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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-Greek_Khotan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Greek_Khotan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Indo-Greek Khotan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Greek_Khotan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_Khotan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_Khotan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Buddhist Khotan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_Khotan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Khotan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Khotan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Islamic Khotan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Khotan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Qing period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Qing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Qing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Post-Qing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Qing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>People's Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nephrite_jade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nephrite_jade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nephrite jade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nephrite_jade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabrics_and_carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabrics_and_carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Fabrics and carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabrics_and_carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hotan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خوتان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خوتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xotan" title="Xotan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xotan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ختن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ختن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan-chh%C4%AB" title="Hotan-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hotan-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хатан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хатан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хотан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хотан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan_(kapital_sa_gatos_sa_Pangmasang_Republika_sa_T%C5%9Bina)" title="Hotan (kapital sa gatos sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hotan (kapital sa gatos sa Pangmasang Republika sa Tśina)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotan" title="Chotan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chotan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan_(Stadt)" title="Hotan (Stadt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hotan (Stadt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Χοτάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χοτάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jot%C3%A1n_(ciudad)" title="Jotán (ciudad) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jotán (ciudad)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan_Hiria" title="Hotan Hiria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hotan Hiria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ختن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ختن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%ED%83%84%EC%8B%9C" title="호탄시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호탄시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ख़ोतान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ख़ोतान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಖೋಟಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖೋಟಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ხოთანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხოთანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хотан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хотан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotanas" title="Hotanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hotanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Hotan (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hotan (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ختن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ختن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%B8%82" title="ホータン市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホータン市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan_(Hotan)" title="Hotan (Hotan) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hotan (Hotan)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਖ਼ੋਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ੋਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خوتان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خوتان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%C3%A3" title="Cotã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cotã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хотан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хотан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotan_(mesto)" title="Chotan (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chotan (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hotan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khotan" title="Khotan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khotan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கோத்தன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோத்தன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotan_(%C5%9Fehir)" title="Hotan (şehir) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hotan (şehir)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хотан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хотан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ختن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ختن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="خوتەن شەھىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خوتەن شەھىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a_%C4%90i%E1%BB%81n_(th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_c%E1%BA%A5p_huy%E1%BB%87n)" title="Hòa Điền (thành phố cấp huyện) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hòa Điền (thành phố cấp huyện)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetian" title="Hetian – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hetian" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%97%90" title="和闐 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="和闐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82" title="和田市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="和田市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hotan&params=37_07_N_79_55_E_region:CN-65_type:city(501028)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°07′N</span> <span class="longitude">79°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.117°N 79.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.117; 79.917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gosthana", "Khotan", and "Hetian" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/He_Tian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="He Tian (disambiguation)">He Tian (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khotan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Khotan (disambiguation)">Khotan (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gosthana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gosthana (disambiguation)">Gosthana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">County-level city in Xinjiang, China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Hotan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.2em;"><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug-Arab" dir="rtl">خوتەن شەھىرى</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>)</span></span><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">和田市</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)</span></span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Khotan, Hetian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">County-level city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurban_Tulum_with_Mao_Zedong,_Hotan,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuanjie Square"><img alt="Tuanjie Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kurban_Tulum_with_Mao_Zedong%2C_Hotan%2C_China.jpg/250px-Kurban_Tulum_with_Mao_Zedong%2C_Hotan%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kurban_Tulum_with_Mao_Zedong%2C_Hotan%2C_China.jpg/375px-Kurban_Tulum_with_Mao_Zedong%2C_Hotan%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kurban_Tulum_with_Mao_Zedong%2C_Hotan%2C_China.jpg/500px-Kurban_Tulum_with_Mao_Zedong%2C_Hotan%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2039" data-file-height="2940" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><a href="/wiki/Tuanjie_Square" title="Tuanjie Square">Tuanjie Square</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hotan is located in Xinjiang"><img alt="Hotan is located in Xinjiang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg/250px-China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg/375px-China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg/500px-China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1939" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.809%;left:28.583%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hotan"><img alt="Hotan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Hotan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Xinjiang</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Xinjiang</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hotan is located in China"><img alt="Hotan is located in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.012%;left:11.451%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hotan"><img alt="Hotan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Hotan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Hotan (China)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of China</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hotan is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Hotan is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/250px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/375px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/500px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.917%;left:51.541%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hotan"><img alt="Hotan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Hotan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Hotan (Continental Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Continental Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hotan&params=37_07_N_79_55_E_region:CN-65_type:city(501028)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°07′N</span> <span class="longitude">79°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.117°N 79.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.117; 79.917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">China</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefectures of China">Prefecture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Municipal seat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nurbagh_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nurbagh Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Nurbagh Subdistrict</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-xzqhhotancity_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhhotancity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">465.84 km<sup>2</sup> (179.86 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,382 m (4,534 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">501,028</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,100/km<sup>2</sup> (2,800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>90.3% <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li><li>9.4% <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></li><li><0.3% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Spoken languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> (<a href="/wiki/China_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="China Standard Time">China Standard</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal code of China">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">839000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0903</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross regional product">GDP</a> (Nominal)<sup id="cite_ref-新疆）2018年和田市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-新疆）2018年和田市国民经济和社会发展统计公报-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">2018</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> </span>– Total</th><td class="infobox-data">¥8.274 billion<br />$1.247 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> </span>– Per Capita</th><td class="infobox-data">¥20,399<br />$3,076</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> </span>– Growth</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/License_plates_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="License plates of the People's Republic of China">License plate</a> prefix</th><td class="infobox-data">新R</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hts.gov.cn">Hotan Government Website</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Hotan</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Uyghur name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1074196468">.mw-parser-output .font-uig{font-family:"UKIJ Tuz","UKIJ Nasq","UKIJ Basma","UKIJ_Mac Basma","UKIJ Zilwa","UKIJ Esliye","UKIJ Tuz Basma","UKIJ Tuz Kitab","UKIJ Tuz Gezit","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Tor","UKIJ Kesme","UKIJ Kesme Tuz","UKIJ Qara","UKIJ Basma Aq","UKIJ Basma Qara","UKIJ Basma Tuz","UKIJ Putuk","UKIJ Tuz Xet","UKIJ Tom Xet","UKIJ Tuz Jurnal","UKIJ Arabic","UKIJ CJK","UKIJ Ekran","UKIJ_Mac Ekran","UKIJ Teng","UKIJ Tor","UKIJ Tuz Tom","UKIJ Mono Keng","UKIJ Mono Tar","UKIJ Nokia","UKIJ SimSun","UKIJ Yanfon","UKIJ Qolyazma","UKIJ Saet","UKIJ Nasq Zilwa","UKIJ Sulus","UKIJ Sulus Tom","UKIJ 3D","UKIJ Diwani","UKIJ Diwani Yantu","UKIJ Diwani Tom","UKIJ Esliye Tom","UKIJ Esliye Qara","UKIJ Jelliy","UKIJ Kufi","UKIJ Kufi Tar","UKIJ Kufi Uz","UKIJ Kufi Yay","UKIJ Merdane","UKIJ Ruqi","UKIJ Mejnuntal","UKIJ Junun","UKIJ Moy Qelem","UKIJ Chiwer Kesme","UKIJ Orxun-Yensey","UKIJ Elipbe","UKIJ Qolyazma Tez","UKIJ Qolyazma Tuz","UKIJ Qolyazma Yantu","UKIJ Ruqi Tuz",FZWWBBOT_Unicode,FZWWHQHTOT_Unicode,"Scheherazade New",Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,"Microsoft Uighur","Noto Naskh Arabic","Times New Roman",Arial,"Microsoft Sans Serif";font-feature-settings:"cv50"1}</style><span lang="ug" class="font-uig" style="font-size:125%;">خوتەن</span>‎</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Latin Yëziqi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ug-Latn">Xoten</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_New_Script" title="Uyghur New Script">Yengi Yeziⱪ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ug-Latn">Hotən</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization#Uyghur" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ug-Latn">Hotan</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet">Siril Yëziqi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug-Cyrl" style="font-style: normal;">Хотән</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:和田">和田</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hétián</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄏㄜˊ   ㄊㄧㄢˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hertyan</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ho²-tʻien²</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xɤ̌.tʰjɛ̌n]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:和阗">和阗</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E9%97%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:和闐">和闐</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hétián</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄏㄜˊ   ㄊㄧㄢˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Hertyan</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ho²-tʻien²</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xɤ̌.tʰjɛ̌n]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Second alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">于窴</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">于窴</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yútián</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄩˊ   ㄊㄧㄢˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yutyan</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yü²-tʻien²</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[y̌.tʰjɛ̌n]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Kazakh name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk"><span class="nowrap"><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">حوتان قالاسى</span></span><br /><span title="Kazakh-language text"><span lang="kk">Хотан қаласы</span></span><br /><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk-Latn">Hotan qalasy</i></span></span></span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Kyrgyz name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><span lang="ky"><span class="nowrap"><span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><span lang="ky-Arab" dir="rtl">حوتەن شاارى</span></span><br /><span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><span lang="ky">Хотан шаары</span></span><br /><span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><i lang="ky-Latn">Hotan şaary</i></span></span></span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hotan</b> (also known by <a href="#Etymology">other names</a>) is a major <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> town in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">autonomous region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern China</a>. