CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>abrar faisal - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="KzcqDVmWgdQt5kF7+nvi8Uev01PH2qof3vmAwMtRMel4oObYeJvcdEyLsdoRs0mzHl/9O99HHc9NxDuLqFXZDA==" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-77f7b87cb1583fc59aa8f94756ebfe913345937eb932042b4077563bebb5fb4b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-9e8218e1301001388038e3fc3427ed00d079a4760ff7745d1ec1b2d59103170a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-b2b823dd904da60a48fd1bfa1defd840610c2ff414d3f39ed3af46277ab8df3b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="author" content="abrar faisal" /> <meta name="description" content="I am an independent researcher.. I want to study with new idea." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15276,"monthly_visitors":"113 million","monthly_visitor_count":113458213,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":113,"user_count":277567927,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732830224000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732830224000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-bdb9e8c097f01e611f2fc5e2f1a9dc599beede975e2ae5629983543a1726e947.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-bae13f9b51961d5f1e06008e39e31d0138cb31332e8c2e874c6d6a250ec2bb14.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-19a25d160d01bde427443d06cd6b810c4c92c6026e7cb31519e06313eb24ed90.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-e032f1d55548c2f2dee4eac9fe52f38beaf13471f2298bb2ea82725ae930b83c.js" defer="defer"></script><script>Aedu.rankings = { showPaperRankingsLink: false } $viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/71236272/21215010/20660962/s65_abrar.faisal.jpg","has_photo":true,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":47517,"name":"Community-based organisations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community-based_organisations"},{"id":7663,"name":"Voluntary Associations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voluntary_Associations"},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development"},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5","location":"/abrarfaisal5","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/abrarfaisal5","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-dae70d27-3de0-4bf4-b293-0b2ec2555c6a"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-dae70d27-3de0-4bf4-b293-0b2ec2555c6a"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="abrar faisal" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/71236272/21215010/20660962/s200_abrar.faisal.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">abrar faisal</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="abrar" data-follow-user-id="71236272" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="71236272"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">85</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">4</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">I am an independent researcher.. I want to study with new idea.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71236272" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community-based_organisations"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5","location":"/abrarfaisal5","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/abrarfaisal5","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Community-based organisations"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-3ebf2160-eafc-4d1b-bfcc-49b353ee10b3"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-3ebf2160-eafc-4d1b-bfcc-49b353ee10b3"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71236272" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voluntary_Associations"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Voluntary Associations"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-e25d45dd-6271-4bfd-9f3d-34bc9bd125fa"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-e25d45dd-6271-4bfd-9f3d-34bc9bd125fa"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71236272" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Community Development"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-e33682bd-1eb0-453a-b3bb-508897eafeea"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-e33682bd-1eb0-453a-b3bb-508897eafeea"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71236272" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Development Studies"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-26dd6945-8762-4f1b-89d9-14f523b15ce3"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-26dd6945-8762-4f1b-89d9-14f523b15ce3"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71236272" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Economics"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-9df583e7-8ac3-40a2-b662-93023bf8f091"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-9df583e7-8ac3-40a2-b662-93023bf8f091"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by abrar faisal</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234847"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234847/A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energy_Demand_from_Biogas_in_Pakistan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study on Meeting the Energy Demand from Biogas in Pakistan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115930/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234847/A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energy_Demand_from_Biogas_in_Pakistan">A Comparative Study on Meeting the Energy Demand from Biogas in Pakistan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="442c8b697c1eba6e543bbb51bc4c0fa4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115930,"asset_id":100234847,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115930/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234847"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234847"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234847; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234847]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234847]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234847; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234847']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234847, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "442c8b697c1eba6e543bbb51bc4c0fa4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234847]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234847,"title":"A Comparative Study on Meeting the Energy Demand from Biogas in Pakistan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"warponline.org","ai_title_tag":"Biogas Production for Energy Demand in Pakistan: A Comparative Study","grobid_abstract":"Pakistan is facing energy crises from past decade due to experiencing increase in energy demands. This current work is a comparative study to meet the energy demand from production of biogas from waste solid materials. The main emphasis is to treat biomass, manure, municipal waste, sewage and green waste to produce biogas using different technologies. At the ends there are some suggestions for effective planning of sustainable energy exploitation and facilitate for technology solution of further research. These suggestions are very useful for meeting the energy demand in Pakistan as well as for third world counties.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2011,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"International Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":101115930},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234847/A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energy_Demand_from_Biogas_in_Pakistan","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:39:39.302-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115930,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115930/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"71-content-10.-A-Comparative-Study-on-Meeting-the-Energy-Demand-from-Biogas-in-Pakistan.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115930/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energ.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115930/71-content-10.-A-Comparative-Study-on-Meeting-the-Energy-Demand-from-Biogas-in-Pakistan-libre.pdf?1681607865=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energ.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=W5IcZCvNIYsoNeg0pZ8MXld3jTBIhrm4HuId6PSuiG4-tRfyaxqom1OYtM5e8gzVCFaOVjAVC0X-G1cl5swDmzcgflUCteOw9ZbDkEp03ucXnzUhwkNHcmsXHNDNTxPz3URVIz6tW50VL4Hghoo24kKIddx2qjJEFcMvc2D9YvxulBsBY5gVcgPsk1y18sRGKqQmgck8G1VHpOQ4DcQNHzEnAtpPpB7Aks4lauhtNsu5Dbtrvh7ESctKr5bypBRQJvgR~PeLx3XjQXOdvoTeR1HhHd3ZRpqR4QW-ZGbgYVEyML28NolFxIRedaTaI4hnym24RVwNrFEfPQqPj43F5A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energy_Demand_from_Biogas_in_Pakistan","translated_slug":"","page_count":4,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115930,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115930/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"71-content-10.-A-Comparative-Study-on-Meeting-the-Energy-Demand-from-Biogas-in-Pakistan.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115930/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energ.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115930/71-content-10.-A-Comparative-Study-on-Meeting-the-Energy-Demand-from-Biogas-in-Pakistan-libre.pdf?1681607865=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energ.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=W5IcZCvNIYsoNeg0pZ8MXld3jTBIhrm4HuId6PSuiG4-tRfyaxqom1OYtM5e8gzVCFaOVjAVC0X-G1cl5swDmzcgflUCteOw9ZbDkEp03ucXnzUhwkNHcmsXHNDNTxPz3URVIz6tW50VL4Hghoo24kKIddx2qjJEFcMvc2D9YvxulBsBY5gVcgPsk1y18sRGKqQmgck8G1VHpOQ4DcQNHzEnAtpPpB7Aks4lauhtNsu5Dbtrvh7ESctKr5bypBRQJvgR~PeLx3XjQXOdvoTeR1HhHd3ZRpqR4QW-ZGbgYVEyML28NolFxIRedaTaI4hnym24RVwNrFEfPQqPj43F5A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":2738,"name":"Renewable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy"},{"id":5411,"name":"Biomass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass"},{"id":14085,"name":"Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management"},{"id":15284,"name":"Sustainable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Energy"},{"id":15784,"name":"Biogas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogas"},{"id":76333,"name":"Energy demand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_demand"},{"id":273176,"name":"Chemical and Environmental Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_and_Environmental_Engineering"},{"id":554155,"name":"Biogas Potential in Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogas_Potential_in_Pakistan"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234536"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234536/A_qualitative_study_of_current_trends_in_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_including_current_advancements_and_challenges"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A qualitative study of current trends in microwave wireless power transmission including current advancements and challenges" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234536/A_qualitative_study_of_current_trends_in_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_including_current_advancements_and_challenges">A qualitative study of current trends in microwave wireless power transmission including current advancements and challenges</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>2019 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Wireless power transmission (WPT) has become an emerging topic for the researchers in the past de...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Wireless power transmission (WPT) has become an emerging topic for the researchers in the past decade because saving wires helps to avoid I2R loss, leads to the improvement of safer transmission and is more convenient. Wireless transmission, at present, has been achieved using different approaches with the major ones including the Near field techniques comprising of Inductive coupling and Electromagnetic radiation and the Far field techniques consisting of Microwave wireless power transmission and Laser power transmission. This paper presents an exhaustive study based on the scopes of improvement of the efficiency of Microwave wireless power transmission. The paper focuses on four major parts of the microwave WPT system to enhance the efficiency where the first one being selecting the optimum input waveform to obtain maximum efficiency in RF-DC conversion at the rectenna end, second one is a thorough study on the channel efficiency. Thirdly a non uniform antenna array was designed, which produced higher gain and more stability of the reflection coefficient than the conventional uniform arrays currently being used. Lastly, improving the rectifier circuit by selecting the best possible diode in a Class F single-shunt rectifier for optimum RF-DC conversion was analyzed thoroughly.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234536"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234536"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234536; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234536]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234536]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234536; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234536']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234536, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234536]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234536,"title":"A qualitative study of current trends in microwave wireless power transmission including current advancements and challenges","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Wireless power transmission (WPT) has become an emerging topic for the researchers in the past decade because saving wires helps to avoid I2R loss, leads to the improvement of safer transmission and is more convenient. Wireless transmission, at present, has been achieved using different approaches with the major ones including the Near field techniques comprising of Inductive coupling and Electromagnetic radiation and the Far field techniques consisting of Microwave wireless power transmission and Laser power transmission. This paper presents an exhaustive study based on the scopes of improvement of the efficiency of Microwave wireless power transmission. The paper focuses on four major parts of the microwave WPT system to enhance the efficiency where the first one being selecting the optimum input waveform to obtain maximum efficiency in RF-DC conversion at the rectenna end, second one is a thorough study on the channel efficiency. Thirdly a non uniform antenna array was designed, which produced higher gain and more stability of the reflection coefficient than the conventional uniform arrays currently being used. Lastly, improving the rectifier circuit by selecting the best possible diode in a Class F single-shunt rectifier for optimum RF-DC conversion was analyzed thoroughly.","publisher":"IEEE","publication_name":"2019 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP)"},"translated_abstract":"Wireless power transmission (WPT) has become an emerging topic for the researchers in the past decade because saving wires helps to avoid I2R loss, leads to the improvement of safer transmission and is more convenient. Wireless transmission, at present, has been achieved using different approaches with the major ones including the Near field techniques comprising of Inductive coupling and Electromagnetic radiation and the Far field techniques consisting of Microwave wireless power transmission and Laser power transmission. This paper presents an exhaustive study based on the scopes of improvement of the efficiency of Microwave wireless power transmission. The paper focuses on four major parts of the microwave WPT system to enhance the efficiency where the first one being selecting the optimum input waveform to obtain maximum efficiency in RF-DC conversion at the rectenna end, second one is a thorough study on the channel efficiency. Thirdly a non uniform antenna array was designed, which produced higher gain and more stability of the reflection coefficient than the conventional uniform arrays currently being used. Lastly, improving the rectifier circuit by selecting the best possible diode in a Class F single-shunt rectifier for optimum RF-DC conversion was analyzed thoroughly.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234536/A_qualitative_study_of_current_trends_in_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_including_current_advancements_and_challenges","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:44.888-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"A_qualitative_study_of_current_trends_in_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_including_current_advancements_and_challenges","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":49,"name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering"},{"id":50,"name":"Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electronic_Engineering"},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science"},{"id":5023,"name":"Microwave","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microwave"},{"id":82238,"name":"Power Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Transmission"},{"id":98566,"name":"Wireless","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wireless"},{"id":129331,"name":"Microwave Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microwave_Transmission"},{"id":1335247,"name":"Rectenna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rectenna"}],"urls":[{"id":30648637,"url":"http://xplorestaging.ieee.org/ielx7/8963808/8971022/08971375.pdf?arnumber=8971375"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234535"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234535/Pop_up_venue_for_creative_placemaking"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Pop-up venue for creative placemaking" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234535/Pop_up_venue_for_creative_placemaking">Pop-up venue for creative placemaking</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>CAUTHE 2020: 20: 20 Vision: New Perspectives on the Diversity of Hospitality, Tourism and Events</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234535"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234535"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234535; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234535]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234535]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234535; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234535']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234535, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234535]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234535,"title":"Pop-up venue for creative placemaking","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Auckland University of Technology","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"CAUTHE 2020: 20: 20 Vision: New Perspectives on the Diversity of Hospitality, Tourism and Events"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234535/Pop_up_venue_for_creative_placemaking","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:44.709-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Pop_up_venue_for_creative_placemaking","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":64188,"name":"Placemaking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Placemaking"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234534"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234534/Experimental_and_mathematical_nonlinear_rheological_characterization_of_chicken_fat_oil_a_sustainable_feedstock_for_biodiesel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Experimental and mathematical nonlinear rheological characterization of chicken fat oil-a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234534/Experimental_and_mathematical_nonlinear_rheological_characterization_of_chicken_fat_oil_a_sustainable_feedstock_for_biodiesel">Experimental and mathematical nonlinear rheological characterization of chicken fat oil-a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">To meet the ever-increasing energy demands, significant amount of research is carried out to find...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">To meet the ever-increasing energy demands, significant amount of research is carried out to find environmentally friendly and renewable energy resources. Biodiesel production through animal fats such as chicken fat is considered as a lucrative option due to the presence of high concentration of triglycerides and free fatty acid content. Chicken fats also contain other organic compounds, which could affect the flow properties of biodiesel. Current study is focused on developing a robust model to analyze flow behavior/model of chicken fat oil with in-depth analysis of rheological properties such as shear stress and dynamic viscosity against shear rate and time respectively. The analysis is based on experimental results as well as mathematical model and found a good agreement between the model and the results. It was found that the viscosity of a feedstock is a critical parameter for biodiesel production. If viscosity changes drastically during chemical reaction, it leads to energy losses and ultimately increases the process cost. However, chicken fat results indicate that the viscosity of chicken fat slightly decreased in the application of the shear rate. Still, the change was very small, and viscosity restored to its original value of 0.08 Pa.S, when stressed was removed. This indicate that the chicken fat oil exhibits the time-dependent non-Newtonian thixotropy fluid which leads to its potential for biodiesel production in the transport section</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234534"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234534"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234534; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234534]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234534]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234534; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234534']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234534, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234534]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234534,"title":"Experimental and mathematical nonlinear rheological characterization of chicken fat oil-a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"To meet the ever-increasing energy demands, significant amount of research is carried out to find environmentally friendly and renewable energy resources. Biodiesel production through animal fats such as chicken fat is considered as a lucrative option due to the presence of high concentration of triglycerides and free fatty acid content. Chicken fats also contain other organic compounds, which could affect the flow properties of biodiesel. Current study is focused on developing a robust model to analyze flow behavior/model of chicken fat oil with in-depth analysis of rheological properties such as shear stress and dynamic viscosity against shear rate and time respectively. The analysis is based on experimental results as well as mathematical model and found a good agreement between the model and the results. It was found that the viscosity of a feedstock is a critical parameter for biodiesel production. If viscosity changes drastically during chemical reaction, it leads to energy losses and ultimately increases the process cost. However, chicken fat results indicate that the viscosity of chicken fat slightly decreased in the application of the shear rate. Still, the change was very small, and viscosity restored to its original value of 0.08 Pa.S, when stressed was removed. This indicate that the chicken fat oil exhibits the time-dependent non-Newtonian thixotropy fluid which leads to its potential for biodiesel production in the transport section","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery"},"translated_abstract":"To meet the ever-increasing energy demands, significant amount of research is carried out to find environmentally friendly and renewable energy resources. Biodiesel production through animal fats such as chicken fat is considered as a lucrative option due to the presence of high concentration of triglycerides and free fatty acid content. Chicken fats also contain other organic compounds, which could affect the flow properties of biodiesel. Current study is focused on developing a robust model to analyze flow behavior/model of chicken fat oil with in-depth analysis of rheological properties such as shear stress and dynamic viscosity against shear rate and time respectively. The analysis is based on experimental results as well as mathematical model and found a good agreement between the model and the results. It was found that the viscosity of a feedstock is a critical parameter for biodiesel production. If viscosity changes drastically during chemical reaction, it leads to energy losses and ultimately increases the process cost. However, chicken fat results indicate that the viscosity of chicken fat slightly decreased in the application of the shear rate. Still, the change was very small, and viscosity restored to its original value of 0.08 Pa.S, when stressed was removed. This indicate that the chicken fat oil exhibits the time-dependent non-Newtonian thixotropy fluid which leads to its potential for biodiesel production in the transport section","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234534/Experimental_and_mathematical_nonlinear_rheological_characterization_of_chicken_fat_oil_a_sustainable_feedstock_for_biodiesel","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:44.484-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Experimental_and_mathematical_nonlinear_rheological_characterization_of_chicken_fat_oil_a_sustainable_feedstock_for_biodiesel","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":7598,"name":"Rheology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheology"},{"id":7892,"name":"Biodiesel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiesel"},{"id":109384,"name":"Viscosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity"},{"id":185242,"name":"Raw Material","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Raw_Material"},{"id":266161,"name":"Biodiesel Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiesel_Production"},{"id":896897,"name":"Animal Fat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Fat"},{"id":2739821,"name":"Thixotropy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thixotropy"},{"id":3156091,"name":"Shear Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shear_Rate"}],"urls":[{"id":30648636,"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-021-01613-8.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234533"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234533/The_Challenges_of_Re_Gaining_a_Sustainable_Business_Proposition_Post_Disaster"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Challenges of (Re)Gaining a Sustainable Business Proposition Post-Disaster" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234533/The_Challenges_of_Re_Gaining_a_Sustainable_Business_Proposition_Post_Disaster">The Challenges of (Re)Gaining a Sustainable Business Proposition Post-Disaster</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Natural disaster-induced crises unleash the potentials for both destructive and positively creati...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Natural disaster-induced crises unleash the potentials for both destructive and positively creative forces. There is a body of opinions endorsing the transformational connotations of post-disaster business continuity and sustainability. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between businesses, communities and individuals increases its vulnerability. This study examines the extant literature of the tourism crisis management and crafts an argument to extend the interdisciplinary scholarly discussions of sustainable business proposition in disasters&#39; aftermath.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234533"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234533"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234533; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234533]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234533]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234533; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234533']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234533, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234533]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234533,"title":"The Challenges of (Re)Gaining a Sustainable Business Proposition Post-Disaster","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Natural disaster-induced crises unleash the potentials for both destructive and positively creative forces. There is a body of opinions endorsing the transformational connotations of post-disaster business continuity and sustainability. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between businesses, communities and individuals increases its vulnerability. This study examines the extant literature of the tourism crisis management and crafts an argument to extend the interdisciplinary scholarly discussions of sustainable business proposition in disasters\u0026#39; aftermath.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Natural disaster-induced crises unleash the potentials for both destructive and positively creative forces. There is a body of opinions endorsing the transformational connotations of post-disaster business continuity and sustainability. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between businesses, communities and individuals increases its vulnerability. This study examines the extant literature of the tourism crisis management and crafts an argument to extend the interdisciplinary scholarly discussions of sustainable business proposition in disasters\u0026#39; aftermath.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234533/The_Challenges_of_Re_Gaining_a_Sustainable_Business_Proposition_Post_Disaster","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:44.283-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_Challenges_of_Re_Gaining_a_Sustainable_Business_Proposition_Post_Disaster","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":1208617,"name":"Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainability"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234532"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234532/Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_With_Cropped_Optic_Cup_and_Disc_and_Blood_Vessel_Segmentation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Deep Learning-Based Glaucoma Detection With Cropped Optic Cup and Disc and Blood Vessel Segmentation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115674/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234532/Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_With_Cropped_Optic_Cup_and_Disc_and_Blood_Vessel_Segmentation">Deep Learning-Based Glaucoma Detection With Cropped Optic Cup and Disc and Blood Vessel Segmentation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>IEEE Access</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2e4a7bed2eae0787dcdec4452e6b7c7c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115674,"asset_id":100234532,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115674/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234532"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234532"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234532; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234532]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234532]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234532; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234532']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234532, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2e4a7bed2eae0787dcdec4452e6b7c7c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234532]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234532,"title":"Deep Learning-Based Glaucoma Detection With Cropped Optic Cup and Disc and Blood Vessel Segmentation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","grobid_abstract":"Glaucoma is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, where intraocular hypertension is developed due to the increased aqueous humor and blockage of the drainage system between the iris and cornea. As a result, the optic nerve head, which sends visual stimulus from our eyes to the brain, is damaged, causing visual field loss and ultimately blindness. Glaucoma is considered as the sneak thief of vision because it is difficult to diagnose early, and its regular screening is highly recommended to distinguish the neurological disorder. The detection of glaucoma is costly and time-consuming and not only there always remains a good possibility of human error but also this detection method is dependent upon the availability of the resources (experienced ophthalmologists and expensive instruments). In this work, an automatic glaucoma classification technique has been developed by utilizing multiple deep learning approaches. First, a new private dataset of 634 color fundus images has been collected and annotated by two eye specialists, a pediatric ophthalmologist and a glaucoma and refractive surgeon, from Bangladesh Eye Hospital, Bangladesh. Next, various deep learning models (EfficientNet, MobileNet, DenseNet, and GoogLeNet) have been used to detect glaucoma from fundus images. The model with EfficientNet-b3 architecture achieved the best results with test accuracy, F1-score, and ROC AUC of 0.9652, 0.9512, and 0.9574, respectively, for the cropped optic cup and disc fundus photographs. We also constructed a new dataset by segmenting the blood vessels from retinal fundus images employing a U-net model trained on High-Resolution Fundus Image Database. The MobileNet v3 model trained on this dataset achieved a satisfactory test accuracy of 0.8348 and an F1-score of 0.7957. This impressive result suggests that blood vessel segmentation of fundus images can be utilized as an alternative to detect glaucoma automatically.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"IEEE Access","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":101115674},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234532/Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_With_Cropped_Optic_Cup_and_Disc_and_Blood_Vessel_Segmentation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:43.406-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115674,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115674/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"09664528.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115674/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115674/09664528-libre.pdf?1681607912=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDeep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=EOHrhNtY5ALQTvXtjR7q2VgIHpkEFoNQsxIlUcD0kY6xXi8tA9G~epCQOco1kjxv6~aaBESy2tlmLT~o6RwRz8lB77dFy1L-nDVp7zo8t3qB4~3lWJNa6iRGnsnDYg-21DIjYWqX1tAYgMCvl5bTcW8axyQJaz8vsm5rk72eROeRpXQ4sCgiyEOZY4tYgMVWnbuTWPubP8y9sEqbD48xXHOaWZZN~pq5osa4ygqSwjRR1qJM4QE~pfFkPpTfZZz6inZ0dPJmS9~ospOc~N18EsVH2rfvrSPHpn0saGdNa4OhkYKo2FgdSN-7VVTmEGEpJd9wN8OmdN2iS5dp69jVcg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_With_Cropped_Optic_Cup_and_Disc_and_Blood_Vessel_Segmentation","translated_slug":"","page_count":14,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115674,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115674/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"09664528.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115674/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115674/09664528-libre.pdf?1681607912=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDeep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=EOHrhNtY5ALQTvXtjR7q2VgIHpkEFoNQsxIlUcD0kY6xXi8tA9G~epCQOco1kjxv6~aaBESy2tlmLT~o6RwRz8lB77dFy1L-nDVp7zo8t3qB4~3lWJNa6iRGnsnDYg-21DIjYWqX1tAYgMCvl5bTcW8axyQJaz8vsm5rk72eROeRpXQ4sCgiyEOZY4tYgMVWnbuTWPubP8y9sEqbD48xXHOaWZZN~pq5osa4ygqSwjRR1qJM4QE~pfFkPpTfZZz6inZ0dPJmS9~ospOc~N18EsVH2rfvrSPHpn0saGdNa4OhkYKo2FgdSN-7VVTmEGEpJd9wN8OmdN2iS5dp69jVcg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":101115675,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115675/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"09664528.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115675/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115675/09664528-libre.pdf?1681607913=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDeep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=UPaSzTUQDgSlbPOQr0AS4It8gbalcDFsuy2KQ7O2gPFQbWzqnQxaRkeWya-0ShOIFpDl44zNRSiIDvhDTOAgFoqwqkolBi-LURZaRlh2296BKQpVs0CYdthZ-dyFT6fWDg793iUtDd2UgqTn3~sX9AV~oN3u1V6-3GAWD9PH2xe2yeYzdCz11ugXdf876yfvfjaRPD6yih~55DEPAuelRMAjtnaETinauygLzB~aQUv2pdgVMARoEgq0A8HtEnDz7BTZi0wS~KLCUs3zJumrQAVuWA15kgGUauIWBTfbf61I1ncck3m1mnrvSu7sVSSEbfbl8Hnf6GPAYQLHJ8epEQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science"},{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence"},{"id":592,"name":"Optometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry"},{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology"},{"id":71422,"name":"Optic Nerve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Nerve"},{"id":96572,"name":"Glaucoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glaucoma"},{"id":914074,"name":"Visual Field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Field"},{"id":1011492,"name":"Optic Disc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Disc"}],"urls":[{"id":30648635,"url":"http://xplorestaging.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09664528.pdf?arnumber=9664528"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234531"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234531/The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of_Molecular_Chains_in_Terms_of_Low_and_High_Shear_Rate_s_Viscosities_on_Heat_and_Mass_Flow_of_Nonnewtonian_Shear_thinning_Fluids"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Different Arrangements of Molecular Chains in Terms of Low and High Shear Rate’s Viscosities on Heat and Mass Flow of Nonnewtonian Shear thinning Fluids" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115677/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234531/The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of_Molecular_Chains_in_Terms_of_Low_and_High_Shear_Rate_s_Viscosities_on_Heat_and_Mass_Flow_of_Nonnewtonian_Shear_thinning_Fluids">The Impact of Different Arrangements of Molecular Chains in Terms of Low and High Shear Rate’s Viscosities on Heat and Mass Flow of Nonnewtonian Shear thinning Fluids</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Combinatorial Chemistry &amp; High Throughput Screening</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Non-newtonian fluids, especially shear thinning fluids, have several applications in ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Non-newtonian fluids, especially shear thinning fluids, have several applications in the polymer industry, food industry, and even everyday life. The viscosity of shear thinning fluids is decreased by two or three orders of magnitude due to the alignment of the molecules in order when the shear rate is increased, and it cannot be ignored in the case of polymer processing and lubrication problems. Objective: So, the effects of viscosities at the low and high shear rates on the heat and mass boundary layer flow of shear thinning fluid over moving belts are investigated in this study. For this purpose the generalized Carreau model of viscosity relate to shear rate is used in the momentum equation. The Carreau model contains the five parameters: low shear rate viscosity, high shear rate viscosity, viscosity curvature, consistency index, and flow behavior index. For the heat flow, the expression of the thermal conductivity model similar to the viscosity equation due to the no...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6bcf38facf9b2bd39222e0f569d1699b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115677,"asset_id":100234531,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115677/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234531"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234531"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234531; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234531]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234531]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234531; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234531']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234531, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6bcf38facf9b2bd39222e0f569d1699b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234531]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234531,"title":"The Impact of Different Arrangements of Molecular Chains in Terms of Low and High Shear Rate’s Viscosities on Heat and Mass Flow of Nonnewtonian Shear thinning Fluids","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Background: Non-newtonian fluids, especially shear thinning fluids, have several applications in the polymer industry, food industry, and even everyday life. The viscosity of shear thinning fluids is decreased by two or three orders of magnitude due to the alignment of the molecules in order when the shear rate is increased, and it cannot be ignored in the case of polymer processing and lubrication problems. Objective: So, the effects of viscosities at the low and high shear rates on the heat and mass boundary layer flow of shear thinning fluid over moving belts are investigated in this study. For this purpose the generalized Carreau model of viscosity relate to shear rate is used in the momentum equation. The Carreau model contains the five parameters: low shear rate viscosity, high shear rate viscosity, viscosity curvature, consistency index, and flow behavior index. For the heat flow, the expression of the thermal conductivity model similar to the viscosity equation due to the no...","publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Combinatorial Chemistry \u0026amp; High Throughput Screening"},"translated_abstract":"Background: Non-newtonian fluids, especially shear thinning fluids, have several applications in the polymer industry, food industry, and even everyday life. The viscosity of shear thinning fluids is decreased by two or three orders of magnitude due to the alignment of the molecules in order when the shear rate is increased, and it cannot be ignored in the case of polymer processing and lubrication problems. Objective: So, the effects of viscosities at the low and high shear rates on the heat and mass boundary layer flow of shear thinning fluid over moving belts are investigated in this study. For this purpose the generalized Carreau model of viscosity relate to shear rate is used in the momentum equation. The Carreau model contains the five parameters: low shear rate viscosity, high shear rate viscosity, viscosity curvature, consistency index, and flow behavior index. For the heat flow, the expression of the thermal conductivity model similar to the viscosity equation due to the no...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234531/The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of_Molecular_Chains_in_Terms_of_Low_and_High_Shear_Rate_s_Viscosities_on_Heat_and_Mass_Flow_of_Nonnewtonian_Shear_thinning_Fluids","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:43.190-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115677,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115677/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"download.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115677/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115677/download-libre.pdf?1681607903=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=agU8YWzmtIRlZbULlT78z77WZ5RHkQNg~YcyePz6Ors~k3R9VTKoo3x8FqKf1ZRC25avsyW3SgydG-X1rQVz19Z7429kfB4pFXdqEOYX~2GVtexX1b8lQf5ooIfipd-9PVpd3jYXWtkTnWLx7jn8WguCt9IhL8VHmQyZ5n2VdB5hz0lASZsZGzjhL7dOtBEdgyhxJRoxcPukrkAgN7QytJzdYsf3IzYfHVu9lWvzosFF~rbtW5WGlRScAm9gmGC9Wc4i33273etx94iBH1k5Q-aiXHkO9yoQRJih0qLFFyhyfzYx2dt9mst2wKiCOZwy1T2SeXAuzuL~1xPcV8jxpA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of_Molecular_Chains_in_Terms_of_Low_and_High_Shear_Rate_s_Viscosities_on_Heat_and_Mass_Flow_of_Nonnewtonian_Shear_thinning_Fluids","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115677,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115677/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"download.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115677/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115677/download-libre.pdf?1681607903=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=agU8YWzmtIRlZbULlT78z77WZ5RHkQNg~YcyePz6Ors~k3R9VTKoo3x8FqKf1ZRC25avsyW3SgydG-X1rQVz19Z7429kfB4pFXdqEOYX~2GVtexX1b8lQf5ooIfipd-9PVpd3jYXWtkTnWLx7jn8WguCt9IhL8VHmQyZ5n2VdB5hz0lASZsZGzjhL7dOtBEdgyhxJRoxcPukrkAgN7QytJzdYsf3IzYfHVu9lWvzosFF~rbtW5WGlRScAm9gmGC9Wc4i33273etx94iBH1k5Q-aiXHkO9yoQRJih0qLFFyhyfzYx2dt9mst2wKiCOZwy1T2SeXAuzuL~1xPcV8jxpA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":101115676,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115676/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"download.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115676/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115676/download-libre.pdf?1681607906=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=PhY4OWHmLJKCisD062iMKCK~KJ9YA-bdCozA5JS8sXsh7rnLmnmHXzNDPkOdgUip2XmFvSacKd8KkKq69rA3ON-WyaJCpARoP0UCETrGfdXS4-NbsM3bqWsVgcmcT6dWI8w-FnW1evEWRC3si~8t09M4QoAEfo3tYpx6mn~rufnWAqUCPqakjc5dXSO0eAe9ZBExw3J01p0hA8oldLFpJr06PjftFMX03mVVToT2JkjRTxqSg-wfr7nYZmLoJRrSuIOCqOQ37T2jlW8c0YHH3zmLpS6SvhOkblNnr6ta4Xoeja220BIsezJceAYG9I-nkYBgpaGCw88yh1okEqHX1Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":512,"name":"Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanics"},{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":1441340,"name":"Carreau Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carreau_Fluid"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology"},{"id":3156091,"name":"Shear Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shear_Rate"}],"urls":[{"id":30648634,"url":"https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/download?doi=10.2174/1386207324666210719111909"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234530"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234530/Tourism_Policy_in_Bangladesh_A_Critical_Perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tourism Policy in Bangladesh: A Critical Perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234530/Tourism_Policy_in_Bangladesh_A_Critical_Perspective">Tourism Policy in Bangladesh: A Critical Perspective</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tourism Policy and Planning in Bangladesh</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The tourism industry of Bangladesh is reported to be one of the fastest-growing in South Asia. In...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The tourism industry of Bangladesh is reported to be one of the fastest-growing in South Asia. In the last few decades, the country witnessed a sharp growth of a social class with discretionary income to afford leisure travels. However, this is dubious that the existing tourism policy is inclusive, and has been able to facilitate a sustainable development trajectory of the tourism industry. This study comprehensively reviews the tourism policy implications and addresses complexities at the intersections of the public, private, and community sectors in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that an inclusive tourism policy and relevant instruments are essential to support and (de)regulate the thriving tourism industry of the country. This chapter further identifies the tourism product and service demands of the emerging social class and required policy interventions to promote and manage tourism in the popular destinations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234530"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234530"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234530; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234530]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234530]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234530; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234530']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234530, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234530]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234530,"title":"Tourism Policy in Bangladesh: A Critical Perspective","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The tourism industry of Bangladesh is reported to be one of the fastest-growing in South Asia. In the last few decades, the country witnessed a sharp growth of a social class with discretionary income to afford leisure travels. However, this is dubious that the existing tourism policy is inclusive, and has been able to facilitate a sustainable development trajectory of the tourism industry. This study comprehensively reviews the tourism policy implications and addresses complexities at the intersections of the public, private, and community sectors in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that an inclusive tourism policy and relevant instruments are essential to support and (de)regulate the thriving tourism industry of the country. This chapter further identifies the tourism product and service demands of the emerging social class and required policy interventions to promote and manage tourism in the popular destinations.","publisher":"Springer Singapore","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tourism Policy and Planning in Bangladesh"},"translated_abstract":"The tourism industry of Bangladesh is reported to be one of the fastest-growing in South Asia. In the last few decades, the country witnessed a sharp growth of a social class with discretionary income to afford leisure travels. However, this is dubious that the existing tourism policy is inclusive, and has been able to facilitate a sustainable development trajectory of the tourism industry. This study comprehensively reviews the tourism policy implications and addresses complexities at the intersections of the public, private, and community sectors in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that an inclusive tourism policy and relevant instruments are essential to support and (de)regulate the thriving tourism industry of the country. This chapter further identifies the tourism product and service demands of the emerging social class and required policy interventions to promote and manage tourism in the popular destinations.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234530/Tourism_Policy_in_Bangladesh_A_Critical_Perspective","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:42.968-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Tourism_Policy_in_Bangladesh_A_Critical_Perspective","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":6275,"name":"Tourism Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Geography"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":978489,"name":"Thriving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thriving"},{"id":3647879,"name":"Springer Ebooks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Springer_Ebooks"}],"urls":[{"id":30648633,"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-981-15-7014-8_18"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234529"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234529/Non_governmental_Organisations_and_Tourism_Education_in_Bangladesh"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Non-governmental Organisations and Tourism Education in Bangladesh" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234529/Non_governmental_Organisations_and_Tourism_Education_in_Bangladesh">Non-governmental Organisations and Tourism Education in Bangladesh</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234529"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234529"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234529; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234529]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234529]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234529; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234529']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234529, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234529]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234529,"title":"Non-governmental Organisations and Tourism Education in Bangladesh","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234529/Non_governmental_Organisations_and_Tourism_Education_in_Bangladesh","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:42.796-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Non_governmental_Organisations_and_Tourism_Education_in_Bangladesh","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":8470,"name":"Empowerment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empowerment"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":3647879,"name":"Springer Ebooks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Springer_Ebooks"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234528"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234528/Entrepreneurial_Responses_to_Disruptive_Transformations_An_Evolutionary_Perspective_on_the_Hospitality_Industry_of_Post_Quake_Christchurch_New_Zealand"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Entrepreneurial Responses to Disruptive Transformations: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Hospitality Industry of Post-Quake Christchurch, New Zealand" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234528/Entrepreneurial_Responses_to_Disruptive_Transformations_An_Evolutionary_Perspective_on_the_Hospitality_Industry_of_Post_Quake_Christchurch_New_Zealand">Entrepreneurial Responses to Disruptive Transformations: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Hospitality Industry of Post-Quake Christchurch, New Zealand</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Disaster-induced crises in business operations have become an increasingly complex phenomenon and...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Disaster-induced crises in business operations have become an increasingly complex phenomenon and continue to become more frequent and destabilising. Far-reaching socio-political and economic consequences of globalisation, increased urbanisation and environmental changes serve to make the threats posed by disasters greater than ever. When not in crisis, global destinations are in an extended programme of pre-event limbo, almost waiting for a significant trigger event to take place to challenge the existing structure, routine operations and survival of businesses. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between individuals, communities and businesses increases its vulnerability. However, a significant gap in the extant literature calls for exploratory research approaches to uncover the phenomenon of entrepreneurial responses to the abrupt and high magnitude shocks in urban tourism, with specific reference to the hospitality industry therein. The literature on business management emphasises pro-active planning and strategic action in frameworks for disaster recovery and crisis management. Organisational crisis management is operationalised as a cyclic process where the learning phase is thought to enable creative processes that modify holistic frameworks for disaster preparedness and response based on relevant evidence. Christchurch, the second largest city of New Zealand, has gone through an unprecedented renewal of urban spaces, resulting from the post-quake environment of recovery governance, policy interventions, catalyst investments by the government and the city council, changes in resident and visitor demographics, organic (re)growth of the economic hotspots, and evolution of tourism spaces. The tourism crisis management literature on the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, mostly quantitative studies, addresses the vulnerability of tourism destinations, organisational resilience to disasters, and visitor management. This exploratory qualitative research aims to understand the phenomenon of disruptive transformations in the post-quake hospitality business environments of the Christchurch Central City and entrepreneurial responses to survive and thrive. Theoretical constructs of urban tourism, crisis management, disaster recovery, organisational resilience, business continuity and evolutionary ecology underpin the conceptual frameworks of this research. Twenty-four in-depth semi-structured interviews with representatives of Crown agencies, Christchurch City Council (CCC), CCC-owned companies/economic development agencies, regional tourism organisations, community leaders, advocacy groups, business associations, and hospitality entrepreneurs form the empirical basis of this study. It is further based on an in-depth content analysis of a large volume of documents pertaining to Christchurch’s recovery such as policy documents, recovery blueprints, government reports and press releases, business cases, industry research reports and local news, among others. Niche Construction Theory (NCT) is adopted as an analytical framework to make sense of environmental selection pressures and stakeholder-led modifications of the environmental conditions. This research thus illustrates how a major disaster has led to disruptive transformations in urban tourism business environments. The empirical data further explains the phenomenon of evolutionary responses of hospitality enterprises to the environmental conditions in a post-disaster urban context</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234528"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234528"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234528; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234528]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234528]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234528; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234528']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234528, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234528]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234528,"title":"Entrepreneurial Responses to Disruptive Transformations: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Hospitality Industry of Post-Quake Christchurch, New Zealand","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Disaster-induced crises in business operations have become an increasingly complex phenomenon and continue to become more frequent and destabilising. Far-reaching socio-political and economic consequences of globalisation, increased urbanisation and environmental changes serve to make the threats posed by disasters greater than ever. When not in crisis, global destinations are in an extended programme of pre-event limbo, almost waiting for a significant trigger event to take place to challenge the existing structure, routine operations and survival of businesses. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between individuals, communities and businesses increases its vulnerability. However, a significant gap in the extant literature calls for exploratory research approaches to uncover the phenomenon of entrepreneurial responses to the abrupt and high magnitude shocks in urban tourism, with specific reference to the hospitality industry therein. The literature on business management emphasises pro-active planning and strategic action in frameworks for disaster recovery and crisis management. Organisational crisis management is operationalised as a cyclic process where the learning phase is thought to enable creative processes that modify holistic frameworks for disaster preparedness and response based on relevant evidence. Christchurch, the second largest city of New Zealand, has gone through an unprecedented renewal of urban spaces, resulting from the post-quake environment of recovery governance, policy interventions, catalyst investments by the government and the city council, changes in resident and visitor demographics, organic (re)growth of the economic hotspots, and evolution of tourism spaces. The tourism crisis management literature on the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, mostly quantitative studies, addresses the vulnerability of tourism destinations, organisational resilience to disasters, and visitor management. This exploratory qualitative research aims to understand the phenomenon of disruptive transformations in the post-quake hospitality business environments of the Christchurch Central City and entrepreneurial responses to survive and thrive. Theoretical constructs of urban tourism, crisis management, disaster recovery, organisational resilience, business continuity and evolutionary ecology underpin the conceptual frameworks of this research. Twenty-four in-depth semi-structured interviews with representatives of Crown agencies, Christchurch City Council (CCC), CCC-owned companies/economic development agencies, regional tourism organisations, community leaders, advocacy groups, business associations, and hospitality entrepreneurs form the empirical basis of this study. It is further based on an in-depth content analysis of a large volume of documents pertaining to Christchurch’s recovery such as policy documents, recovery blueprints, government reports and press releases, business cases, industry research reports and local news, among others. Niche Construction Theory (NCT) is adopted as an analytical framework to make sense of environmental selection pressures and stakeholder-led modifications of the environmental conditions. This research thus illustrates how a major disaster has led to disruptive transformations in urban tourism business environments. The empirical data further explains the phenomenon of evolutionary responses of hospitality enterprises to the environmental conditions in a post-disaster urban context","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Disaster-induced crises in business operations have become an increasingly complex phenomenon and continue to become more frequent and destabilising. Far-reaching socio-political and economic consequences of globalisation, increased urbanisation and environmental changes serve to make the threats posed by disasters greater than ever. When not in crisis, global destinations are in an extended programme of pre-event limbo, almost waiting for a significant trigger event to take place to challenge the existing structure, routine operations and survival of businesses. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between individuals, communities and businesses increases its vulnerability. However, a significant gap in the extant literature calls for exploratory research approaches to uncover the phenomenon of entrepreneurial responses to the abrupt and high magnitude shocks in urban tourism, with specific reference to the hospitality industry therein. The literature on business management emphasises pro-active planning and strategic action in frameworks for disaster recovery and crisis management. Organisational crisis management is operationalised as a cyclic process where the learning phase is thought to enable creative processes that modify holistic frameworks for disaster preparedness and response based on relevant evidence. Christchurch, the second largest city of New Zealand, has gone through an unprecedented renewal of urban spaces, resulting from the post-quake environment of recovery governance, policy interventions, catalyst investments by the government and the city council, changes in resident and visitor demographics, organic (re)growth of the economic hotspots, and evolution of tourism spaces. The tourism crisis management literature on the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, mostly quantitative studies, addresses the vulnerability of tourism destinations, organisational resilience to disasters, and visitor management. This exploratory qualitative research aims to understand the phenomenon of disruptive transformations in the post-quake hospitality business environments of the Christchurch Central City and entrepreneurial responses to survive and thrive. Theoretical constructs of urban tourism, crisis management, disaster recovery, organisational resilience, business continuity and evolutionary ecology underpin the conceptual frameworks of this research. Twenty-four in-depth semi-structured interviews with representatives of Crown agencies, Christchurch City Council (CCC), CCC-owned companies/economic development agencies, regional tourism organisations, community leaders, advocacy groups, business associations, and hospitality entrepreneurs form the empirical basis of this study. It is further based on an in-depth content analysis of a large volume of documents pertaining to Christchurch’s recovery such as policy documents, recovery blueprints, government reports and press releases, business cases, industry research reports and local news, among others. Niche Construction Theory (NCT) is adopted as an analytical framework to make sense of environmental selection pressures and stakeholder-led modifications of the environmental conditions. This research thus illustrates how a major disaster has led to disruptive transformations in urban tourism business environments. The empirical data further explains the phenomenon of evolutionary responses of hospitality enterprises to the environmental conditions in a post-disaster urban context","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234528/Entrepreneurial_Responses_to_Disruptive_Transformations_An_Evolutionary_Perspective_on_the_Hospitality_Industry_of_Post_Quake_Christchurch_New_Zealand","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:42.663-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Entrepreneurial_Responses_to_Disruptive_Transformations_An_Evolutionary_Perspective_on_the_Hospitality_Industry_of_Post_Quake_Christchurch_New_Zealand","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":5521,"name":"Crisis Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crisis_Management"},{"id":19944,"name":"Organisational Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organisational_Resilience"},{"id":21005,"name":"Urban Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Tourism"},{"id":22656,"name":"Hospitality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality"},{"id":54410,"name":"Urban Renewal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Renewal"},{"id":64188,"name":"Placemaking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Placemaking"},{"id":98218,"name":"Hospitality Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality_Industry"},{"id":255553,"name":"Business Continuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Continuity"},{"id":301756,"name":"Disaster Recovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_Recovery"},{"id":426488,"name":"Christchurch earthquake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christchurch_earthquake"},{"id":461147,"name":"Tourism Crisis Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Crisis_Management"},{"id":1027746,"name":"Disruptions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disruptions"},{"id":1349745,"name":"Entrepreneurial Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurial_Resilience"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234527"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234527/Recovery_of_biochemicals_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_using_MFI_adsorbents_A_comparison_between_traditional_beads_and_a_structured_adsorbent"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Recovery of biochemicals from ABE fermentation broths using MFI adsorbents: A comparison between traditional beads and a structured adsorbent" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234527/Recovery_of_biochemicals_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_using_MFI_adsorbents_A_comparison_between_traditional_beads_and_a_structured_adsorbent">Recovery of biochemicals from ABE fermentation broths using MFI adsorbents: A comparison between traditional beads and a structured adsorbent</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Energy demands of the world are ever increasing in this industrial era. Over reliance on petroleu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Energy demands of the world are ever increasing in this industrial era. Over reliance on petroleum-based fuels has a negative impact on the environment. In addition, with depleting reservoirs of fo ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234527"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234527"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234527; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234527]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234527]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234527; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234527']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234527, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234527]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234527,"title":"Recovery of biochemicals from ABE fermentation broths using MFI adsorbents: A comparison between traditional beads and a structured adsorbent","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Energy demands of the world are ever increasing in this industrial era. Over reliance on petroleum-based fuels has a negative impact on the environment. In addition, with depleting reservoirs of fo ...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Energy demands of the world are ever increasing in this industrial era. Over reliance on petroleum-based fuels has a negative impact on the environment. In addition, with depleting reservoirs of fo ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234527/Recovery_of_biochemicals_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_using_MFI_adsorbents_A_comparison_between_traditional_beads_and_a_structured_adsorbent","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:42.474-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Recovery_of_biochemicals_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_using_MFI_adsorbents_A_comparison_between_traditional_beads_and_a_structured_adsorbent","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science"},{"id":14085,"name":"Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management"},{"id":39752,"name":"Adsorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adsorption"},{"id":385364,"name":"Pulp and Paper Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pulp_and_Paper_Industry"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234526"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234526/Comprehensive_mathematical_analysis_and_simulation_design_of_a_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_system"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comprehensive mathematical analysis and simulation design of a microwave wireless power transmission system" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234526/Comprehensive_mathematical_analysis_and_simulation_design_of_a_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_system">Comprehensive mathematical analysis and simulation design of a microwave wireless power transmission system</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">....................................................................................................</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">....................................................................................................... iv Dedication ............................................................................................................. v Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... vi Table of</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234526"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234526"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234526; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234526]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234526]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234526; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234526']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234526, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234526]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234526,"title":"Comprehensive mathematical analysis and simulation design of a microwave wireless power transmission system","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"....................................................................................................... iv Dedication ............................................................................................................. v Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... vi Table of","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"....................................................................................................... iv Dedication ............................................................................................................. v Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... vi Table of","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234526/Comprehensive_mathematical_analysis_and_simulation_design_of_a_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_system","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:41.760-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Comprehensive_mathematical_analysis_and_simulation_design_of_a_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_system","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science"},{"id":5023,"name":"Microwave","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microwave"},{"id":98566,"name":"Wireless","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wireless"},{"id":129331,"name":"Microwave Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microwave_Transmission"},{"id":756860,"name":"BRAC University","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BRAC_University"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234525"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234525/Types_and_relevance_of_advocacy_in_destination_based_non_profit_organisations_Evidence_from_New_Zealand_ecosanctuaries"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Types and relevance of advocacy in destination-based non-profit organisations - Evidence from New Zealand ecosanctuaries" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234525/Types_and_relevance_of_advocacy_in_destination_based_non_profit_organisations_Evidence_from_New_Zealand_ecosanctuaries">Types and relevance of advocacy in destination-based non-profit organisations - Evidence from New Zealand ecosanctuaries</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tourism Management Perspectives</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234525"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234525"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234525; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234525]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234525]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234525; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234525']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234525, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234525]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234525,"title":"Types and relevance of advocacy in destination-based non-profit organisations - Evidence from New Zealand ecosanctuaries","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tourism Management Perspectives"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234525/Types_and_relevance_of_advocacy_in_destination_based_non_profit_organisations_Evidence_from_New_Zealand_ecosanctuaries","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:36.782-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Types_and_relevance_of_advocacy_in_destination_based_non_profit_organisations_Evidence_from_New_Zealand_ecosanctuaries","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4986,"name":"Public Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations"},{"id":10419,"name":"Negotiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Negotiation"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"}],"urls":[{"id":30648632,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2211973621001112?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234521"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234521/Destination_repurposed_transformative_impacts_of_refugee_crisis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Destination repurposed: transformative impacts of refugee crisis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234521/Destination_repurposed_transformative_impacts_of_refugee_crisis">Destination repurposed: transformative impacts of refugee crisis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tourism Recreation Research</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT This research note generates insights into the transformational impacts of the refugee c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT This research note generates insights into the transformational impacts of the refugee crisis and finds that the influx of aid workers significantly alters the business landscapes and destination image of a tourism-dependent urban area. The study draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews and an extensive analysis of policy documents, organisational reports and news articles pertaining to the responses to the impacts of the world’s largest refugee settlement in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The empirical evidence identifies how a tourism-dependent visitor economy transformed into the current state of aid worker-led economy. In so doing, the study explores significant knowledge gaps in the tourism literature and suggests future research to address the refugee crisis-tourism nexus in a context of the host community.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234521"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234521"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234521; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234521]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234521]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234521; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234521']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234521, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234521]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234521,"title":"Destination repurposed: transformative impacts of refugee crisis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research note generates insights into the transformational impacts of the refugee crisis and finds that the influx of aid workers significantly alters the business landscapes and destination image of a tourism-dependent urban area. The study draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews and an extensive analysis of policy documents, organisational reports and news articles pertaining to the responses to the impacts of the world’s largest refugee settlement in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The empirical evidence identifies how a tourism-dependent visitor economy transformed into the current state of aid worker-led economy. In so doing, the study explores significant knowledge gaps in the tourism literature and suggests future research to address the refugee crisis-tourism nexus in a context of the host community.","publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tourism Recreation Research"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT This research note generates insights into the transformational impacts of the refugee crisis and finds that the influx of aid workers significantly alters the business landscapes and destination image of a tourism-dependent urban area. The study draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews and an extensive analysis of policy documents, organisational reports and news articles pertaining to the responses to the impacts of the world’s largest refugee settlement in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The empirical evidence identifies how a tourism-dependent visitor economy transformed into the current state of aid worker-led economy. In so doing, the study explores significant knowledge gaps in the tourism literature and suggests future research to address the refugee crisis-tourism nexus in a context of the host community.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234521/Destination_repurposed_transformative_impacts_of_refugee_crisis","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:28.756-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Destination_repurposed_transformative_impacts_of_refugee_crisis","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":1591,"name":"Transformative Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transformative_Learning"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":96552,"name":"Refugee","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee"},{"id":326177,"name":"Refugee Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Crisis"},{"id":551782,"name":"Tourism and Recreation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_and_Recreation"}],"urls":[{"id":30648631,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508281.2020.1862544"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234518"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234518/Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_management_in_urban_tourism_strategic_imperatives_of_niche_construction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Renegotiating organisational crisis management in urban tourism: strategic imperatives of niche construction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115697/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234518/Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_management_in_urban_tourism_strategic_imperatives_of_niche_construction">Renegotiating organisational crisis management in urban tourism: strategic imperatives of niche construction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Tourism Cities</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Purpose This paper aims to respond to the strong calls for interdisciplinary solutions to address...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Purpose This paper aims to respond to the strong calls for interdisciplinary solutions to address the many and varied challenges that major disasters create in urban (tourism) spaces, and provide a holistic conceptualisation of organisational responses to disruptions in the external business environment. It argues that organisations need to actively (re)formulate a sustainable business proposition to passively adapt to environmental conditions and modify the selective environment. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach to introducing and examining the concepts and theoretical constructs underpinning the proposed conceptual schemata. The content-driven inductive approach used here is based on an extensive review of the disaster recovery, crisis management, entrepreneurial strategy and urban tourism literature with a focus on organisational perspectives. It systematically brings together the theories and research findings from these separate strands of lite...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8fd0e154dd09c0aec74d165938a56199" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115697,"asset_id":100234518,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115697/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234518"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234518"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234518; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234518]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234518]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234518; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234518']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234518, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8fd0e154dd09c0aec74d165938a56199" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234518]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234518,"title":"Renegotiating organisational crisis management in urban tourism: strategic imperatives of niche construction","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Purpose This paper aims to respond to the strong calls for interdisciplinary solutions to address the many and varied challenges that major disasters create in urban (tourism) spaces, and provide a holistic conceptualisation of organisational responses to disruptions in the external business environment. It argues that organisations need to actively (re)formulate a sustainable business proposition to passively adapt to environmental conditions and modify the selective environment. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach to introducing and examining the concepts and theoretical constructs underpinning the proposed conceptual schemata. The content-driven inductive approach used here is based on an extensive review of the disaster recovery, crisis management, entrepreneurial strategy and urban tourism literature with a focus on organisational perspectives. It systematically brings together the theories and research findings from these separate strands of lite...","publisher":"Emerald","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"International Journal of Tourism Cities"},"translated_abstract":"Purpose This paper aims to respond to the strong calls for interdisciplinary solutions to address the many and varied challenges that major disasters create in urban (tourism) spaces, and provide a holistic conceptualisation of organisational responses to disruptions in the external business environment. It argues that organisations need to actively (re)formulate a sustainable business proposition to passively adapt to environmental conditions and modify the selective environment. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach to introducing and examining the concepts and theoretical constructs underpinning the proposed conceptual schemata. The content-driven inductive approach used here is based on an extensive review of the disaster recovery, crisis management, entrepreneurial strategy and urban tourism literature with a focus on organisational perspectives. It systematically brings together the theories and research findings from these separate strands of lite...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234518/Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_management_in_urban_tourism_strategic_imperatives_of_niche_construction","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:27.057-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115697,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115697/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ijtc-11-2019-019620230415-1-c8lnx4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115697/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_mana.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115697/ijtc-11-2019-019620230415-1-c8lnx4-libre.pdf?1681607899=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRenegotiating_organisational_crisis_mana.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=CizcLoFg8n5OYAFxhmOMVGXHqzvvSezv9q9fj0aEQl7S90v9JJS1jUjaZmqe3bB8INOt3ZASU0dddgOAIBARbQGSnOks-dOck7Wffzpnwi-56JcXUkK-YcZ4phGjD8bzSZij-HnCUL05TeEw5HgIWwL3kmzqwKbLX70xQUbU5C~Xxpy0Ypb-O1-Y1KExxycfOt69PlRDuKkUZT09oEZL4~iawWbMwFLxoRFvv-5a5kL3CpgxJnXbPCvtzTG0W85WAa4A~jPXXfptMAOVK6HBTTeitB-aX6Ht4RXzzIQKvwYG1Vdylmi9Yy5dSR-r0BHFYr4yIjlc6BWDV03FGt6aAw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_management_in_urban_tourism_strategic_imperatives_of_niche_construction","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115697,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115697/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ijtc-11-2019-019620230415-1-c8lnx4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115697/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_mana.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115697/ijtc-11-2019-019620230415-1-c8lnx4-libre.pdf?1681607899=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRenegotiating_organisational_crisis_mana.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=CizcLoFg8n5OYAFxhmOMVGXHqzvvSezv9q9fj0aEQl7S90v9JJS1jUjaZmqe3bB8INOt3ZASU0dddgOAIBARbQGSnOks-dOck7Wffzpnwi-56JcXUkK-YcZ4phGjD8bzSZij-HnCUL05TeEw5HgIWwL3kmzqwKbLX70xQUbU5C~Xxpy0Ypb-O1-Y1KExxycfOt69PlRDuKkUZT09oEZL4~iawWbMwFLxoRFvv-5a5kL3CpgxJnXbPCvtzTG0W85WAa4A~jPXXfptMAOVK6HBTTeitB-aX6Ht4RXzzIQKvwYG1Vdylmi9Yy5dSR-r0BHFYr4yIjlc6BWDV03FGt6aAw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"}],"urls":[{"id":30648630,"url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJTC-11-2019-0196/full/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234516"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234516/_Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial_effects_of_the_2010_2011_Christchurch_earthquakes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of (Re)Creating spaces for tourism: Spatial effects of the 2010/ 2011 Christchurch earthquakes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115693/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234516/_Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial_effects_of_the_2010_2011_Christchurch_earthquakes">(Re)Creating spaces for tourism: Spatial effects of the 2010/ 2011 Christchurch earthquakes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tourism Management</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b00a4dd98a0e26f50d020b8f2bb98a4e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115693,"asset_id":100234516,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115693/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234516"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234516"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234516; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234516]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234516]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234516; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234516']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234516, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b00a4dd98a0e26f50d020b8f2bb98a4e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234516]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234516,"title":"(Re)Creating spaces for tourism: Spatial effects of the 2010/ 2011 Christchurch earthquakes","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tourism Management"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234516/_Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial_effects_of_the_2010_2011_Christchurch_earthquakes","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:26.685-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115693,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115693/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ReCreating_20spaces_20for_20tourism-_20Spatial_20effects_20of_20the_202010__202011_20Christchurch_20earthquakes.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115693/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115693/ReCreating_20spaces_20for_20tourism-_20Spatial_20effects_20of_20the_202010__202011_20Christchurch_20earthquakes-libre.pdf?1681607895=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRe_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=EAB2VK9AmXFyT7dBAWK5VjQlB0RwV20~hIrkd58Dp~W~-SzE3CuBlA6bqXHRxYPDkUEhoxBcqowi9AX4CYLGqsvA5FYaTRU8PWm~fAH1wMCgcyiGcWPH~9AHE08RXB5OnoygAd2YbHv1xZDTdyearVWYsSOdIBibGdC51jD~N8TptyJa8awprcCTvRqFZ3YjT4yuqE21Dy2AVMcoN-VH3bOBq4G7QlqaWlim1N7PKqUM9t55bY8SHWOROa5VyhWoAyiolzYpmxLYsftLLXcDdikwUfw2iWY4TKimMc0flb7rjOWsNdQ78AJDco8KwqVFgBhFRXczq8L6RGFIm-RnSA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"_Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial_effects_of_the_2010_2011_Christchurch_earthquakes","translated_slug":"","page_count":2,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115693,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115693/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ReCreating_20spaces_20for_20tourism-_20Spatial_20effects_20of_20the_202010__202011_20Christchurch_20earthquakes.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115693/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115693/ReCreating_20spaces_20for_20tourism-_20Spatial_20effects_20of_20the_202010__202011_20Christchurch_20earthquakes-libre.pdf?1681607895=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRe_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=EAB2VK9AmXFyT7dBAWK5VjQlB0RwV20~hIrkd58Dp~W~-SzE3CuBlA6bqXHRxYPDkUEhoxBcqowi9AX4CYLGqsvA5FYaTRU8PWm~fAH1wMCgcyiGcWPH~9AHE08RXB5OnoygAd2YbHv1xZDTdyearVWYsSOdIBibGdC51jD~N8TptyJa8awprcCTvRqFZ3YjT4yuqE21Dy2AVMcoN-VH3bOBq4G7QlqaWlim1N7PKqUM9t55bY8SHWOROa5VyhWoAyiolzYpmxLYsftLLXcDdikwUfw2iWY4TKimMc0flb7rjOWsNdQ78AJDco8KwqVFgBhFRXczq8L6RGFIm-RnSA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing"},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography"},{"id":943,"name":"Tourism Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management"},{"id":3265,"name":"Regional Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Science"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":2875024,"name":"Commercial Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commercial_Services"}],"urls":[{"id":30648628,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0261517720300285?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234515"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234515/Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_sustainable_bioresource_reuse_for_treatment_of_textile_wastewater"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Macroalgae and coal-based biochar as a sustainable bioresource reuse for treatment of textile wastewater" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115696/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234515/Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_sustainable_bioresource_reuse_for_treatment_of_textile_wastewater">Macroalgae and coal-based biochar as a sustainable bioresource reuse for treatment of textile wastewater</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d799f577b53a0d1ce46bd29e741c01fd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115696,"asset_id":100234515,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115696/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234515"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234515"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234515; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234515]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234515]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234515; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234515']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234515, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d799f577b53a0d1ce46bd29e741c01fd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234515]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234515,"title":"Macroalgae and coal-based biochar as a sustainable bioresource reuse for treatment of textile wastewater","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","grobid_abstract":"Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are energy-intensive and environmentally unfriendly due to the use of synthetic and expensive chemicals. This study investigates the potential of macroalgae and coal-based biochar (control) to remove methylene blue from simulated wastewater as well as real textile wastewater. The macroalgae and coal-based biochars adsorb more than 90% of methylene blue from simulated wastewater in only 10 min on their active surface sites. The distinct feature of the current study is that macroalgae-based biochar shows high dye removal efficiency (75%) even in real textile wastewater. Macroalgae-based biochar also shows 67% dye removal efficiency for second regeneration cycle. Langmuir isotherm (\u003e R 2 = 0.954) and pseudo-second-order models (R 2 = 0.999) are well fitted to describe the monolayer homogenous biosorption and process kinetics, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that methylene blue biosorption on macroalgae and coal-based biochars is a spontaneous and endothermic process following physiosorption. The maximum biosorption capacity with macroalgae-based biochar is 353.9 mg g −1 at 303 K, which is approximately 27% higher than any previous biochar study on the treatment of methylene blue. It demonstrates that macroalgae-based biochars can be used as a promising alternative adsorbent to activated carbon for textile wastewater treatment. Keywords Macroalgae. Biochar. Adsorption. Textile wastewater treatment. Sustainable bioresource Abbreviations BC Biochar SM Simple dry macroalgae MBCs Macroalgae-based biochars MBC450 Macroalgae pyrolized at 450°C MBC550 Macroalgae pyrolized at 550°C MBC650 Macroalgae pyrolized at 650°C CBCs Coal-based biochars CBC450 Coal pyrolized at 450°C CBC550 Coal pyrolized at 550°C CBC650 Coal pyrolized at 650°C MB Methylene Blue RTWW Real textile wastewater Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":101115696},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234515/Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_sustainable_bioresource_reuse_for_treatment_of_textile_wastewater","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:26.402-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115696,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115696/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s13399-019-00555-620230415-1-nocvul.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115696/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_s.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115696/s13399-019-00555-620230415-1-nocvul-libre.pdf?1681607905=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMacroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=RLl7DBIzITxEoT17tbw5StdKQjoCIBRvC1r8dwIXZ4MC08NqFOvSJr5CRMKFZ-xqz3SM8uD0zhx0PA5wllAhNBrV9-ODRHsAp9A3p-iuzfbfA2zBVbbbUdm14BOz8Y3hy7ix6ayNp9qlCViA9VIOsiplPWQ83HmkPvAOjG~1DCvWzMv~GFQz4Yp5el0u8Tn4O4IqXt4ptpWlfLb6tkg4wnaZh0s5Rx6UQnRMN--HM7ttNUoHX8kScmned1DSWWQI5cHPKij6x75pJHKgEZpaFtuT42joCtPsqmOCIMziSpDbXVXK5TSM8av13HVTJD9c4JtUFPKIf8uNZ2EMbaHxiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_sustainable_bioresource_reuse_for_treatment_of_textile_wastewater","translated_slug":"","page_count":16,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115696,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115696/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s13399-019-00555-620230415-1-nocvul.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115696/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_s.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115696/s13399-019-00555-620230415-1-nocvul-libre.pdf?1681607905=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMacroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=RLl7DBIzITxEoT17tbw5StdKQjoCIBRvC1r8dwIXZ4MC08NqFOvSJr5CRMKFZ-xqz3SM8uD0zhx0PA5wllAhNBrV9-ODRHsAp9A3p-iuzfbfA2zBVbbbUdm14BOz8Y3hy7ix6ayNp9qlCViA9VIOsiplPWQ83HmkPvAOjG~1DCvWzMv~GFQz4Yp5el0u8Tn4O4IqXt4ptpWlfLb6tkg4wnaZh0s5Rx6UQnRMN--HM7ttNUoHX8kScmned1DSWWQI5cHPKij6x75pJHKgEZpaFtuT42joCtPsqmOCIMziSpDbXVXK5TSM8av13HVTJD9c4JtUFPKIf8uNZ2EMbaHxiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science"},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":10023,"name":"BIOCHAR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BIOCHAR"},{"id":10743,"name":"Coal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coal"},{"id":14085,"name":"Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management"},{"id":65757,"name":"Wastewater","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wastewater"},{"id":111180,"name":"Textile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textile"},{"id":177350,"name":"Reuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reuse"},{"id":551896,"name":"Sewage Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sewage_Treatment"}],"urls":[{"id":30648627,"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-019-00555-6.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234514"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234514/Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_butanol_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_produced_from_an_inexpensive_black_liquor_derived_hydrolyzate"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Zeolite MFI adsorbent for recovery of butanol from ABE fermentation broths produced from an inexpensive black liquor-derived hydrolyzate" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115672/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234514/Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_butanol_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_produced_from_an_inexpensive_black_liquor_derived_hydrolyzate">Zeolite MFI adsorbent for recovery of butanol from ABE fermentation broths produced from an inexpensive black liquor-derived hydrolyzate</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ef500cf1560bd816e95e6e3b30e74555" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115672,"asset_id":100234514,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115672/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234514"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234514"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234514; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234514]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234514]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234514; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234514']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234514, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ef500cf1560bd816e95e6e3b30e74555" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234514]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234514,"title":"Zeolite MFI adsorbent for recovery of butanol from ABE fermentation broths produced from an inexpensive black liquor-derived hydrolyzate","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234514/Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_butanol_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_produced_from_an_inexpensive_black_liquor_derived_hydrolyzate","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:26.178-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115672,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115672/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s13399-018-0315-9.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115672/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115672/s13399-018-0315-9-libre.pdf?1681607903=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DZeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=OPLO3WtECr3zgE6AQFAagnbif4L~kpGlWJ3Ydp-VLU67UbViUsOQlrEtFPb5j~ZMJ2CG4YSRlVTm5Twehp3TR3I1CfiDUDR8woBTNymkl4UH2yMo9JrXdJgD3FFAwxcv2IXIu4Z~zjrXbHzBpLQL4j2AYrCunR6rOFfogn5TwrHOGFv2Kl-biOSrGlOzSI3qaz8JiGsz1t2Q-77KjwGT~TEP6sitdCNBgEPUuHfiBtInSuuYtlpdZwuFO~-JaCqMf39OW-Qed5-LUoFGgP3vDD~AzVsXwgP4FOdPQRC~GckaqKyE2Yt~a7A9HwJ8YAUy4bqBZQjm-vkjnqdmRK0qAQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_butanol_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_produced_from_an_inexpensive_black_liquor_derived_hydrolyzate","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115672,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115672/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s13399-018-0315-9.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115672/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115672/s13399-018-0315-9-libre.pdf?1681607903=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DZeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=OPLO3WtECr3zgE6AQFAagnbif4L~kpGlWJ3Ydp-VLU67UbViUsOQlrEtFPb5j~ZMJ2CG4YSRlVTm5Twehp3TR3I1CfiDUDR8woBTNymkl4UH2yMo9JrXdJgD3FFAwxcv2IXIu4Z~zjrXbHzBpLQL4j2AYrCunR6rOFfogn5TwrHOGFv2Kl-biOSrGlOzSI3qaz8JiGsz1t2Q-77KjwGT~TEP6sitdCNBgEPUuHfiBtInSuuYtlpdZwuFO~-JaCqMf39OW-Qed5-LUoFGgP3vDD~AzVsXwgP4FOdPQRC~GckaqKyE2Yt~a7A9HwJ8YAUy4bqBZQjm-vkjnqdmRK0qAQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":101115671,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115671/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s13399-018-0315-9.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115671/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115671/s13399-018-0315-9-libre.pdf?1681607907=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DZeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=fcTNtrUQzVAx7-8h6H9tWwPhgmMchHGfcROR4ac1JBFjoORsddEYe66a-9RU3YWtNXP1pK9pSZ2IlWYhAk97pdPBEGyUL5xHQH3VSaC8CSFnEeoM8W4ByndGNFYk6eRBi3el2-MdSDNC~jWwznyGrC7F2du~hxzM4V9HVyS4ldfMGzX8YPit9EqafFaJiHp2eoVoFI~5B4rcn5Ab0bPFjhFxT7jbQVW-OVy1tfRldpPs94birUna9ZQAGk2pHXRY2O2L79klVfjg4Y~0D1yinyuIpjBFPoK6T6XhAgmU~cxYyQMdHlOKyeEF-CXgnqG0k1kD4gBI4i7i839wDrHzfA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":14085,"name":"Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management"},{"id":39752,"name":"Adsorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adsorption"},{"id":102203,"name":"Zeolite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zeolite"},{"id":102665,"name":"Butanol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Butanol"},{"id":269129,"name":"Fermentation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fermentation"},{"id":385364,"name":"Pulp and Paper Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pulp_and_Paper_Industry"}],"urls":[{"id":30648626,"url":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-018-0315-9.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234513"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234513/Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fabrication_of_submicron_resist_structures_using_deep_x_ray_lithography"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Influence of secondary effects in the fabrication of submicron resist structures using deep x-ray lithography" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115695/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234513/Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fabrication_of_submicron_resist_structures_using_deep_x_ray_lithography">Influence of secondary effects in the fabrication of submicron resist structures using deep x-ray lithography</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="274bdd8bb85edd0b49457146586cb54d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115695,"asset_id":100234513,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115695/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234513"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234513"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234513; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234513]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234513]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234513; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234513']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234513, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "274bdd8bb85edd0b49457146586cb54d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234513]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234513,"title":"Influence of secondary effects in the fabrication of submicron resist structures using deep x-ray lithography","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","grobid_abstract":"Background: Deep x-ray lithography using synchrotron radiation is a prominent technique in the fabrication of high aspect ratio microstructures. The minimum lateral dimensions producible are limited by the primary dose distribution and secondary effects (Fresnel diffraction, secondary electrons scattering, etc.) during exposure. Aim: The influence of secondary radiation effects on the fabrication of high aspect ratio microstructures with submicrometer lateral dimension by deep x-ray lithography is characterized. Approach: The microstructures under investigation are one-dimensional gratings. The influence of secondary effects on structural dimension is simulated and compared to the experimental results. The quality criteria and possible defects arising in experiments highlight the importance of the mechanical stability of the photoresist. Results: From the simulation results, the minimum period of microstructures that can be produced is about 600 nm. Experimentally, microstructures with 1.2 μm minimum period (resist width of ∼700 nm) and height of ∼10 μm could be fabricated. Conclusions: Simulation results show the feasibility for fabricating gratings with a period less than 1 μm. To achieve these values also in experiment, it is necessary to increase the mechanical stability of the high aspect lamellae. The outcome of these results allows one to reduce the expensive and lengthy product development cycle.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":101115695},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234513/Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fabrication_of_submicron_resist_structures_using_deep_x_ray_lithography","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:25.980-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115695,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115695/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1.JMM.18.2.023502.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115695/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fa.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115695/1.JMM.18.2.023502-libre.pdf?1681607911=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfluence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fa.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=fbzn6MlxHHACT57zUleG-fnWi3GjKsYF6BPiYkMwl7gdjocn5ssiS3dBmkD-KHgCTzMPdect5H0rADyuHqLfno382~WBLqDJiNOa02fkr-TE2EWEmQaD3j5ZW2YPwhWNb0vBwRgrC~KjLAHD8PSkI6bKgKkSbqZpjtAf8X1e5fR-XGqarTZcroaCGiP8RzH5YT7n3NysM5eWoZwTdf6idyuoYSiZWfjwv2ZF~179Drag8TxAPPZC14li6q2eREU~wc89qtLZgmxLUfnRefJzV-y2vyX9yAnEDu61S53DjzsaZUchg3ayfkLJ9LiYGRskOHWb-wnw-lOWKNPhIDvZgQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fabrication_of_submicron_resist_structures_using_deep_x_ray_lithography","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115695,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115695/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1.JMM.18.2.023502.