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mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overforbrug" title="Overforbrug – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Overforbrug" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cberkonsum" title="Überkonsum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Überkonsum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cletarbimine" title="Ületarbimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ületarbimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Υπερκαταναλωτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερκαταναλωτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobreconsumo" title="Sobreconsumo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sobreconsumo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="مصرف بی‌رویه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصرف بی‌رویه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surconsommation" title="Surconsommation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surconsommation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%86%8C%EB%B9%84" title="과소비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과소비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%89%B0%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB" title="過剰消費 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="過剰消費" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liikakulutus" title="Liikakulutus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liikakulutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96verkonsumtion" title="Överkonsumtion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Överkonsumtion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Надмірне споживання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Надмірне споживання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%AAu_d%C3%B9ng_qu%C3%A1_m%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tiêu dùng quá mức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiêu dùng quá mức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97" title="過度消耗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="過度消耗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Resource use exceeding carrying capacity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Talk:Overconsumption (economics)">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Overconsumption</b> describes a situation where <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a> overuse their available <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">goods and services</a> to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a>, this is the point where the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal cost</a> of a consumer is greater than their <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">marginal utility</a>. The term overconsumption is quite controversial and does not necessarily have a single unifying definition.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used to refer to natural resources to the point where the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> is negatively affected, it is synonymous with the term <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a>. However, when used in the broader economic sense, overconsumption can refer to all types of goods and services, including artificial ones, e.g., "the overconsumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcohol</a> can lead to <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol poisoning">alcohol poisoning</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overconsumption is driven by several factors of the current <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">global economy</a>, including forces like <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">planned obsolescence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">economic materialism</a>, and other unsustainable business models, and can be contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">sustainable consumption</a>. </p><p>Defining the amount of a <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resource</a> required to be consumed for it to count as "overconsumption" is challenging because defining a sustainable capacity of the system requires accounting for many variables. A system's total capacity occurs at regional and worldwide levels, which means that specific regions may have higher consumption levels of certain resources than others due to greater resources without overconsuming a resource. A long-term pattern of overconsumption in any region or ecological system can cause a reduction in natural resources, often resulting in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. However, this is only when applying the word to <a href="/wiki/Human_impacts_on_the_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Human impacts on the environment">environmental impacts</a>. When used in an economic sense, this point is defined as when the marginal cost of a consumer is equal to their marginal utility. <a href="/wiki/Gossen%27s_laws" title="Gossen's laws">Gossen's law of diminishing utility</a> states that at this point, the consumer realizes the cost of consuming/purchasing another item/good is not worth the amount of <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> (also known as happiness or satisfaction from the good) they'd receive, and therefore is not conducive to the consumer's wellbeing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When used in the environmental sense, the discussion of overconsumption often parallels population size, <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">growth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(economics)" title="Human development (economics)">human development</a>: more people demanding a higher quality of living requires greater extraction of resources, which causes subsequent <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baste-and-watson-2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baste-and-watson-2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the inhabitants of high-wealth, "developed" nations consume resources at a rate almost 32 times greater than those of the developing world, making up most of the human population (7.9 billion people).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the developing world is a growing consumer market. These nations are quickly gaining more purchasing power. The Global South, which includes cities in Asia, America, and Africa, is expected to account for 56% of consumption growth by 2030,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that if current trends continue, relative consumption rates will shift more into these developing countries, whereas developed countries would start to plateau. <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_12" title="Sustainable Development Goal 12">Sustainable Development Goal 12</a>, "responsible consumption and production," is the main international policy tool with goals to abate the impact of overconsumption. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_growth">Economic growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economic growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>If everyone consumed resources at the US level, you will need another four or five Earths. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a>, biologist<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a> is sometimes seen as a driver for overconsumption due to a growing economy requiring compounding amounts of resource input to sustain the growth. China is an example where this phenomenon has been observed readily. China’s GDP increased massively from 1978, and energy consumption has increased by 6-fold.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1983, China’s consumption surpassed the biocapacity of their natural resources, leading to overconsumption.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last 30–40 years, China has seen significant increases in its pollution, <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, and non-renewable resource depletion, which aligns with its considerable economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown if other rapidly developing nations will see similar trends in resource overconsumption. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a> said China and India, with their booming economies, along with the United States, are the three planetary forces that are shaping the global <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_World_(book_series)" title="State of the World (book series)">State of the World</a> 2005 report said the two countries' high <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> exposed the reality of severe pollution. The report states that </p> <blockquote><p>The world's ecological capacity is simply insufficient to satisfy the ambitions of China, India, Japan, Europe, and the United States as well as the aspirations of the rest of the world in a sustainable way.</p></blockquote> <p>In 2019, a <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity#2019_warning_on_climate_change_and_2021_and_2022_updates" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">warning</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a> signed by 11,000 scientists from over 150 nations said economic growth is the driving force behind the "excessive extraction of materials and <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a> of ecosystems" and that this "must be quickly curtailed to maintain long-term sustainability of the biosphere."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2019, the <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a></i> published by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a>, which found that up to one million species of plants and animals are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> from human activity,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserted that </p> <blockquote><p>A key element of more sustainable future policies is the evolution of global financial and economic systems to build a global sustainable economy, steering away from the current limited paradigm of economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> has amplified resource overuse as developing economies serve as manufacturing hubs for wealthier nations. This results in an "outsourcing" of pollution and resource depletion, with developed countries benefiting from consumption while production-related ecological damage accumulates elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip Cafaro, professor of philosophy at the School of Global Environmental Sustainability at <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University" title="Colorado State University">Colorado State University</a>, wrote in 2022 that a scientific consensus has emerged which demonstrates that humanity is on the precipice of unleashing a major <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">extinction event</a>, and that a major driver of this is a "rapidly growing human economy."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While often seen as a solution, technology can paradoxically contribute to increased resource use. The <a href="/wiki/Jevons_paradox" title="Jevons paradox">Jevons Paradox</a> suggests that improvements in energy efficiency lead to greater overall consumption rather than reduced demand.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, while China has invested heavily in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, overall energy demand continues to rise due to <a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">economic expansion</a>, offsetting sustainability gains.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, culturally, economic growth has fostered <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> as indicators of success, further exacerbating overconsumption. Advertising, planned obsolescence, and fast economic cycles create a continuous push for higher consumption, making it challenging to curb unsustainable resource use.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, while <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> is often seen as a marker of progress, it comes at a significant environmental cost. Without structural changes in global <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policies</a>, consumer behavior, and production models, overconsumption will likely continue accelerating alongside <a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">economic expansion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumerism">Consumerism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consumerism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a> is a social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. There is a spectrum of goods and services that the world population constantly consumes. These range from food and beverage, clothing and footwear, housing, energy, technology, transportation, education, health and personal care, financial services, and other utilities. When the resources required to produce these goods and services are depleted beyond a reasonable level, it can be considered to be overconsumption. </p><p>Because developing nations are rising quickly into the consumer class, the trends happening in these nations are of special interest. One prominent example is China's economic reforms in the late 1970s, in which the previously economically isolated state opened to foreign investment. Some argue that this economic revolution's outcome was most significantly influenced by foreign consumer economies,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others focus on China's internal market developments.