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger <a href="/wiki/Hotan_County" title="Hotan County">Hotan County</a> to become an administrative area in its own right in August 1984. It is the seat of <a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan Prefecture</a>. </p><p>With a population of 408,900 (2018 census),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hotan is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> some 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) southwest of the regional capital, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>. It lies just north of the <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a>, which are crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Sanju_Pass" title="Sanju Pass">Sanju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindutash" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutash">Hindutash</a> and Ilchi passes. The town, located southeast of <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkant County</a> and populated almost exclusively by <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, is a minor agricultural center. An important station on the southern branch of the historic <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, Hotan has always depended on two strong rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Karakash_River" title="Karakash River">Karakash River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_Jade_River" title="White Jade River">White Jade River</a>, to provide the water needed to survive on the southwestern edge of the vast <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a>. The White Jade River still provides water and irrigation for the town and oasis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hotan and its surrounding area were originally known as <i>Godana</i> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> cosmological texts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese transcribed the name as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">于窴</span></span>, pronounced <i>Gudana</i> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> (<i>Yutian</i> in modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>); the pronunciation eventually morphed into <b>Khotan</b>. In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> attempted to remedy this lexical change. Xuanzang, who was well-versed in Sanskrit, proposed that the traditional name was in fact <i>Kustana</i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">गौस्तन</span></span>) and asserted it meant "breast of the earth". However, this was likely borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a> name for the region, <b>Gosthana</b>, which means "land of cows". It is therefore most likely that the original name of Hotan was Sanskritic in origin, a consequence of ancient Indian settlement in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-India_and_China:_Interactions_through_Buddhism_and_Diplomacy:_A_Collection_of_Essays_by_Professor_Prabodh_Chandra_Bagchi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_and_China:_Interactions_through_Buddhism_and_Diplomacy:_A_Collection_of_Essays_by_Professor_Prabodh_Chandra_Bagchi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puri1987_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puri1987-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative etymology is proposed by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Walter_Bailey" title="Harold Walter Bailey">Harold Walter Bailey</a>, an expert in the <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Khotanese language</a>. He believes the oldest indigenous name to be <i>Hvatana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hotan was known to 19th-century European explorers as <i>Ilchi</i>. </p><p>The official Uyghur-to-Latin transliteration, and therefore English spelling, of the modern city's name is "Hotan" according to the <i>Register of Chinese Geographic Places</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu pinyin">Hanyu pinyin</a> romanization <b>Hetian</b> has been used on some maps and by some airports. The city's former Chinese name was written with a different character for <i>tian</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">阗</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">闐</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tián</span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg/200px-Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg/300px-Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg/400px-Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="3736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>'s Empire (2nd century AD) including Khotan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_coin_of_Wima_Kadphises_found_in_Khotan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bronze_coin_of_Wima_Kadphises_found_in_Khotan.jpg/200px-Bronze_coin_of_Wima_Kadphises_found_in_Khotan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bronze_coin_of_Wima_Kadphises_found_in_Khotan.jpg/300px-Bronze_coin_of_Wima_Kadphises_found_in_Khotan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bronze_coin_of_Wima_Kadphises_found_in_Khotan.jpg/400px-Bronze_coin_of_Wima_Kadphises_found_in_Khotan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Bronze coin of <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> found in Khotan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The oasis of Hotan is strategically located at the junction of the southern (and most ancient) branch of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> joining China and the West with one of the main routes from ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and distant China. It provided a convenient meeting place where not only goods, but technologies, philosophies, and religions were transmitted from one culture to another. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a> lived in this region over 2000 years ago. Several of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> were found in the region. At Sampul, east of the city of Hotan, there is an extensive series of cemeteries scattered over an area about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide and 23 km (14 mi) long. The excavated sites range from about 300 BCE to 100 CE. The excavated graves have produced a number of fabrics of <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and even a fine bit of tapestry, the <a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a>, showing the face of a <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasoid</a> man which was made of threads of 24 shades of color. The tapestry had been cut up and fashioned into trousers worn by one of the deceased. An Anthropological study of 56 individuals showed a primarily Caucasoid population.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 2010 showed that an Eastern Eurasian lineage common in Siberia dominates the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> of the mummies from the <a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe Cemetery</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> is distributed throughout Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a relative abundance of information on Hotan readily available for study. The main historical sources are to be found in the Chinese histories (particularly detailed during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> dynasties) when China was interested in control of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>, the accounts of several Chinese pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few Buddhist histories of Hotan that have survived in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a> and a large number of documents in the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a> and other languages discovered, for the most part, early this century at various sites in the Tarim Basin and from the hidden library at the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Greek_Khotan">Indo-Greek Khotan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indo-Greek Khotan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Hellenistic period, there was an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a> colony in Khotan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_Khotan">Buddhist Khotan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buddhist Khotan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E5%9C%8B_Yutian_Khotan_in_Wanghuitu_circa_650_CE_(with_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E5%9C%8B_Yutian_Khotan_in_Wanghuitu_circa_650_CE_%28with_portrait%29.jpg/220px-%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E5%9C%8B_Yutian_Khotan_in_Wanghuitu_circa_650_CE_%28with_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E5%9C%8B_Yutian_Khotan_in_Wanghuitu_circa_650_CE_%28with_portrait%29.jpg/330px-%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E5%9C%8B_Yutian_Khotan_in_Wanghuitu_circa_650_CE_%28with_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E5%9C%8B_Yutian_Khotan_in_Wanghuitu_circa_650_CE_%28with_portrait%29.jpg/440px-%E4%BA%8E%E9%97%90%E5%9C%8B_Yutian_Khotan_in_Wanghuitu_circa_650_CE_%28with_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="2156" /></a><figcaption>Ambassador from Khotan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">于闐國</span></span> <i>Yutian</i>) to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Wanghuitu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanghuitu">Wanghuitu</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">王會圖</span></span>) circa 650 CE.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Khotan_%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97_delegates_in_Beijing,_China,_in_1761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Khotan_%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97_delegates_in_Beijing%2C_China%2C_in_1761.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Khotan_%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97_delegates_in_Beijing%2C_China%2C_in_1761.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Khotan_%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97_delegates_in_Beijing%2C_China%2C_in_1761.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Khotan_%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97_delegates_in_Beijing%2C_China%2C_in_1761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Khotan_%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97_delegates_in_Beijing%2C_China%2C_in_1761.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Khotan_%E5%92%8C%E9%98%97_delegates_in_Beijing%2C_China%2C_in_1761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Khotan (和阗) delegates in Beijing, China, in 1761. <i><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="万国来朝图">万国来朝图 </a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient Kingdom of Khotan was one of the earliest Buddhist states in the world and a cultural bridge across which Buddhist culture and learning were transmitted from India to China.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its capital was located to the west of the modern city of Hotan. The inhabitants of the Kingdom of Khotan, like those of early <a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Kashgar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkant</a>, spoke <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a>. Khotan's indigenous dynasty (all of whose royal names are Indian in origin) governed a fervently Buddhist city-state boasting some 400 temples in the late 9th/early 10th century—four times the number recorded by <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> around 630. The kingdom was independent but was intermittently under Chinese control during the Han and Tang dynasties. </p><p>After the Tang dynasty, Khotan formed an alliance with the rulers of Dunhuang. Khotan enjoyed close relations with the Buddhist centre at Dunhuang: the Khotanese royal family intermarried with Dunhuang élites, visited and patronized Dunhuang's Buddhist temple complex, and donated money to have their portraits painted on the walls of the Mogao grottos. Through the 10th century, Khotanese royal portraits were painted in association with an increasing number of deities in the caves. Besides this, a particular site, <a href="/wiki/Melikawat" title="Melikawat">Melikawat</a> functioned as a major Buddhist center in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a>. </p><p>In the 10th century, Khotan began a struggle with the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>, a Turkic state.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kara-Khanid ruler, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Satuq_Bughra_Khan" title="Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan">Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan</a>, had converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Satuq's son, Musa, began to put pressure on Khotan in the mid-10th century, and sometime before 1006 Yusuf Qadir Khan of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> besieged and took the city. This conquest of Buddhist Khotan by the Muslim Turks—about which there are many colourful legends—marked another watershed in the Islamicisation and Turkicisation of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, and an end to local autonomy of this southern Tarim city state.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some Khotanese Buddhist works were unearthed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rulers of Khotan were aware of the menace they faced since they arranged for the Mogao grottoes to paint a growing number of divine figures along with themselves. Halfway in the 10th century Khotan came under attack by the Qarakhanid ruler Musa, and in what proved to be a pivotal moment in the <a href="/wiki/Islamicisation_and_Turkicisation_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang">Turkification and Islamification of the Tarim Basin</a>, the Karakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan around 1006.