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115695/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fa.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115695/1.JMM.18.2.023502-libre.pdf?1681607911=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfluence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fa.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=fbzn6MlxHHACT57zUleG-fnWi3GjKsYF6BPiYkMwl7gdjocn5ssiS3dBmkD-KHgCTzMPdect5H0rADyuHqLfno382~WBLqDJiNOa02fkr-TE2EWEmQaD3j5ZW2YPwhWNb0vBwRgrC~KjLAHD8PSkI6bKgKkSbqZpjtAf8X1e5fR-XGqarTZcroaCGiP8RzH5YT7n3NysM5eWoZwTdf6idyuoYSiZWfjwv2ZF~179Drag8TxAPPZC14li6q2eREU~wc89qtLZgmxLUfnRefJzV-y2vyX9yAnEDu61S53DjzsaZUchg3ayfkLJ9LiYGRskOHWb-wnw-lOWKNPhIDvZgQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science"},{"id":516,"name":"Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics"},{"id":2161,"name":"Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure"},{"id":8704,"name":"Electron Beam Lithography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Beam_Lithography"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology"},{"id":29617,"name":"Synchrotron Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synchrotron_Radiation"},{"id":136801,"name":"Fabrication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fabrication"},{"id":174649,"name":"Lithography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lithography"},{"id":263152,"name":"Optical physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_physics"},{"id":284327,"name":"Proposal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proposal"},{"id":515169,"name":"DDC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DDC"},{"id":557514,"name":"Resist","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resist"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234512"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234512/Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on_the_momentum_and_thermal_boundary_layer_flow_over_the_wedge"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Cu–Ag hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layer flow over the wedge" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115694/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234512/Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on_the_momentum_and_thermal_boundary_layer_flow_over_the_wedge">Effects of Cu–Ag hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layer flow over the wedge</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this work, the effects of hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layers as ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this work, the effects of hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layers as well as flow characteristics and thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid are investigated over the wedge. The fluid in the enclosure is water containing hybrid nanoparticles Cu–Ag. The physical model of homogenous hybrid nanofluid is derived using the elementary equations of thermo-hydrodynamic and co-relation&#39;s model of a mixture that supports the effective physical features. The results are calculated to measure the effects of nanoparticle concentration on thermal and momentum boundary layers and displayed in graphs for discussions. In addition, the effects of nanoparticles concentration and different compositions of hybrid nanoparticles on temperature and velocity profiles, physical properties, skin friction, and convective heat transfer coefficient are deliberated through graphs and tables. To check its heat transfer performance, a comparison of hybrid nanofluid is made betwe...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2cb9f43559ab5ba04c763d7e16a0ea64" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115694,"asset_id":100234512,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115694/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234512"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234512"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234512; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234512]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234512]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234512; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234512']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234512, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2cb9f43559ab5ba04c763d7e16a0ea64" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234512]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234512,"title":"Effects of Cu–Ag hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layer flow over the wedge","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In this work, the effects of hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layers as well as flow characteristics and thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid are investigated over the wedge. The fluid in the enclosure is water containing hybrid nanoparticles Cu–Ag. The physical model of homogenous hybrid nanofluid is derived using the elementary equations of thermo-hydrodynamic and co-relation\u0026#39;s model of a mixture that supports the effective physical features. The results are calculated to measure the effects of nanoparticle concentration on thermal and momentum boundary layers and displayed in graphs for discussions. In addition, the effects of nanoparticles concentration and different compositions of hybrid nanoparticles on temperature and velocity profiles, physical properties, skin friction, and convective heat transfer coefficient are deliberated through graphs and tables. To check its heat transfer performance, a comparison of hybrid nanofluid is made betwe...","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering"},"translated_abstract":"In this work, the effects of hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layers as well as flow characteristics and thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid are investigated over the wedge. The fluid in the enclosure is water containing hybrid nanoparticles Cu–Ag. The physical model of homogenous hybrid nanofluid is derived using the elementary equations of thermo-hydrodynamic and co-relation\u0026#39;s model of a mixture that supports the effective physical features. The results are calculated to measure the effects of nanoparticle concentration on thermal and momentum boundary layers and displayed in graphs for discussions. In addition, the effects of nanoparticles concentration and different compositions of hybrid nanoparticles on temperature and velocity profiles, physical properties, skin friction, and convective heat transfer coefficient are deliberated through graphs and tables. To check its heat transfer performance, a comparison of hybrid nanofluid is made betwe...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234512/Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on_the_momentum_and_thermal_boundary_layer_flow_over_the_wedge","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:25.761-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115694,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115694/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"095440891984466820230415-1-b26ur4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115694/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115694/095440891984466820230415-1-b26ur4-libre.pdf?1681607897=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=JU~V0hh--qVVlLZjDW-uaP7-EOnZAvmBpIhu2jVn8XPQj2kCBdewhvHoI-Tx2RtwQROgM1glwqjCRg5zmCMdWRtfD7OibcElKtkgwyQiKzH-Dj~PkWplIy6bUYUP0fAjx9up9rqSSh-MVTgINBQOg4QZEzPEFDYbfO9lu8Cdx41lAHFM~u27ufj0NFNeq54RRoQeqdlOKNYW4CgUydzPdxMQEgQGWtTOd8HpoXH5r8u20UmDvSn6ydAB6ZT-o~0vGnArVfpTjJu4vM7QX1EiC0026hez2NjaPk4efCybrGZ-EcdM7WyP8Sns-MntuNVrMvAl5-pPg3SvQmbIM9dTcQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on_the_momentum_and_thermal_boundary_layer_flow_over_the_wedge","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115694,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115694/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"095440891984466820230415-1-b26ur4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115694/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115694/095440891984466820230415-1-b26ur4-libre.pdf?1681607897=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=JU~V0hh--qVVlLZjDW-uaP7-EOnZAvmBpIhu2jVn8XPQj2kCBdewhvHoI-Tx2RtwQROgM1glwqjCRg5zmCMdWRtfD7OibcElKtkgwyQiKzH-Dj~PkWplIy6bUYUP0fAjx9up9rqSSh-MVTgINBQOg4QZEzPEFDYbfO9lu8Cdx41lAHFM~u27ufj0NFNeq54RRoQeqdlOKNYW4CgUydzPdxMQEgQGWtTOd8HpoXH5r8u20UmDvSn6ydAB6ZT-o~0vGnArVfpTjJu4vM7QX1EiC0026hez2NjaPk4efCybrGZ-EcdM7WyP8Sns-MntuNVrMvAl5-pPg3SvQmbIM9dTcQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science"},{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics"},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer"},{"id":8950,"name":"Nanoparticle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle"},{"id":144723,"name":"Nanofluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanofluid"},{"id":661889,"name":"Convective Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Convective_Heat_Transfer"},{"id":685326,"name":"Boundary Layer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boundary_Layer"}],"urls":[{"id":30648625,"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0954408919844668"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="7679136" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234847"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234847/A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energy_Demand_from_Biogas_in_Pakistan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study on Meeting the Energy Demand from Biogas in Pakistan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115930/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234847/A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energy_Demand_from_Biogas_in_Pakistan">A Comparative Study on Meeting the Energy Demand from Biogas in Pakistan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="442c8b697c1eba6e543bbb51bc4c0fa4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115930,"asset_id":100234847,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115930/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234847"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234847"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234847; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234847]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234847]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234847; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234847']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234847, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "442c8b697c1eba6e543bbb51bc4c0fa4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234847]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234847,"title":"A Comparative Study on Meeting the Energy Demand from Biogas in Pakistan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"warponline.org","ai_title_tag":"Biogas Production for Energy Demand in Pakistan: A Comparative Study","grobid_abstract":"Pakistan is facing energy crises from past decade due to experiencing increase in energy demands. This current work is a comparative study to meet the energy demand from production of biogas from waste solid materials. The main emphasis is to treat biomass, manure, municipal waste, sewage and green waste to produce biogas using different technologies. At the ends there are some suggestions for effective planning of sustainable energy exploitation and facilitate for technology solution of further research. These suggestions are very useful for meeting the energy demand in Pakistan as well as for third world counties.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2011,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"International Journal","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":101115930},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234847/A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energy_Demand_from_Biogas_in_Pakistan","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:39:39.302-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115930,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115930/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"71-content-10.-A-Comparative-Study-on-Meeting-the-Energy-Demand-from-Biogas-in-Pakistan.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115930/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energ.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115930/71-content-10.-A-Comparative-Study-on-Meeting-the-Energy-Demand-from-Biogas-in-Pakistan-libre.pdf?1681607865=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energ.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=W5IcZCvNIYsoNeg0pZ8MXld3jTBIhrm4HuId6PSuiG4-tRfyaxqom1OYtM5e8gzVCFaOVjAVC0X-G1cl5swDmzcgflUCteOw9ZbDkEp03ucXnzUhwkNHcmsXHNDNTxPz3URVIz6tW50VL4Hghoo24kKIddx2qjJEFcMvc2D9YvxulBsBY5gVcgPsk1y18sRGKqQmgck8G1VHpOQ4DcQNHzEnAtpPpB7Aks4lauhtNsu5Dbtrvh7ESctKr5bypBRQJvgR~PeLx3XjQXOdvoTeR1HhHd3ZRpqR4QW-ZGbgYVEyML28NolFxIRedaTaI4hnym24RVwNrFEfPQqPj43F5A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energy_Demand_from_Biogas_in_Pakistan","translated_slug":"","page_count":4,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115930,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115930/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"71-content-10.-A-Comparative-Study-on-Meeting-the-Energy-Demand-from-Biogas-in-Pakistan.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115930/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energ.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115930/71-content-10.-A-Comparative-Study-on-Meeting-the-Energy-Demand-from-Biogas-in-Pakistan-libre.pdf?1681607865=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Comparative_Study_on_Meeting_the_Energ.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=W5IcZCvNIYsoNeg0pZ8MXld3jTBIhrm4HuId6PSuiG4-tRfyaxqom1OYtM5e8gzVCFaOVjAVC0X-G1cl5swDmzcgflUCteOw9ZbDkEp03ucXnzUhwkNHcmsXHNDNTxPz3URVIz6tW50VL4Hghoo24kKIddx2qjJEFcMvc2D9YvxulBsBY5gVcgPsk1y18sRGKqQmgck8G1VHpOQ4DcQNHzEnAtpPpB7Aks4lauhtNsu5Dbtrvh7ESctKr5bypBRQJvgR~PeLx3XjQXOdvoTeR1HhHd3ZRpqR4QW-ZGbgYVEyML28NolFxIRedaTaI4hnym24RVwNrFEfPQqPj43F5A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":2738,"name":"Renewable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy"},{"id":5411,"name":"Biomass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass"},{"id":14085,"name":"Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management"},{"id":15284,"name":"Sustainable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Energy"},{"id":15784,"name":"Biogas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogas"},{"id":76333,"name":"Energy demand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_demand"},{"id":273176,"name":"Chemical and Environmental Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_and_Environmental_Engineering"},{"id":554155,"name":"Biogas Potential in Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogas_Potential_in_Pakistan"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234536"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234536/A_qualitative_study_of_current_trends_in_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_including_current_advancements_and_challenges"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A qualitative study of current trends in microwave wireless power transmission including current advancements and challenges" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234536/A_qualitative_study_of_current_trends_in_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_including_current_advancements_and_challenges">A qualitative study of current trends in microwave wireless power transmission including current advancements and challenges</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>2019 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Wireless power transmission (WPT) has become an emerging topic for the researchers in the past de...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Wireless power transmission (WPT) has become an emerging topic for the researchers in the past decade because saving wires helps to avoid I2R loss, leads to the improvement of safer transmission and is more convenient. Wireless transmission, at present, has been achieved using different approaches with the major ones including the Near field techniques comprising of Inductive coupling and Electromagnetic radiation and the Far field techniques consisting of Microwave wireless power transmission and Laser power transmission. This paper presents an exhaustive study based on the scopes of improvement of the efficiency of Microwave wireless power transmission. The paper focuses on four major parts of the microwave WPT system to enhance the efficiency where the first one being selecting the optimum input waveform to obtain maximum efficiency in RF-DC conversion at the rectenna end, second one is a thorough study on the channel efficiency. Thirdly a non uniform antenna array was designed, which produced higher gain and more stability of the reflection coefficient than the conventional uniform arrays currently being used. Lastly, improving the rectifier circuit by selecting the best possible diode in a Class F single-shunt rectifier for optimum RF-DC conversion was analyzed thoroughly.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234536"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234536"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234536; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234536]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234536]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234536; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234536']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234536, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234536]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234536,"title":"A qualitative study of current trends in microwave wireless power transmission including current advancements and challenges","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Wireless power transmission (WPT) has become an emerging topic for the researchers in the past decade because saving wires helps to avoid I2R loss, leads to the improvement of safer transmission and is more convenient. Wireless transmission, at present, has been achieved using different approaches with the major ones including the Near field techniques comprising of Inductive coupling and Electromagnetic radiation and the Far field techniques consisting of Microwave wireless power transmission and Laser power transmission. This paper presents an exhaustive study based on the scopes of improvement of the efficiency of Microwave wireless power transmission. The paper focuses on four major parts of the microwave WPT system to enhance the efficiency where the first one being selecting the optimum input waveform to obtain maximum efficiency in RF-DC conversion at the rectenna end, second one is a thorough study on the channel efficiency. Thirdly a non uniform antenna array was designed, which produced higher gain and more stability of the reflection coefficient than the conventional uniform arrays currently being used. Lastly, improving the rectifier circuit by selecting the best possible diode in a Class F single-shunt rectifier for optimum RF-DC conversion was analyzed thoroughly.","publisher":"IEEE","publication_name":"2019 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP)"},"translated_abstract":"Wireless power transmission (WPT) has become an emerging topic for the researchers in the past decade because saving wires helps to avoid I2R loss, leads to the improvement of safer transmission and is more convenient. Wireless transmission, at present, has been achieved using different approaches with the major ones including the Near field techniques comprising of Inductive coupling and Electromagnetic radiation and the Far field techniques consisting of Microwave wireless power transmission and Laser power transmission. This paper presents an exhaustive study based on the scopes of improvement of the efficiency of Microwave wireless power transmission. The paper focuses on four major parts of the microwave WPT system to enhance the efficiency where the first one being selecting the optimum input waveform to obtain maximum efficiency in RF-DC conversion at the rectenna end, second one is a thorough study on the channel efficiency. Thirdly a non uniform antenna array was designed, which produced higher gain and more stability of the reflection coefficient than the conventional uniform arrays currently being used. Lastly, improving the rectifier circuit by selecting the best possible diode in a Class F single-shunt rectifier for optimum RF-DC conversion was analyzed thoroughly.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234536/A_qualitative_study_of_current_trends_in_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_including_current_advancements_and_challenges","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:44.888-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"A_qualitative_study_of_current_trends_in_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_including_current_advancements_and_challenges","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":49,"name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering"},{"id":50,"name":"Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electronic_Engineering"},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science"},{"id":5023,"name":"Microwave","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microwave"},{"id":82238,"name":"Power Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Transmission"},{"id":98566,"name":"Wireless","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wireless"},{"id":129331,"name":"Microwave Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microwave_Transmission"},{"id":1335247,"name":"Rectenna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rectenna"}],"urls":[{"id":30648637,"url":"http://xplorestaging.ieee.org/ielx7/8963808/8971022/08971375.pdf?arnumber=8971375"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234535"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234535/Pop_up_venue_for_creative_placemaking"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Pop-up venue for creative placemaking" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234535/Pop_up_venue_for_creative_placemaking">Pop-up venue for creative placemaking</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>CAUTHE 2020: 20: 20 Vision: New Perspectives on the Diversity of Hospitality, Tourism and Events</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234535"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234535"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234535; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234535]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234535]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234535; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234535']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234535, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234535]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234535,"title":"Pop-up venue for creative placemaking","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Auckland University of Technology","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"CAUTHE 2020: 20: 20 Vision: New Perspectives on the Diversity of Hospitality, Tourism and Events"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234535/Pop_up_venue_for_creative_placemaking","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:44.709-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Pop_up_venue_for_creative_placemaking","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":64188,"name":"Placemaking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Placemaking"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234534"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234534/Experimental_and_mathematical_nonlinear_rheological_characterization_of_chicken_fat_oil_a_sustainable_feedstock_for_biodiesel"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Experimental and mathematical nonlinear rheological characterization of chicken fat oil-a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234534/Experimental_and_mathematical_nonlinear_rheological_characterization_of_chicken_fat_oil_a_sustainable_feedstock_for_biodiesel">Experimental and mathematical nonlinear rheological characterization of chicken fat oil-a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">To meet the ever-increasing energy demands, significant amount of research is carried out to find...