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, there as been much interest placed upon China's economic, political, and social shift towards consumerism. </p><p>According to the World Bank, the highest shares of consumption, regardless of income lie in food, beverage, clothing, and footwear.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, the top five consumer markets in the world were the United States, Japan, Germany, China, and France.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned and perceived obsolescence</a> is an important factor that explains why some overconsumption of consumer products exists.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This factor of the production revolves around designing products with the intent to be discarded after a short period of time. Perceived obsolescence is prevalent within the fashion and technology industries. Through this technique, products are made obsolete and replaced on a semi-regular basis. Frequent new launches of technology or fashion lines can be seen as a form of marketing-induced perceived obsolescence. Products designed to break after a certain period of time or use would be considered to be planned obsolescence.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affluence">Affluence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Affluence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></div> <p>According to a 2020 paper written by a team of scientists titled "Scientists' warning on affluence", the entrenchment of "capitalist, growth-driven economic systems" since World War II gave rise to increasing affluence along with "enormous increases in inequality, financial instability, resource consumption and environmental pressures on vital earth support systems." And the world's wealthiest citizens, referred to as "super-affluent consumers . . . which overlap with powerful fractions of the capitalist class," are the most responsible for environmental impacts through their consumption patterns worldwide. </p><p>Any <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> social and environmental pathways must include transcending paradigms fixated on economic growth and also reducing, not simply "<a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">greening</a>", the overconsumption of the super-affluent, the authors contend, and propose adopting either reformist policies which can be implemented within a capitalist framework such as wealth redistribution through taxation (in particular <a href="/wiki/Eco-taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-taxes">eco-taxes</a>), green investments, <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">basic income guarantees</a> and reduced work hours to accomplish this, or looking to more radical approaches associated with <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">eco-socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eco-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-anarchism">eco-anarchism</a>, which would "entail a shift beyond capitalism and/or current centralised states."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other words, the concentration of wealth allows the affluent to shape policies that maintain consumption-driven economies, limiting systemic change.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2020 Oxfam-SEI report found that the top 10% of earners contribute over half of global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">carbon emissions</a>, while the wealthiest 1% emit more than double the poorest 50% combined.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">green technologies</a> offer solutions, the <b><a href="/wiki/Jevons_paradox" title="Jevons paradox">Jevons Paradox</a></b> suggests efficiency gains often lead to increased overall consumption rather than reductions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, tackling affluence-driven overconsumption requires progressive taxation on high-carbon activities, curbing luxury emissions, and shifting economic priorities from GDP growth to sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without intervention, extreme resource use by the wealthiest will continue to undermine global sustainability efforts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic effects of climate change">Economic effects of climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/I_PAT" class="mw-redirect" title="I PAT">I PAT</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita,_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg/220px-Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg/330px-Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg/440px-Waste_generation_per_day_per_capita%2C_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> generation, measured in kilograms per person per day</figcaption></figure> <p>A fundamental effect of overconsumption is a reduction in the planet's <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a>. Excessive unsustainable consumption will exceed the long-term carrying capacity of its environment (<a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overshoot (ecology)">ecological overshoot</a>) and subsequent resource depletion, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> and reduced <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_health" title="Ecosystem health">ecosystem health</a>. In 2020 multinational team of scientists published a study, saying that overconsumption is the biggest threat to sustainability. According to the study, a drastic lifestyle change is necessary for solving the ecological crisis. According to one of the authors Julia Steinberger: “To protect ourselves from the worsening climate crisis, we must reduce inequality and challenge the notion that riches, and those who possess them, are inherently good.” The research was published on the site of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>. The leader of the forum professor <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Schwab" title="Klaus Schwab">Klaus Schwab</a>, calls to a "great reset of capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></i>, in which both <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> were used as proxies for total resource consumption, warns that if consumption continues at the current rate for the next several decades, it can trigger a full or almost full <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">extinction of humanity</a>. The study says that "while violent events, such as global war or natural catastrophic events, are of immediate concern to everyone, a relatively slow consumption of the planetary resources may be not perceived as strongly as a mortal danger for the human civilization." To avoid it humanity should pass from a civilization dominated by the economy to a "cultural society" that "privileges the interest of the ecosystem above the individual interest of its components, but eventually in accordance with the overall communal interest."