<sup id="cite_ref-Millward2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millward2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Khotan">Islamic Khotan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islamic Khotan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yūsuf Qadr Khān was a brother or cousin of the Muslim ruler of Kashgar and <a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a>, Khotan lost its independence and between 1006 and 1165, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>. Later it fell to the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khitan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitan Khanate">Kara-Khitan Khanate</a>, after which it was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> visited Khotan in the 13th century, he noted that the people were all Muslim. He wrote that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Khotan was "a province eight days’ journey in extent, which is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Great Khan</a>. The inhabitants all worship <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Mahomet</a>. It has cities and towns in plenty, of which the most splendid, and the capital of the province, bears the same name as that of the province…It is amply stocked with the means of life. Cotton grows here in plenty. It has vineyards, estates and orchards in plenty. The people live by trade and industry; they are not at all warlike".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_period">Qing period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Qing period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nar-Bagh_pavilion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nar-Bagh_pavilion.jpg/220px-Nar-Bagh_pavilion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nar-Bagh_pavilion.jpg/330px-Nar-Bagh_pavilion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nar-Bagh_pavilion.jpg/440px-Nar-Bagh_pavilion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a> Ch´ê Ta-jên's guests festing on a terrace in Nar-Bagh, 1912</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg/220px-Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg/330px-Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg/440px-Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (1878) showing Khotan (near top right corner) and the <a href="/wiki/Sanju_Pass" title="Sanju Pass">Sanju Pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindutash" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutash">Hindutash</a>, and Ilchi passes through the <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>. The border claimed by <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> is shown in the two-toned purple and pink band.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China conquered the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> during the final stage of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a> in the late 1750s. By 1760, Hotan became the territory of the Qing dynasty along with the rest of Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-qing_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qing-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town suffered severely during the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a> against the Qing rule and again a few years later when <a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> made himself master of Kashgaria,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ruling the newly founded Turkic state known at the time as <a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-future_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Xinjiang was <a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">reconquered by the Qing dynasty</a> by 1877 and was converted into a province in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-qing_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qing-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Qing">Post-Qing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-Qing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Troops_at_Khotan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chinese_Troops_at_Khotan.jpg/220px-Chinese_Troops_at_Khotan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chinese_Troops_at_Khotan.jpg/330px-Chinese_Troops_at_Khotan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Chinese_Troops_at_Khotan.jpg/440px-Chinese_Troops_at_Khotan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4220" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption>Chinese troops at Khotan, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Qing imperial authority collapsed in 1912. During the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republican era in China</a>, warlords and local ethnic self-determination movements wrestled over control of Xinjiang. <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Bughra" title="Abdullah Bughra">Abdullah Bughra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nur_Ahmad_Jan_Bughra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra">Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Amin_Bughra" title="Muhammad Amin Bughra">Muhammad Amin Bughra</a> declared themselves Emirs of Khotan during the <a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tunganistan" title="Tunganistan">Tunganistan</a> was an independent administered region in the southern part of Xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. The territory included the oases of the southern Tarim Basin; the centre of the region was Khotan. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Islamic rebellion in 1937</a>, Hotan and the rest of the province came under the control of warlord <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a>. Sheng was later ousted by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the Communists won the civil war in 1949, Hotan was incorporated into the People's Republic of China. </p><p>In 1983/4, the urban area of Hotan was administratively split from the larger <a href="/wiki/Hotan_County" title="Hotan County">Hotan County</a>, and from then on governed as a county-level city.<sup id="cite_ref-xzqhhotancity_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhhotancity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cihai_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cihai-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 11, 2006, the townships of <a href="/wiki/Jiya_Township" title="Jiya Township">Jiya</a> and Yurungqash (Yulongkashi) in <a href="/wiki/Lop_County" title="Lop County">Lop County</a> and Tusalla (Tushala) in <a href="/wiki/Hotan_County" title="Hotan County">Hotan County</a> were transferred to Hotan City.<sup id="cite_ref-xzqhhotancity_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhhotancity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a>, ethnic tensions rose in Xinjiang and in Hotan in particular. As a result, the city has seen occasional bouts of violence. In June 2011, Hotan opened its first <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">passenger-train service</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, which was established as a <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zones of China">special economic zone</a> following the riots. In July of the same year, a <a href="/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack" title="2011 Hotan attack">bomb and knife attack</a> occurred on the city's central thoroughfare. In June 2011, authorities in Hotan Prefecture sentenced Uyghur Muslim Hebibullah Ibrahim to ten years imprisonment for selling "illegal religious materials".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2012, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Airlines_Flight_7554" title="Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554">Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554</a> was hijacked en route from Hotan to Ürümqi. </p><p>In a report from the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_American_Association" title="Uyghur American Association">Uyghur American Association</a>, in June 2012, notice was said to be given that police planned to undertake a search of every residence in Gujanbagh (Gujiangbage), Hotan. Hotan is the last municipality in Xinjiang with a majority Ugyhur presence in the core of the city. The UAA viewed this as an attempt to systematically intimidate the Uyghur population in Hotan.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Sultanim Cemetery (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hotan&params=37_07_02_N_79_56_04_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°07′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°56′04″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.11722°N 79.93444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.11722; 79.93444</span></span></span></a></span></span>) in central Hotan was a historical Uyghur graveyard that also included a religious shrine. According to a 2019 interview by the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Human_Rights_Project" title="Uyghur Human Rights Project">Uyghur Human Rights Project</a>, the cemetery entombed four commanders of Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, who conquered the city around 960 CE and spread Islam. Due to space limitations after over a thousand years of burials, multiple bodies had to reuse the same grave, and additionals layers were dug underneath old ones.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2018 and 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">cemetery was demolished</a> and the western part of the land turned into a parking lot.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collecting_jade_in_the_White_Jade_River_near_Khotan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Collecting_jade_in_the_White_Jade_River_near_Khotan.jpg/220px-Collecting_jade_in_the_White_Jade_River_near_Khotan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Collecting_jade_in_the_White_Jade_River_near_Khotan.jpg/330px-Collecting_jade_in_the_White_Jade_River_near_Khotan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Collecting_jade_in_the_White_Jade_River_near_Khotan.jpg/440px-Collecting_jade_in_the_White_Jade_River_near_Khotan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Collecting jade in the White Jade River near Hotan in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Hotan has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> zone, <a href="/wiki/Continentality" class="mw-redirect" title="Continentality">cold</a> <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>BWk</i>), with a mean annual total of only 36.5 millimetres (1.44 in) of precipitation falling on 17.3 days of the year. Due to its southerly location in Xinjiang just north of the <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a>, during winter it is one of the warmest locations in the region, with average high temperatures remaining above freezing throughout the year. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −3.9 °C (25.0 °F) in January to 25.8 °C (78.4 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 13.03 °C (55.5 °F). The <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal temperature variation</a> is not large for a desert, averaging 11.8 °C (21.2 °F) annually. Although no month averages less than half of possible sunshine, the city only receives 2,587 hours of bright sunshine annually, which is on the low end for Xinjiang; monthly percent possible sunshine ranges from 50% in March to 75% in October. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Hotan, elevation 1,375 m (4,511 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0B00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.8<br />(103.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(106.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.1<br />(106.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6<br />(88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.8<br />(67.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.9<br />(17.8) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.7<br />(21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.0<br />(−5.8) </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.3<br />(−2.7) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0<br />(19.4) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br />(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.3<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.3<br />(−2.7) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−21.0<br />(−5.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(0.07) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(0.08) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(0.12) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(0.13) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(0.29) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(0.41) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(0.24) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(0.24) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(0.18) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(0.05) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(0.04) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(0.06) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.6<br />(1.91) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.4 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">176.0 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">208.5 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263.8 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">246.0 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.4 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">267.3 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.4 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.2 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,702.