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">To meet the ever-increasing energy demands, significant amount of research is carried out to find environmentally friendly and renewable energy resources. Biodiesel production through animal fats such as chicken fat is considered as a lucrative option due to the presence of high concentration of triglycerides and free fatty acid content. Chicken fats also contain other organic compounds, which could affect the flow properties of biodiesel. Current study is focused on developing a robust model to analyze flow behavior/model of chicken fat oil with in-depth analysis of rheological properties such as shear stress and dynamic viscosity against shear rate and time respectively. The analysis is based on experimental results as well as mathematical model and found a good agreement between the model and the results. It was found that the viscosity of a feedstock is a critical parameter for biodiesel production. If viscosity changes drastically during chemical reaction, it leads to energy losses and ultimately increases the process cost. However, chicken fat results indicate that the viscosity of chicken fat slightly decreased in the application of the shear rate. Still, the change was very small, and viscosity restored to its original value of 0.08 Pa.S, when stressed was removed. This indicate that the chicken fat oil exhibits the time-dependent non-Newtonian thixotropy fluid which leads to its potential for biodiesel production in the transport section</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234534"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234534"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234534; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234534]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234534]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234534; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234534']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234534, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234534]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234534,"title":"Experimental and mathematical nonlinear rheological characterization of chicken fat oil-a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"To meet the ever-increasing energy demands, significant amount of research is carried out to find environmentally friendly and renewable energy resources. Biodiesel production through animal fats such as chicken fat is considered as a lucrative option due to the presence of high concentration of triglycerides and free fatty acid content. Chicken fats also contain other organic compounds, which could affect the flow properties of biodiesel. Current study is focused on developing a robust model to analyze flow behavior/model of chicken fat oil with in-depth analysis of rheological properties such as shear stress and dynamic viscosity against shear rate and time respectively. The analysis is based on experimental results as well as mathematical model and found a good agreement between the model and the results. It was found that the viscosity of a feedstock is a critical parameter for biodiesel production. If viscosity changes drastically during chemical reaction, it leads to energy losses and ultimately increases the process cost. However, chicken fat results indicate that the viscosity of chicken fat slightly decreased in the application of the shear rate. Still, the change was very small, and viscosity restored to its original value of 0.08 Pa.S, when stressed was removed. This indicate that the chicken fat oil exhibits the time-dependent non-Newtonian thixotropy fluid which leads to its potential for biodiesel production in the transport section","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery"},"translated_abstract":"To meet the ever-increasing energy demands, significant amount of research is carried out to find environmentally friendly and renewable energy resources. Biodiesel production through animal fats such as chicken fat is considered as a lucrative option due to the presence of high concentration of triglycerides and free fatty acid content. Chicken fats also contain other organic compounds, which could affect the flow properties of biodiesel. Current study is focused on developing a robust model to analyze flow behavior/model of chicken fat oil with in-depth analysis of rheological properties such as shear stress and dynamic viscosity against shear rate and time respectively. The analysis is based on experimental results as well as mathematical model and found a good agreement between the model and the results. It was found that the viscosity of a feedstock is a critical parameter for biodiesel production. If viscosity changes drastically during chemical reaction, it leads to energy losses and ultimately increases the process cost. However, chicken fat results indicate that the viscosity of chicken fat slightly decreased in the application of the shear rate. Still, the change was very small, and viscosity restored to its original value of 0.08 Pa.S, when stressed was removed. This indicate that the chicken fat oil exhibits the time-dependent non-Newtonian thixotropy fluid which leads to its potential for biodiesel production in the transport section","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234534/Experimental_and_mathematical_nonlinear_rheological_characterization_of_chicken_fat_oil_a_sustainable_feedstock_for_biodiesel","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:44.484-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Experimental_and_mathematical_nonlinear_rheological_characterization_of_chicken_fat_oil_a_sustainable_feedstock_for_biodiesel","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":7598,"name":"Rheology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rheology"},{"id":7892,"name":"Biodiesel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiesel"},{"id":109384,"name":"Viscosity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viscosity"},{"id":185242,"name":"Raw Material","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Raw_Material"},{"id":266161,"name":"Biodiesel Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiesel_Production"},{"id":896897,"name":"Animal Fat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Fat"},{"id":2739821,"name":"Thixotropy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thixotropy"},{"id":3156091,"name":"Shear Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shear_Rate"}],"urls":[{"id":30648636,"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-021-01613-8.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234533"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234533/The_Challenges_of_Re_Gaining_a_Sustainable_Business_Proposition_Post_Disaster"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Challenges of (Re)Gaining a Sustainable Business Proposition Post-Disaster" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234533/The_Challenges_of_Re_Gaining_a_Sustainable_Business_Proposition_Post_Disaster">The Challenges of (Re)Gaining a Sustainable Business Proposition Post-Disaster</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Natural disaster-induced crises unleash the potentials for both destructive and positively creati...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Natural disaster-induced crises unleash the potentials for both destructive and positively creative forces. There is a body of opinions endorsing the transformational connotations of post-disaster business continuity and sustainability. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between businesses, communities and individuals increases its vulnerability. This study examines the extant literature of the tourism crisis management and crafts an argument to extend the interdisciplinary scholarly discussions of sustainable business proposition in disasters&#39; aftermath.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234533"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234533"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234533; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234533]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234533]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234533; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234533']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234533, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234533]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234533,"title":"The Challenges of (Re)Gaining a Sustainable Business Proposition Post-Disaster","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Natural disaster-induced crises unleash the potentials for both destructive and positively creative forces. There is a body of opinions endorsing the transformational connotations of post-disaster business continuity and sustainability. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between businesses, communities and individuals increases its vulnerability. This study examines the extant literature of the tourism crisis management and crafts an argument to extend the interdisciplinary scholarly discussions of sustainable business proposition in disasters\u0026#39; aftermath.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Natural disaster-induced crises unleash the potentials for both destructive and positively creative forces. There is a body of opinions endorsing the transformational connotations of post-disaster business continuity and sustainability. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between businesses, communities and individuals increases its vulnerability. This study examines the extant literature of the tourism crisis management and crafts an argument to extend the interdisciplinary scholarly discussions of sustainable business proposition in disasters\u0026#39; aftermath.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234533/The_Challenges_of_Re_Gaining_a_Sustainable_Business_Proposition_Post_Disaster","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:44.283-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_Challenges_of_Re_Gaining_a_Sustainable_Business_Proposition_Post_Disaster","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":1208617,"name":"Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainability"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234532"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234532/Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_With_Cropped_Optic_Cup_and_Disc_and_Blood_Vessel_Segmentation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Deep Learning-Based Glaucoma Detection With Cropped Optic Cup and Disc and Blood Vessel Segmentation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115674/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234532/Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_With_Cropped_Optic_Cup_and_Disc_and_Blood_Vessel_Segmentation">Deep Learning-Based Glaucoma Detection With Cropped Optic Cup and Disc and Blood Vessel Segmentation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>IEEE Access</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2e4a7bed2eae0787dcdec4452e6b7c7c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115674,"asset_id":100234532,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115674/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234532"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234532"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234532; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234532]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234532]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234532; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234532']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234532, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2e4a7bed2eae0787dcdec4452e6b7c7c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234532]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234532,"title":"Deep Learning-Based Glaucoma Detection With Cropped Optic Cup and Disc and Blood Vessel Segmentation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","grobid_abstract":"Glaucoma is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, where intraocular hypertension is developed due to the increased aqueous humor and blockage of the drainage system between the iris and cornea. As a result, the optic nerve head, which sends visual stimulus from our eyes to the brain, is damaged, causing visual field loss and ultimately blindness. Glaucoma is considered as the sneak thief of vision because it is difficult to diagnose early, and its regular screening is highly recommended to distinguish the neurological disorder. The detection of glaucoma is costly and time-consuming and not only there always remains a good possibility of human error but also this detection method is dependent upon the availability of the resources (experienced ophthalmologists and expensive instruments). In this work, an automatic glaucoma classification technique has been developed by utilizing multiple deep learning approaches. First, a new private dataset of 634 color fundus images has been collected and annotated by two eye specialists, a pediatric ophthalmologist and a glaucoma and refractive surgeon, from Bangladesh Eye Hospital, Bangladesh. Next, various deep learning models (EfficientNet, MobileNet, DenseNet, and GoogLeNet) have been used to detect glaucoma from fundus images. The model with EfficientNet-b3 architecture achieved the best results with test accuracy, F1-score, and ROC AUC of 0.9652, 0.9512, and 0.9574, respectively, for the cropped optic cup and disc fundus photographs. We also constructed a new dataset by segmenting the blood vessels from retinal fundus images employing a U-net model trained on High-Resolution Fundus Image Database. The MobileNet v3 model trained on this dataset achieved a satisfactory test accuracy of 0.8348 and an F1-score of 0.7957. This impressive result suggests that blood vessel segmentation of fundus images can be utilized as an alternative to detect glaucoma automatically.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"IEEE Access","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":101115674},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234532/Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_With_Cropped_Optic_Cup_and_Disc_and_Blood_Vessel_Segmentation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:43.406-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115674,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115674/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"09664528.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115674/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115674/09664528-libre.pdf?1681607912=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDeep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=EOHrhNtY5ALQTvXtjR7q2VgIHpkEFoNQsxIlUcD0kY6xXi8tA9G~epCQOco1kjxv6~aaBESy2tlmLT~o6RwRz8lB77dFy1L-nDVp7zo8t3qB4~3lWJNa6iRGnsnDYg-21DIjYWqX1tAYgMCvl5bTcW8axyQJaz8vsm5rk72eROeRpXQ4sCgiyEOZY4tYgMVWnbuTWPubP8y9sEqbD48xXHOaWZZN~pq5osa4ygqSwjRR1qJM4QE~pfFkPpTfZZz6inZ0dPJmS9~ospOc~N18EsVH2rfvrSPHpn0saGdNa4OhkYKo2FgdSN-7VVTmEGEpJd9wN8OmdN2iS5dp69jVcg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_With_Cropped_Optic_Cup_and_Disc_and_Blood_Vessel_Segmentation","translated_slug":"","page_count":14,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115674,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115674/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"09664528.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115674/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115674/09664528-libre.pdf?1681607912=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDeep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=EOHrhNtY5ALQTvXtjR7q2VgIHpkEFoNQsxIlUcD0kY6xXi8tA9G~epCQOco1kjxv6~aaBESy2tlmLT~o6RwRz8lB77dFy1L-nDVp7zo8t3qB4~3lWJNa6iRGnsnDYg-21DIjYWqX1tAYgMCvl5bTcW8axyQJaz8vsm5rk72eROeRpXQ4sCgiyEOZY4tYgMVWnbuTWPubP8y9sEqbD48xXHOaWZZN~pq5osa4ygqSwjRR1qJM4QE~pfFkPpTfZZz6inZ0dPJmS9~ospOc~N18EsVH2rfvrSPHpn0saGdNa4OhkYKo2FgdSN-7VVTmEGEpJd9wN8OmdN2iS5dp69jVcg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":101115675,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115675/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"09664528.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115675/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Deep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115675/09664528-libre.pdf?1681607913=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDeep_Learning_Based_Glaucoma_Detection_W.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=UPaSzTUQDgSlbPOQr0AS4It8gbalcDFsuy2KQ7O2gPFQbWzqnQxaRkeWya-0ShOIFpDl44zNRSiIDvhDTOAgFoqwqkolBi-LURZaRlh2296BKQpVs0CYdthZ-dyFT6fWDg793iUtDd2UgqTn3~sX9AV~oN3u1V6-3GAWD9PH2xe2yeYzdCz11ugXdf876yfvfjaRPD6yih~55DEPAuelRMAjtnaETinauygLzB~aQUv2pdgVMARoEgq0A8HtEnDz7BTZi0wS~KLCUs3zJumrQAVuWA15kgGUauIWBTfbf61I1ncck3m1mnrvSu7sVSSEbfbl8Hnf6GPAYQLHJ8epEQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science"},{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence"},{"id":592,"name":"Optometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optometry"},{"id":627,"name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ophthalmology"},{"id":71422,"name":"Optic Nerve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Nerve"},{"id":96572,"name":"Glaucoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glaucoma"},{"id":914074,"name":"Visual Field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Field"},{"id":1011492,"name":"Optic Disc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optic_Disc"}],"urls":[{"id":30648635,"url":"http://xplorestaging.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9668973/09664528.pdf?arnumber=9664528"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234531"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234531/The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of_Molecular_Chains_in_Terms_of_Low_and_High_Shear_Rate_s_Viscosities_on_Heat_and_Mass_Flow_of_Nonnewtonian_Shear_thinning_Fluids"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Impact of Different Arrangements of Molecular Chains in Terms of Low and High Shear Rate’s Viscosities on Heat and Mass Flow of Nonnewtonian Shear thinning Fluids" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115677/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234531/The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of_Molecular_Chains_in_Terms_of_Low_and_High_Shear_Rate_s_Viscosities_on_Heat_and_Mass_Flow_of_Nonnewtonian_Shear_thinning_Fluids">The Impact of Different Arrangements of Molecular Chains in Terms of Low and High Shear Rate’s Viscosities on Heat and Mass Flow of Nonnewtonian Shear thinning Fluids</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Combinatorial Chemistry &amp; High Throughput Screening</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Non-newtonian fluids, especially shear thinning fluids, have several applications in ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Non-newtonian fluids, especially shear thinning fluids, have several applications in the polymer industry, food industry, and even everyday life. The viscosity of shear thinning fluids is decreased by two or three orders of magnitude due to the alignment of the molecules in order when the shear rate is increased, and it cannot be ignored in the case of polymer processing and lubrication problems. Objective: So, the effects of viscosities at the low and high shear rates on the heat and mass boundary layer flow of shear thinning fluid over moving belts are investigated in this study. For this purpose the generalized Carreau model of viscosity relate to shear rate is used in the momentum equation. The Carreau model contains the five parameters: low shear rate viscosity, high shear rate viscosity, viscosity curvature, consistency index, and flow behavior index. For the heat flow, the expression of the thermal conductivity model similar to the viscosity equation due to the no...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6bcf38facf9b2bd39222e0f569d1699b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115677,"asset_id":100234531,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115677/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234531"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234531"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234531; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234531]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234531]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234531; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234531']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234531, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6bcf38facf9b2bd39222e0f569d1699b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234531]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234531,"title":"The Impact of Different Arrangements of Molecular Chains in Terms of Low and High Shear Rate’s Viscosities on Heat and Mass Flow of Nonnewtonian Shear thinning Fluids","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Background: Non-newtonian fluids, especially shear thinning fluids, have several applications in the polymer industry, food industry, and even everyday life. The viscosity of shear thinning fluids is decreased by two or three orders of magnitude due to the alignment of the molecules in order when the shear rate is increased, and it cannot be ignored in the case of polymer processing and lubrication problems. Objective: So, the effects of viscosities at the low and high shear rates on the heat and mass boundary layer flow of shear thinning fluid over moving belts are investigated in this study. For this purpose the generalized Carreau model of viscosity relate to shear rate is used in the momentum equation. The Carreau model contains the five parameters: low shear rate viscosity, high shear rate viscosity, viscosity curvature, consistency index, and flow behavior index. For the heat flow, the expression of the thermal conductivity model similar to the viscosity equation due to the no...","publisher":"Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Combinatorial Chemistry \u0026amp; High Throughput Screening"},"translated_abstract":"Background: Non-newtonian fluids, especially shear thinning fluids, have several applications in the polymer industry, food industry, and even everyday life. The viscosity of shear thinning fluids is decreased by two or three orders of magnitude due to the alignment of the molecules in order when the shear rate is increased, and it cannot be ignored in the case of polymer processing and lubrication problems. Objective: So, the effects of viscosities at the low and high shear rates on the heat and mass boundary layer flow of shear thinning fluid over moving belts are investigated in this study. For this purpose the generalized Carreau model of viscosity relate to shear rate is used in the momentum equation. The Carreau model contains the five parameters: low shear rate viscosity, high shear rate viscosity, viscosity curvature, consistency index, and flow behavior index. For the heat flow, the expression of the thermal conductivity model similar to the viscosity equation due to the no...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234531/The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of_Molecular_Chains_in_Terms_of_Low_and_High_Shear_Rate_s_Viscosities_on_Heat_and_Mass_Flow_of_Nonnewtonian_Shear_thinning_Fluids","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:43.190-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115677,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115677/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"download.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115677/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115677/download-libre.pdf?1681607903=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=agU8YWzmtIRlZbULlT78z77WZ5RHkQNg~YcyePz6Ors~k3R9VTKoo3x8FqKf1ZRC25avsyW3SgydG-X1rQVz19Z7429kfB4pFXdqEOYX~2GVtexX1b8lQf5ooIfipd-9PVpd3jYXWtkTnWLx7jn8WguCt9IhL8VHmQyZ5n2VdB5hz0lASZsZGzjhL7dOtBEdgyhxJRoxcPukrkAgN7QytJzdYsf3IzYfHVu9lWvzosFF~rbtW5WGlRScAm9gmGC9Wc4i33273etx94iBH1k5Q-aiXHkO9yoQRJih0qLFFyhyfzYx2dt9mst2wKiCOZwy1T2SeXAuzuL~1xPcV8jxpA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of_Molecular_Chains_in_Terms_of_Low_and_High_Shear_Rate_s_Viscosities_on_Heat_and_Mass_Flow_of_Nonnewtonian_Shear_thinning_Fluids","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115677,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115677/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"download.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115677/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115677/download-libre.pdf?1681607903=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=agU8YWzmtIRlZbULlT78z77WZ5RHkQNg~YcyePz6Ors~k3R9VTKoo3x8FqKf1ZRC25avsyW3SgydG-X1rQVz19Z7429kfB4pFXdqEOYX~2GVtexX1b8lQf5ooIfipd-9PVpd3jYXWtkTnWLx7jn8WguCt9IhL8VHmQyZ5n2VdB5hz0lASZsZGzjhL7dOtBEdgyhxJRoxcPukrkAgN7QytJzdYsf3IzYfHVu9lWvzosFF~rbtW5WGlRScAm9gmGC9Wc4i33273etx94iBH1k5Q-aiXHkO9yoQRJih0qLFFyhyfzYx2dt9mst2wKiCOZwy1T2SeXAuzuL~1xPcV8jxpA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":101115676,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115676/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"download.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115676/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115676/download-libre.pdf?1681607906=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Impact_of_Different_Arrangements_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=PhY4OWHmLJKCisD062iMKCK~KJ9YA-bdCozA5JS8sXsh7rnLmnmHXzNDPkOdgUip2XmFvSacKd8KkKq69rA3ON-WyaJCpARoP0UCETrGfdXS4-NbsM3bqWsVgcmcT6dWI8w-FnW1evEWRC3si~8t09M4QoAEfo3tYpx6mn~rufnWAqUCPqakjc5dXSO0eAe9ZBExw3J01p0hA8oldLFpJr06PjftFMX03mVVToT2JkjRTxqSg-wfr7nYZmLoJRrSuIOCqOQ37T2jlW8c0YHH3zmLpS6SvhOkblNnr6ta4Xoeja220BIsezJceAYG9I-nkYBgpaGCw88yh1okEqHX1Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":512,"name":"Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanics"},{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"},{"id":1441340,"name":"Carreau Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carreau_Fluid"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology"},{"id":3156091,"name":"Shear Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shear_Rate"}],"urls":[{"id":30648634,"url":"https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/download?doi=10.2174/1386207324666210719111909"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234530"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234530/Tourism_Policy_in_Bangladesh_A_Critical_Perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tourism Policy in Bangladesh: A Critical Perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234530/Tourism_Policy_in_Bangladesh_A_Critical_Perspective">Tourism Policy in Bangladesh: A Critical Perspective</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tourism Policy and Planning in Bangladesh</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The tourism industry of Bangladesh is reported to be one of the fastest-growing in South Asia. In...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The tourism industry of Bangladesh is reported to be one of the fastest-growing in South Asia. In the last few decades, the country witnessed a sharp growth of a social class with discretionary income to afford leisure travels. However, this is dubious that the existing tourism policy is inclusive, and has been able to facilitate a sustainable development trajectory of the tourism industry. This study comprehensively reviews the tourism policy implications and addresses complexities at the intersections of the public, private, and community sectors in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that an inclusive tourism policy and relevant instruments are essential to support and (de)regulate the thriving tourism industry of the country. This chapter further identifies the tourism product and service demands of the emerging social class and required policy interventions to promote and manage tourism in the popular destinations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234530"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234530"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234530; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234530]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234530]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234530; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234530']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234530, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234530]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234530,"title":"Tourism Policy in Bangladesh: A Critical Perspective","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The tourism industry of Bangladesh is reported to be one of the fastest-growing in South Asia. In the last few decades, the country witnessed a sharp growth of a social class with discretionary income to afford leisure travels. However, this is dubious that the existing tourism policy is inclusive, and has been able to facilitate a sustainable development trajectory of the tourism industry. This study comprehensively reviews the tourism policy implications and addresses complexities at the intersections of the public, private, and community sectors in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that an inclusive tourism policy and relevant instruments are essential to support and (de)regulate the thriving tourism industry of the country. This chapter further identifies the tourism product and service demands of the emerging social class and required policy interventions to promote and manage tourism in the popular destinations.","publisher":"Springer Singapore","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tourism Policy and Planning in Bangladesh"},"translated_abstract":"The tourism industry of Bangladesh is reported to be one of the fastest-growing in South Asia. In the last few decades, the country witnessed a sharp growth of a social class with discretionary income to afford leisure travels. However, this is dubious that the existing tourism policy is inclusive, and has been able to facilitate a sustainable development trajectory of the tourism industry. This study comprehensively reviews the tourism policy implications and addresses complexities at the intersections of the public, private, and community sectors in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that an inclusive tourism policy and relevant instruments are essential to support and (de)regulate the thriving tourism industry of the country. This chapter further identifies the tourism product and service demands of the emerging social class and required policy interventions to promote and manage tourism in the popular destinations.