaldesignbriefs.com/component/content/article/45946-smartphone-powered-microchip-enables-at-home-medical-diagnostic-testing?r=36406&title=Smartphone-Powered+Microchip+Enables+At-Home+Medical+Diagnostic+Testing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin fa-lg"></i></a></li> <li class="d-block list-group-item border-0"> <a href="#" onclick="$('html, body').animate({scrollTop:($('#disqus_thread').offset().top)},500);"> <i class="fa fa-comment-alt fa-lg"></i> </a></li></ul> </aside><div class="article-body col-md-11 col-12"><p class="tb-byline" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <span itemprop="name">University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN</span></p><a id="startOfPage"></a> <p>A research team has developed a new microfluidic chip for diagnosing diseases that uses a minimal number of components and can be powered wirelessly by a smartphone. The University of Minnesota – Twin Cities innovation opens the door for faster and more affordable at-home medical testing.</p> <p>Microfluidics involves the study and manipulation of liquids at a very small scale. One of the most popular applications in the field is developing “lab-on-a-chip” technology, or the ability to create devices that can diagnose diseases from a very small biological sample, blood, or urine, for example.</p> <p>Scientists already have portable devices for diagnosing some conditions — rapid COVID-19 antigen tests, for one. However, a big roadblock to engineering more sophisticated diagnostic chips that could, for example, identify the specific strain of COVID-19 or measure biomarkers like glucose or cholesterol, is the fact that they need so many moving parts. Chips like these would require materials to seal the liquid inside, pumps and tubing to manipulate the liquid, and wires to activate those pumps—all materials that are difficult to scale down to the micro level. Researchers at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities were able to create a microfluidic device that functions without all of those bulky components.</p> <p>“Researchers have been extremely successful when it comes to electronic device scaling, but the ability to handle liquid samples has not kept up,” says Sang-Hyun Oh, a professor in the University of Minnesota Twin Cities department of electrical and computer engineering and senior author of the study. “It’s not an exaggeration that a state-of-the-art, microfluidic lab-on-a-chip system is very labor intensive to put together. Our thought was, can we just get rid of the cover material, wires, and pumps altogether and make it simple?”</p> <h4>Diagnostic Microchip with Liquid Droplets on the Surface</h4> <p>Many lab-on-a-chip technologies work by moving liquid droplets across a microchip to detect the virus pathogens or bacteria inside the sample. The University of Minnesota researchers’ solution was inspired by a peculiar real-world phenomenon with which wine drinkers will be familiar — the “legs,” or long droplets that form inside a wine bottle due to surface tension caused by the evaporation of alcohol.</p> <p>Using a technique pioneered by Oh’s lab in the early 2010s, the researchers placed tiny electrodes very close together on a 2 × 2 cm chip, which generate strong electric fields that pull droplets across the chip and create a similar “leg” of liquid to detect the molecules within.</p> <p>Because the electrodes are placed so closely together (with only 10 nm of space between), the resulting electric field is so strong that the chip only needs less than a volt of electricity to function. This incredibly low voltage required allowed the researchers to activate the diagnostic chip using near-field communication signals from a smartphone, the same technology used for contactless payment in stores.</p><div class="ad-position g-0 row mb-3 "> <div class="col-12 align-content-center mx-auto"> <script tb-donotmove>window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items=window.ntb_google_ad_manager_items||[];ntb_google_ad_manager_items.push({display_sizes:['xs','sm'],slot_ad_unit:'medicaldesignbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_code:'21835072403',slot:'/21835072403/medicaldesignbriefs.com_450x450_300x300',slot_ad_sizes:['fluid',[450,450],[300,300]],div_id:'GAM_pos_22_modid_421',target_pos:'22',size_mapping:[],slot_ad_empty:'default'});</script> <div id='GAM_pos_22_modid_421' class=""></div></div></div><p>This is the first time researchers have been able to use a smartphone to wirelessly activate narrow channels without microfluidic structures, paving the way for cheaper, more accessible at-home diagnostic devices.</p> <figure class="half-width"><img src='data:image/svg+xml;base64,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' data-src='https://res.cloudinary.com/tbmg/c_scale,w_auto,f_auto,q_auto/v1654400059/sites/mdb/articles/2022/briefs/MDB-0622-p26_fig2.jpg' class=' w-100 cld-responsive' alt='' /> <figcaption>The U of M team’s microfluidic device functions without all of the bulky components typically required for complex lab-on-a-chip diagnostic technology. (Credit: Laboratory of Nanostructures and Biosensing, University of Minnesota)</figcaption></figure> <p>“This is a very exciting, new concept,” says Christopher Ertsgaard, lead author of the study and a recent CSE alumnus (ECE PhD ‘20). “During this pandemic, I think everyone has realized the importance of at-home, rapid, point-of-care diagnostics. And there are technologies available, but we need faster and more sensitive techniques. With scaling and high-density manufacturing, we can bring these sophisticated technologies to at-home diagnostics at a more affordable cost.”</p> <p>Oh’s lab is working with Minnesota startup company GRIP Molecular Technologies, which manufactures at-home diagnostic devices, to commercialize the microchip platform. The chip is designed to have broad applications for detecting viruses, pathogens, bacteria, and other biomarkers in liquid samples.</p> <p>“To be commercially successful, in-home diagnostics must be low cost and easy to use,” says Bruce Batten, founder and president of GRIP Molecular Technologies. “Low voltage fluid movement, such as what Professor Oh’s team has achieved, enables us to meet both of those requirements. GRIP has had the good fortune to collaborate with the University of Minnesota on the development of our technology platform. Linking basic and translational research is crucial to developing a pipeline of innovative, transformational products.”</p> <p>In addition to Oh and Ertsgaard, the research team included University of Minnesota department of electrical and computer engineering alumni Daniel Klemme (PhD ‘19) and Daehan Yoo (PhD ‘16) and PhD student Peter Christenson.</p> <p>This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Oh received support from the Sanford P. Bordeau Endowed Chair at the University of Minnesota and the McKnight University Professorship. Device fabrication was performed in the Minnesota Nano Center at the University of Minnesota, which is supported by NSF through the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI).</p> <p>The University of Minnesota Twin Cities researchers’ paper is published in <em>Nature Communications. </em> Read the full paper entitled, “Open-channel microfluidics via resonant wireless power transfer,” on the journal’s website. Researchers are also working to commercialize the technology.</p> <p><em>For more information, visit <a href="https://cse.umn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here <i class="fad fa-external-link fa-sm"></i></a> . </em></p> <hr> <div class="ntb_tagsbot"> <div class="taglist"> <strong class="sans-serif text-small">Topics:</strong><br> <a class="badge bg-primary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/sensors_data_acquisition/biosensors/mdb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-sensor-on"></i> Biosensors</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/130/1764/mdb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-sitemap"></i> Collaboration and partnering</a> <a class="badge bg-secondary link-white fw-light sans-serif text-small fst-normal" href="/component/ntb_tags/topic/149/4049/mdb/*?start=0"> <i class="fa-duotone fa-people-roof"></i> Diagnosis</a> <a class="badge 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