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">62 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-cma_graphical_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cma_graphical-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMA_old_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMA_old-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg/220px-Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg/330px-Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg/440px-Txu-oclc-6654394-nj-44-3rd-ed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4904" data-file-height="5343" /></a><figcaption>Map of Hotan (labeled as HO-TIEN (HO-T'IEN) (KHOTAN)) and surrounding region from the <a href="/wiki/International_Map_of_the_World" title="International Map of the World">International Map of the World</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Topographic_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Topographic Command">USATC</a>, 1971)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The city includes four <a href="/wiki/Subdistrict_(China)" title="Subdistrict (China)">subdistricts</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Town_(China)" title="Town (China)">towns</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Township_(China)" title="Township (China)">townships</a> and two other areas:<sup id="cite_ref-xzqhhotancity_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xzqhhotancity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statshotancity_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statshotancity-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center" style="width:50%; border="> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Simplified Chinese </th> <th>Hanyu Pinyin </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur Arabic script">UEY</a>) </th> <th>Uyghur Latin (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">ULY</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_codes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China">Administrative division code</a> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"><b>Subdistricts</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nurbagh_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nurbagh Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Nurbagh Subdistrict</a><br />(Nurbag) </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">努尔巴格街道</span></span><br />(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">奴尔巴格街道</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Nǔ'ěrbāgé Jiēdào</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">نۇرباغ كوچا باشقارمىسى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">nurbagh kocha bashqarmisi</i></span> </td> <td>653201001 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujanbagh_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujanbagh Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Gujanbagh Subdistrict</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">古江巴格街道</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gǔjiāngbāgé Jiēdào</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">گۇجانباغ كوچا باشقارمىسى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">gujanbagh kocha bashqarmisi</i></span> </td> <td>653201002 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulbagh_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulbagh Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Gulbagh Subdistrict</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">古勒巴格街道</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gǔlèbāgé Jiēdào</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">گۈلباغ كوچا باشقارمىسى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">gülbagh kocha bashqarmisi</i></span> </td> <td>653201003 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narbagh_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narbagh Subdistrict (page does not exist)">Narbagh Subdistrict</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">纳尔巴格街道</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Nà'ěrbāgé Jiēdào</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">نارباغ كوچا باشقارمىسى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">narbagh kocha bashqarmisi</i></span> </td> <td>653201004 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"><b>Towns</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laskuy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laskuy (page does not exist)">Laskuy Town</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">拉斯奎镇</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Lāsīkuí Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">لاسكۇي بازىرى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">laskuy baziri</i></span> </td> <td>653201100 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yurungqash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yurungqash (page does not exist)">Yurungqash Town</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">玉龙喀什镇</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yùlóngkāshí Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">يۇرۇڭقاش بازىرى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">yurungqash baziri</i></span> </td> <td>653201101 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tusalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tusalla (page does not exist)">Tusalla Town</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">吐沙拉镇</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Tǔshālā Zhèn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">تۇساللا بازىرى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">tusalla baziri</i></span> </td> <td>653201102 </td> <td>formerly Tusalla Township (<span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">تۇساللا يېزىسى</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">吐沙拉乡</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"><b>Townships</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shorbagh_Township&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shorbagh Township (page does not exist)">Shorbagh Township</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">肖尔巴格乡</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Xiào'ěrbāgé Xiāng</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">شورباغ يېزىسى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">shorbagh yëzisi</i></span> </td> <td>653201200 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilchi_Township&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilchi Township (page does not exist)">Ilchi Township</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">伊里其乡</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yīlǐqí Xiāng</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">ئىلچى يېزىسى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">Ilchi yëzisi</i></span> </td> <td>653201201 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujanbagh_Township&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujanbagh Township (page does not exist)">Gujanbagh Township</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">古江巴格乡</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Gǔjiāngbāgé Xiāng</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">گۇجانباغ يېزىسى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">gujanbagh yëzisi</i></span> </td> <td>653201202 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiya_Township" title="Jiya Township">Jiya Township</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">吉亚乡</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Jíyà Xiāng</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">جىيا يېزىسى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">jiya yëzisi</i></span> </td> <td>653201204 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aqchal_Township&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aqchal Township (page does not exist)">Aqchal Township</a> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">阿克恰勒乡</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Ākèqiàlè Xiāng</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">ئاقچال يېزىسى</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Uyghur-language romanization"><i lang="ug-Latn">Aqchal yëzisi</i></span> </td> <td>653201205 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Others: </p> <ul><li>Beijing Industrial Park (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">北京工业园区</span></span>), Hotan City Jinghe Logistics Park (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">和田市京和物流园区</span></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khotan-mezquita-d03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Khotan-mezquita-d03.jpg/220px-Khotan-mezquita-d03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Khotan-mezquita-d03.jpg/330px-Khotan-mezquita-d03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Khotan-mezquita-d03.jpg/440px-Khotan-mezquita-d03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in Hotan</figcaption></figure> <p>Hotan is largely dominated by the Uyghurs, and as of 2015, 311,050 of the 348,289 residents of the county were <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a>, 35,897 were <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> and 1,342 were from other ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Lattimore" title="Owen Lattimore">Owen Lattimore</a> quoted the population of Khotan to be estimated as 26,000.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998 the urban population was recorded at 154,352, 83% of which were Uyghurs, and 17% were Han Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, 83.01% of the population was Uyghur and 16.57% of the population was Han Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000 census, the population was recorded as 186,123. In the 2010 census figure, the figure had risen to 322,300. The increase in population is partly due to boundary changes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hetian_Kungang_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetian Kungang Airport">Hetian Kungang Airport</a> (IATA: <b>HTN</b>) serves the city. It serves regional flights to <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>. Originally a military use airport, it was expanded significantly in 2002 to accommodate higher passenger volumes. It is located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the city proper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg/220px-Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg/330px-Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg/440px-Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Locals at a busy Hotan market</figcaption></figure><p>Hotan is served by <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_315" title="China National Highway 315">China National Highway 315</a>, which runs along the southern Tarim Basin from Ruoqiang to Kashgar, and the Trans-Taklamakan Desert Highway, which run north to Luntai. An expressway is being built between Hotan and <a href="/wiki/Karakax_County" title="Karakax County">Karakax County</a> (Moyu) as of 2014. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hotan is connected to the rest of China's rail network via the <a href="/wiki/Kashgar%E2%80%93Hotan_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashgar–Hotan Railway">Kashgar–Hotan Railway</a>, which opened to freight traffic in December 2010, and passenger service in June 2011. The railway station was constructed by a company under the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a>, and is located in the town of Lasqi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">拉斯奎</span></span>) northwest of the city proper. Passenger train service on this line is limited, with only one train per day, local service 5828/5825, linking the city with Kashgar (8~ hours) and Ürümqi (~34 hours). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regular bus services link Hotan with Kashgar. There is also an express bus to Aksu via the 430 km (270 mi) 'Hotan-Aksu Cross-Desert Highway' which was opened in 2007, travels alongside the intermittent <a href="/wiki/Hotan_River" title="Hotan River">Hotan River</a>, and which takes about 5 or 6 hours. This same bus then goes on to Urumchi taking a total of about 21 hours from Hotan.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg/220px-%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg/330px-%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg/440px-%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Light coloured or "Mutton fat" jade for sale at Hotan Jade Market</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 1885<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there was about 100,000 acres (662,334 <i><a href="/wiki/Mu_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu (unit)">mu</a></i>) of cultivated land in Khotan.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nephrite_jade">Nephrite jade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nephrite jade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese historical sources indicate that Hotan was the main source of the <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a> jade used in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">ancient China</a>. For several hundred years, until they were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> in 176 BCE, the trade of Khotanese jade into China was controlled by the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>. The Chinese still refer to the Yurungkash as the <a href="/wiki/White_Jade_River" title="White Jade River">White Jade River</a>, alluding to the white <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> recovered from its <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial deposits</a>. The light-colored jade is called "Mutton fat" jade. Most of the jade is now gone, with only a few kilos of good quality jade found yearly. Some is still mined in the <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a> to the south in the summer,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is generally of poorer quality than that found in the rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fabrics_and_carpets">Fabrics and carpets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fabrics and carpets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_weaving_in_Khotan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Silk_weaving_in_Khotan.jpg/220px-Silk_weaving_in_Khotan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Silk_weaving_in_Khotan.jpg/330px-Silk_weaving_in_Khotan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Silk_weaving_in_Khotan.jpg/440px-Silk_weaving_in_Khotan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a> weaving in Hotan</figcaption></figure> <p>Khotanese textiles were mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, who visited the oasis in 644 CE. In his Biography it is stated: "It produced carpets and fine felt, and the felt-makers also spun coarse and fine silk."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Ancient Chinese-Khotanese relations were so close that the oasis emerged as one of the earliest centres of silk manufacture outside China. There are good reasons to believe that the silk-producing industry flourished in Hotan as early as the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one story, a Chinese princess given in marriage to a Khotan prince brought to the oasis the secret of silk-manufacture, "hiding <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">silkworms</a> in her hair as part of her dowry", probably in the first half of the 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was from Khotan that the eggs of silkworms were smuggled to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, reaching <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 551.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khotanese_silks_on_display_in_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khotanese_silks_on_display_in_shop.jpg/220px-Khotanese_silks_on_display_in_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khotanese_silks_on_display_in_shop.jpg/330px-Khotanese_silks_on_display_in_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Khotanese_silks_on_display_in_shop.jpg/440px-Khotanese_silks_on_display_in_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Khotanese silks on display in shop</figcaption></figure><p>Silk production is still a major industry employing more than a thousand workers and producing some 150 million metres of silk annually. Silk weaving by <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur women</a> is a thriving <a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system#Cottage_industry" title="Putting-out system">cottage industry</a>, some of it produced using traditional methods.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent#Tanchoi" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Atlas</a> is the fabric used for traditional Uyghur clothing worn by Uyghur women. It is soft, light and graceful tie-dyed silk fabric. It comes various colors, the brighter and rich colors are for small children to young ladies. The gray and dark colors are for elderly women. </p><p>The oldest piece of <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">kilim</a> which we have any knowledge was obtained by the archaeological explorer <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a>; a fragment from an ancient settlement near Hotan, which was buried by sand drifts about the fourth century CE. The weave is almost identical with that of modern kilims. </p><p>Hotanese pile carpets are still highly prized and form an important export.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_persons">Notable persons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Akhun" title="Islam Akhun">Islam Akhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Amin_Bughra" title="Muhammad Amin Bughra">Muhammad Amin Bughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Ahmadjan_Bughra" title="Nur Ahmadjan Bughra">Nur Ahmadjan Bughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Bughra" title="Abdullah Bughra">Abdullah Bughra</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khotan-mercado-d49.