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234530/Tourism_Policy_in_Bangladesh_A_Critical_Perspective","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:42.968-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Tourism_Policy_in_Bangladesh_A_Critical_Perspective","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":6275,"name":"Tourism Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Geography"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":978489,"name":"Thriving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thriving"},{"id":3647879,"name":"Springer Ebooks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Springer_Ebooks"}],"urls":[{"id":30648633,"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-981-15-7014-8_18"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234529"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234529/Non_governmental_Organisations_and_Tourism_Education_in_Bangladesh"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Non-governmental Organisations and Tourism Education in Bangladesh" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234529/Non_governmental_Organisations_and_Tourism_Education_in_Bangladesh">Non-governmental Organisations and Tourism Education in Bangladesh</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234529"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234529"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234529; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234529]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234529]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234529; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234529']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234529, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234529]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234529,"title":"Non-governmental Organisations and Tourism Education in Bangladesh","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234529/Non_governmental_Organisations_and_Tourism_Education_in_Bangladesh","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:42.796-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Non_governmental_Organisations_and_Tourism_Education_in_Bangladesh","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":8470,"name":"Empowerment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empowerment"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":3647879,"name":"Springer Ebooks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Springer_Ebooks"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234528"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234528/Entrepreneurial_Responses_to_Disruptive_Transformations_An_Evolutionary_Perspective_on_the_Hospitality_Industry_of_Post_Quake_Christchurch_New_Zealand"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Entrepreneurial Responses to Disruptive Transformations: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Hospitality Industry of Post-Quake Christchurch, New Zealand" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234528/Entrepreneurial_Responses_to_Disruptive_Transformations_An_Evolutionary_Perspective_on_the_Hospitality_Industry_of_Post_Quake_Christchurch_New_Zealand">Entrepreneurial Responses to Disruptive Transformations: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Hospitality Industry of Post-Quake Christchurch, New Zealand</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Disaster-induced crises in business operations have become an increasingly complex phenomenon and...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Disaster-induced crises in business operations have become an increasingly complex phenomenon and continue to become more frequent and destabilising. Far-reaching socio-political and economic consequences of globalisation, increased urbanisation and environmental changes serve to make the threats posed by disasters greater than ever. When not in crisis, global destinations are in an extended programme of pre-event limbo, almost waiting for a significant trigger event to take place to challenge the existing structure, routine operations and survival of businesses. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between individuals, communities and businesses increases its vulnerability. However, a significant gap in the extant literature calls for exploratory research approaches to uncover the phenomenon of entrepreneurial responses to the abrupt and high magnitude shocks in urban tourism, with specific reference to the hospitality industry therein. The literature on business management emphasises pro-active planning and strategic action in frameworks for disaster recovery and crisis management. Organisational crisis management is operationalised as a cyclic process where the learning phase is thought to enable creative processes that modify holistic frameworks for disaster preparedness and response based on relevant evidence. Christchurch, the second largest city of New Zealand, has gone through an unprecedented renewal of urban spaces, resulting from the post-quake environment of recovery governance, policy interventions, catalyst investments by the government and the city council, changes in resident and visitor demographics, organic (re)growth of the economic hotspots, and evolution of tourism spaces. The tourism crisis management literature on the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, mostly quantitative studies, addresses the vulnerability of tourism destinations, organisational resilience to disasters, and visitor management. This exploratory qualitative research aims to understand the phenomenon of disruptive transformations in the post-quake hospitality business environments of the Christchurch Central City and entrepreneurial responses to survive and thrive. Theoretical constructs of urban tourism, crisis management, disaster recovery, organisational resilience, business continuity and evolutionary ecology underpin the conceptual frameworks of this research. Twenty-four in-depth semi-structured interviews with representatives of Crown agencies, Christchurch City Council (CCC), CCC-owned companies/economic development agencies, regional tourism organisations, community leaders, advocacy groups, business associations, and hospitality entrepreneurs form the empirical basis of this study. It is further based on an in-depth content analysis of a large volume of documents pertaining to Christchurch’s recovery such as policy documents, recovery blueprints, government reports and press releases, business cases, industry research reports and local news, among others. Niche Construction Theory (NCT) is adopted as an analytical framework to make sense of environmental selection pressures and stakeholder-led modifications of the environmental conditions. This research thus illustrates how a major disaster has led to disruptive transformations in urban tourism business environments. The empirical data further explains the phenomenon of evolutionary responses of hospitality enterprises to the environmental conditions in a post-disaster urban context</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234528"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234528"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234528; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234528]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234528]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234528; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234528']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234528, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234528]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234528,"title":"Entrepreneurial Responses to Disruptive Transformations: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Hospitality Industry of Post-Quake Christchurch, New Zealand","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Disaster-induced crises in business operations have become an increasingly complex phenomenon and continue to become more frequent and destabilising. Far-reaching socio-political and economic consequences of globalisation, increased urbanisation and environmental changes serve to make the threats posed by disasters greater than ever. When not in crisis, global destinations are in an extended programme of pre-event limbo, almost waiting for a significant trigger event to take place to challenge the existing structure, routine operations and survival of businesses. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between individuals, communities and businesses increases its vulnerability. However, a significant gap in the extant literature calls for exploratory research approaches to uncover the phenomenon of entrepreneurial responses to the abrupt and high magnitude shocks in urban tourism, with specific reference to the hospitality industry therein. The literature on business management emphasises pro-active planning and strategic action in frameworks for disaster recovery and crisis management. Organisational crisis management is operationalised as a cyclic process where the learning phase is thought to enable creative processes that modify holistic frameworks for disaster preparedness and response based on relevant evidence. Christchurch, the second largest city of New Zealand, has gone through an unprecedented renewal of urban spaces, resulting from the post-quake environment of recovery governance, policy interventions, catalyst investments by the government and the city council, changes in resident and visitor demographics, organic (re)growth of the economic hotspots, and evolution of tourism spaces. The tourism crisis management literature on the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, mostly quantitative studies, addresses the vulnerability of tourism destinations, organisational resilience to disasters, and visitor management. This exploratory qualitative research aims to understand the phenomenon of disruptive transformations in the post-quake hospitality business environments of the Christchurch Central City and entrepreneurial responses to survive and thrive. Theoretical constructs of urban tourism, crisis management, disaster recovery, organisational resilience, business continuity and evolutionary ecology underpin the conceptual frameworks of this research. Twenty-four in-depth semi-structured interviews with representatives of Crown agencies, Christchurch City Council (CCC), CCC-owned companies/economic development agencies, regional tourism organisations, community leaders, advocacy groups, business associations, and hospitality entrepreneurs form the empirical basis of this study. It is further based on an in-depth content analysis of a large volume of documents pertaining to Christchurch’s recovery such as policy documents, recovery blueprints, government reports and press releases, business cases, industry research reports and local news, among others. Niche Construction Theory (NCT) is adopted as an analytical framework to make sense of environmental selection pressures and stakeholder-led modifications of the environmental conditions. This research thus illustrates how a major disaster has led to disruptive transformations in urban tourism business environments. The empirical data further explains the phenomenon of evolutionary responses of hospitality enterprises to the environmental conditions in a post-disaster urban context","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Disaster-induced crises in business operations have become an increasingly complex phenomenon and continue to become more frequent and destabilising. Far-reaching socio-political and economic consequences of globalisation, increased urbanisation and environmental changes serve to make the threats posed by disasters greater than ever. When not in crisis, global destinations are in an extended programme of pre-event limbo, almost waiting for a significant trigger event to take place to challenge the existing structure, routine operations and survival of businesses. While inevitable crisis events affect all industries, the tourism sector seems predominantly vulnerable due to its multidimensional consumption and production process; the interconnectivity of tourism networks between individuals, communities and businesses increases its vulnerability. However, a significant gap in the extant literature calls for exploratory research approaches to uncover the phenomenon of entrepreneurial responses to the abrupt and high magnitude shocks in urban tourism, with specific reference to the hospitality industry therein. The literature on business management emphasises pro-active planning and strategic action in frameworks for disaster recovery and crisis management. Organisational crisis management is operationalised as a cyclic process where the learning phase is thought to enable creative processes that modify holistic frameworks for disaster preparedness and response based on relevant evidence. Christchurch, the second largest city of New Zealand, has gone through an unprecedented renewal of urban spaces, resulting from the post-quake environment of recovery governance, policy interventions, catalyst investments by the government and the city council, changes in resident and visitor demographics, organic (re)growth of the economic hotspots, and evolution of tourism spaces. The tourism crisis management literature on the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, mostly quantitative studies, addresses the vulnerability of tourism destinations, organisational resilience to disasters, and visitor management. This exploratory qualitative research aims to understand the phenomenon of disruptive transformations in the post-quake hospitality business environments of the Christchurch Central City and entrepreneurial responses to survive and thrive. Theoretical constructs of urban tourism, crisis management, disaster recovery, organisational resilience, business continuity and evolutionary ecology underpin the conceptual frameworks of this research. Twenty-four in-depth semi-structured interviews with representatives of Crown agencies, Christchurch City Council (CCC), CCC-owned companies/economic development agencies, regional tourism organisations, community leaders, advocacy groups, business associations, and hospitality entrepreneurs form the empirical basis of this study. It is further based on an in-depth content analysis of a large volume of documents pertaining to Christchurch’s recovery such as policy documents, recovery blueprints, government reports and press releases, business cases, industry research reports and local news, among others. Niche Construction Theory (NCT) is adopted as an analytical framework to make sense of environmental selection pressures and stakeholder-led modifications of the environmental conditions. This research thus illustrates how a major disaster has led to disruptive transformations in urban tourism business environments. The empirical data further explains the phenomenon of evolutionary responses of hospitality enterprises to the environmental conditions in a post-disaster urban context","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234528/Entrepreneurial_Responses_to_Disruptive_Transformations_An_Evolutionary_Perspective_on_the_Hospitality_Industry_of_Post_Quake_Christchurch_New_Zealand","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:42.663-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Entrepreneurial_Responses_to_Disruptive_Transformations_An_Evolutionary_Perspective_on_the_Hospitality_Industry_of_Post_Quake_Christchurch_New_Zealand","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":5521,"name":"Crisis Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crisis_Management"},{"id":19944,"name":"Organisational Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organisational_Resilience"},{"id":21005,"name":"Urban Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Tourism"},{"id":22656,"name":"Hospitality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality"},{"id":54410,"name":"Urban Renewal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Renewal"},{"id":64188,"name":"Placemaking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Placemaking"},{"id":98218,"name":"Hospitality Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality_Industry"},{"id":255553,"name":"Business Continuity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Continuity"},{"id":301756,"name":"Disaster Recovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_Recovery"},{"id":426488,"name":"Christchurch earthquake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christchurch_earthquake"},{"id":461147,"name":"Tourism Crisis Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Crisis_Management"},{"id":1027746,"name":"Disruptions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disruptions"},{"id":1349745,"name":"Entrepreneurial Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entrepreneurial_Resilience"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234527"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234527/Recovery_of_biochemicals_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_using_MFI_adsorbents_A_comparison_between_traditional_beads_and_a_structured_adsorbent"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Recovery of biochemicals from ABE fermentation broths using MFI adsorbents: A comparison between traditional beads and a structured adsorbent" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234527/Recovery_of_biochemicals_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_using_MFI_adsorbents_A_comparison_between_traditional_beads_and_a_structured_adsorbent">Recovery of biochemicals from ABE fermentation broths using MFI adsorbents: A comparison between traditional beads and a structured adsorbent</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Energy demands of the world are ever increasing in this industrial era. Over reliance on petroleu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Energy demands of the world are ever increasing in this industrial era. Over reliance on petroleum-based fuels has a negative impact on the environment. In addition, with depleting reservoirs of fo ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234527"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234527"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234527; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234527]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234527]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234527; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234527']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234527, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234527]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234527,"title":"Recovery of biochemicals from ABE fermentation broths using MFI adsorbents: A comparison between traditional beads and a structured adsorbent","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Energy demands of the world are ever increasing in this industrial era. Over reliance on petroleum-based fuels has a negative impact on the environment. In addition, with depleting reservoirs of fo ...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Energy demands of the world are ever increasing in this industrial era. Over reliance on petroleum-based fuels has a negative impact on the environment. In addition, with depleting reservoirs of fo ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234527/Recovery_of_biochemicals_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_using_MFI_adsorbents_A_comparison_between_traditional_beads_and_a_structured_adsorbent","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:42.474-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Recovery_of_biochemicals_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_using_MFI_adsorbents_A_comparison_between_traditional_beads_and_a_structured_adsorbent","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science"},{"id":14085,"name":"Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management"},{"id":39752,"name":"Adsorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adsorption"},{"id":385364,"name":"Pulp and Paper Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pulp_and_Paper_Industry"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234526"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234526/Comprehensive_mathematical_analysis_and_simulation_design_of_a_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_system"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comprehensive mathematical analysis and simulation design of a microwave wireless power transmission system" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234526/Comprehensive_mathematical_analysis_and_simulation_design_of_a_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_system">Comprehensive mathematical analysis and simulation design of a microwave wireless power transmission system</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">....................................................................................................</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">....................................................................................................... iv Dedication ............................................................................................................. v Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... vi Table of</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234526"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234526"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234526; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234526]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234526]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234526; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234526']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234526, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234526]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234526,"title":"Comprehensive mathematical analysis and simulation design of a microwave wireless power transmission system","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"....................................................................................................... iv Dedication ............................................................................................................. v Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... vi Table of","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"....................................................................................................... iv Dedication ............................................................................................................. v Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... vi Table of","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234526/Comprehensive_mathematical_analysis_and_simulation_design_of_a_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_system","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:41.760-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Comprehensive_mathematical_analysis_and_simulation_design_of_a_microwave_wireless_power_transmission_system","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science"},{"id":5023,"name":"Microwave","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microwave"},{"id":98566,"name":"Wireless","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wireless"},{"id":129331,"name":"Microwave Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microwave_Transmission"},{"id":756860,"name":"BRAC University","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BRAC_University"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234525"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234525/Types_and_relevance_of_advocacy_in_destination_based_non_profit_organisations_Evidence_from_New_Zealand_ecosanctuaries"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Types and relevance of advocacy in destination-based non-profit organisations - Evidence from New Zealand ecosanctuaries" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234525/Types_and_relevance_of_advocacy_in_destination_based_non_profit_organisations_Evidence_from_New_Zealand_ecosanctuaries">Types and relevance of advocacy in destination-based non-profit organisations - Evidence from New Zealand ecosanctuaries</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tourism Management Perspectives</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234525"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234525"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234525; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234525]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234525]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234525; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234525']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234525, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234525]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234525,"title":"Types and relevance of advocacy in destination-based non-profit organisations - Evidence from New Zealand ecosanctuaries","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tourism Management Perspectives"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234525/Types_and_relevance_of_advocacy_in_destination_based_non_profit_organisations_Evidence_from_New_Zealand_ecosanctuaries","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:36.782-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Types_and_relevance_of_advocacy_in_destination_based_non_profit_organisations_Evidence_from_New_Zealand_ecosanctuaries","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4986,"name":"Public Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Relations"},{"id":10419,"name":"Negotiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Negotiation"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"}],"urls":[{"id":30648632,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2211973621001112?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234521"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234521/Destination_repurposed_transformative_impacts_of_refugee_crisis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Destination repurposed: transformative impacts of refugee crisis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234521/Destination_repurposed_transformative_impacts_of_refugee_crisis">Destination repurposed: transformative impacts of refugee crisis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tourism Recreation Research</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT This research note generates insights into the transformational impacts of the refugee c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT This research note generates insights into the transformational impacts of the refugee crisis and finds that the influx of aid workers significantly alters the business landscapes and destination image of a tourism-dependent urban area. The study draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews and an extensive analysis of policy documents, organisational reports and news articles pertaining to the responses to the impacts of the world’s largest refugee settlement in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The empirical evidence identifies how a tourism-dependent visitor economy transformed into the current state of aid worker-led economy. In so doing, the study explores significant knowledge gaps in the tourism literature and suggests future research to address the refugee crisis-tourism nexus in a context of the host community.