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_of_Male_Obesity,_2008.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/World_map_of_Male_Obesity%2C_2008.svg/220px-World_map_of_Male_Obesity%2C_2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/World_map_of_Male_Obesity%2C_2008.svg/330px-World_map_of_Male_Obesity%2C_2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/World_map_of_Male_Obesity%2C_2008.svg/440px-World_map_of_Male_Obesity%2C_2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>The worldwide prevalence of obesity in males (2008)–the darker areas represent a higher percentage of obese males.</figcaption></figure> <p>The scale of modern life's overconsumption can lead to a decline in economy and an increase in financial instability.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that overconsumption enables the existence of an "overclass", while others disagree with the role of overconsumption in class inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population, Development, and Poverty all coincide with overconsumption; how they interplay with each other is complex.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this complexity it is difficult to determine the role of consumption in terms of economic inequality. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/220px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/330px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/440px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3660" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the long term, these effects can lead to increased conflict over dwindling resources<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the worst case a <a href="/wiki/Malthusian_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthusian catastrophe">Malthusian catastrophe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lester_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Brown">Lester Brown</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Policy_Institute" title="Earth Policy Institute">Earth Policy Institute</a>, has said: "It would take 1.5 Earths to sustain our present level of consumption. Environmentally, the world is in an overshoot mode."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> alone was using 30% of the world's resources and if everyone were to consume at that rate, we would need 3-5 planets to sustain this type of living. Resources are quickly becoming depleted, with about ⅓ already gone. With new consumer markets rising in the developing countries which account for a much higher percentage of the world's population, this number can only rise.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</a>’s Dave Tilford, "With less than 5 percent of world population, the U.S. uses one-third of the world’s paper, a quarter of the world’s oil, 23 percent of the coal, 27 percent of the aluminum, and 19 percent of the copper."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to BBC, a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> study has found that "Americans produce 16.5 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> per capita every year. By comparison, only 0.1 tonnes of the greenhouse gas is generated in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> per inhabitant."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 study published in <i>Frontiers in Conservation Science</i> posits that aggregate consumption growth will continue into the near future and perhaps beyond, largely due to increasing affluence and population growth. The authors argue that "there is no way—ethically or otherwise (barring extreme and unprecedented increases in human mortality)—to avoid rising human numbers and the accompanying overconsumption", although they do say that the negative impacts of overconsumption can perhaps be diminished by implementing human rights policies to lower fertility rates and decelerate current consumption patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Frontiers_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frontiers-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_health">Effects on health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects on health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A report from the Lancet Commission says the same. The experts write: "Until now, undernutrition and obesity have been seen as polar opposites of either too few or too many calories," "In reality, they are both driven by the same unhealthy, inequitable <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food systems</a>, underpinned by the same political economy that is single-focused on economic growth, and ignores the negative health and equity outcomes. Climate change has the same story of profits and power,".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obesity was a medical problem for people who overconsumed food and worked too little already in ancient Rome, and its impact slowly grew through history.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As to 2012, mortality from <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> was 3 times larger than from hunger,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reaching 2.8 million people per year by 2017<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just as overconsumption of food has led to widespread health crises such as <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">metabolic diseases</a>, the overconsumption of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> has created an equally dire threat to both human health and the environment. Both forms of overconsumption stem from economic models that prioritize growth and short-term gains over long-term sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While industrialized food systems have fueled rising obesity rates, the relentless burning of fossil fuels—especially coal—has exacerbated <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and public health risks on a global scale.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overconsumption of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, particularly coal, has profound implications for both environmental and human health. Burning fossil fuels releases a variety of harmful pollutants, including <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO₂), <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides (</a>NOₓ), <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulate matter</a> (PM), and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO₂).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These emissions contribute to environmental issues such as <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, while also posing significant health risks. In addition, exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from fossil fuel combustion is associated with <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases,</a> and premature mortality. A 2021 study estimated that fossil fuel-related air pollution is responsible for over 10 million premature deaths annually worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coal-fired power plants are particularly detrimental, emitting toxic substances that adversely affect human health. Communities near these plants experience higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, lung disease, and other health issues.