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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_Brahmin_maiden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_Brahmin_maiden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>As a Brahmin maiden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_Brahmin_maiden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_Buddhist_monk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_Buddhist_monk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>As a Buddhist monk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_Buddhist_monk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iconography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Traditional iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kṣitigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kṣitigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Kṣitigarbha as Lord of the Six Ways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kṣitigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Buddhist_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Buddhist_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Buddhist traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Buddhist_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Buddhist traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Buddhist_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Chinese traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Japanese traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ryōki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ryōki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Ryōki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ryōki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_limbo_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_limbo_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Children's limbo legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_limbo_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_pregnancies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_pregnancies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Lost pregnancies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_pregnancies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offerings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offerings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Offerings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offerings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roadside_god" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadside_god"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Roadside god</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadside_god-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asian_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asian_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Southeast Asian traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asian_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mantra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mantra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mantra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mantra subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mantra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_mantras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_mantras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Other mantras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_mantras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiku_&_Senryū" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiku_&_Senryū"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Haiku & Senryū</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiku_&_Senryū-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kṣitigarbha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD" title="ক্ষিতিগর্ভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্ষিতিগর্ভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-ts%C3%B4ng-ph%C3%B4o-sat" title="Tē-tsông-phôo-sat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-tsông-phôo-sat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Кшитигарбха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кшитигарбха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%99%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ས་ཡི་སྙིང་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ས་ཡི་སྙིང་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksitigarbha" title="Ksitigarbha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ksitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%A1itigarbha" title="Kšitigarbha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kšitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshitigarbha" title="Kshitigarbha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kshitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF" title="Τζίζο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζίζο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksitigarbha" title="Ksitigarbha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ksitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%9Ditigarbo" title="Kŝitigarbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kŝitigarbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کشیتی‌گربه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشیتی‌گربه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshitigarbha" title="Kshitigarbha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kshitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%9E%A5%EB%B3%B4%EC%82%B4" title="지장보살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지장보살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kṣitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kṣitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90" title="ქშიტიგარბჰა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქშიტიგარბჰა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsiz%C3%B3" title="Dzsizó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsizó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83" title="Џизо Бозацу – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џизо Бозацу" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksitigarbha" title="Ksitigarbha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ksitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%94%B5%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="地蔵菩薩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地蔵菩薩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%8C" title="ក្សិតិគភ៌ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្សិតិគភ៌" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksitigarbha" title="Ksitigarbha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ksitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizang" title="Dizang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dizang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksitigarbha" title="Ksitigarbha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ksitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Кшитигарбха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кшитигарбха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksitigarbha" title="Ksitigarbha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ksitigarbha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இக்சிதிகர்பர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இக்சிதிகர்பர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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.ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha%22">"Kṣitigarbha"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:#FFD068">Kṣitigarbha</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Painting.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Painting.jpeg/240px-Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Painting.jpeg" decoding="async" width="240" height="625" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Painting.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>क्षितिगर्भ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: Kṣitigarbha</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>地藏菩萨, 地藏菩薩</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Dìzàng pú sà</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kshitigarbha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>じぞうぼさつ, 地藏菩薩</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romaji</a>: Jizō Bosatsu</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>지장보살</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: Jijang Bosal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Кшитигарбха</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization_for_Russian" title="ALA-LC romanization for Russian">ALA-LC</a>: Kshitigarbkha</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data">พระกษิติครรภโพธิสัตว์</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>ས་ཡི་སྙིང་པོ་</li> <li><a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: Sa Yi Nyingpo</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Địa Tạng Bồ Tát</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFD068">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayāna">Vajrayāna</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kṣitigarbha</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">क्षितिगर्भ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">地藏</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dìzàng</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">地蔵</span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">rōmaji</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jizō</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">지장 (地藏)</span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">romaja</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Jijang</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <span lang="vi">Địa Tạng (地藏)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan language">Standard Tibetan</a>: <span lang="bo">ས་ཡི་སྙིང་པོ་</span> <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>sa yi snying po</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> primarily revered in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a> and usually depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monk</a>. His name may be translated as "Earth Treasury", "Earth Store", "Earth Matrix", or "Earth Womb". Kṣitigarbha is known for his vow to take responsibility for the instruction of all beings in the <a href="/wiki/Desire_realm" title="Desire realm">six worlds</a> between the death of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, as well as his vow not to achieve <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> until all <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">hells</a> are emptied. He is therefore often regarded as the bodhisattva of hell-beings, as well as the guardian of children and patron deity of deceased children and aborted fetuses in Japanese culture. </p><p>Usually depicted as a monk with a <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a> around his shaved head, he carries a <a href="/wiki/Khakkhara" title="Khakkhara">staff</a> to force open the gates of hell and a <a href="/wiki/Cintamani" title="Cintamani">wish-fulfilling jewel</a> to light up the darkness. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Ceramic_Worship_Object_(9997439914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vietnam_Ceramic_Worship_Object_%289997439914%29.jpg/220px-Vietnam_Ceramic_Worship_Object_%289997439914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vietnam_Ceramic_Worship_Object_%289997439914%29.jpg/330px-Vietnam_Ceramic_Worship_Object_%289997439914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vietnam_Ceramic_Worship_Object_%289997439914%29.jpg/440px-Vietnam_Ceramic_Worship_Object_%289997439914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Ceramic statue of Kṣitigarbha in the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Kṣitigarbha is one of the four principal <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjusri" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjusri">Manjusri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>) in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a>. </p><p>At the pre-<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> grottos in <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes" title="Longmen Grottoes">Longmen</a>, he is depicted in a classical bodhisattva form. After the Tang, he became increasingly depicted as a monk carrying <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_prayer_beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist prayer beads">Buddhist prayer beads</a> and a staff. </p><p>His full name in Chinese is <i>Dayuan Dizang Pusa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">大願地藏菩薩</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dàyuàn Dìzàng Púsà</span></i>), or "Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva of the Great Vow," pronounced <i>Daigan Jizō Bosatsu</i> in Japanese, <i>Jijang Bosal</i> in Korean, <i>Đại Nguyện Địa Tạng Vương Bồ Tát</i> in Vietnamese. This name is a reference to his pledge, as recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, to take responsibility for the instruction of all beings in the <a href="/wiki/Desire_realm" title="Desire realm">six worlds</a> in the era between the <a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">parinirvana</a> of the Buddha and the rise of Maitreya. Because of this important role, shrines to Kṣitigarbha often occupy a central role in temples, especially within the memorial halls or mausoleums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_role">Historical role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People were afraid of the period that is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">mappō</a></i>, the decline and disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, which was propagated by <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> as a period in which it is impossible to understand the original Buddhist teachings anymore and attain enlightenment through traditional means.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This foundation supported the role among people of Kṣitigarbha as he helped those who were in danger of falling into <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">hell realm</a> in hearing their confessions and to ensure their salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the widespread practices of Kṣitigarbha-worship in Japan was the citation and copying of the Lotus Sutra as it promised benefits in the present and future. Kṣitigarbha satisfied those immediate needs and the mundane wishes of worshippers to the extent of delivering them to the Pure Land of Amida in the times of declining Dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_Brahmin_maiden">As a Brahmin maiden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As a Brahmin maiden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story of Kṣitigarbha was first described in the <i><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_Bodhisattva_P%C5%ABrvapra%E1%B9%87idh%C4%81na_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra">Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra</a></i>, a popular <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a>. This sutra is said to have been spoken by the Buddha towards the end of his life to the beings of the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Trāyastriṃśa">Trāyastriṃśa</a> Heaven as a mark of gratitude and remembrance for his beloved mother, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Maya</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_Bodhisattva_P%C5%ABrvapra%E1%B9%87idh%C4%81na_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra">Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra</a></i> begins, "<a href="/wiki/Thus_have_I_heard" title="Thus have I heard">Thus have I heard</a>. Once the Buddha was abiding in Trayastrimsas Heaven in order to expound the Dharma to his mother."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra</i> was first translated from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> into Chinese between 695 and 700 CE, during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a> master Śikṣānanda,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Buddhist monk from <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Khotan</a> who also provided a new translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avataṃsaka Sūtra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i>. However, some scholars have suspected that instead of being translated, this text may have originated in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, since no Sanskrit manuscripts of this text have been found. Part of the reason for suspicion is that the text advocates <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety_in_Buddhism" title="Filial piety in Buddhism">filial piety</a>, which was stereotypically associated with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>. It stated that Kṣitigarbha practised filial piety as a mortal, which eventually led to making great vows to save all sentient beings. Since then, other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Schopen" title="Gregory Schopen">Gregory Schopen</a> have pointed out that Indian Buddhism also had traditions of filial piety.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently there is no definitive evidence indicating either an Indian or Chinese origin for the text. </p><p>In the <i>Kṣitigarbha Sūtra</i>, the Buddha states that in the distant past eons, Kṣitigarbha was a maiden of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> caste by the name of <i>Sacred Girl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This maiden was deeply troubled upon the death of her mother - who had often been slanderous towards the <a href="/wiki/Three_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Jewels">Three Jewels</a>. To save her mother from the great tortures of hell, the girl sold whatever she had and used the money to buy offerings that she offered daily to the Buddha of her time, known as the Buddha of the Flower of Meditation and Enlightenment. She prayed fervently that her mother be spared the pains of hell and appealed to the Buddha for help.<sup id="cite_ref-buddhanet1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buddhanet1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While she was pleading for help at the temple, she heard the Buddha telling her to go home, sit down, and recite his name if she wanted to know where her mother was. She did as she was told and her consciousness was transported to a Hell realm, where she met a guardian who informed her that through her fervent prayers and pious offerings, her mother had accumulated much <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merit</a> and had already ascended to heaven. "Sacred Girl" was greatly relieved and would have been extremely happy, but the sight of the suffering she had seen in Hell touched her heart. She vowed to do her best to relieve beings of their suffering in her future lives for <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">kalpas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-buddhanet1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buddhanet1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_Buddhist_monk">As a Buddhist monk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As a Buddhist monk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goryeo-Kshitigarbha_(Chijang)-late.14c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Goryeo-Kshitigarbha_%28Chijang%29-late.14c.jpg/220px-Goryeo-Kshitigarbha_%28Chijang%29-late.14c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Goryeo-Kshitigarbha_%28Chijang%29-late.14c.jpg/330px-Goryeo-Kshitigarbha_%28Chijang%29-late.14c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Goryeo-Kshitigarbha_%28Chijang%29-late.14c.jpg/440px-Goryeo-Kshitigarbha_%28Chijang%29-late.14c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="6458" /></a><figcaption>Kṣitigarbha painting, <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>, late 14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a legend about how Kṣitigarbha manifested himself in China and chose his <a href="/wiki/Bodhima%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Bodhimaṇḍa">bodhimaṇḍa</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jiuhua" title="Mount Jiuhua">Mount Jiuhua</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mountains_of_China" title="Sacred Mountains of China">Four Sacred Mountains of China</a>. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming of Han</a>, Buddhism started to flourish, reaching its peak in the Tang and eventually spreading to Korea. At the time, monks and scholars arrived from those countries to seek the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> in China. One of these pilgrims was a former prince from <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> named <a href="/wiki/Kim_Gyo-gak" title="Kim Gyo-gak">Kim Gyo-gak</a>, who became a monk under the Chinese name Dizang "Kṣitigarbha," pronounced <i>Jijang</i> in Korean.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went to Mount Jiuhua in present-day <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>. After ascending, he decided to build a hut in a deep mountain area so that he could cultivate the dharma. </p><p>According to records, Jijang was bitten by a venomous snake but he did not move, thus letting the snake go. A woman happened to pass by and gave the monk medicines to cure him of the venom, as well as a spring on her son's behalf. For a few years, Jijang continued to meditate in his hut, until one day, a scholar named Chu-Ke led a group of friends and family to visit the mountain. Noticing the monk meditating in the hut, they went and took a look at his condition. They had noticed that his bowl did not contain any food, and that his hair had grown back. </p><p>Taking pity on the monk, Chu-Ke decided to build a temple as an offering to him. The whole group descended the mountain immediately to discuss plans to build the temple. Mount Jiuhua was also property of a wealthy person called Elder Wen-Ke, who obliged to build a temple on his mountain. Therefore, Wen-Ke and the group ascended the mountain once more and asked Jijang how much land he needed. </p><p>Jijang replied that he needed a piece of land that could be covered fully by his <a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">kasaya</a>. Initially believing that a piece of sash could not provide enough land to build a temple, they were surprised when Jijang threw the kasaya in the air, and the robe expanded in size, covering the entire mountain. Elder Wen-Ke had then decided to renounce the entire mountain to Jijang, and became his protector. Sometime later, Wen-Ke's son also left secular life to become a monk. </p><p>Jijang lived in Mount Jiuhua for 75 years before passing away at the age of 99. Three years after his <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>, his tomb was opened, only to reveal that the body <a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">had not decayed</a>. Because Jijang led his wayplace with much difficulty, most people had the intuition to believe that he was indeed an incarnation of Kṣitigarbha. </p><p>Jijang's well-preserved, dehydrated body may still be viewed today at the monastery he built on Mount Jiuhua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Wood_Statue.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Wood_Statue.jpeg/200px-Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Wood_Statue.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Wood_Statue.jpeg/300px-Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Wood_Statue.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Wood_Statue.jpeg/400px-Ksitigarbha_Bodhisattva_Wood_Statue.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Depicted with a crown, staff, and jewel (cintamani). Fo Guang Shan Buddhist Temple, London.