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class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الألفبائية الدولية للترجمة السنسكريتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألفبائية الدولية للترجمة السنسكريتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_dilinin_transliterasiyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_beyn%C9%99lxalq_%C9%99lifbas%C4%B1" title="Sanskrit dilinin transliterasiyasının beynəlxalq əlifbası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sanskrit dilinin transliterasiyasının beynəlxalq əlifbası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="সংস্কৃত লিপ্যন্তরের আন্তর্জাতিক বর্ণমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্কৃত লিপ্যন্তরের আন্তর্জাতিক বর্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Международна азбука за транслитерация на санскрит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международна азбука за транслитерация на санскрит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་ལེགས་སྦྱར་སྒྲ་སྒྱུར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱལ་སྤྱིའི་ལེགས་སྦྱར་སྒྲ་སྒྱུར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_etrebroadel_evit_treuzskriva%C3%B1_ar_sa%C3%B1skriteg" title="Lizherenneg etrebroadel evit treuzskrivañ ar sañskriteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg etrebroadel evit treuzskrivañ ar sañskriteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddor_Ryngwladol_Trawslythrennu_Sansgrit" title="Gwyddor Ryngwladol Trawslythrennu Sansgrit – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddor Ryngwladol Trawslythrennu Sansgrit" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_internacional_de_transliteraci%C3%B3n_s%C3%A1nscrita" title="Alfabeto internacional de transliteración sánscrita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto internacional de transliteración sánscrita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskritoaren_Transliteraziorako_Nazioarteko_Alfabetoa" title="Sanskritoaren Transliteraziorako Nazioarteko Alfabetoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sanskritoaren Transliteraziorako Nazioarteko Alfabetoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="الفبای بین‌المللی نویسه‌گردانی سانسکریت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای بین‌المللی نویسه‌گردانی سانسکریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_Internacional_de_Transliteraci%C3%B3n_S%C3%A1nscrita" title="Alfabeto Internacional de Transliteración Sánscrita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto Internacional de Transliteración Sánscrita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_internazionale_per_la_traslitterazione_del_sanscrito" title="Alfabeto internazionale per la traslitterazione del sanscrito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto internazionale per la traslitterazione del sanscrito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85.%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82.%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF.%E0%B2%B5." title="ಅ.ಸಂ.ಲಿ.ವ. – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅ.ಸಂ.ಲಿ.ವ." data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetum_Internationale_Translitterationis_Sanscriticae" title="Alphabetum Internationale Translitterationis Sanscriticae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alphabetum Internationale Translitterationis Sanscriticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautiskais_sanskrita_transliter%C4%81cijas_alfab%C4%93ts" title="Starptautiskais sanskrita transliterācijas alfabēts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskais sanskrita transliterācijas alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautin%C4%97_sanskrito_alfabeto_transliteracija" title="Tarptautinė sanskrito alfabeto transliteracija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautinė sanskrito alfabeto transliteracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="സംസ്കൃത ലിപ്യന്തരീകരണത്തിനുള്ള അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ലിപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംസ്കൃത ലിപ്യന്തരീകരണത്തിനുള്ള അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्कृत वर्णमाला लिप्यंतरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय संस्कृत वर्णमाला लिप्यंतरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Transliterasi_Sanskrit_Antarabangsa" title="Abjad Transliterasi Sanskrit Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad Transliterasi Sanskrit Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_sanskrit_tiliga_transliteratsiya_qilish_alifbosi" title="Xalqaro sanskrit tiliga transliteratsiya qilish alifbosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro sanskrit tiliga transliteratsiya qilish alifbosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਲਿਪੀਅੰਤਰਨ ਵਰਨਮਾਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਮਾਂਤਰੀ ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਲਿਪੀਅੰਤਰਨ ਵਰਨਮਾਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_internacional_para_a_translitera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_s%C3%A2nscrito" title="Alfabeto internacional para a transliteração de sânscrito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto internacional para a transliteração de sânscrito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_Interna%C8%9Bional_pentru_Transliterarea_Sanscritei" title="Alfabetul Internațional pentru Transliterarea Sanscritei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul Internațional pentru Transliterarea Sanscritei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Международный алфавит транслитерации санскрита – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международный алфавит транслитерации санскрита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Санскрит транслитерациятын аан дойдутааҕы алпаабыта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Санскрит транслитерациятын аан дойдутааҕы алпаабыта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृतलिप्यन्तरणवर्णमाला – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृतलिप्यन्तरणवर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtar_i_Transliterimit_Sanskrit" title="Alfabeti Ndërkombëtar i Transliterimit Sanskrit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti Ndërkombëtar i Transliterimit Sanskrit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="سنسڪرت ٽرانسليٽريشن جي بين الاقوامي الفابيٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنسڪرت ٽرانسليٽريشن جي بين الاقوامي الفابيٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mednarodna_abeceda_za_pre%C4%8Drkovanje_sanskrta" title="Mednarodna abeceda za prečrkovanje sanskrta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mednarodna abeceda za prečrkovanje sanskrta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAST" title="IAST – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="IAST" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="சர்வதேச சமசுகிருத ரோமனாக்க அரிச்சுவடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சர்வதேச சமசுகிருத ரோமனாக்க அரிச்சுவடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2" title="అంతర్జాతీయ సంస్కృత లిప్యంతరీకరణ వర్ణమాల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంతర్జాతీయ సంస్కృత లిప్యంతరీకరణ వర్ణమాల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95" title="ชุดตัวอักษรสากลสำหรับการถอดอักษรภาษาสันสกฤต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดตัวอักษรสากลสำหรับการถอดอักษรภาษาสันสกฤต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Sanskrit%C3%A7e_Harf_%C3%87evirisi_Alfabesi" title="Uluslararası Sanskritçe Harf Çevirisi Alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Sanskritçe Harf Çevirisi Alfabesi" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=IAST&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transliteration scheme for Indic scripts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"IAST" redirects here. For the security testing method, see <a href="/wiki/Interactive_application_security_testing" title="Interactive application security testing">Interactive application security testing</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">IAST</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div> romanisation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">19th century–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Indic Languages</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration</b> (<b>IAST</b>) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless <a href="/wiki/Romanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisation">romanisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Indic scripts</a> as employed by <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet">Charles Trevelyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">William Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a> and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists" title="International Congress of Orientalists">Oriental Congress</a>, in September 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10th_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10th-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B8%B7i" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāḷi">Pāḷi</a> and other classical Indian languages. </p><p>IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. </p><p>The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. </p><p>The Indian <a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library at Kolkata romanization">National Library at Kolkata romanization</a>, intended for the romanisation of all <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Indic scripts</a>, is an extension of IAST. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventory_and_conventions">Inventory and conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inventory and conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IAST letters are listed with their <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> equivalents and phonetic values in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>, valid for <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels and codas </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Devanāgarī </th> <th colspan="2">Transcription </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Category </th></tr> <tr> <td>अ </td> <td>a </td> <td>A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a> </td> <td rowspan="6">monophthongs </td></tr> <tr> <td>आ </td> <td>ā </td> <td>Ā </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>इ </td> <td>i </td> <td>I </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ई </td> <td>ī </td> <td>Ī </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>उ </td> <td>u </td> <td>U </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऊ </td> <td>ū </td> <td>Ū </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऋ </td> <td>ṛ </td> <td>Ṛ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">r̩</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ॠ </td> <td>ṝ </td> <td>Ṝ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">r̩ː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऌ </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td>Ḷ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">l̩</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ॡ </td> <td>ḹ </td> <td>Ḹ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">l̩ː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ए </td> <td>e </td> <td>E </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऐ </td> <td>ai </td> <td>Ai </td> <td>ɐi̯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ओ </td> <td>o </td> <td>O </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>औ </td> <td>au </td> <td>Au </td> <td>ɐu̯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ं </td> <td>ṃ </td> <td>Ṃ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ः </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>Ḥ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ँ </td> <td>˜ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ऽ </td> <td>' </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velars</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatals</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflexes</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dentals</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labials</a> </th> <th>Category </th></tr> <tr> <td>क <br /> k  K </td> <td>च <br /> c  C </td> <td>ट <br /> ṭ  Ṭ </td> <td>त <br /> t  T </td> <td>प <br /> p  P </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> stops </td></tr> <tr> <td>ख <br /> kh  Kh </td> <td>छ <br /> ch  Ch </td> <td>ठ <br /> ṭh  Ṭh </td> <td>थ <br /> th  Th </td> <td>फ <br /> ph  Ph </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> stops </td></tr> <tr> <td>ग <br /> g  G </td> <td>ज <br /> j  J </td> <td>ड <br /> ḍ  Ḍ </td> <td>द <br /> d  D </td> <td>ब <br /> b  B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> stops </td></tr> <tr> <td>घ <br /> gh  Gh </td> <td>झ <br /> jh  Jh </td> <td>ढ <br /> ḍh  Ḍh </td> <td>ध <br /> dh  Dh </td> <td>भ <br /> bh  Bh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breathy-voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathy-voiced">breathy-voiced</a> stops </td></tr> <tr> <td>ङ <br /> ṅ  Ṅ </td> <td>ञ <br /> ñ  Ñ </td> <td>ण <br /> ṇ  Ṇ </td> <td>न <br /> n  N </td> <td>म <br /> m  M </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal stops</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ह <br /> h  H<sup>*</sup> </td> <td>य <br /> y  Y </td> <td>र <br /> r  R </td> <td>ल <br /> l  L </td> <td>व <br /> v  V </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximants</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>श <br /> ś  Ś </td> <td>ष <br /> ṣ  Ṣ </td> <td>स <br /> s  S </td> <td>  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>ळ <br /> ḻ  Ḻ </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10th_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10th-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* <i>H</i> is actually <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a>. </p><p>Some letters are modified with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>: Long vowels are marked with an <a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">overline</a> (often called a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%CA%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ʂ">ʂ</a>~<a href="/wiki/%C9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ɕ">ɕ</a>~ʃ/</span>) have an <a href="/wiki/Underdot" class="mw-redirect" title="Underdot">underdot</a>. One letter has an overdot: ṅ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>). One has an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>: ś (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>). One letter has a line below: ḻ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%C9%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ɭ">ɭ</a>/</span>) (Vedic). </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>-only romanisations such as <a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a>, the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ</i></span>) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> contexts for which the convention is to typeset the <i><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Aṣṭādhyāyī">IT</a></i> sounds as capital letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_ISO_15919">Comparison with ISO 15919</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comparison with ISO 15919"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the most part, IAST is a subset of <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a> that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones (<a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Ring_below" title="Ring (diacritic)">ringed below</a>) and the short <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close-mid vowels</a> with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Indic_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic scripts">Indic scripts</a>, as used for languages other than Sanskrit. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Devanāgarī </th> <th>IAST </th> <th>ISO 15919 </th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ए / े</span></span> </td> <td>e </td> <td>ē (e) </td> <td>ISO <i>e</i> generally represents short <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ए / ॆ</span></span>, but optionally represents long <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ए / े</span></span> in the Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, and Odia scripts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ओ / ो</span></span> </td> <td>o </td> <td>ō (o) </td> <td>ISO <i>o</i> generally represents short <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऒ / ॆ</span></span>, but optionally represents long <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ओ / ो</span></span> in the Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, and Odia scripts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अं / ं</span></span> </td> <td>ṃ </td> <td>ṁ </td> <td>ISO <i>ṃ</i> represents <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi#Other_signs" title="Gurmukhi">tippi</a></i> <span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ੰ</span></span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऋ / ृ</span></span> </td> <td>ṛ </td> <td>r̥ </td> <td>ISO <i>ṛ</i> represents ड़ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>/</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ॠ / ॄ</span></span> </td> <td>ṝ </td> <td>r̥̄ </td> <td>for consistency with <i>r̥</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ऌ / ॢ</span></span> </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td>l̥ </td> <td>ISO <i>ḷ</i> represents ळ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a>/</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">ॡ / ॣ</span></span> </td> <td>ḹ </td> <td>l̥̄ </td> <td>for consistency with <i>l̥</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ळ </td> <td>ḻ </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td>Used in Vedic Sanskrit only and not found in the Classical variant </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_input_by_alternative_keyboard_layout">Computer input by alternative keyboard layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Computer input by alternative keyboard layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit is by setting up an alternative <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a>. This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">a</kbd> = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Linux/Unix</a> and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">macOS</a> One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on the right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_input_by_selection_from_a_screen">Computer input by selection from a screen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computer input by selection from a screen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_input#Selection_from_a_screen" title="Unicode input">Unicode input § Selection from a screen</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gucharmap_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gucharmap_screenshot.png/300px-Gucharmap_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gucharmap_screenshot.png/450px-Gucharmap_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gucharmap_screenshot.png/600px-Gucharmap_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Applet