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1078Garbage-plastic_pollution_in_Marilao_River_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1078Garbage-plastic_pollution_in_Marilao_River_07.jpg/220px-1078Garbage-plastic_pollution_in_Marilao_River_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1078Garbage-plastic_pollution_in_Marilao_River_07.jpg/330px-1078Garbage-plastic_pollution_in_Marilao_River_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1078Garbage-plastic_pollution_in_Marilao_River_07.jpg/440px-1078Garbage-plastic_pollution_in_Marilao_River_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><b>Plastic pollution in Marilao River</b></figcaption></figure> <p>In China, the extensive use of coal has led to severe <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, resulting in significant public health challenges. The country's reliance on <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power plants</a> has been linked to increased <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory illnesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">premature deaths.</a> </p><p>Thus, addressing the health impacts of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> overconsumption necessitates a transition to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">cleaner energy sources</a>, implementation of stricter <a href="/wiki/Emission_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission regulations">emission regulations</a>, and promotion of sustainable practices to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_estimates">Global estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Global estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/International_Resource_Panel" title="International Resource Panel">International Resource Panel</a> published the first global scientific assessment on the impacts of consumption and production.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found that the most critical impacts are related to <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> health, human health and <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>. From a production perspective, it found that fossil-fuel combustion processes, agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a> have the most important impacts. Meanwhile, from a final <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> perspective, it found that household consumption related to mobility, shelter, food, and energy-using products causes the majority of <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">life-cycle</a> impacts of consumption. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">IPCC Fifth Assessment Report</a>, human consumption, with current policy, by the year 2100 will be seven times bigger than in the year 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footprint">Footprint</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footprint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_organisms_by_population" title="Lists of organisms by population">Lists of organisms by population</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The planet can’t support billions of meat-eaters. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a>, natural historian<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The idea of overconsumption is also strongly tied to the idea of an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a>. The term "ecological footprint" refers to the "resource accounting framework for measuring human demand on the biosphere." Currently, China, for instance, has a per person ecological footprint roughly <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ecological_footprint" title="List of countries by ecological footprint">half the size of the US</a>, yet has a population that is more than four times the size of the US. It is estimated that if China developed to the level of the United States that world consumption rates would roughly double.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes_Diamond_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes_Diamond-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other metrics have been formed to reflect different factors in calculating a country's carbon footprint. These include carbon intensity, which tracks carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP, of which China had 0.37 kilograms and the US had 0.25 kilograms in 2018, as well as consumption-based emissions, which attribute carbon emissions to the country in which a product is consumed, rather than the country in which it is produced. Accounting for such also has China at a higher emissions percentage, 25%, compared to the US's 16%.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans, their prevailing growth of demands for <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animal">domestic animals</a>, has added overshoot through domestic animal breeding, keeping, and consumption, especially with the environmentally destructive <a href="/wiki/Industrial_livestock_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial livestock production">industrial livestock production</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> and modernization have brought Western consumer cultures to countries like China and India, including meat-intensive diets which are supplanting traditional <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diets" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant-based diets">plant-based diets</a>. Between 166 to more than 200 billion land and aquatic animals are consumed by a global population of over 7 billion annually.