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Market in Hotan"><img alt="Market in Hotan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khotan-mercado-d49.jpg/120px-Khotan-mercado-d49.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khotan-mercado-d49.jpg/180px-Khotan-mercado-d49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khotan-mercado-d49.jpg/240px-Khotan-mercado-d49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Market in Hotan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khotan-mercado-gente-uigur-d01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uyghur people at Sunday market"><img alt="Uyghur people at Sunday market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Khotan-mercado-gente-uigur-d01.jpg/120px-Khotan-mercado-gente-uigur-d01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Khotan-mercado-gente-uigur-d01.jpg/180px-Khotan-mercado-gente-uigur-d01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Khotan-mercado-gente-uigur-d01.jpg/240px-Khotan-mercado-gente-uigur-d01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uyghur people at Sunday market</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khotan-fabrica-alfombras-d12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carpet weaving in Hotan"><img alt="Carpet weaving in Hotan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Khotan-fabrica-alfombras-d12.jpg/120px-Khotan-fabrica-alfombras-d12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Khotan-fabrica-alfombras-d12.jpg/180px-Khotan-fabrica-alfombras-d12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Khotan-fabrica-alfombras-d12.jpg/240px-Khotan-fabrica-alfombras-d12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carpet weaving in Hotan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_the_Khotan_Jade_Market_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to the Khotan Jade Market Center"><img alt="Entrance to the Khotan Jade Market Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Entrance_to_the_Khotan_Jade_Market_Center.jpg/120px-Entrance_to_the_Khotan_Jade_Market_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Entrance_to_the_Khotan_Jade_Market_Center.jpg/180px-Entrance_to_the_Khotan_Jade_Market_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Entrance_to_the_Khotan_Jade_Market_Center.jpg/240px-Entrance_to_the_Khotan_Jade_Market_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to the Khotan Jade Market Center</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_the_front_of_the_Hotan_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to the Hotan Cultural Museum"><img alt="Entrance to the Hotan Cultural Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Photo_of_the_front_of_the_Hotan_Museum.jpg/90px-Photo_of_the_front_of_the_Hotan_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Photo_of_the_front_of_the_Hotan_Museum.jpg/135px-Photo_of_the_front_of_the_Hotan_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Photo_of_the_front_of_the_Hotan_Museum.jpg/180px-Photo_of_the_front_of_the_Hotan_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Hotan_Cultural_Museum" title="Hotan Cultural Museum">Hotan Cultural Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Local jade displayed in the Hotan Cultural Museum lobby."><img alt="Local jade displayed in the Hotan Cultural Museum lobby." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg/90px-Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg/135px-Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg/180px-Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Local jade displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Hotan_Cultural_Museum" title="Hotan Cultural Museum">Hotan Cultural Museum</a> lobby.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan,_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the region including Khotan (Ilchi) (1893)"><img alt="Map of the region including Khotan (Ilchi) (1893)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg/120px-Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg/180px-Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg/240px-Plate_23._Sect._II-_Chinese_Turkistan%2C_Kashmir_%26_Jamu_of_maps_of_Constables_1893_hand_atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the region including Khotan (Ilchi) (1893)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NJ-44-10_Khotan,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map including Hotan (Ho-t'ien, Khotan) (DMA, 1983)"><img alt="Map including Hotan (Ho-t'ien, Khotan) (DMA, 1983)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NJ-44-10_Khotan%2C_China.jpg/120px-NJ-44-10_Khotan%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NJ-44-10_Khotan%2C_China.jpg/180px-NJ-44-10_Khotan%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NJ-44-10_Khotan%2C_China.jpg/240px-NJ-44-10_Khotan%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8544" data-file-height="6601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map including Hotan (Ho-t'ien, Khotan) (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Mapping_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Mapping Agency">DMA</a>, 1983)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas silk">Atlas silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan_Oilik" title="Dandan Oilik">Dandan Oilik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotan_Cultural_Museum" title="Hotan Cultural Museum">Hotan Cultural Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatana" title="Khatana">Khatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Locals in Xinjiang frequently observe <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+6">UTC+6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Time" title="Xinjiang Time">Xinjiang Time</a>), 2 hours behind Beijing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From map: "DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-xzqhhotancity-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xzqhhotancity_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xzqhhotancity_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xzqhhotancity_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xzqhhotancity_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22441.html"><bdi lang="zh">和田市历史沿革</bdi></a> [Hotan City Historical Development] (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 2 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">1984年和田县析置和田市。{...}2003年，和田市总面积155.04平方千米，{...}2006年7月11日，洛浦县吉亚乡、玉龙喀什镇与和田县吐沙拉乡正式划归和田市管辖。两乡一镇划归和田市管辖后，和田市管辖区域变为五乡、两镇、一个管理区、一个工业园区和四个街道办事处。和田市的行政区域面积由155.04平方千米扩大至465.84平方千米，{...}2010年第六次人口普查，和田市常住总人口322300人，其中：奴尔巴格街道24134人，古江巴格街道34567人，古勒巴格街道27919人，纳尔巴格街道37338人，拉斯奎镇25231人，玉龙喀什镇22614人，肖尔巴格乡39331人，伊里其乡22646人，古江巴格乡13680人，吐沙拉乡48468人，吉亚乡22071人，阿合恰管理区4301人。</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%B2%BF%E9%9D%A9&rft.pub=XZQH.org&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xzqh.org%2Fhtml%2Fshow%2Fxj%2F22441.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/xinjiang/admin/">"China: Xīnjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map"</a>. <i>www.citypopulation.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=China%3A+X%C4%ABnji%C4%81ng+%28Prefectures%2C+Cities%2C+Districts+and+Counties%29+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts+and+Map&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fchina%2Fxinjiang%2Fadmin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-新疆）2018年和田市国民经济和社会发展统计公报-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-新疆）2018年和田市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.ahmhxc.com/tongjigongbao/16523.html">"(新疆）2018年和田市国民经济和社会发展统计公报"</a> (in Chinese). 12 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%EF%BC%892018%E5%B9%B4%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.ahmhxc.com%2Ftongjigongbao%2F16523.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">China Population: Xinjiang: Hotan: Hetian City <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/population-county-level-region/population-xinjiang-hotan-hetian-city">https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/population-county-level-region/population-xinjiang-hotan-hetian-city</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Aurel_Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Aurel Stein">Marc Aurel Stein</a>. (1907) <i>Ancient Khotan: Detailed Report of Archaeological Explorations in Eastern Turkestan.</i> Oxford. Pages 123-126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia, Judy. <i>The Silk Road: Xi'an to Kashgar.</i> Revised by Christopher Baumer (2004), pp. 306-319. Odyssey Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-217-741-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-217-741-7">962-217-741-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins1962" class="citation journal cs1">Higgins, Benjamin (November 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/philippines-public-policy-and-national-economic-development-by-frank-golay-ithaca-cornell-university-press-1961-xviii-455-map-tables-index-bibliographic-essay/7851EE3274E488CDE43901E06D281B54">"The Philippines. Public Policy and National Economic Development. By Frank Golay. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1961. Xviii, 455. Map, Tables, Index, Bibliographic Essay"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">114–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2049929">10.2307/2049929</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049929">2049929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Philippines.+Public+Policy+and+National+Economic+Development.+By+Frank+Golay.+Ithaca%3A+Cornell+University+Press%2C+1961.+Xviii%2C+455.+Map%2C+Tables%2C+Index%2C+Bibliographic+Essay&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1962-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2049929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2049929%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fphilippines-public-policy-and-national-economic-development-by-frank-golay-ithaca-cornell-university-press-1961-xviii-455-map-tables-index-bibliographic-essay%2F7851EE3274E488CDE43901E06D281B54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India_and_China:_Interactions_through_Buddhism_and_Diplomacy:_A_Collection_of_Essays_by_Professor_Prabodh_Chandra_Bagchi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India_and_China:_Interactions_through_Buddhism_and_Diplomacy:_A_Collection_of_Essays_by_Professor_Prabodh_Chandra_Bagchi_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangSen2011" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Bangwei; Sen, Tansen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA186"><i>India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857288219" title="Special:BookSources/9780857288219"><bdi>9780857288219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+China%3A+Interactions+through+Buddhism+and+Diplomacy%3A+A+Collection+of+Essays+by+Professor+Prabodh+Chandra+Bagchi&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857288219&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Bangwei&rft.au=Sen%2C+Tansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhrA1DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puri1987-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri1987_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri1987" class="citation cs2">Puri, Baij Nath (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA52"><i>Buddhism in Central Asia</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 52, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0372-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0372-5&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Baij+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsluKZfTrr3oC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1982" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Harold W. (1982). <i>The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan</i>. Caravan Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88206-053-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88206-053-8"><bdi>0-88206-053-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+the+Sakas+in+Ancient+Iranian+Khotan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Caravan+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-88206-053-8&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(中国地名录, published in Beijing, <i><a href="/wiki/SinoMaps_Press" title="SinoMaps Press">SinoMaps Press</a></i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">中国地图出版社</span></span> 1997; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5031-1718-4" title="Special:BookSources/7-5031-1718-4">7-5031-1718-4</a>; p. 312.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallory, J. P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. <i>The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</i>, pp. 132, 155-156. Thames & Hudson. London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05101-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05101-1">0-500-05101-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia, Judy. <i>The Silk Road: Xi'an to Kashgar.</i> Revised by Christopher Baumer (2004), p. 317. Odyssey Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-217-741-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-217-741-7">962-217-741-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChunxiang_LiHongjie_LiYinqiu_CuiChengzhi_Xie2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chunxiang Li; Hongjie Li; Yinqiu Cui; Chengzhi Xie; Dawei Cai; Wenying Li; Victor H Mair; Zhi Xu; Quanchao Zhang; Idelis Abuduresule; Li Jin; Hong Zhu; Hui Zhou (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831">"Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age"</a>. <i>BMC Biology</i>. <b>8</b> (15): 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-15">10.1186/1741-7007-8-15</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831">2838831</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20163704">20163704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Evidence+that+a+West-East+admixed+population+lived+in+the+Tarim+Basin+as+early+as+the+early+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838831%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20163704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-15&rft.au=Chunxiang+Li&rft.au=Hongjie+Li&rft.au=Yinqiu+Cui&rft.au=Chengzhi+Xie&rft.au=Dawei+Cai&rft.au=Wenying+Li&rft.au=Victor+H+Mair&rft.au=Zhi+Xu&rft.au=Quanchao+Zhang&rft.au=Idelis+Abuduresule&rft.au=Li+Jin&rft.au=Hong+Zhu&rft.au=Hui+Zhou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2015), Vol. I, "The Kingdom of Yutian 于窴 (Khotan)", pp. 17-19 and nn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054103/http://cbeta.org/result/T50/T50n2053.htm">"《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/result/T50/T50n2053.htm">the original</a> on May 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E5%A4%A7%E6%85%88%E6%81%A9%E5%AF%BA%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB%E5%82%B3%E3%80%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbeta.org%2Fresult%2FT50%2FT50n2053.