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_iconography">Traditional iconography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Traditional iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Buddhist iconography, Kṣitigarbha is typically depicted with a shaven head, dressed in a monk's simple robes (unlike most other <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a>, who are dressed like Indian royalty). </p><p>In his left hand, Kṣitigarbha holds a tear-shaped jewel or <a href="/wiki/Cintamani" title="Cintamani">cintamani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">如意寶珠</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Rúyì bǎozhū</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese pronunciation</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nyoihōju</i></span>) in his right hand, he holds a Khakkhara (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">錫杖</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xīzhàng</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese pronunciation</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Shakujō</i></span>), which is used to alert insects and small animals of his approach, so that he will not accidentally harm them. This staff is traditionally carried by Buddhist monks. Like other bodhisattvas, Kṣitigarbha usually is seen standing on a lotus base, symbolizing his release from <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a>. Kṣitigarbha's face and head are also idealised, featuring the <a href="/wiki/Third_eye" title="Third eye">third eye</a>, elongated ears and the other standard attributes of a <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">buddha</a>. </p><p> In the Chinese tradition, Kṣitigarbha is sometimes depicted wearing a crown like the one worn by <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a>. His image is similar to that of the fictional character <a href="/wiki/Tang_Sanzang" title="Tang Sanzang">Tang Sanzang</a> from the classical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i>, so observers sometimes mistake Kṣitigarbha for the latter. In China, Kṣitigarbha is also sometimes accompanied by a dog. This is in reference to a legend that he found his mother reborn in the animal realm as a dog named <a href="/wiki/Diting" title="Diting">Diting</a>, which the Bodhisattva adopted to serve as his steed and guard.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style></p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jizo_Children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jizō" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jizo_Children.jpg/146px-Jizo_Children.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jizo_Children.jpg/219px-Jizo_Children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jizo_Children.jpg/292px-Jizo_Children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jizō <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> statue at <a href="/wiki/Mibu-dera" title="Mibu-dera">Mibu-dera</a> temple, depicted with children and bibs. Japan.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jizo_Rokuharamitsuji_(Unkei_attrib).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jizō" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jizo_Rokuharamitsuji_%28Unkei_attrib%29.jpg/158px-Jizo_Rokuharamitsuji_%28Unkei_attrib%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jizo_Rokuharamitsuji_%28Unkei_attrib%29.jpg/237px-Jizo_Rokuharamitsuji_%28Unkei_attrib%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jizo_Rokuharamitsuji_%28Unkei_attrib%29.jpg/316px-Jizo_Rokuharamitsuji_%28Unkei_attrib%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="3100" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jizō bodhisattva statue by <a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rokuharamitsu-ji" title="Rokuharamitsu-ji">Rokuharamitsu-ji</a> temple. 12th century. Japan.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In Japan, Kṣitigarbha's statues are often adorned with bibs, kerchiefs or <a href="/wiki/Kasa_(hat)" title="Kasa (hat)">kasa</a> hat on his head, and sometimes dressed with a <a href="/wiki/Haori" title="Haori">haori</a>. <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dsen-ji" title="Tōsen-ji">Tōsen-ji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Katsushika" title="Katsushika">Katsushika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, contains the "Bound Kṣitigarbha" of <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Coka_Tadasuke" title="Ōoka Tadasuke">Ōoka Tadasuke</a> fame, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>. When petitions are requested before Kṣitigarbha, the petitioner ties a rope about the statue. When the wish is granted, the petitioner unties the rope. At the new year, the ropes of the ungranted wishes are cut by the temple priest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kṣitigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways"><span id="K.E1.B9.A3itigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways"></span>Kṣitigarbha as Lord of the Six Ways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kṣitigarbha as Lord of the Six Ways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways_(Stein_Painting_19).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways_%28Stein_Painting_19%29.jpg/220px-K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways_%28Stein_Painting_19%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways_%28Stein_Painting_19%29.jpg/330px-K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways_%28Stein_Painting_19%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways_%28Stein_Painting_19%29.jpg/440px-K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_as_Lord_of_the_Six_Ways_%28Stein_Painting_19%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Kṣitigarbha as the Lord of the Six Ways from <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Grottoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogao Grottoes">Mogao Grottoes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another category of iconographic depiction is Kṣitigarbha as the Lord of the Six Ways, an allegorical representation of the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Six Paths of Rebirth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Desire_realm" title="Desire realm">Desire realm</a> (rebirth into hell, or as pretas, animals, asuras, men, and devas). The Six Paths are often depicted as six rays or beams radiating from the bodhisattva and accompanied by figurative representations of the Six Paths. Many of these depictions in China can be found in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> province, perhaps a result of <a href="/wiki/Sanjiejiao" title="Sanjiejiao">Sanjiejiao</a> teachings in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Japanese variation of this depiction is the Six Kṣitigarbhas, six full sculptural manifestations of the bodhisattva. An example of this can be found in Konjikidō, the ‘Hall of Gold,’ in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABson-ji" title="Chūson-ji">Chūson-ji</a> temple. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Buddhist_traditions">In Buddhist traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Buddhist traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_traditions">Chinese traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chinese traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Jiuhua" title="Mount Jiuhua">Mount Jiuhua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> is regarded as Kṣitigarbha's <a href="/wiki/Bodhima%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Bodhimaṇḍa">bodhimaṇḍa</a>. It is one of the Four Sacred Buddhism Mountains in China, and at one time housed more than 300 temples. Today, 95 of these are open to the public. The mountain is a popular destination for pilgrims offering dedications to Kṣitigarbha. In certain Chinese Buddhist legends, the <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a> <a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Maudgalyayana</a>, known in Chinese as <i>Mùlián</i> (目連), acts as an assistant to Ksitigarbha in his vow to save the denizens of hell. As a result, Mùlián is usually also venerated in temples that enshrine Ksitigarbha. In folk beliefs, the mount of Ksitigarbha, <a href="/wiki/Diting" title="Diting">Diting</a>, is a divine beast that can distinguish good from evil, virtuous and foolish. In iconographic form, it is often enshrined at the side of Ksitigarbha, or portrayed with Ksitigarbha riding on its back as a mount. </p><p>In some areas, the admixture of traditional religions has led to Kṣitigarbha being also regarded as a deity in <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E5%BA%B5" class="extiw" title="zh:地藏庵">Kṣitigarbha Temples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">地藏庵</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dìzàng'ān</span></i>) are Taoist temples that usually enshrine Kṣitigarbha as the main deity, along with other gods typically related to the Chinese netherworld <a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Diyu</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Yanluo_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanluo Wang">Yanluo Wang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heibai_Wuchang" title="Heibai Wuchang">Heibai Wuchang</a>. Believers usually visit these temples to pray for the blessings of the ancestors and the souls of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 30th day of the seventh month of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a> is celebrated as his birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts_Dizang_Wang_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts_Dizang_Wang-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_traditions">Japanese traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Japanese traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jizo_at_Osorezan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jizo_at_Osorezan.jpg/220px-Jizo_at_Osorezan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jizo_at_Osorezan.jpg/330px-Jizo_at_Osorezan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Jizo_at_Osorezan.jpg/440px-Jizo_at_Osorezan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5070" data-file-height="3305" /></a><figcaption>Kṣitigarbha (or in Japanese, Jizō) statue at Osorezan (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Osore" title="Mount Osore">Mt. Osore</a>), Aomori</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan, Kṣitigarbha, known as <i>Jizō</i>, or respectfully as <i>Ojizō-sama</i>, is one of the most loved of all Japanese divinities. His statues are a common sight, especially by roadsides and in graveyards. </p><p>According to legend, the first Jizō-statue was introduced in Japan in the reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu" title="Emperor Shōmu">Shōmu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a>. However, while records exist that indicate a Jizō-statue in the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>, the existence of these statues in former times is probable but no evidence has yet been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian-period</a> the influences of Jizō worship become clearer as the <a href="/wiki/Konjaku_Monogatarish%C5%AB" title="Konjaku Monogatarishū">Konjaku Monogatari</a> dedicates many tales to him and an own collection of his tales, <i>Jizō Bosatsu Reigenki,</i> was written. The latter contains twenty-five stories which focus on the miracles performed by Jizō. The devotees described in these stories recite the Lotus Sutra, a trait not often found in Chinese worship, that seem to characterise Jizō worship.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ryōki"><span id="Ry.C5.8Dki"></span>Ryōki</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ryōki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Ryōki (ca. 822 CE), the earliest found collection of <a href="/wiki/Setsuwa" title="Setsuwa">setsuwa</a>, a story with Fujiwara Hirotari is included. He died and caught sight of his wife suffering in the Land After Death, with the aid of Jizō he returned to life and lifted the suffering of his wife through copying the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> as suggested by Jizō. This story characterises traits of Jizō such as his benevolence towards those caught in the grasps of <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">naraka</a> (hell), the lowest realm of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">six paths</a>, and the practice of copying sutras to help them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children's_limbo_legend"><span id="Children.27s_limbo_legend"></span>Children's limbo legend</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Children's limbo legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the common tradition associated with the Sai no Kawara<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">賽の河原</span></span>)</span> or the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Sanzu_River" title="Sanzu River">Sanzu River</a>, Kṣitigarbha is portrayed as the protector of the souls of children, who are condemned to stack piles of stones vainly, for these towers are repeatedly toppled. In a later version such as the one recorded by <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">oni</a> demons wreck the stone piles, and torment the children, and the children seek haven with Kṣitigarbha who hides them inside his garment and comforts them.