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> postulates that meat consumption is set to increase as the result of <a href="/wiki/Human_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population growth">human population growth</a> and rising affluence, which will increase greenhouse gas emissions and further reduce <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meat consumption needs to be reduced in order to make agriculture sustainable by up to 90% according to a 2018 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the developments in consumerism and growing demands for consumption otherwise, the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">climate debt</a> has arisen. The term refers to the idea that larger countries have, in broad terms, caused more damage to the environment than their share of the world. These larger countries are often centered around consumer societies and, as a result, are the biggest producers and consumers, meaning that they contribute to pollution from the beginning (production) of a products life, all the way to the end (consumption and disposal). Additionally, such societies are built upon economic growth, which begets more pollution from consumerism. The term also encapsulates the related idea that developing countries are the places that are the most affected by climate change, both in their effects and their ability to respond to and recover from those effects. In total, some argue that there is a severely one sided disparity between nations that create many forms of pollution and those who create very little pollution, which aligns opposite to the disparity between nations who are affected by the pollution and those who are more well-supplied to handle it. </p><p>Action upon repaying climate debt are proposed to be through reduction of emissions from the more developed, consumerist countries that are the biggest carbon emitters, which includes efforts to understand and heavily limit the extent to which they should reasonably emit greenhouse gasses in relation to their geographical and political boundaries. Additionally, action is proposed to be taken by supporting the affected underdeveloped countries by financial, industrial, and environmentally cleansing means.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>56% of respondents to a 2022 climate survey support a carbon budget system to limit the most climate-damaging consumption (62% of those under 30).<sup id="cite_ref-EIB-2022_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIB-2022-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:58.778525229247px 80.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> on Earth</b><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> (60%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Humans</a> (36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wild animals</a> (4%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counteractions">Counteractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Counteractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most obvious solution to the issue of overconsumption is to simply slow the rate at which materials are becoming <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">depleted</a>. From a capitalistic point of view, less consumption has negative effects on economies and so instead, countries must look to curb consumption rates but also allow for new industries, such as <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> technologies, to flourish and deflect some of the economic burdens. Some movements think that a reduction in consumption in some cases can benefit the economy and society. They think that a fundamental shift in the global economy may be necessary to account for the current change that is taking place or that will need to take place. Movements and lifestyle choices related to stopping overconsumption include: <a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">anti-consumerism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">freeganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Green economics">green economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">frugality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">downshifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Minimalists" title="The Minimalists">minimalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">slow movement</a>, and thrifting.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many consider the final target of the movements as arriving to a <a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">steady-state economy</a> in which the rate of consumption is optimal for health and environment.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent grassroots movements have been coming up with creative ways to decrease the number of goods we consume. <a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">The Freecycle Network</a> is a network of people in one's community that are willing to trade goods for other goods or services. It is a new take on thrifting while still being beneficial to both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other researchers and movements such as <a href="/wiki/The_Zeitgeist_Movement" title="The Zeitgeist Movement">the Zeitgeist Movement</a> suggest a new socioeconomic model which, through a structural increase of <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a>, collaboration and locality in production as well as effective <a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">sharing</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Modularity" title="Modularity">modularity</a>, sustainability and optimal design of products, are expected to reduce resource-consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solutions offered include consumers using market forces to influence businesses towards more sustainable manufacturing and products.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another way to reduce consumption is to slow population growth by improving family planning services worldwide. In developing countries, more than 200 million women do not have adequate access.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's empowerment in these countries will also result in smaller families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_demand" title="Artificial demand">Artificial demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_car_on_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of the car on societies">Effects of the car on societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">Energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottainai" title="Mottainai">Mottainai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">Peak copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planet_of_the_Humans" title="Planet of the Humans">Planet of the Humans</a></i> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preorder_economy" title="Preorder economy">Preorder economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a> (renunciation of the need to acquire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surplus:_Terrorized_into_Being_Consumers" title="Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers">Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers</a></i> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">World Scientists' Warning to Humanity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHåkansson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Håkansson, Andreas (2014). "What is overconsumption? – A step towards a common understanding". <i>International Journal of Consumer Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">692–</span>700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fijcs.12142">10.1111/ijcs.12142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Consumer+Studies&rft.atitle=What+is+overconsumption%3F+%E2%80%93+A+step+towards+a+common+understanding&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E692-%3C%2Fspan%3E700&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fijcs.12142&rft.aulast=H%C3%A5kansson&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverconsumption+%28economics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kjellberg, H. (2008). Market practices and over‐consumption. Consumption, Markets, and Culture, 11(2), 151-167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster definition of overconsumption includes this example: "overconsumption of alcohol".