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopoulos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/publications/2012/201208_Christopoulos.Lucas_Hellenes.and.Romans.in.Ancient.China-en.pdf">"Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>. <b>230</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Hellenes+and+Romans+in+Ancient+China&rft.volume=230&rft.date=2021-08&rft.aulast=Christopoulos&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinoptic.ch%2Ftextes%2Fpublications%2F2012%2F201208_Christopoulos.Lucas_Hellenes.and.Romans.in.Ancient.China-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9040640">"Khotan - Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khotan+-+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Febc%2Farticle-9040640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601154955/http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/pdf/1964/1964-1.pdf">"Error"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/pdf/1964/1964-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw&rft.atitle=Error&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2F~asiamajor%2Fpdf%2F1964%2F1964-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page55 Eurasian crossroads By James A. Millward</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark J. Dresden, The Jatakastava or 'Praise of the Buddha's Former Births' Philadelphia, 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGippert" class="citation web cs1">Gippert, Jost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/iran/miran/khot/khotsak/khots.htm">"TITUS Texts: Corpus of Khotanese Saka Texts: Frame"</a>. <i>titus.uni-frankfurt.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=titus.uni-frankfurt.de&rft.atitle=TITUS+Texts%3A+Corpus+of+Khotanese+Saka+Texts%3A+Frame&rft.aulast=Gippert&rft.aufirst=Jost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftitus.uni-frankfurt.de%2Ftexte%2Fetcs%2Firan%2Fmiran%2Fkhot%2Fkhotsak%2Fkhots.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141122183929/http://www.cbeta.org/result/T04/T04n0202.htm">"賢愚經"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/result/T04/T04n0202.htm">the original</a> on November 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B3%A2%E6%84%9A%E7%B6%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbeta.org%2Fresult%2FT04%2FT04n0202.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millward2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millward2007_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Millward2007" class="citation book cs1">James A. Millward (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA55"><i>Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 55–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=55-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.au=James+A.+Millward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham1958" class="citation book cs1">Latham, Ronald (1958). <i>Marco Polo: the travels</i>. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo%3A+the+travels&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Frances (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvoCv3h2QCsC&pg=PA18"><i>The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520243408" title="Special:BookSources/9780520243408"><bdi>9780520243408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+two+thousand+years+in+the+heart+of+Asia&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780520243408&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzvoCv3h2QCsC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qing-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qing_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qing_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Frederick_Starr2015" class="citation book cs1">S. Frederick Starr (2015). <i>Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317451372" title="Special:BookSources/9781317451372"><bdi>9781317451372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317451372&rft.au=S.+Frederick+Starr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1907" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Aurel M. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/">"Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols., p. 180. Clarendon Press. Oxford"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Khotan%3A+Detailed+report+of+archaeological+explorations+in+Chinese+Turkestan%2C+2+vols.%2C+p.+180.+Clarendon+Press.+Oxford&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Aurel+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsr.nii.ac.jp%2Ftoyobunko%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia, Judy. <i>The Silk Road: Xi'an to Kashgar.</i> Revised by Christopher Baumer (2004), p. 309. Odyssey Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-217-741-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-217-741-7">962-217-741-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-future-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-future_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamah_Ibrahim2019" class="citation web cs1">Samah Ibrahim (29 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930114054/https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/chinas-uighur-strategy-and-south-asian-risk/">"China's Uighur Strategy and South Asian Risk"</a>. <i>Future Directions International</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/chinas-uighur-strategy-and-south-asian-risk/">the original</a> on 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>The creation of the Islamic State of Yettishar (1865 – 1878), with its capital at Kashgar, which is in present-day Xinjiang, came about as the result of a series of uprisings in Xinjiang.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Future+Directions+International&rft.atitle=China%27s+Uighur+Strategy+and+South+Asian+Risk&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.au=Samah+Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.futuredirections.org.au%2Fpublication%2Fchinas-uighur-strategy-and-south-asian-risk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandre_Andreyev2003" class="citation book cs1">Alexandre Andreyev (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MqXnOBX4dREC"><i>Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debarcle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s</i></a>. BRILL. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MqXnOBX4dREC&pg=PA16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004129529" title="Special:BookSources/9004129529"><bdi>9004129529</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Russia+and+Tibet%3A+The+Debarcle+of+Secret+Diplomacy%2C+1918-1930s&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9004129529&rft.au=Alexandre+Andreyev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMqXnOBX4dREC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cihai-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cihai_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF夏征农陈至立2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">夏征农; 陈至立, eds. (September 2009). <bdi lang="zh">辞海：第六版彩图本</bdi> [<i><a href="/wiki/Cihai" title="Cihai">Cihai</a> (Sixth Edition in Color)</i>] (in Chinese). 上海. <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>: 上海辞书出版社. <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Lexicographical_Publishing_House" title="Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House">Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House</a>. p. 866. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787532628599" title="Special:BookSources/9787532628599"><bdi>9787532628599</bdi></a>. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">和田地区行署驻此。{...}1983年由和田县析置。</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%9E%E6%B5%B7%EF%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%89%88%E5%BD%A9%E5%9B%BE%E6%9C%AC&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7.+Shanghai&rft.pages=866&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE.+Shanghai+Lexicographical+Publishing+House.&rft.date=2009-09&rft.isbn=9787532628599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nsia-CHINAINCLUDESTIBETHONGKONGANDMACAU2012InternationalReligiousFreedomReport/page/n9">"CHINA (INCLUDES TIBET, HONG KONG, AND MACAU) 2012 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Religious_Freedom_Act_of_1998" title="International Religious Freedom Act of 1998">International Religious Freedom Report</a>. pp. 10, 11 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHINA+%28INCLUDES+TIBET%2C+HONG+KONG%2C+AND+MACAU%29+2012+INTERNATIONAL+RELIGIOUS+FREEDOM+REPORT&rft.pages=10%2C+11&rft.pub=International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnsia-CHINAINCLUDESTIBETHONGKONGANDMACAU2012InternationalReligiousFreedomReport%2Fpage%2Fn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiao_LongLuisetta_Mudie2012" class="citation web cs1">Qiao Long; Luisetta Mudie (19 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/sentence-06192012143307.html">"Uyghur Jailed Over Religious Materials"</a>. Translated by Luisetta Mudie. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>Authorities in the city of Hotan in the ethnically troubled Xinjiang region have handed a 10-year jail term to a Uyghur man convicted of selling "illegal religious materials" ahead of a sensitive anniversary. The sentence was passed on Sunday by the Hotan Municipal People's Court on Hebibullah Ibrahim, the People's Daily online news site reported.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uyghur+Jailed+Over+Religious+Materials&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.au=Qiao+Long&rft.au=Luisetta+Mudie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fuyghur%2Fsentence-06192012143307.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uyghuramerican.org/article/notice-informs-locals-mandatory-residence-searches-hotan-community-police-reserve-right-%E2%80%9Cuse">"Notice informs locals of mandatory residence searches in Hotan community; police reserve the right to "use force" to enter homes"</a>. <i>Uyghur American Association</i>. 18 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uyghur+American+Association&rft.atitle=Notice+informs+locals+of+mandatory+residence+searches+in+Hotan+community%3B+police+reserve+the+right+to+%22use+force%22+to+enter+homes&rft.date=2012-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuyghuramerican.org%2Farticle%2Fnotice-informs-locals-mandatory-residence-searches-hotan-community-police-reserve-right-%25E2%2580%259Cuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahram_K._Sintash2019" class="citation web cs1">Bahram K. Sintash (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.uhrp.org/pdf/UHRP_report_Demolishing_Faith.pdf">"Demolishing Faith: The Destruction and Desecration of Uyghur Mosques and Shrines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Human_Rights_Project" title="Uyghur Human Rights Project">Uyghur Human Rights Project</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Sultanim Cemetery has a history of over 1,000 years. King Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (999–1211) conquered Hotan (the Buddhist Kingdom Udun at that time), and spread Islam around 960 AD. During the conquest, four Kara-khan commanders, including Prince Sultan Kilich Khan, were killed and Muslims buried them at this location. Since then, the cemetery has been known as Sultanim Maziri (My Sultan Shrine) and became one of the most important cemeteries among Uyghur Muslims who have paid their respects here for over 1,000 years. In the center, the four commanders' graves were still there until China completely bulldozed the entire cemetery in 2019. Many religious leaders, scholars and other important people in Hotan's far and recent history have been buried in this cemetery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uyghur+Human+Rights+Project&rft.atitle=Demolishing+Faith%3A+The+Destruction+and+Desecration+of+Uyghur+Mosques+and+Shrines&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2019-10&rft.au=Bahram+K.+Sintash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.uhrp.org%2Fpdf%2FUHRP_report_Demolishing_Faith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Rivers2020" class="citation web cs1">Matt Rivers (3 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/02/asia/xinjiang-uyghur-graveyards-china-intl-hnk/index.html">"More than 100 Uyghur graveyards demolished by Chinese authorities, satellite images show"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Sultanim Cemetery in the center of Hotan City is one of the most famous ancient cemeteries in Xinjiang. It was destroyed between January to March 2019.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=More+than+100+Uyghur+graveyards+demolished+by+Chinese+authorities%2C+satellite+images+show&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.au=Matt+Rivers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F01%2F02%2Fasia%2Fxinjiang-uyghur-graveyards-china-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Hiatt2019" class="citation news cs1">Fred Hiatt (3 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/11/03/china-every-day-is-kristallnacht">"In China, every day is Kristallnacht"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Before After<br />Cemetery demolished<br />The site of Sultanim cemetery in Hotan, Xinjiang, in December, 2018 and March 2019.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+China%2C+every+day+is+Kristallnacht&rft.date=2019-11-03&rft.au=Fred+Hiatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2019%2F11%2F03%2Fchina-every-day-is-kristallnacht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurban_NiyazJoshua_Lipes2020" class="citation web cs1">Kurban Niyaz; Joshua Lipes (1 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/cemetery-05012020134504.html">"Xinjiang Authorities Construct Parking Lot Atop Historic Uyghur Cemetery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=Xinjiang+Authorities+Construct+Parking+Lot+Atop+Historic+Uyghur+Cemetery&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft.au=Kurban+Niyaz&rft.au=Joshua+Lipes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fuyghur%2Fcemetery-05012020134504.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsim_Kashgarian2019" class="citation web cs1">Asim Kashgarian (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/us-china-targets-uighur-mosques-eradicate-minoritys-faith">"US: China Targets Uighur Mosques to Eradicate Minority's Faith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>37°7′2.13″N 79°56′2.96″E<br />Satellite imagery with a comparative analysis of Sultanim Cemetery in Hotan city, in China's northwest Xinjiang province.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=US%3A+China+Targets+Uighur+Mosques+to+Eradicate+Minority%27s+Faith&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.au=Asim+Kashgarian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fextremism-watch%2Fus-china-targets-uighur-mosques-eradicate-minoritys-faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cma_graphical-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cma_graphical_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html"><bdi lang="zh">中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration" title="China Meteorological Administration">China Meteorological Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3">the original</a> on 2013-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E7%AB%99%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%80%BC%E6%9C%88%E5%80%BC%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E9%9B%86%EF%BC%881971%EF%BC%8D2000%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=China+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold-cdc.cma.gov.cn%2Fshuju%2Fsearch1.jsp%3Fdsid%3DSURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES%26tpcat%3DSURF%26type%3Dtable%26pageid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statshotancity-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statshotancity_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2018/65/32/653201.html"><bdi lang="zh">2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：和田市</bdi></a> [2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Hotan City] (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China">National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China</a>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">统计用区划代码名称 653201001000 努尔巴格街道办事处 653201002000 古江巴格街道办事处 653201003000 古勒巴格街道办事处 653201004000 纳尔巴格街道办事处 653201100000 拉斯奎镇 653201101000 玉龙喀什镇 653201102000 吐沙拉镇 653201200000 肖尔巴格乡 653201201000 伊里其乡 653201202000 古江巴格乡 653201204000 吉亚乡 653201205000 阿克恰勒乡 653201401000 北京工业园区 653201402000 和田市京和物流园区</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E5%92%8C%E5%9F%8E%E4%B9%A1%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%EF%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjsj%2Ftjbz%2Ftjyqhdmhcxhfdm%2F2018%2F65%2F32%2F653201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hts.gov.cn/jinrihetian/show.php?itemid=8"><bdi lang="zh">和田市概况</bdi></a>. <i><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">和田市人民政府网</span></span></i> (in Simplified Chinese). 