<sup id="cite_ref-hearn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an earlier version, found written in the <i>Fuji no hitoana no sōshi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">富士人穴草子</span></span>, "The Tale of the Fuji Cave", c. 1600 or earlier)</span>, c. 1600 or earlier<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the dead children pile stones at the Sai no Kawara ("Children’s Riverbed Hell"), winds and flames are the agents knocking down the stone tower, and the flame reduce the children into cremated bones, to be revived back to whole by the Jizō Bodhisattva (or by demons).<sup id="cite_ref-kimbrough-tr-fuji_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimbrough-tr-fuji-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jizo,Kshitigarbha,Sesshoseki_,Nasu_Town,Tochigi_Prefecture,Japan_20160817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jizo%2CKshitigarbha%2CSesshoseki_%2CNasu_Town%2CTochigi_Prefecture%2CJapan_20160817.jpg/220px-Jizo%2CKshitigarbha%2CSesshoseki_%2CNasu_Town%2CTochigi_Prefecture%2CJapan_20160817.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jizo%2CKshitigarbha%2CSesshoseki_%2CNasu_Town%2CTochigi_Prefecture%2CJapan_20160817.jpg/330px-Jizo%2CKshitigarbha%2CSesshoseki_%2CNasu_Town%2CTochigi_Prefecture%2CJapan_20160817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jizo%2CKshitigarbha%2CSesshoseki_%2CNasu_Town%2CTochigi_Prefecture%2CJapan_20160817.jpg/440px-Jizo%2CKshitigarbha%2CSesshoseki_%2CNasu_Town%2CTochigi_Prefecture%2CJapan_20160817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="2712" /></a><figcaption><i>Sentai-Jizō</i> or 1000 Jizō Statues at <a href="/wiki/Nasu,_Tochigi" title="Nasu, Tochigi">Nasu, Tochigi</a>. This landscape is compared to Sai no Kawara.</figcaption></figure> <p>This concept of Sai no Kawara, or children's limbo, first appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Otogiz%C5%8Dshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Otogizōshi">Otogizōshi</a></i> of the Muromachi Period,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in fact, the "Tale of the Fuji Cave" related above is one such work from the Otogizōshi.<sup id="cite_ref-kimbrough_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimbrough-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the notion was developed quite late, in the post-medieval era, although it has been associated with the priest <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABya" title="Kūya">Kūya</a> (10th century).<sup id="cite_ref-hearn_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kṣitigarbha and the Sai no Kawara legend was connected with the Kūya and his <i>wasan</i>, or chantings probably some time in the 17th century, creating the <i>Jizō wasan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassman2012148_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassman2012148-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, as to the identification of certain geographic features as Sai no Kawara on <a href="/wiki/Osorezan" class="mw-redirect" title="Osorezan">Osorezan</a> mountain in northern Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyazakiWilliams2001421_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyazakiWilliams2001421-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the establishment of the Kṣitigarbha cult there is of late-<a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Period">Tokugawa Period</a> vintage, early to mid 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite temple pamphlets (<i>engi</i>, or account of the founding of temples) purporting origins dating back to the 9th century, with the priest <a href="/wiki/Ennin" title="Ennin">Ennin</a> alleged to have established the place of worship for the Kṣitigarbha at Mt. Osore (in olden times styled "Mount Usori").<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lost_pregnancies">Lost pregnancies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lost pregnancies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kṣitigarbha has been worshipped as the guardian of the souls of <i>mizuko</i>, the souls of stillborn, <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarried</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">aborted fetuses</a> in the ritual of <i><a href="/wiki/Mizuko_kuy%C5%8D" title="Mizuko kuyō">mizuko kuyō</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">水子供養</span></span>, "offering to water children")</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offerings">Offerings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Offerings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_small_shrine_of_Jiz%C5%8D_or_K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_at_Shinjuku_%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%BF_%E6%88%90%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%90%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%B0%E8%94%B5%E5%B0%8A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/A_small_shrine_of_Jiz%C5%8D_or_K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_at_Shinjuku_%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%BF_%E6%88%90%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%90%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%B0%E8%94%B5%E5%B0%8A.jpg/150px-A_small_shrine_of_Jiz%C5%8D_or_K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_at_Shinjuku_%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%BF_%E6%88%90%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%90%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%B0%E8%94%B5%E5%B0%8A.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/A_small_shrine_of_Jiz%C5%8D_or_K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_at_Shinjuku_%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%BF_%E6%88%90%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%90%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%B0%E8%94%B5%E5%B0%8A.jpg/225px-A_small_shrine_of_Jiz%C5%8D_or_K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_at_Shinjuku_%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%BF_%E6%88%90%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%90%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%B0%E8%94%B5%E5%B0%8A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/A_small_shrine_of_Jiz%C5%8D_or_K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_at_Shinjuku_%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%BF_%E6%88%90%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%90%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%B0%E8%94%B5%E5%B0%8A.jpg/300px-A_small_shrine_of_Jiz%C5%8D_or_K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_at_Shinjuku_%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%BF_%E6%88%90%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%90%E8%82%B2%E5%9C%B0%E8%94%B5%E5%B0%8A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A small shrine of <i>Kosodate-Jizō</i> or Childcare-Kṣitigarbha at <a href="/wiki/Nishi-Shinjuku" title="Nishi-Shinjuku">Nishi-Shinjuku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kṣitigarbha statues are sometimes accompanied by a little pile of stones and pebbles, put there by people in the hope that it would shorten the time children have to suffer in the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-hearn_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The act is derived from the tradition of building <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> as an act of merit-making.) Traditionally, he is seen as the guardian of children, and in particular, children who died before their parents. The statues can sometimes be seen wearing tiny children's clothing or bibs, or with toys, put there by grieving parents to help their lost ones and hoping that Kṣitigarbha would specially protect them. Sometimes the offerings are put there by parents to thank Kṣitigarbha for saving their children from a serious illness. His features are commonly made more baby-like to resemble the children he protects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roadside_god">Roadside god</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Roadside god"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Kṣitigarbha is seen as the saviour of beings who have to suffer in the underworld, his statues are common in cemeteries. He is also believed to be one of the protective deities of travellers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyazakiWilliams2001407_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyazakiWilliams2001407-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dsojin" title="Dōsojin">dōsojin</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBargen1992344_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBargen1992344-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and roadside statues of Kṣitigarbha are a common sight in Japan. Firefighters are also believed to be under his protection. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chijang_Posal_as_Supreme_Lord_of_the_Underworld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chijang_Posal_as_Supreme_Lord_of_the_Underworld.jpg/220px-Chijang_Posal_as_Supreme_Lord_of_the_Underworld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chijang_Posal_as_Supreme_Lord_of_the_Underworld.jpg/330px-Chijang_Posal_as_Supreme_Lord_of_the_Underworld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chijang_Posal_as_Supreme_Lord_of_the_Underworld.jpg/440px-Chijang_Posal_as_Supreme_Lord_of_the_Underworld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2701" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Korean painting of Kṣitigarbha as supreme ruler of the Underworld, late 18th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Jijang_(Kshitigarbha)_and_the_Ten_Kings_of_Hell_LACMA_AC1994.49.1_(1_of_9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bodhisattva_Jijang_%28Kshitigarbha%29_and_the_Ten_Kings_of_Hell_LACMA_AC1994.49.1_%281_of_9%29.jpg/200px-Bodhisattva_Jijang_%28Kshitigarbha%29_and_the_Ten_Kings_of_Hell_LACMA_AC1994.49.1_%281_of_9%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bodhisattva_Jijang_%28Kshitigarbha%29_and_the_Ten_Kings_of_Hell_LACMA_AC1994.49.1_%281_of_9%29.jpg/300px-Bodhisattva_Jijang_%28Kshitigarbha%29_and_the_Ten_Kings_of_Hell_LACMA_AC1994.49.1_%281_of_9%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bodhisattva_Jijang_%28Kshitigarbha%29_and_the_Ten_Kings_of_Hell_LACMA_AC1994.49.1_%281_of_9%29.jpg/400px-Bodhisattva_Jijang_%28Kshitigarbha%29_and_the_Ten_Kings_of_Hell_LACMA_AC1994.49.1_%281_of_9%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty painting of <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> Jijang (Kṣitigarbha) and the Ten Kings of Hell</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asian_traditions">Southeast Asian traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Southeast Asian traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phra_Malai_Manuscript_LACMA_M.76.93.2_(18_of_21).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Phra_Malai_Manuscript_LACMA_M.76.93.2_%2818_of_21%29.jpg/200px-Phra_Malai_Manuscript_LACMA_M.76.93.2_%2818_of_21%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Phra_Malai_Manuscript_LACMA_M.76.93.2_%2818_of_21%29.jpg/300px-Phra_Malai_Manuscript_LACMA_M.76.93.2_%2818_of_21%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Phra_Malai_Manuscript_LACMA_M.76.93.2_%2818_of_21%29.jpg/400px-Phra_Malai_Manuscript_LACMA_M.76.93.2_%2818_of_21%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Phra Malai from the <i>Phra Malai Manuscript</i> of Thailand, c. 1860-1880</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a>, the story of a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhu</a> named <a href="/wiki/Phra_Malai" title="Phra Malai">Phra Malai</a> with similar qualities to Kṣitigarbha is well known throughout <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. Legend has it that he was an <a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhat</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> who achieved great supernatural powers through his own merit and meditation. He is also honoured as a successor to <a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahāmoggallāna</a>, the Buddha's disciple foremost for his supernatural attainments. In the story, this pious and compassionate monk descends to <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Hell</a> to give teachings and comfort the suffering hell-beings there. He also learns how the hell-beings are punished according to their sins in the different hells.