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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sonorants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anusvāra_and_visarga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anusvāra_and_visarga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anusvāra and visarga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anusvāra_and_visarga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Devanagari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Devanagari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conversion to Devanagari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Devanagari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvard-Kyoto_method_for_modern_Russian_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvard-Kyoto_method_for_modern_Russian_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Harvard-Kyoto method for modern Russian language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvard-Kyoto_method_for_modern_Russian_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Harvard-Kyoto%22">"Harvard-Kyoto"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Harvard-Kyoto%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Harvard-Kyoto%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Harvard-Kyoto%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Harvard-Kyoto%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Harvard-Kyoto%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Harvard-Kyoto Convention</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a system for transliterating <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> and other languages that use the <a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a> script into <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is predominantly used informally in e-mail, and for electronic texts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harvard-Kyoto_system">Harvard-Kyoto system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Harvard-Kyoto system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> era, the following Harvard-Kyoto scheme<sup id="cite_ref-aksharamukha_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aksharamukha-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was developed for putting a fairly large amount of Sanskrit textual material into machine readable format without the use of diacritics as used in <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>. Instead of diacritics it uses upper case letters. Since it employs both upper and lower case letters in its scheme, proper nouns' first letter capitalization format cannot be followed. Because it is without diacritics, it enables one to input texts with a minimum motion of the fingers on the keyboard. For the consonants, the differences to learn are: compared to IAST, all letters with an underdot are typed as the same letter capitalized; guttural and palatal nasals (ṅ, ñ) as the corresponding upper case voiced plosives (G, J); IAST ḷ, ḻ, ḻh are quite rare; the only transliteration that needs to be remembered is z for ś. The vowels table, the significant difference is for the sonorants and Anusvāra, visarga are capitalized instead of their diacritics. Finally, it is fairly readable with practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vowels">Vowels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr class="Unicode"> <td>अ</td> <td>आ</td> <td>इ</td> <td>ई</td> <td>उ</td> <td>ऊ</td> <td>ए</td> <td>ऐ</td> <td>ओ</td> <td>औ </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>A</td> <td>i</td> <td>I</td> <td>u</td> <td>U</td> <td>e</td> <td>ai</td> <td>o</td> <td>au </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sonorants">Sonorants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sonorants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr class="Unicode"> <td>ऋ</td> <td>ॠ</td> <td>ऌ</td> <td>ॡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>R</td> <td>RR</td> <td>lR</td> <td>lRR </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anusvāra_and_visarga"><span id="Anusv.C4.81ra_and_visarga"></span>Anusvāra and visarga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anusvāra and visarga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr class="Unicode"> <td><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>अं</td> <td>अः </td></tr> <tr> <td>aM</td> <td>aH </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr class="Unicode"> <td>क</td> <td>ख</td> <td>ग</td> <td>घ</td> <td>ङ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td>kh</td> <td>g</td> <td>gh</td> <td>G</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td>च</td> <td>छ</td> <td>ज</td> <td>झ</td> <td>ञ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td>ch</td> <td>j</td> <td>jh</td> <td>J</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td>ट</td> <td>ठ</td> <td>ड</td> <td>ढ</td> <td>ण</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T</td> <td>Th</td> <td>D</td> <td>Dh</td> <td>N</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td>त</td> <td>थ</td> <td>द</td> <td>ध</td> <td>न</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>d</td> <td>dh</td> <td>n</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td>प</td> <td>फ</td> <td>ब</td> <td>भ</td> <td>म</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>ph</td> <td>b</td> <td>bh</td> <td>m</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td>य</td> <td>र</td> <td>ल</td> <td>व</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semi-vowel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td>r</td> <td>l</td> <td>v</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td>श</td> <td>ष</td> <td>स</td> <td>ह</td> <td>ळ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td>S</td> <td>s</td> <td>h</td> <td>L</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_to_Devanagari">Conversion to Devanagari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conversion to Devanagari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanskrit text encoded in the Harvard-Kyoto convention can be unambiguously converted to Devanāgarī, with two exceptions: Harvard-Kyoto does not distinguish अइ (<i>a</i> followed by <i>i</i>, in separate syllables, i.e. in hiatus) from ऐ (the diphthong <i>ai</i>) or अउ (<i>a</i> followed by <i>u</i>) from औ (the diphthong <i>au</i>). However such a vowel hiatus would occur extremely rarely inside words. Such a hiatus most often occurs in sandhi <i>between</i> two words (e.g. a sandhi of a word ending in 'aH' and one beginning with 'i' or 'u'). Since in such a situation a text transliterated in Harvard-Kyoto would introduce a space between the 'a' and 'i' (or 'a' and 'u') no ambiguity would result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harvard-Kyoto_method_for_modern_Russian_language">Harvard-Kyoto method for modern Russian language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Harvard-Kyoto method for modern Russian language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This method allows not only determining the correct pronunciation of Russian words but also maintains the Russian orthography, since a single Harvard-Kyoto letter corresponds to each Russian one. There is no need for diacritical signs and potential digraph confusion is prevented. All symbols are available on standard keyboards. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>RU </th> <th>H-K </th> <th>Digraph </th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td>а </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>б </td> <td>b </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>в </td> <td>v </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>г </td> <td>g </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>д </td> <td>d </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>е </td> <td>e </td> <td>(ye) </td> <td>* automatically palatalizes previous consonant <ul><li>at the beginning or after a vowel, automatically iotated</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ё </td> <td>O </td> <td>eo </td> <td>* iotated ⟨o⟩ <ul><li>automatically palatalizes previous consonant</li> <li>at the beginning or after vowel, automatically iotated</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ж </td> <td>Z </td> <td>zh </td> <td>* romanized slavic ⟨ž⟩ <ul><li>as in English "<i>mea<b>s</b>ure</i>" or French "<i>bour<b>g</b>eon</i>"</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>з </td> <td>z </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>и </td> <td>i </td> <td> </td> <td>automatically palatalizes previous consonant </td></tr> <tr> <td>й </td> <td>Y </td> <td> </td> <td>iot does not produce a syllable, is treated as a consonant </td></tr> <tr> <td>к </td> <td>k </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>л </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>м </td> <td>m </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>н </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>о </td> <td>o </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>п </td> <td>p </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>р </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>с </td> <td>s </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>т </td> <td>t </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>у </td> <td>u </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ф </td> <td>f </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>х </td> <td>h </td> <td>kh </td> <td>thick as Spanish "<i>Mé<b>x</b>ico</i>", not an aspiration </td></tr> <tr> <td>ц </td> <td>c </td> <td>ts </td> <td>* as in Italian "<i>pi<b>zz</b>a</i>" <ul><li>traditionally Latin letter ⟨c⟩, in Russian called "це" (tse)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ч </td> <td>C </td> <td>ch </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ш </td> <td>S </td> <td>sh </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>щ </td> <td>T </td> <td>tsh </td> <td>palatalized form of English ⟨sh⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ъ </td> <td>J </td> <td>- </td> <td>* does not produce a sound <ul><li>virtually disjuncts word, therefore forces the next vowel to be iotated</li> <li>full analogy of Sanskrit sign ⟨ ् ⟩</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ы </td> <td>I </td> <td>ue </td> <td>* wide, open ⟨i⟩ or ⟨u⟩, often used in Eastern European languages <ul><li>IPA phoneme ⟨ɨ⟩</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ь </td> <td>j </td> <td>- </td> <td>* does not produce sound <ul><li>palatalizes previous consonant</li> <li>next vowel iotated (if present)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>э </td> <td>E </td> <td>ae </td> <td>wide, open ⟨e⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ю </td> <td>U </td> <td>yu </td> <td>* iotated ⟨u⟩, similar to German ⟨ü⟩ <ul><li>automatically palatalizes previous consonant</li> <li>at the beginning or after a vowel, is automatically iotated</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>я </td> <td>A </td> <td>ya </td> <td>* iotated ⟨a⟩, similar to German ⟨ä⟩ <ul><li>automatically palatalizes previous consonant</li> <li>at the beginning or after a vowel, is automatically iotated</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Harvard-Kyoto system doesn't preserve upper-case letters, which is not an issue when only considering pronunciation. But the symbol "^", if desired, may give the hint that next letter is capitalized (^b = Б). As well, an apostrophe sign may be used to introduce a "stress" sign if necessary (za'mok – <i>castle</i>; zamo'k – <i>lock</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari transliteration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration</a> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library at Kolkata romanization">National Library at Kolkata romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLP1" title="SLP1">SLP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velthuis" title="Velthuis">Velthuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WX_notation" title="WX notation">WX notation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/sathynius2/sktutilities/tree/master/sktUtilities">Online Sanskrit Utilities</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDominik_Wujastyk1996" class="citation web cs1">Dominik Wujastyk (25 June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/">"Transliteration of Devanāgarī"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transliteration+of+Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB&rft.date=1996-06-25&rft.au=Dominik+Wujastyk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findology.info%2Femail%2Fmembers%2Fwujastyk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard-Kyoto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obozrov.ru/?ru_hk_convertion">Russian ↔ Harvard-Kyoto system online converter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/#x1-120005.2">Harvard-Kyoto system</a> source-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominik_Wujastyk1996" class="citation web cs1">Dominik Wujastyk (25 June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indology.info/email/members/wujastyk/">"Transliteration of Devanāgarī"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transliteration+of+Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB&rft.date=1996-06-25&rft.au=Dominik+Wujastyk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findology.info%2Femail%2Fmembers%2Fwujastyk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarvard-Kyoto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shirley, R. (August 2007), Internet Security Glossary, Version 2, RFC 4949, archived from the original on June 13, 2016, retrieved June 13, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aksharamukha-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aksharamukha_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/projects/">Aksharamukha transliteration tool</a>. Akshara Mukha is an Asian script (two way) converter. It converts between 20 different South Asian & East Asian scripts. It also supports 5 major Latin transliteration conventions such as IAST, ISO, Harvard Kyoto, ITRANS & Velthuis. You can access the project from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/aksharamukha/">here</a>. While using the tool, 'source' can be set to for example: ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto, and 'target' can be set to a particular script like Devanagari-Hindi.(When you are using a north Indian script, tick the box: Remove ‘a’.) It can work in reverse too, for example from Hindi to Latin by ISO transliteration.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&oldid=1213813716">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard-Kyoto&oldid=1213813716</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindustani_orthography" title="Category:Hindustani orthography">Hindustani orthography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanization_of_Brahmic" title="Category:Romanization of Brahmic">Romanization of Brahmic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sanskrit_transliteration" title="Category:Sanskrit transliteration">Sanskrit transliteration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindi" title="Category:Hindi">Hindi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2014">Articles needing additional references from November 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 March 2024, at 07:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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