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">辖6乡2镇，4个街道办事处和1个工业园区</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Hans%22%3E%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BD%91%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text&rft.atitle=%E5%92%8C%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hts.gov.cn%2Fjinrihetian%2Fshow.php%3Fitemid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hts.gov.cn/bendixinwen/show.php?itemid=1256"><bdi lang="zh">奴尔巴格街道</bdi></a>. <i><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">和田市人民政府网</span></span></i> (in Simplified Chinese). 25 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>Yusan Hasan from Yurungqash Town, Hotan City</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Full+Text%3A+Employment+and+Labor+Rights+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2020-09%2F17%2Fc_139373591.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html"><bdi lang="zh">3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数</bdi></a> (in Simplified Chinese). <span title="Uyghur-language text"><span lang="ug" dir="rtl">شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">新疆维吾尔自治区统计局</span></span> Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 15 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101904/http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Toops (15 March 2004). "The Demography of Xinjiang". In S. Frederick Starr (ed.). <i>Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">256–</span>257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765613189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765613189"><bdi>978-0765613189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Demography+of+Xinjiang&rft.btitle=Xinjiang%3A+China%27s+Muslim+Borderland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0765613189&rft.au=Stanley+W.+Toops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris_Rossabi2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Rossabi" title="Morris Rossabi">Morris Rossabi</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/44961/9780295804057.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y"><i>Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98390-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98390-6"><bdi>0-295-98390-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+China%27s+Multiethnic+Frontiers&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-98390-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.lib.washington.edu%2Fresearchworks%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1773%2F44961%2F9780295804057.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-xinjiang-admin.php?adm2id=653201">"HÉTIÁN SHÌ (County-level City)"</a>. <i>City Population</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=H%C3%89TI%C3%81N+SH%C3%8C+%28County-level+City%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fphp%2Fchina-xinjiang-admin.php%3Fadm2id%3D653201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper et al (2009), p. 840.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerold_J._Wiens1966" class="citation journal cs1">Herold J. Wiens (November 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2051832">"Cultivation Development and Expansion in China's Colonial Realm in Central Asia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Asian_Studies" title="The Journal of Asian Studies">The Journal of Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): 75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2051832">10.2307/2051832</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2051832">2051832</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162339064">162339064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Cultivation+Development+and+Expansion+in+China%27s+Colonial+Realm+in+Central+Asia&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1966-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162339064%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2051832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2051832&rft.au=Herold+J.+Wiens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2051832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia, Judy. <i>The Silk Road: Xi'an to Kashgar.</i> Revised by Christopher Baumer (2004), pp. 307-308. Odyssey Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-217-741-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-217-741-7">962-217-741-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Aurel_Stein" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Aurel Stein">Marc Aurel Stein</a>. (1907) <i>Ancient Khotan: Detailed Report of Archaeological Explorations in Eastern Turkestan.</i> Oxford. Pages 132-133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laufer, Berthold. <i>Jade: A Study in Chinese Archaeology & Religion</i>. (1912) Reprint: Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. (1974), pp. 24, 26, 291-293, 324. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23123-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23123-2">0-486-23123-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty</i>. Śramaṇa Huili and Shi Yancong. Translated by Li Rongxi. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. (1995), p. 163. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886439-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-886439-00-1">1-886439-00-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Whitfield" title="Susan Whitfield">Whitfield, Susan</a>. <i>The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith</i>. Serindia Publications Inc., 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932476-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-932476-12-1">1-932476-12-1</a>. Page 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2015), Vol. II, pp. 1-2. "Appendix A: Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Underhill Wisseman, Wendell S. Williams. <i>Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials </i>. Routledge, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88124-632-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-88124-632-X">2-88124-632-X</a>. Page 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"From Khotan, silk culture is believed to have passed by way of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> to India and then westwards into central Asia and Persia". Quoted from Chambers's Encyclopaedia, Oxford University Press, 1950, article "Silk".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett, Ian. Rugs & Carpets of the World. (1978). Ferndale Edition (1981). Quarto Publishing, London, pp.182-189. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905746-24-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-905746-24-4">0-905746-24-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045345/Khotan-rug">"Khotan rug - Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khotan+rug+-+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9045345%2FKhotan-rug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Harper, Damian <i>et al.</i> (2009). <i>Lonely Planet China: 11th Edition</i>. Lonely Planet. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-866-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-866-7">978-1-74104-866-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, John E. (1988). "Notes on the Dating of Khotanese History". <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000088790083016">10.1163/000000088790083016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161410483">161410483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Dating+of+Khotanese+History&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000088790083016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161410483%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span> Updated version of this article is available for free download (with registration) at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JHill/Papers/439945/Notes_on_the_Dating_of_Khotanese_History">independent.academia.edu</a></li> <li>Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979). <i>China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC − AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty</i>. E. J. Brill, Leiden. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2">90-04-05884-2</a>.</li> <li>Legge, James 1886. <i>A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline</i>. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965.</li> <li>Mallory, J. P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. <i>The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</i>. Thames & Hudson. London. 2000.</li> <li>Montell, Gösta, <i>Sven Hedin's Archaeological Collections from Khotan: Terra-cottas from Yotkan and Dandan-Uiliq</i>, The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 7 (1936), pp. 145–221.</li> <li>Montell, Gösta, <i>Sven Hedin's Archaeological Collections from Khotan II</i> (appendix by Helmer Smith (pp. 101–102)), The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 10 (1938), pp. 83–113.</li> <li>Puri, B. N. <i>Buddhism in Central Asia</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 1987. (2000 reprint).</li> <li>Stein, Aurel M. 1907. <i>Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan</i>, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/">dsr.nii.ac.jp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaMMAQAAMAAJ">1907. <i>Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan</i>, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.</a><sup id="cite_ref-dsr.nii.ac.jp_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsr.nii.ac.jp-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/">Ancient Khotan : vol.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-2/">Ancient Khotan : vol.2</a></li> <li>Stein, Aurel M. 1921. <i>Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China</i>, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/">dsr.nii.ac.jp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ra3AAAAIAAJ">1904 <i>Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan</i>, London, Hurst and Blackett, Ltd.</a> Reprint Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-5/V-1/">Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan : vol.1</a></li> <li>Watters, Thomas 1904–1905. <i>On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India</i>. London. Royal Asiatic Society. Reprint: Delhi. Mushiram Manoharlal. 1973.</li> <li>Yu, Taishan. 2004. <i>A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions</i>. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 131 March 2004. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hotan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Khotan" class="extiw" title="commons:Khotan"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Khotan</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hotan" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Hotan">Hotan</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Khotan" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Khotan">Khotan</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Khotan#Q235389" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Khotan">Khotan</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hts.gov.cn/">Official government site (in Chinese)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/">Silk Road Seattle - University of Washington</a> (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full-text historical works)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idp.bl.uk/education/buddhism/khotanese/khotanese.html">Site devoted to the Buddhism of Khotan with a copy of Sir Aurel Stein's map of the Tarim Basin and Khotan region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raize.ch/Reisen/velo-eurasien/karten-rollover/western-tibet-highway_satellitenbild_grossplus.jpg">Satellite image of region which can be enlarged</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306203505/http://www.raize.ch/Reisen/velo-eurasien/karten-rollover/western-tibet-highway_satellitenbild_grossplus.jpg">Archived</a> 2009-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115233/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35406">China: Taklamakan - Desert With No Ocean Underground</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Khotan"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Khotan">"Khotan" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 781.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khotan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=781&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bealby&rft.aufirst=John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHotan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Khotan", <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khotan">Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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Prefecture">Ili Kazakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorgas">Korgas</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuytun" title="Kuytun">Kuytun</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yining_County" title="Yining County">Yining County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huocheng_County" title="Huocheng County">Huocheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongliu_County" title="Gongliu County">Gongliu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyuan_County" title="Xinyuan County">Xinyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaosu_County" title="Zhaosu County">Zhaosu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekes_County" title="Tekes County">Tekes County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilka_County" title="Nilka County">Nilka County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qapqal_Xibe_Autonomous_County" title="Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County">Qapqal Xibe County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tacheng_Prefecture" title="Tacheng Prefecture">Tacheng</a><sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusu" title="Wusu">Usu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawan,_Xinjiang" title="Shawan, Xinjiang">Shawan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_County" title="Emin County">Emin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumin_County" title="Yumin County">Yumin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toli_County" title="Toli County">Toli County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoboksar_Mongol_Autonomous_County" title="Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County">Hoboksar Mongol County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Altay_Prefecture" title="Altay Prefecture">Altay</a><sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altay_City" title="Altay City">Altay</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinggil_County" title="Qinggil County">Qinghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeminay_County" title="Jeminay County">Jeminay County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyun_County" title="Fuyun County">Fuyun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burqin_County" title="Burqin County">Burqin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuhai_County" title="Fuhai County">Fuhai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habahe_County" title="Habahe County">Habahe County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_(China)" title="Prefecture (China)">Prefectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Prefecture" title="Aksu Prefecture">Aksu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuqa,_Xinjiang" title="Kuqa, Xinjiang">Kuqa</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsu_County" title="Onsu