<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/overconsumption">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/overconsumption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specific example sentence from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/overconsumption">https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/overconsumption</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todorova, Tamara (2020) : Diminishing marginal utility and the teaching of economics: A note, ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, Kiel, Hamburg</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baste-and-watson-2021-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baste-and-watson-2021_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasteWatson2021" class="citation book cs1">Baste, Ivar A; Watson, Robert T, eds. (18 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34948/MPN.pdf"><i>Making peace with nature: a scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3837-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3837-7"><bdi>978-92-807-3837-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+peace+with+nature%3A+a+scientific+blueprint+to+tackle+the+climate%2C+biodiversity+and+pollution+emergencies&rft.place=Nairobi%2C+Kenya&rft.pub=United+Nations+Environment+Programme+%28UNEP%29&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft.isbn=978-92-807-3837-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs.unep.org%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11822%2F34948%2FMPN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverconsumption+%28economics%29" class="Z3988"></span> Job no DEW/2335/NA. See document for conditions of reuse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshawEhrlichBeattieCeballos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel T. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2021.700869">"Response: Commentary: Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Conservation Science</i>. <b>2</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcosc.2021.700869">10.3389/fcosc.2021.700869</a></span>. <q>...we devoted an entire section to the interacting and inter-dependent components of overpopulation and overconsumption, which are, for instance, also central tenets of the recent Economics of Biodiversity review (Dasgupta, 2021). Therein, the dynamic socio-ecological model shows that mutual causation drives modern socio-ecological systems. Just as it is incorrect to insist that a large global population is the sole underlying cause of biodiversity loss, so too is it naïve and incorrect to claim that high consumption alone is the cause, and so forth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Conservation+Science&rft.atitle=Response%3A+Commentary%3A+Underestimating+the+Challenges+of+Avoiding+a+Ghastly+Future&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffcosc.2021.700869&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Corey+J.+A.&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Beattie%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ceballos%2C+Gerardo&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Joan&rft.au=Dirzo%2C+Rodolfo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Anne+H.&rft.au=Harte%2C+John&rft.au=Harte%2C+Mary+Ellen&rft.au=Pyke%2C+Graham&rft.au=Raven%2C+Peter+H.&rft.au=Ripple%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Saltr%C3%A9%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rik&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Christine&rft.au=Wackernagel%2C+Mathis&rft.au=Blumstein%2C+Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffcosc.2021.700869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverconsumption+%28economics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichDirzo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544311">"Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">PNAS</a></i>. <b>114</b> (30): <span class="nowrap">E6089 –</span> <span class="nowrap">E6096</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114E6089C">2017PNAS..114E6089C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1704949114">10.1073/pnas.1704949114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5544311">5544311</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28696295">28696295</a>. <q>Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Biological+annihilation+via+the+ongoing+sixth+mass+extinction+signaled+by+vertebrate+population+losses+and+declines&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE6089+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE6096%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544311%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28696295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1704949114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114E6089C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R&rft.au=Dirzo%2C+Rodolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5544311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverconsumption+%28economics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichBarnoskyGarcía2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640606">"Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>1</b> (5): e1400253. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SciA....1E0253C">2015SciA....1E0253C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400253">10.1126/sciadv.1400253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640606">4640606</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26601195">26601195</a>. <q>All of these are related to human population size and growth, which increases consumption (especially among the rich), and economic inequity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Accelerated+modern+human%E2%80%93induced+species+losses%3A+Entering+the+sixth+mass+extinction&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e1400253&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640606%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26601195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SciA....1E0253C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Barnosky%2C+Anthony+D.