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsburg_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsburg-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mantra">Mantra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mantra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A1ng_B%E1%BB%93_T%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3n_nguy%E1%BB%87n_kinh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A1ng_B%E1%BB%93_T%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3n_nguy%E1%BB%87n_kinh.jpg/220px-%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A1ng_B%E1%BB%93_T%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3n_nguy%E1%BB%87n_kinh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A1ng_B%E1%BB%93_T%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3n_nguy%E1%BB%87n_kinh.jpg/330px-%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A1ng_B%E1%BB%93_T%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3n_nguy%E1%BB%87n_kinh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A1ng_B%E1%BB%93_T%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3n_nguy%E1%BB%87n_kinh.jpg/440px-%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A1ng_B%E1%BB%93_T%C3%A1t_b%E1%BA%A3n_nguy%E1%BB%87n_kinh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>First page of Vietnamese Mahayana sutra Kṣitigarbha (Địa tạng Bồ Tát bản nguyện kinh), written in <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Nho" class="mw-redirect" title="Chữ Nho">chữ Nho</a> which was printed 300+ years ago.</figcaption></figure> <p>In mainstream <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Japanese Shingon Buddhism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> of Kṣitigarbha comes from the "Treasury of Mantras" section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahavairocana Tantra</a></i>. The effect of this mantra is producing the "<a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a> Realm of Adamantine Indestructible Conduct." This mantra is the following:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2005_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Namaḥ samantabuddhānāṃ, ha ha ha, sutanu svāhā</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2005_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_mantras">Other mantras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other mantras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mantra of Eliminating Fixed Karma:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ॐ प्रमर्दने स्वाहा</span></span> - <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Oṃ pramardane svāhā</i></span></p></blockquote> <dl><dd>In Chinese, this mantra is called <i><span lang="zh-Latn">miè dìngyè zhēnyán</span></i> in pinyin (<span lang="zh-Hant">滅定業真言</span>). It reads: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span lang="zh-Hant">嗡鉢囉末鄰陀寧娑婆訶</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Ōng bō là mò lín tuó níng suō pó hē</span></i></p></blockquote></dd></dl> <ul><li>In Chinese Buddhism, the following mantra is associated with Kṣitigarbha:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span lang="zh-Hant">南無地藏王菩薩</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Ná mó Dìzàng wáng pú sà</span></i></p></blockquote> <ul><li>In Korean Buddhism, the following mantra is associated with Kṣitigarbha:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Namo Jijang Bosal</i></span></p></blockquote> <ul><li>In Tibetan Buddhism, the following mantras are associated with Kṣitigarbha:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">Oṃ Kṣitigarbha Bodhisatvāya</i></span> <span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">༄༅།། ༀ་ཀྵི་ཏི་གརྦྷ་བོ་དྷི་ས་ཏྭཱ་ཡ།།</span></span></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Oṃ Ha Ha Ha Vismaye Svāhā</i></span> <span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">༄༅།། ཨོཾ་ཧ་ཧ་ཧ་བིསྨ་ཡེ་སྭཱ་ཧཱ།།</span></span></p></blockquote> <ul><li>In Shingon Buddhism, a mantra used in public religious services is:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">On kakaka bisanmaei sowaka</i></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">オンカカカビサンマエイソワカ</span></span></p></blockquote> <ul><li>In Sanskrit:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">ॐ ह ह ह विस्मये स्वाहा</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Oṃ ha ha ha vismaye svāhā</i></span> <span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">ཨོཾ་ཧ་ཧ་ཧ་བིསྨ་ཡེ་སྭཱ་ཧཱ།</span></span></p></blockquote> <p><br /> Om! Ha ha ha! O wondrous one! svāhā! </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span lang="zh-Hant">嗡，哈哈哈，溫三摩地梭哈</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Ōng hā hā hā wēn sān mó dì suō hā</span></i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Haiku_&_Senryū"><span id="Haiku_.26_Senry.C5.AB"></span>Haiku & Senryū</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Haiku & Senryū"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_Store_Bodhisattva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Earth_Store_Bodhisattva.jpg/220px-Earth_Store_Bodhisattva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Earth_Store_Bodhisattva.jpg/330px-Earth_Store_Bodhisattva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Earth_Store_Bodhisattva.jpg/440px-Earth_Store_Bodhisattva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2402" data-file-height="2501" /></a><figcaption>Bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha in Hsiang-Te Temple, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="ja" class="poem"> <p>蛞蝓に<br /> 口を吸われた<br /> 石地蔵<br />   </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>The stone image of Jizō<br /> kissed on the mouth<br /> by a slug<br />   </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—part of a <a href="/wiki/Senry%C5%AB" title="Senryū">Senryū</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="ja" class="poem"> <p>雀の子<br /> 地蔵の袖に<br /> かくれけり<br />   </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>The young sparrows<br /> return into Jizō's sleeve<br /> for sanctuary<br />   </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—haiku by <a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_Issa" title="Kobayashi Issa">Issa</a> 1814 </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="ja" class="poem"> <p>なでしこや<br /> 地蔵菩薩の<br /> 跡先に<br />   </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Blooming pinks<br /> behind and in front<br /> of Saint Jizō<br />   </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—haiku by <a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_Issa" title="Kobayashi Issa">Issa</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="ja" class="poem"> <p>秋の暮<br /> 辻の地蔵に<br /> 油さす<br />   </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>In autumn dusk<br /> at the wayside shrine for the Jizō image<br /> I pour more votive oil<br />   </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—haiku by <a href="/wiki/Yosa_Buson" title="Yosa Buson">Buson</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Saviour Monk</i> is a 1975 Hong Kong film starring David Tang wei as Dizang-wang (Ksitigarbha king), and Doris lung Chun-Erh. The film was directed by Liang Che-Fu. By 2020, the movie has been digitally restored by the Hong Kong Embassy In The Philippines and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Film_Institute" title="University of the Philippines Film Institute">University of the Philippines Film Institute</a>.</li> <li>The vandalism of a Kṣitigarbha statue is the central theme of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Locker" title="The Locker">The Locker</a></i>, a 2004 Japanese horror and thriller film directed by <a href="/wiki/Kei_Horie" title="Kei Horie">Kei Horie</a>.</li> <li>In the 1988 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._3" title="Super Mario Bros. 3">Super Mario Bros. 3</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi" title="Luigi">Luigi</a> gain the ability to turn into Kṣitigarbha statues. This ability returns in the 2011 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_3D_Land" title="Super Mario 3D Land">Super Mario 3D Land</a></i>. Additionally, multiple Kṣitigarbha statues appear in <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Odyssey" title="Super Mario Odyssey">Super Mario Odyssey</a></i>.</li> <li>In the 2004 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Gaiden_(2004_video_game)" title="Ninja Gaiden (2004 video game)">Ninja Gaiden</a></i>, a defaced Kṣitigarbha statue can be found in <a href="/wiki/Ryu_Hayabusa" title="Ryu Hayabusa">Ryu Hayabusa</a>'s village, with its head knocked off. If Hayabusa replaces the head, the statue's <a href="/wiki/Cintamani" title="Cintamani">cintamani</a> becomes a "Life of the Gods" item that can extend his maximum health.</li> <li>In the 2004 Hong Kong drama <i><a href="/wiki/My_Date_with_a_Vampire_III" title="My Date with a Vampire III">My Date with a Vampire III</a>,</i> Ksitigarbha was portrayed by Ricky Chan, also known as Ma Siu-Fu, Ma Siu-Ling's twin brother. He starts a romance with <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a> and is unaware that she has actually been going around killing people when she cannot control her vampire bloodlust. Later in the series, he is revealed to be the reincarnation of the bodhisattva Ksitigarbha (<span lang="zh">地藏王</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dìzàng Wáng</span></i>), who presides over the Underworld and relentlessly tries to help the souls of the damned get out of Hell. He helps the protagonists in their quest to stop <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West" title="Queen Mother of the West">Yaochi Shengmu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuxi" title="Fuxi">Fuxi</a> from fighting and ending the world.</li> <li>In the 2022 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Ghostwire:_Tokyo" title="Ghostwire: Tokyo">Ghostwire: Tokyo</a></i>, praying to Kṣitigarbha statues (referenced as Jizo statues in-game) allows the player to carry more ether, which is used to attack enemies.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Lost_on_the_Cape" title="The House of the Lost on the Cape">The House of the Lost on the Cape</a></i>, the <i>ojizōsama</i> play a crucial role in restoring hope to a region devastated by a <i><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a></i>.</li> <li>In the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro" title="My Neighbor Totoro">My Neighbor Totoro</a></i>, the character Mei (who has become lost in the countryside) is found by her older sister waiting by a jizo statue.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokitesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokitesvara">Avalokitesvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a> & <a href="/wiki/Manjusri" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjusri">Manjusri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atago_Gongen" title="Atago Gongen">Atago Gongen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Butsu_Zone" title="Butsu Zone">Butsu Zone</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> in which Kṣitigarbha is a main character</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diting" title="Diting">Diting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">King Yama</a> & <a href="/wiki/Yanluo_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanluo Wang">Yanluo Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_Bodhisattva_P%C5%ABrvapra%E1%B9%87idh%C4%81na_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra">Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliyadeva" title="Maliyadeva">Maliyadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuko_kuy%C5%8D" title="Mizuko kuyō">Mizuko kuyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Jiuhua" title="Mount Jiuhua">Mount Jiuhua</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kim_Gyo-gak" title="Kim Gyo-gak">Kim Gyo-gak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Malai" title="Phra Malai">Phra Malai Kham Luang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest extant texts are c. 1600, and Kimbrough (2006) uses a copy dated 1603 formerly in the Akagi Bunko collection.<sup id="cite_ref-kimbrough-tr-fuji_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimbrough-tr-fuji-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the work is known to have existed by 1527.