County">Onsu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xayar_County" title="Xayar County">Xayar County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicheng_County" title="Baicheng County">Baicheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awat_County" title="Awat County">Awat County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpin_County" title="Kalpin County">Kalpin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhe_County,_Xinjiang" title="Xinhe County, Xinjiang">Xinhe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqturpan_County" title="Uqturpan County">Wushi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar / Kashi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar / Kashi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralbexi_County" title="Maralbexi County">Maralbexi / Bachu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poskam_County,_Xinjiang" title="Poskam County, Xinjiang">Poskam / Zepu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payzawat_County" title="Payzawat County">Payzawat / Jiashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargilik_County" title="Kargilik County">Kargilik / Yecheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yopurga_County" title="Yopurga County">Yopurga / Yuepuhu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_County" title="Shule County">Yengixahar / Shule County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makit_County" title="Makit County">Makit / Maigaiti County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yengisar_County" title="Yengisar County">Yengisar / Yingjisha County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkant / Shache County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shufu_County" title="Shufu County">Konaxahar / Shufu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxkorgan_Tajik_Autonomous_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County">Taxkorgan Tajik County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hotan_Prefecture" title="Hotan Prefecture">Hotan / Hetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hotan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotan_County" title="Hotan County">Hotan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_County" title="Lop County">Lop / Luopu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_County" title="Niya County">Niya / Minfeng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishan_County" title="Pishan County">Gumar / Pishan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qira_County" title="Qira County">Qira / Cele County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutian_County,_Xinjiang" title="Yutian County, Xinjiang">Keriya / Yutian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakax_County" title="Karakax County">Karakax / Moyu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%27an_County" title="He'an County">He'an County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekang_County" title="Hekang County">Hekang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous<br />prefectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Changji_Hui_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture">Changji Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changji" title="Changji">Changji</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukang" title="Fukang">Fukang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qitai_County" title="Qitai County">Qitai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_County" title="Manas County">Manas County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimsar_County" title="Jimsar County">Jimsar County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutubi_County" title="Hutubi County">Hutubi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" title="Mori Kazakh Autonomous County">Mori County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Bortala_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bortala Mongol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bole,_Xinjiang" title="Bole, Xinjiang">Bole</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashankou" title="Alashankou">Alashankou</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinghe_County" title="Jinghe County">Jinghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenquan_County" title="Wenquan County">Wenquan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Bayingolin_Mongol_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture">Bayingholin Mongol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejing_County" title="Hejing County">Hejing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_County" title="Yuli County">Yuli County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxud_County" title="Hoxud County">Hoxud County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiemo_County" title="Qiemo County">Qiemo County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohu_County" title="Bohu County">Bohu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luntai_County" title="Luntai County">Luntai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruoqiang_County" title="Ruoqiang County">Ruoqiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanqi_Hui_Autonomous_County" title="Yanqi Hui Autonomous County">Yanqi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kizilsu_Kyrgyz_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture">Kizilsu Kyrgyz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artush" title="Artush">Artush</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akqi_County" title="Akqi County">Akqi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugqat_County" title="Ulugqat County">Ulugqat County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_County" title="Akto County">Akto County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">XPCC</a> administered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="County-level_cities41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">County-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">Aral</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiyang,_Xinjiang" title="Baiyang, Xinjiang">Baiyang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang">Beitun</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huyanghe" title="Huyanghe">Huyanghe</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokdala" title="Kokdala">Kokdala</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunyu,_Xinjiang" title="Kunyu, Xinjiang">Kunyu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuanghe" title="Shuanghe">Shuanghe</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiemenguan_City" title="Tiemenguan City">Tiemenguan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumxuk</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">Wujiaqu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinxing,_Xinjiang" title="Xinxing, Xinjiang">Xinxing</a> city</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <span class="wrap">Tacheng and Altay are prefectures within and under the administration of the Ili Prefecture.</span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Ethnic minority autonomous areas</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Dong_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Dong autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Dong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hui_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Hui autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Hui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Korean autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Korean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Manchu_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Manchu autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Manchu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Miao_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Miao autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Miao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Mongol autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Mongol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Tibetan autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Tibetan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Tujia_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Tujia autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Tujia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang" title="Template:Xinjiang">Uyghur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Yao_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Yao autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Yao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Yi_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Yi autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Yi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Zhuang_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Zhuang autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Zhuang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Other_ethnic_minorities_autonomy_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Other ethnic minorities autonomy in the People's Republic of China">Others</a></dd></dl> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_in_XinjiangSource:_China_Urban_Construction_Statistical_Yearbook_2018_Urban_Population_and_Urban_Temporary_Population296" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Xinjiang" title="Template:Most populous cities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_Xinjiang" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_in_XinjiangSource:_China_Urban_Construction_Statistical_Yearbook_2018_Urban_Population_and_Urban_Temporary_Population296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities in Xinjiang<br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;">Source: <i>China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018</i> Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Xinjiang" title="List of cities in Xinjiang">Name</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Xinjiang" title="List of cities in Xinjiang">Name</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urumqi_Skyline_July_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ürümqi"><img alt="Ürümqi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Urumqi_Skyline_July_2019.jpg/120px-Urumqi_Skyline_July_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Urumqi_Skyline_July_2019.jpg/180px-Urumqi_Skyline_July_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Urumqi_Skyline_July_2019.jpg/240px-Urumqi_Skyline_July_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E6%B2%B3%E6%9A%AE%E8%89%B2_2016_%E5%88%98%E7%A5%96%E8%B5%9B_-_panoramio_(20).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Korla"><img alt="Korla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E6%B2%B3%E6%9A%AE%E8%89%B2_2016_%E5%88%98%E7%A5%96%E8%B5%9B_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg/120px-%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E6%B2%B3%E6%9A%AE%E8%89%B2_2016_%E5%88%98%E7%A5%96%E8%B5%9B_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E6%B2%B3%E6%9A%AE%E8%89%B2_2016_%E5%88%98%E7%A5%96%E8%B5%9B_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg/180px-%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E6%B2%B3%E6%9A%AE%E8%89%B2_2016_%E5%88%98%E7%A5%96%E8%B5%9B_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E6%B2%B3%E6%9A%AE%E8%89%B2_2016_%E5%88%98%E7%A5%96%E8%B5%9B_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg/240px-%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E6%B2%B3%E6%9A%AE%E8%89%B2_2016_%E5%88%98%E7%A5%96%E8%B5%9B_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,864,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bole,_Xinjiang" title="Bole, Xinjiang">Bole</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">204,400 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E6%AD%A5%E8%A1%8C%E8%A1%97.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aksu"><img alt="Aksu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E6%AD%A5%E8%A1%8C%E8%A1%97.jpg/120px-%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E6%AD%A5%E8%A1%8C%E8%A1%97.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E6%AD%A5%E8%A1%8C%E8%A1%97.jpg/180px-%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E6%AD%A5%E8%A1%8C%E8%A1%97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E6%AD%A5%E8%A1%8C%E8%A1%97.jpg/240px-%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%8F%E6%AD%A5%E8%A1%8C%E8%A1%97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1281" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karamay_River_Jiulongtan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karamay"><img alt="Karamay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Karamay_River_Jiulongtan.jpg/120px-Karamay_River_Jiulongtan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Karamay_River_Jiulongtan.jpg/180px-Karamay_River_Jiulongtan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Karamay_River_Jiulongtan.jpg/240px-Karamay_River_Jiulongtan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">489,900</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wujiaqu" title="Wujiaqu">Wujiaqu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">187,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">460,900</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kuytun" title="Kuytun">Kuytun</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">174,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karamay" title="Karamay">Karamay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">452,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fukang" title="Fukang">Fukang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">109,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">372,600</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wusu" title="Wusu">Wusu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Changji" title="Changji">Changji</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">361,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">97,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shihezi" title="Shihezi">Shihezi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">338,200</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aral,_Xinjiang" title="Aral, Xinjiang">Aral</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">330,000</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">86,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">245,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beitun,_Xinjiang" title="Beitun, Xinjiang">Beitun</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">79,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hotan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">217,900</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Artush" title="Artush">Artush</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,300 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan_culture" title="Arzhan culture">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235389#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata963" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235389#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata963" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235389#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154044000">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfmkgQPtJ3qwhTGvDBdcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr91033022">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122739562">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122739562">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629211">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538273705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dsr.nii.ac.jp-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dsr.nii.ac.jp_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/creator/marc_aurel_stein.html.en">M. 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