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft.au=Pringle%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Todd+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverconsumption+%28economics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua2017" class="citation book cs1">Joshua, John (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62536-2_9">"The Environmental Effects of Overconsumption"</a>. <i>The Economics of Addictive Behaviours Volume IV: The Private and Social Costs of Overeating and their Remedies</i>. 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Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 13(2), 103-112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gao, J., & Tian, M. (2016). Analysis of over-consumption of natural resources and the ecological trade deficit in China based on ecological footprints. Ecological Indicators, 61, 899-904.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pan, J. (2012). From industrial toward ecological in China. Science, 336(6087), 1397-1397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenner2006" class="citation book cs1">Renner, Michael (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwatch.org/node/3992">"Chapter 1: China, India, and the New World Order"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateofworld200000renn"><i>State of the world 2005: A Worldwatch Institute Report on progress toward a sustainable society</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guttmacher+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Benefits+of+Investing+in+International+Family+Planning%E2%80%94and+the+Price+of+Slashing+Funding&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fgpr%2F2017%2F08%2Fbenefits-investing-international-family-planning-and-price-slashing-funding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverconsumption+%28economics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2023" class="citation news cs1">Greenfield, Patrick (March 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/02/overconsumption-by-rich-must-be-tackled-says-acting-un-biodiversity-chief-aoe">"Overconsumption by the rich must be tackled, says acting UN biodiversity chief"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Overconsumption+by+the+rich+must+be+tackled%2C+says+acting+UN+biodiversity+chief&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2Fmar%2F02%2Foverconsumption-by-rich-must-be-tackled-says-acting-un-biodiversity-chief-aoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverconsumption+%28economics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickel2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Hickel, Jason</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/111/1119823/less-is-more/9781786091215.html"><i>Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785152498" title="Special:BookSources/9781785152498"><bdi>9781785152498</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Less+is+More%3A+How+Degrowth+Will+Save+the+World&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781785152498&rft.aulast=Hickel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguin.co.uk%2Fbooks%2F111%2F1119823%2Fless-is-more%2F9781786091215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverconsumption+%28economics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanovaStadlerSteen-OlsenWood2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ivanova, Diana; Stadler, Konstantin; Steen-Olsen, Kjartan; Wood, Richard; Vita, Gibran; Tukker, Arnold; Hertwich, Edgar G. (18 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1134811">"Environmental Impact Assessment of Household Consumption"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Industrial_Ecology" title="Journal of Industrial Ecology">Journal of Industrial Ecology</a></i>. <b>20</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">526–</span>536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjiec.12371">10.1111/jiec.12371</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155524615">155524615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology&rft.atitle=Environmental+Impact+Assessment+of+Household+Consumption&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E526-%3C%2Fspan%3E536&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjiec.12371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155524615%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ivanova&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Stadler%2C+Konstantin&rft.au=Steen-Olsen%2C+Kjartan&rft.au=Wood%2C+Richard&rft.au=Vita%2C+Gibran&rft.au=Tukker%2C+Arnold&rft.au=Hertwich%2C+Edgar+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1134811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOverconsumption+%28economics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthhealing.info/fifty.htm">Fifty Possible Ways to Challenge Over-Commercialism</a> by Albert J. Fritsch, SJ, PhD</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/670">Why people hate fat Americans</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ben-Ami" title="Daniel Ben-Ami">Daniel Ben-Ami</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overconsumption_(economics)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pelicanweb.org/solisustv19n01page1.html?fbclid=IwAR15ck_yM6X8CPBXLxoFkfA5po-aWXGHEchWfjM3vQJPZz7efB9bBBTP2cM#article">Mother Pelican</a> A journal of sustainability</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402141345/http://www.optimumpopulation.org/">Optimum Population Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21chapter4.htm">UN Division for Sustainable Development, Agenda 21, Chapter 4 – "Changing Consumption Patterns"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/footprint_for_nations/">Footprint For Nations</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-stuff/">The Story of Stuff</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119105523/http://www.storyofstuff.org/movies-all/story-of-stuff/">Archived</a> 2011-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (video)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/ene_oil_con-energy-oil-consumption">Energy statistics-Oil Consumption by Country</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdi&met=eg_use_pcap_kg_oe&tdim=true&dl=en&hl=en&q=world+energy+use+graph">World Energy Use Graph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data360.org/dsg.aspx?Data_Set_Group_Id=591">Global GDP by Country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806005944/http://www.data360.org/dsg.aspx?Data_Set_Group_Id=591">Archived</a> 2020-08-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233951/http://habitat.igc.org/agenda21/ch-06.html">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and<br /> population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics"><i>Dys</i>genics</a></li> <li><a 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title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population 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