<sup id="cite_ref-kimbrough-tr-fuji_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimbrough-tr-fuji-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimbrough (2006)'s translated version from a manuscript dated to 1603 is wanting in some details such as the children stacking up stones into "stone towers"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:石">石</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:の">の</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:塔">塔</a></span></span>)</span>, and the "evil wind"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:悪">悪</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A2%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:風">風</a></span></span>)</span> knocking down the towers forcing the children to reassemble them, after which the flames arrive. Also Jizō Bodhisattva<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">地蔵菩薩</span></span>)</span> recites a chant and restores the bones back into children, unlike Kimbrough's version.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloom, A. (1967): <i>The Sense of Sin and Guilt and the Last Age [Mappo] in Chinese and Japanese Buddhism</i>. In: Numen, Jul., 1967, Vol. 14, Fasc. 2 (Jul., 1967), pp. 144-149. Berlin: Brill. p. 10. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dykstra, Yoshiku Kurata (1978): <i>Jizō, the Most Merciful. Tales from Jizō Bosatsu Reigenki</i>. In: Monumenta Nipponica, Summer, 1978, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Summer, 1978), pp. 179-200. Tōkyō: Sophia University. p. 182. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dkystra (1978): 184—185. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ksitigarbhasutra.com/sutra/chapter-1/">"Chapter 1. The Sutra of Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha's Fundamental Vows"</a>. <i>ksitigarbhasutra.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ksitigarbhasutra.com&rft.atitle=Chapter+1.+The+Sutra+of+Bodhisattva+Ksitigarbha%27s+Fundamental+Vows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fksitigarbhasutra.com%2Fsutra%2Fchapter-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2014" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2014). <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. 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Buddhanet.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/tstang-txt.htm">the original</a> on January 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Honolulu (T.H.): University of Hawai'i press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824830458" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824830458"><bdi>978-0824830458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+a+savior+bodhisattva%3A+Dizang+in+Medieval+China&rft.place=Honolulu+%28T.H.%29&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0824830458&rft.au=Zhiru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddha.twmail.cc/easy_study/Dzg_Address.htm">"全省地藏廟"</a>. <i>www.buddha.twmail.cc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buddha.twmail.cc&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E7%9C%81%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E5%BB%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddha.twmail.cc%2Feasy_study%2FDzg_Address.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts_Dizang_Wang-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts_Dizang_Wang_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepanchuk1991" class="citation book cs1">Stepanchuk, Carol (1991). <i>Mooncakes and Hungry Ghosts: Festivals of China</i>. San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-2481-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8351-2481-9"><bdi>0-8351-2481-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mooncakes+and+Hungry+Ghosts%3A+Festivals+of+China&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=China+Books+%26+Periodicals&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8351-2481-9&rft.aulast=Stepanchuk&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dykstra (1978): 183—184. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hearn-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hearn_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hearn_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hearn_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Hearn, Lafcadio</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpsesunfamil05heargoog"><i>Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan</i></a>. Leipzig: <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Tauchnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard Tauchnitz">Bernhard Tauchnitz</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glimpsesunfamil05heargoog/page/n20">16</a>–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Unfamiliar+Japan&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=16-18&rft.pub=Bernhard+Tauchnitz&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Lafcadio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglimpsesunfamil05heargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span>, and notes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimbrough-tr-fuji-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kimbrough-tr-fuji_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimbrough-tr-fuji_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimbrough-tr-fuji_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbrough2006" class="citation cs2">Kimbrough, R. Keller (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2907">"Translation: The Tale of the Fuji Cave"</a>, <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>, <b>33</b>: <span class="nowrap">337–</span>377, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.33.2.2006.1-22">10.18874/jjrs.33.2.2006.1-22</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Translation%3A+The+Tale+of+the+Fuji+Cave&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E377&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.33.2.2006.1-22&rft.aulast=Kimbrough&rft.aufirst=R.+Keller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F2907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fuji no hitoana no sōshi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.j-texts.com/chusei/fuji.htm">富士人穴草子</a></span></span>)</span> via j-texts.com, From <i>Nihon bungaku taikei</i> <b>19</b> <i>Otogizōshi</i>, 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBargen1992">Bargen (1992)</a>, p. 341 and note 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimbrough-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kimbrough_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimbrough2008" class="citation book cs1">Kimbrough, R. Keller (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xYgLAQAAMAAJ&q=Otogizoshi+%22hitoana%22"><i>Preachers, poets, women, and the way: Izumi Shikibu and the Buddhist literature of medieval Japan</i></a>. Center for Japanese Studies, The University of Michigan. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781929280476" title="Special:BookSources/9781929280476"><bdi>9781929280476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preachers%2C+poets%2C+women%2C+and+the+way%3A+Izumi+Shikibu+and+the+Buddhist+literature+of+medieval+Japan&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Center+for+Japanese+Studies%2C+The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781929280476&rft.aulast=Kimbrough&rft.aufirst=R.+Keller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxYgLAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DOtogizoshi%2B%2522hitoana%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassman2012148-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassman2012148_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlassman2012">Glassman (2012)</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyazakiWilliams2001421-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyazakiWilliams2001421_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyazakiWilliams2001">Miyazaki & Williams (2001)</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyazakiWilliams2001">Miyazaki & Williams (2001)</a>, pp. 399, 401, 405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyazakiWilliams2001">Miyazaki & Williams (2001)</a>, pp. 399, 401, 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyazakiWilliams2001407-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyazakiWilliams2001407_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiyazakiWilliams2001">Miyazaki & Williams (2001)</a>, p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBargen1992344-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBargen1992344_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBargen1992">Bargen (1992)</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginsburg-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ginsburg_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburg2000" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburg, Henry (2000). <i>Thai art and culture : historic manuscripts from western collections</i>. Honolulu, Hawaii: Univ. of Hawaii Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824823672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824823672"><bdi>978-0824823672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thai+art+and+culture+%3A+historic+manuscripts+from+western+collections&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0824823672&rft.aulast=Ginsburg&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2005-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giebel, Rolf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130210115017/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_T0848_Vairocana_2005.pdf"><i>The Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sutra</i></a>. Berkeley: Numata Center, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shingon.org/deities/jusanbuts文u/jizo.html">"Shingon Buddhism and Jizo"</a>. Shingon.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shingon+Buddhism+and+Jizo&rft.pub=Shingon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shingon.org%2Fdeities%2Fjusanbuts%E6%96%87u%2Fjizo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2014">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBargen1992" class="citation cs2">Bargen, Doris G. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2496">"Ancestral to None: Mizuko in Kawabata"</a>, <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>, <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">337–</span>377, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.19.4.1992.337-377">10.18874/jjrs.19.4.1992.337-377</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233481">30233481</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Ancestral+to+None%3A+Mizuko+in+Kawabata&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E377&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.19.4.1992.337-377&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30233481%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bargen&rft.aufirst=Doris+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F2496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBays2002" class="citation book cs1">Bays, Jan Chozen (2002). <i>Jizo Bodhisattva: Modern Healing and Traditional Buddhist Practice</i>. Tuttle Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3189-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3189-5"><bdi>978-0-8048-3189-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jizo+Bodhisattva%3A+Modern+Healing+and+Traditional+Buddhist+Practice&rft.pub=Tuttle+Pub.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-3189-5&rft.aulast=Bays&rft.aufirst=Jan+Chozen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBays2003" class="citation book cs1">Bays, Jan Chozen (2003). <i>Jizo Bodhisattva: Guardian of Children, Travelers, and Other Voyagers</i>. Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-080-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-080-0"><bdi>978-1-59030-080-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jizo+Bodhisattva%3A+Guardian+of+Children%2C+Travelers%2C+and+Other+Voyagers&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59030-080-0&rft.aulast=Bays&rft.aufirst=Jan+Chozen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1981" class="citation cs2">Brooks, Anne Page (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320235004/https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2226">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mizuko Kuyō' and Japanese Buddhism"</a>, <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>, <b>8</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>147, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.8.3-4.1981.119-147">10.18874/jjrs.8.3-4.1981.119-147</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233267">30233267</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2226">the original</a> on 2016-03-20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Mizuko+Kuy%C5%8D%27+and+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.8.3-4.1981.119-147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30233267%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Anne+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F2226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>French, Frank G. (ed); Shi, Daoji (trans.)(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140610160328/http://ftp.budaedu.org/ebooks/pdf/EN123.pdf">The Sutra of Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha's Fundamental Vows (地藏經)</a>, Sutra Translation Committee of the U.S. and Canada/The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation Taipei, Taiwan, 2nd ed.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassman2012" class="citation book cs1">Glassman, Hank (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0J0O5_VM5IQC"><i>The Face of Jizo: Image and Cult in Medieval Japanese Buddhism</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-080-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-080-0"><bdi>978-1-59030-080-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Face+of+Jizo%3A+Image+and+Cult+in+Medieval+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59030-080-0&rft.aulast=Glassman&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0J0O5_VM5IQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyazakiWilliams2001" class="citation cs2">Miyazaki, Fumiko; Williams, Duncan (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2496">"Ancestral to None: Mizuko in Kawabata"</a>, <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>, <b>28</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">399–</span>440, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233481">30233481</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Ancestral+to+None%3A+Mizuko+in+Kawabata&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E440&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30233481%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miyazaki&rft.aufirst=Fumiko&rft.au=Williams%2C+Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F2496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Moto-Sanchez, Milla Micka (2016). Jizō, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4529">Healing Rituals, and Women in Japan</a>, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 43 (2), 307-331</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg2007" class="citation book cs1">Ng, Zhiru (2007). <i>The Making of a Savior Bodhisattva: Dizang in Medieval China</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3045-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3045-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-3045-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Savior+Bodhisattva%3A+Dizang+in+Medieval+China&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3045-8&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Zhiru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Visser, Marinus Willem de (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pts_bodhisattvatitsa_3720-1112">The Bodhisattva Ti-Tsang (Jizo) in China and Japan</a>, Berlin: Oesterheld</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bodhisattvas92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bodhisattvas" title="Template:Bodhisattvas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bodhisattvas" title="Template talk:Bodhisattvas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bodhisattvas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bodhisattvas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bodhisattvas92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Sangharāma (Guān Yǔ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mand%C4%81rav%C4%81" title="Mandāravā">Mandāravā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatapatra" title="Sitatapatra">Sitātapatrā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)" title="Cundi (Buddhism)">Cundī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyar%C4%81ja" title="Bhaiṣajyarāja">Bhaiṣajyarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Candraprabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Niō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supratisthitacaritra" title="Supratisthitacaritra">Supratiṣṭhitacāritra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supushpachandra" title="Supushpachandra">Supuṣpacandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Sūryaprabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudhara" title="Vasudhara">Vasudhārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Bi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADac%C4%81ritra" title="Viśiṣṭacāritra">Viśiṣṭacāritra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Buddhac%C4%81ritra" title="Viśuddhacāritra">Viśuddhacāritra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti" title="Vimalakirti">Vimalakirti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_Buddhist_pantheon508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template:Chinese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template talk:Chinese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Buddhist Pantheon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_Buddhist_pantheon508" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chinese Buddhist pantheon</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a><br />佛 (Fó)/如來 (Rúlái)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Wisdom Tathāgatas (Wǔfāng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood#The_Seven_Buddhas_of_Antiquity" title="Buddhahood">Seven Buddhas of Antiquity (Guòqù Qīfó)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhas_of_the_Ten_Directions_(Sh%C3%ADf%C4%81ng_F%C3%B3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó) (page does not exist)">Buddhas of the Ten Directions (Shífāng Fó)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:十方佛">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty-eight_Buddhas_Great_Repentance_Text" title="Eighty-eight Buddhas Great Repentance Text">Eighty-eight Buddhas (Bāshíbā Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Śākyamuni (Shìjiāmóuní Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana (Pílúzhēnǎ Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha (Āmítuó Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaisajyaguru (Yàoshī Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghasiddhi" title="Amoghasiddhi">Amoghasiddhi (Bùkōngchéngjiù Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya (Āchù Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnasambhava" title="Ratnasambhava">Ratnasambhava (Bǎoshēng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankara" title="Dipankara">Dīpankara (Rándēng Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipass%C4%AB" title="Vipassī">Vipassī (Pípóshī Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessabh%C5%AB" title="Vessabhū">Vessabhū (Píshèpó Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakusandha" title="Kakusandha">Kakusandha (Jūliúsūn Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%87%C4%81gamana" title="Koṇāgamana">Koṇāgamana (Jūnàhán Fó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_Buddha" title="Kassapa Buddha">Kassapa (Jiāshè Fó)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanyin_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/200px-Guanyin_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/300px-Guanyin_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/400px-Guanyin_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a><br />菩薩 (Púsà)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_Great_Bodhisattvas_(S%C3%ACd%C3%A0_P%C3%BAs%C3%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà) (page does not exist)">Four Great Bodhisattvas (Sìdà Púsà)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:四大菩萨)">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eight_Great_Bodhisattvas_(B%C4%81d%C3%A0_P%C3%BAs%C3%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà) (page does not exist)">Eight Great Bodhisattvas (Bādà Púsà)</a><sup><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:八大菩萨)">[zh]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Twelve Bodhisattvas of Perfect Enlightenment (Shí'èr Yuánjué Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Avalokiteśvara (Guānyīn Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri (Wénshū Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra (Pǔxián Púsà)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kṣitigarbha (Dìzàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Dàshìzhì Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi (Jīngāngshǒu Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya (Mílè Púsa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha (Xūkōngzàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)" title="Cundi (Buddhism)">Cundī (Zhǔntí Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara (Duōluó Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Sūryaprabha (Rìguāng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Candraprabha (Yuèguāng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyar%C4%81ja" title="Bhaiṣajyarāja">Bhaiṣajyarāja (Yàowáng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyasamudgata" title="Bhaiṣajyasamudgata">Bhaiṣajyasamudgata (Yàoshàng Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87icakra" title="Cintāmaṇicakra">Cintāmaṇicakra (Rúyìlún Guānyīn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva (Jīngāng Sàduǒ Púsà)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom Kings</a><br />明王 (Míngwáng)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Eight_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Eight Wisdom Kings (Bādà Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Ten_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Ten Wisdom Kings (Shídà Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahamayuri (Kǒngquè Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucchusma" title="Ucchusma">Ucchuṣma (Huìjì Jīngāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dali" title="Kuṇḍali">Kuṇḍali (Jūntúlì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)" title="Hayagriva (Buddhism)">Hayagriva (Mǎtóu Guānyīn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala (Bùdòng Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokyavijaya" title="Trailokyavijaya">Trailokyavijaya (Xiángsānshì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamāntaka (Dàwēidé Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahacakra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahacakra (page does not exist)">Mahacakra (Dàlún Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padanaksipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padanaksipa (page does not exist)">Padanaksipa (Bùzhì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahabala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahabala (page does not exist)">Mahabala (Dàlì Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aparajita_(Wisdom_King)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aparajita (Wisdom King) (page does not exist)">Aparajita (Wúnéngshēng Míngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vajrah%C4%81sa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vajrahāsa (page does not exist)">Vajrahāsa (Dàxiào Míngwáng)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities and Demons</a><br />諸天鬼神 (Zhūtiān Guǐshén)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Protective_Deities" title="Twenty-Four Protective Deities">Twenty-Four Protective Deities (Èrshísì Zhūtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Heavenly_Generals" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals">Twelve Heavenly Generals (Shí'èr Shénjiāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Great_Yak%E1%B9%A3a_Generals" title="Eight Great Yakṣa Generals">Eight Great Yakṣa Generals (Bādà Yèchā Dàjiàng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Legions" title="Eight