for character selection</figcaption></figure> <p>Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14755" title="ISO/IEC 14755">ISO/IEC 14755</a> refers to this as a <i>screen-selection entry method</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⊞ Win</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">R</kbd> then type <code>charmap</code> then hit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">↵ Enter</kbd>) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in the consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Multilingual Plane">Basic Multilingual Plane</a> (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> example is <a href="/wiki/Andrew_West_(linguist)#BabelMap" title="Andrew West (linguist)">BabelMap</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">macOS</a> provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in a font, etc. It can be <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110109234035/http://www.apple.com/pro/techniques/glyphspalette/">enabled</a> in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. </p><p>Equivalent tools – such as <a href="/wiki/Gucharmap" class="mw-redirect" title="Gucharmap">gucharmap</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>) or <a href="/wiki/List_of_KDE_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="List of KDE applications">kcharselect</a> (<a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a>) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. </p><p>Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have the opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. </p><p>Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Font_support">Font support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Font support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Only certain <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a> support all the Latin <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters essential for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. </p><p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Arial" title="Arial">Arial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahoma_(typeface)" title="Tahoma (typeface)">Tahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Times_New_Roman" title="Times New Roman">Times New Roman</a> font packages that come with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007" title="Microsoft Office 2007">Microsoft Office 2007</a> and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like <i>ī</i>. </p><p>Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in the area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or <a href="/wiki/Gentium" title="Gentium">Gentium</a>, both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_FreeFont" title="GNU FreeFont">GNU FreeFont</a> or <a href="/wiki/SIL_Open_Font_License" title="SIL Open Font License">SIL Open Font License</a>, respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_numeration" title="Āryabhaṭa numeration">Āryabhaṭa numeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_transliteration" title="Hunterian transliteration">Hunterian transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard-Kyoto" title="Harvard-Kyoto">Harvard-Kyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITRANS" title="ITRANS">ITRANS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_at_Kolkata_romanisation" title="National Library at Kolkata romanisation">National Library at Kolkata romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras" title="Shiva Sutras">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IAST" title="Template:IAST">Template:IAST</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/MWScanpdf/mw010033.pdf"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. xxx.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xxx&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de%2Fscans%2FMWScan%2FMWScanpdf%2Fmw010033.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+Transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10th-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10th_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10th_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Tenth International Congress of Orientalists, Held at Geneva". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>: 879–892. 1895. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207765">25207765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Tenth+International+Congress+of+Orientalists%2C+Held+at+Geneva&rft.pages=879-892&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25207765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+Transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, now, the <a href="/wiki/Talk:International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration#Candrabindu" title="Talk:International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">Talk page</a>, where m̐ is recommended.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fsnow.com/pali/keyboard/">"Pali Keyboard"</a>. <i>fsnow.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fsnow.com&rft.atitle=Pali+Keyboard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffsnow.com%2Fpali%2Fkeyboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+Transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy" class="citation web cs1">Reddy, Shashir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shashir.autodidactus.org/shashir_umich/sanskrit_transcription.html">"Shashir's Notes: Modern Transcription of Sanskrit"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shashir%27s+Notes%3A+Modern+Transcription+of+Sanskrit&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Shashir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshashir.autodidactus.org%2Fshashir_umich%2Fsanskrit_transcription.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+Transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/index.htm">"Mutlilingual keyboard"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutlilingual+keyboard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexilogos.com%2Fkeyboard%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+Transliteration" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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