Legions">Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas (Tiānlóng bābù)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings (Sì Tiānwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahma (Fàntiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Indra (Dìshìtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_in_Buddhism" title="Shiva in Buddhism">Shiva (Dàzìzàitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Lakshmi (Gōngdétiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Saraswati (Biàncáitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABryaprabha" title="Sūryaprabha">Surya (Rìtiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candraprabha" title="Candraprabha">Chandra (Yuètiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cika" title="Pañcika">Pañcika (Sànzhī Dàjiàng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hārītī (Guǐzǐmǔ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Yán Wáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Marici (Mólìzhītiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudhara" title="Vasudhara">Prithvi (Jiānláo Dishén)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81gara_(Dragon_King)" title="Sāgara (Dragon King)">Sāgara (Suōjiéluó Lóngwáng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Vajra-Weilding God (Zhíjīngāng shén)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Gunyapati (Mìjī Jīngāng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Narayana (Nàluóyántiān)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatapatra" title="Sitatapatra">Sitātapatrā (Báisǎngài Fúdǐng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahākāla (Dàhēitiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhana" title="Sudhana">Sudhana (Shàncái)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longn%C3%BC" title="Longnü">Nagakanya (Lóngnǚ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puti_Shushen" title="Puti Shushen">Puti Shushen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwei_Emperor" title="Ziwei Emperor">Ziwei Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongyue_Dadi" title="Dongyue Dadi">Dongyue Emperor (Dōngyuè Dàdì)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigong" title="Leigong">Thunder god (Léigōng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda (Wéituó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Sangharama Bodhisattva (Qíelán Púsà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva (Tiān)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga (Lóng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura (Āxiūluō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha (Yèchà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda (Jiālóuluó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharva (Gāntàpó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnara (Jǐnnàluō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoraga" title="Mahoraga">Mahoraga (Móhóuluójiā)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara (Fēitiān Nǚshén)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalavi%E1%B9%85ka" title="Kalaviṅka">Kalaviṅka (Jiālíngpínqié)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhats</a><br />羅漢 (Luóhàn)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" class="extiw" title="zh-tw:五百罗汉">Five Hundred Arhats (Wǔbǎi luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Arhats" title="Eighteen Arhats">Eighteen Arhats (Shíbā Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Arhats" title="Sixteen Arhats">Sixteen Arhats (Shíliù Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākāśyapa (Xiánglóng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena(Wāěr Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rahula (Chénsāi Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindola_Bharadvaja" title="Pindola Bharadvaja">Pindola Bharadvaja (Qílù Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma (Guojiāng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita (Chángméi Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaka_the_Vatsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaka the Vatsa (page does not exist)">Kanaka the Vatsa (Xǐqìng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanaka_the_Bharadvaja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanaka the Bharadvaja (page does not exist)">Kanaka the Bharadvaja (Jǔbō Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subinda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subinda (page does not exist)">Subinda (Tuōda Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakula_(arhat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakula (arhat) (page does not exist)">Nakula (Jìngzuò Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalika_(arhat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalika (arhat) (page does not exist)">Kalika (Qíxiàng Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijraputra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijraputra (page does not exist)">Vijraputra (Xiàoshī Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gobaka (page does not exist)">Gobaka (Kāixīn Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantha_the_Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantha the Elder (page does not exist)">Pantha the Elder (Tànshǒu Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasa" title="Vanavasa">Vanavasa (Bājiāo Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantha_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantha the Younger (page does not exist)">Pantha the Younger (Kānmén Luóhàn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai (Bùdài Luóhàn)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a><br />高僧・祖師 (Gāosēng・Zǔshī)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Moggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma (Dámó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuánzàng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Fǎxiǎn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yìjìng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shàn Dào</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huìguǒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Gong" title="Ji Gong">Jìgōng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ming_of_Han" title="Emperor Ming of Han">Emperor Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Liang" title="Emperor Wu of Liang">Emperor Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru (Yakushi Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana (Dainichi Nyorai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Tath%C4%81gatas" title="Five Tathāgatas">Five Wisdom Buddhas (Godai Nyorai)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/150px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/225px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg/300px-Daibutsu_of_Todaiji_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a><br />菩薩部 (Bosatsu-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya (Miroku)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara (Kannon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra (Fugen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī (Monju)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81pratisar%C4%81" title="Mahāpratisarā">Mahāpratisarā (Daizuigu)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kṣitigarbha (Jizō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha (Kokūzō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta (Seishi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva (Kongōsatta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrap%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Vajrapāramitā">Vajrapāramitā (Kongō-Haramitsu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King" title="Wisdom King">Wisdom Kings</a><br />明王部 (Myōō-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Wisdom_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Wisdom Kings">Five Wisdom Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala (Fudō-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81gar%C4%81ja" title="Rāgarāja">Rāgarāja (Aizen-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucchusma" title="Ucchusma">Ucchuṣma (Ususama-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_(Buddhism)" title="Hayagriva (Buddhism)">Hayagrīva (Batō-Myōō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamayuri" title="Mahamayuri">Mahāmāyūrī (Kujaku-Myoō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamāntaka (Daiitoku-Myoō)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Heavenly deities</a><br />天部 (Ten-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Four Heavenly Kings (Shitennō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Legions" title="Eight Legions">Eight Legions (Hachi-Bushū)</a></li> <li>Twelve Devas (Jūni-ten)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Heavenly_Generals" title="Twelve Heavenly Generals">Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō)</a></li> <li>Twenty-Eight Legions (Nijūhachi-Bushū)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzaiten" title="Benzaiten">Sarasvatī (Benzaiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Vaiśravaṇa (Bishamonten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra (Taishakuten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā (Bonten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_in_Buddhism" title="Shiva in Buddhism">Maheśvara (Daijizaiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikokuten" title="Daikokuten">Mahākāla (Daikokuten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Ḍākinī (Dakiniten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama_(Buddhism)" title="Yama (Buddhism)">Yama (Enma-Daiō)</a></li> <li>Gigeiten</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda (Idaten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Īśāna (Ishanaten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Pṛthvī (Jiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangiten" title="Kangiten">Gaṇapati (Kankiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hārītī (Kishimojin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara (Hiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalavi%E1%B9%85ka" title="Kalaviṅka">Kalaviṅka (Karyōbinga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissh%C5%8Dten" title="Kisshōten">Lakṣmī (Kisshōten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Mārīcī (Marishiten)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Vajrapāṇi (Niō)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Circumstantial appearances</a><br />垂迹身部 (Suijakushin-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Akiha Gongen</li> <li>Ishizuchi Daigongen</li> <li>Ochi Daigongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumano_Gongen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumano Gongen">Kumano Gongen</a></li> <li>Sanki Daigongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%C5%8D_Gongen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaō Gongen">Zaō Gongen</a></li> <li>Suzuka Gongen</li> <li>Seiryū Gongen</li> <li>Tateyama Gongen</li> <li>Chimyō Gongen</li> <li>Nezu Gongen</li> <li>Hakusan Gongen</li> <li>Haguro Gongen</li> <li>Hachiōji Gongen</li> <li>Hiryō Gongen</li> <li>Sannō Gongen</li> <li>Futara Gongen</li> <li>Yuga Daigongen</li> <li>Hikosan Gongen</li> <li>Shiromine Gongen</li> <li>Izuna Gongen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atago_Gongen" title="Atago Gongen">Atago Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konpira_Gongen" title="Konpira Gongen">Konpira Daigongen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious masters<br />高僧・祖師部 (Kōsō・Soshi-bu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna (Ryūju)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu (Seshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen Kigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ippen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Arhats" title="Sixteen Arhats">Sixteen Arhats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#afa3bf;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Zen</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Tendai</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Shingon</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Pure Land</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Shugendō</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Nichiren</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Japanese mythology</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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