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234521"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234521"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234521; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234521]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234521]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234521; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234521']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234521, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234521]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234521,"title":"Destination repurposed: transformative impacts of refugee crisis","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT This research note generates insights into the transformational impacts of the refugee crisis and finds that the influx of aid workers significantly alters the business landscapes and destination image of a tourism-dependent urban area. The study draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews and an extensive analysis of policy documents, organisational reports and news articles pertaining to the responses to the impacts of the world’s largest refugee settlement in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The empirical evidence identifies how a tourism-dependent visitor economy transformed into the current state of aid worker-led economy. In so doing, the study explores significant knowledge gaps in the tourism literature and suggests future research to address the refugee crisis-tourism nexus in a context of the host community.","publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tourism Recreation Research"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT This research note generates insights into the transformational impacts of the refugee crisis and finds that the influx of aid workers significantly alters the business landscapes and destination image of a tourism-dependent urban area. The study draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews and an extensive analysis of policy documents, organisational reports and news articles pertaining to the responses to the impacts of the world’s largest refugee settlement in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The empirical evidence identifies how a tourism-dependent visitor economy transformed into the current state of aid worker-led economy. In so doing, the study explores significant knowledge gaps in the tourism literature and suggests future research to address the refugee crisis-tourism nexus in a context of the host community.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234521/Destination_repurposed_transformative_impacts_of_refugee_crisis","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:28.756-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Destination_repurposed_transformative_impacts_of_refugee_crisis","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":1591,"name":"Transformative Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transformative_Learning"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":96552,"name":"Refugee","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee"},{"id":326177,"name":"Refugee Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Crisis"},{"id":551782,"name":"Tourism and Recreation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_and_Recreation"}],"urls":[{"id":30648631,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02508281.2020.1862544"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234518"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234518/Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_management_in_urban_tourism_strategic_imperatives_of_niche_construction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Renegotiating organisational crisis management in urban tourism: strategic imperatives of niche construction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115697/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234518/Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_management_in_urban_tourism_strategic_imperatives_of_niche_construction">Renegotiating organisational crisis management in urban tourism: strategic imperatives of niche construction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Tourism Cities</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Purpose This paper aims to respond to the strong calls for interdisciplinary solutions to address...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Purpose This paper aims to respond to the strong calls for interdisciplinary solutions to address the many and varied challenges that major disasters create in urban (tourism) spaces, and provide a holistic conceptualisation of organisational responses to disruptions in the external business environment. It argues that organisations need to actively (re)formulate a sustainable business proposition to passively adapt to environmental conditions and modify the selective environment. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach to introducing and examining the concepts and theoretical constructs underpinning the proposed conceptual schemata. The content-driven inductive approach used here is based on an extensive review of the disaster recovery, crisis management, entrepreneurial strategy and urban tourism literature with a focus on organisational perspectives. It systematically brings together the theories and research findings from these separate strands of lite...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8fd0e154dd09c0aec74d165938a56199" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115697,"asset_id":100234518,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115697/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234518"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234518"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234518; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234518]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234518]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234518; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234518']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234518, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8fd0e154dd09c0aec74d165938a56199" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234518]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234518,"title":"Renegotiating organisational crisis management in urban tourism: strategic imperatives of niche construction","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Purpose This paper aims to respond to the strong calls for interdisciplinary solutions to address the many and varied challenges that major disasters create in urban (tourism) spaces, and provide a holistic conceptualisation of organisational responses to disruptions in the external business environment. It argues that organisations need to actively (re)formulate a sustainable business proposition to passively adapt to environmental conditions and modify the selective environment. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach to introducing and examining the concepts and theoretical constructs underpinning the proposed conceptual schemata. The content-driven inductive approach used here is based on an extensive review of the disaster recovery, crisis management, entrepreneurial strategy and urban tourism literature with a focus on organisational perspectives. It systematically brings together the theories and research findings from these separate strands of lite...","publisher":"Emerald","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"International Journal of Tourism Cities"},"translated_abstract":"Purpose This paper aims to respond to the strong calls for interdisciplinary solutions to address the many and varied challenges that major disasters create in urban (tourism) spaces, and provide a holistic conceptualisation of organisational responses to disruptions in the external business environment. It argues that organisations need to actively (re)formulate a sustainable business proposition to passively adapt to environmental conditions and modify the selective environment. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach to introducing and examining the concepts and theoretical constructs underpinning the proposed conceptual schemata. The content-driven inductive approach used here is based on an extensive review of the disaster recovery, crisis management, entrepreneurial strategy and urban tourism literature with a focus on organisational perspectives. It systematically brings together the theories and research findings from these separate strands of lite...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234518/Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_management_in_urban_tourism_strategic_imperatives_of_niche_construction","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:27.057-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115697,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115697/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ijtc-11-2019-019620230415-1-c8lnx4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115697/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_mana.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115697/ijtc-11-2019-019620230415-1-c8lnx4-libre.pdf?1681607899=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRenegotiating_organisational_crisis_mana.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=CizcLoFg8n5OYAFxhmOMVGXHqzvvSezv9q9fj0aEQl7S90v9JJS1jUjaZmqe3bB8INOt3ZASU0dddgOAIBARbQGSnOks-dOck7Wffzpnwi-56JcXUkK-YcZ4phGjD8bzSZij-HnCUL05TeEw5HgIWwL3kmzqwKbLX70xQUbU5C~Xxpy0Ypb-O1-Y1KExxycfOt69PlRDuKkUZT09oEZL4~iawWbMwFLxoRFvv-5a5kL3CpgxJnXbPCvtzTG0W85WAa4A~jPXXfptMAOVK6HBTTeitB-aX6Ht4RXzzIQKvwYG1Vdylmi9Yy5dSR-r0BHFYr4yIjlc6BWDV03FGt6aAw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_management_in_urban_tourism_strategic_imperatives_of_niche_construction","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115697,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115697/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ijtc-11-2019-019620230415-1-c8lnx4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115697/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Renegotiating_organisational_crisis_mana.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115697/ijtc-11-2019-019620230415-1-c8lnx4-libre.pdf?1681607899=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRenegotiating_organisational_crisis_mana.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=CizcLoFg8n5OYAFxhmOMVGXHqzvvSezv9q9fj0aEQl7S90v9JJS1jUjaZmqe3bB8INOt3ZASU0dddgOAIBARbQGSnOks-dOck7Wffzpnwi-56JcXUkK-YcZ4phGjD8bzSZij-HnCUL05TeEw5HgIWwL3kmzqwKbLX70xQUbU5C~Xxpy0Ypb-O1-Y1KExxycfOt69PlRDuKkUZT09oEZL4~iawWbMwFLxoRFvv-5a5kL3CpgxJnXbPCvtzTG0W85WAa4A~jPXXfptMAOVK6HBTTeitB-aX6Ht4RXzzIQKvwYG1Vdylmi9Yy5dSR-r0BHFYr4yIjlc6BWDV03FGt6aAw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"}],"urls":[{"id":30648630,"url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJTC-11-2019-0196/full/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234516"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234516/_Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial_effects_of_the_2010_2011_Christchurch_earthquakes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of (Re)Creating spaces for tourism: Spatial effects of the 2010/ 2011 Christchurch earthquakes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115693/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234516/_Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial_effects_of_the_2010_2011_Christchurch_earthquakes">(Re)Creating spaces for tourism: Spatial effects of the 2010/ 2011 Christchurch earthquakes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Tourism Management</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b00a4dd98a0e26f50d020b8f2bb98a4e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115693,"asset_id":100234516,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115693/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234516"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234516"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234516; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234516]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234516]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234516; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234516']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234516, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b00a4dd98a0e26f50d020b8f2bb98a4e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234516]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234516,"title":"(Re)Creating spaces for tourism: Spatial effects of the 2010/ 2011 Christchurch earthquakes","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Tourism Management"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234516/_Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial_effects_of_the_2010_2011_Christchurch_earthquakes","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:26.685-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115693,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115693/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ReCreating_20spaces_20for_20tourism-_20Spatial_20effects_20of_20the_202010__202011_20Christchurch_20earthquakes.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115693/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115693/ReCreating_20spaces_20for_20tourism-_20Spatial_20effects_20of_20the_202010__202011_20Christchurch_20earthquakes-libre.pdf?1681607895=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRe_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=EAB2VK9AmXFyT7dBAWK5VjQlB0RwV20~hIrkd58Dp~W~-SzE3CuBlA6bqXHRxYPDkUEhoxBcqowi9AX4CYLGqsvA5FYaTRU8PWm~fAH1wMCgcyiGcWPH~9AHE08RXB5OnoygAd2YbHv1xZDTdyearVWYsSOdIBibGdC51jD~N8TptyJa8awprcCTvRqFZ3YjT4yuqE21Dy2AVMcoN-VH3bOBq4G7QlqaWlim1N7PKqUM9t55bY8SHWOROa5VyhWoAyiolzYpmxLYsftLLXcDdikwUfw2iWY4TKimMc0flb7rjOWsNdQ78AJDco8KwqVFgBhFRXczq8L6RGFIm-RnSA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"_Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial_effects_of_the_2010_2011_Christchurch_earthquakes","translated_slug":"","page_count":2,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115693,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115693/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ReCreating_20spaces_20for_20tourism-_20Spatial_20effects_20of_20the_202010__202011_20Christchurch_20earthquakes.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115693/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Re_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115693/ReCreating_20spaces_20for_20tourism-_20Spatial_20effects_20of_20the_202010__202011_20Christchurch_20earthquakes-libre.pdf?1681607895=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRe_Creating_spaces_for_tourism_Spatial.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=EAB2VK9AmXFyT7dBAWK5VjQlB0RwV20~hIrkd58Dp~W~-SzE3CuBlA6bqXHRxYPDkUEhoxBcqowi9AX4CYLGqsvA5FYaTRU8PWm~fAH1wMCgcyiGcWPH~9AHE08RXB5OnoygAd2YbHv1xZDTdyearVWYsSOdIBibGdC51jD~N8TptyJa8awprcCTvRqFZ3YjT4yuqE21Dy2AVMcoN-VH3bOBq4G7QlqaWlim1N7PKqUM9t55bY8SHWOROa5VyhWoAyiolzYpmxLYsftLLXcDdikwUfw2iWY4TKimMc0flb7rjOWsNdQ78AJDco8KwqVFgBhFRXczq8L6RGFIm-RnSA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39,"name":"Marketing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marketing"},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography"},{"id":943,"name":"Tourism Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management"},{"id":3265,"name":"Regional Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Science"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"},{"id":2875024,"name":"Commercial Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commercial_Services"}],"urls":[{"id":30648628,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0261517720300285?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234515"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234515/Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_sustainable_bioresource_reuse_for_treatment_of_textile_wastewater"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Macroalgae and coal-based biochar as a sustainable bioresource reuse for treatment of textile wastewater" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115696/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234515/Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_sustainable_bioresource_reuse_for_treatment_of_textile_wastewater">Macroalgae and coal-based biochar as a sustainable bioresource reuse for treatment of textile wastewater</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d799f577b53a0d1ce46bd29e741c01fd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115696,"asset_id":100234515,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115696/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234515"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234515"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234515; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234515]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234515]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234515; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234515']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234515, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d799f577b53a0d1ce46bd29e741c01fd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234515]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234515,"title":"Macroalgae and coal-based biochar as a sustainable bioresource reuse for treatment of textile wastewater","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","grobid_abstract":"Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are energy-intensive and environmentally unfriendly due to the use of synthetic and expensive chemicals. This study investigates the potential of macroalgae and coal-based biochar (control) to remove methylene blue from simulated wastewater as well as real textile wastewater. The macroalgae and coal-based biochars adsorb more than 90% of methylene blue from simulated wastewater in only 10 min on their active surface sites. The distinct feature of the current study is that macroalgae-based biochar shows high dye removal efficiency (75%) even in real textile wastewater. Macroalgae-based biochar also shows 67% dye removal efficiency for second regeneration cycle. Langmuir isotherm (\u003e R 2 = 0.954) and pseudo-second-order models (R 2 = 0.999) are well fitted to describe the monolayer homogenous biosorption and process kinetics, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that methylene blue biosorption on macroalgae and coal-based biochars is a spontaneous and endothermic process following physiosorption. The maximum biosorption capacity with macroalgae-based biochar is 353.9 mg g −1 at 303 K, which is approximately 27% higher than any previous biochar study on the treatment of methylene blue. It demonstrates that macroalgae-based biochars can be used as a promising alternative adsorbent to activated carbon for textile wastewater treatment. Keywords Macroalgae. Biochar. Adsorption. Textile wastewater treatment. Sustainable bioresource Abbreviations BC Biochar SM Simple dry macroalgae MBCs Macroalgae-based biochars MBC450 Macroalgae pyrolized at 450°C MBC550 Macroalgae pyrolized at 550°C MBC650 Macroalgae pyrolized at 650°C CBCs Coal-based biochars CBC450 Coal pyrolized at 450°C CBC550 Coal pyrolized at 550°C CBC650 Coal pyrolized at 650°C MB Methylene Blue RTWW Real textile wastewater Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":101115696},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234515/Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_sustainable_bioresource_reuse_for_treatment_of_textile_wastewater","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:26.402-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115696,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115696/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s13399-019-00555-620230415-1-nocvul.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115696/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_s.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115696/s13399-019-00555-620230415-1-nocvul-libre.pdf?1681607905=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMacroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=RLl7DBIzITxEoT17tbw5StdKQjoCIBRvC1r8dwIXZ4MC08NqFOvSJr5CRMKFZ-xqz3SM8uD0zhx0PA5wllAhNBrV9-ODRHsAp9A3p-iuzfbfA2zBVbbbUdm14BOz8Y3hy7ix6ayNp9qlCViA9VIOsiplPWQ83HmkPvAOjG~1DCvWzMv~GFQz4Yp5el0u8Tn4O4IqXt4ptpWlfLb6tkg4wnaZh0s5Rx6UQnRMN--HM7ttNUoHX8kScmned1DSWWQI5cHPKij6x75pJHKgEZpaFtuT42joCtPsqmOCIMziSpDbXVXK5TSM8av13HVTJD9c4JtUFPKIf8uNZ2EMbaHxiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_sustainable_bioresource_reuse_for_treatment_of_textile_wastewater","translated_slug":"","page_count":16,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115696,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115696/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s13399-019-00555-620230415-1-nocvul.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115696/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Macroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_s.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115696/s13399-019-00555-620230415-1-nocvul-libre.pdf?1681607905=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMacroalgae_and_coal_based_biochar_as_a_s.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=RLl7DBIzITxEoT17tbw5StdKQjoCIBRvC1r8dwIXZ4MC08NqFOvSJr5CRMKFZ-xqz3SM8uD0zhx0PA5wllAhNBrV9-ODRHsAp9A3p-iuzfbfA2zBVbbbUdm14BOz8Y3hy7ix6ayNp9qlCViA9VIOsiplPWQ83HmkPvAOjG~1DCvWzMv~GFQz4Yp5el0u8Tn4O4IqXt4ptpWlfLb6tkg4wnaZh0s5Rx6UQnRMN--HM7ttNUoHX8kScmned1DSWWQI5cHPKij6x75pJHKgEZpaFtuT42joCtPsqmOCIMziSpDbXVXK5TSM8av13HVTJD9c4JtUFPKIf8uNZ2EMbaHxiQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science"},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":10023,"name":"BIOCHAR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BIOCHAR"},{"id":10743,"name":"Coal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coal"},{"id":14085,"name":"Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management"},{"id":65757,"name":"Wastewater","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wastewater"},{"id":111180,"name":"Textile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textile"},{"id":177350,"name":"Reuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reuse"},{"id":551896,"name":"Sewage Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sewage_Treatment"}],"urls":[{"id":30648627,"url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-019-00555-6.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234514"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234514/Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_butanol_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_produced_from_an_inexpensive_black_liquor_derived_hydrolyzate"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Zeolite MFI adsorbent for recovery of butanol from ABE fermentation broths produced from an inexpensive black liquor-derived hydrolyzate" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115672/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234514/Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_butanol_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_produced_from_an_inexpensive_black_liquor_derived_hydrolyzate">Zeolite MFI adsorbent for recovery of butanol from ABE fermentation broths produced from an inexpensive black liquor-derived hydrolyzate</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ef500cf1560bd816e95e6e3b30e74555" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115672,"asset_id":100234514,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115672/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234514"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234514"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234514; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234514]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234514]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234514; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234514']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234514, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ef500cf1560bd816e95e6e3b30e74555" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234514]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234514,"title":"Zeolite MFI adsorbent for recovery of butanol from ABE fermentation broths produced from an inexpensive black liquor-derived hydrolyzate","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234514/Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_butanol_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_produced_from_an_inexpensive_black_liquor_derived_hydrolyzate","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:26.178-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115672,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115672/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s13399-018-0315-9.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115672/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115672/s13399-018-0315-9-libre.pdf?1681607903=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DZeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=OPLO3WtECr3zgE6AQFAagnbif4L~kpGlWJ3Ydp-VLU67UbViUsOQlrEtFPb5j~ZMJ2CG4YSRlVTm5Twehp3TR3I1CfiDUDR8woBTNymkl4UH2yMo9JrXdJgD3FFAwxcv2IXIu4Z~zjrXbHzBpLQL4j2AYrCunR6rOFfogn5TwrHOGFv2Kl-biOSrGlOzSI3qaz8JiGsz1t2Q-77KjwGT~TEP6sitdCNBgEPUuHfiBtInSuuYtlpdZwuFO~-JaCqMf39OW-Qed5-LUoFGgP3vDD~AzVsXwgP4FOdPQRC~GckaqKyE2Yt~a7A9HwJ8YAUy4bqBZQjm-vkjnqdmRK0qAQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_butanol_from_ABE_fermentation_broths_produced_from_an_inexpensive_black_liquor_derived_hydrolyzate","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115672,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115672/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s13399-018-0315-9.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115672/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115672/s13399-018-0315-9-libre.pdf?1681607903=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DZeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=OPLO3WtECr3zgE6AQFAagnbif4L~kpGlWJ3Ydp-VLU67UbViUsOQlrEtFPb5j~ZMJ2CG4YSRlVTm5Twehp3TR3I1CfiDUDR8woBTNymkl4UH2yMo9JrXdJgD3FFAwxcv2IXIu4Z~zjrXbHzBpLQL4j2AYrCunR6rOFfogn5TwrHOGFv2Kl-biOSrGlOzSI3qaz8JiGsz1t2Q-77KjwGT~TEP6sitdCNBgEPUuHfiBtInSuuYtlpdZwuFO~-JaCqMf39OW-Qed5-LUoFGgP3vDD~AzVsXwgP4FOdPQRC~GckaqKyE2Yt~a7A9HwJ8YAUy4bqBZQjm-vkjnqdmRK0qAQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":101115671,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115671/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s13399-018-0315-9.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115671/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Zeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115671/s13399-018-0315-9-libre.pdf?1681607907=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DZeolite_MFI_adsorbent_for_recovery_of_bu.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=fcTNtrUQzVAx7-8h6H9tWwPhgmMchHGfcROR4ac1JBFjoORsddEYe66a-9RU3YWtNXP1pK9pSZ2IlWYhAk97pdPBEGyUL5xHQH3VSaC8CSFnEeoM8W4ByndGNFYk6eRBi3el2-MdSDNC~jWwznyGrC7F2du~hxzM4V9HVyS4ldfMGzX8YPit9EqafFaJiHp2eoVoFI~5B4rcn5Ab0bPFjhFxT7jbQVW-OVy1tfRldpPs94birUna9ZQAGk2pHXRY2O2L79klVfjg4Y~0D1yinyuIpjBFPoK6T6XhAgmU~cxYyQMdHlOKyeEF-CXgnqG0k1kD4gBI4i7i839wDrHzfA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":14085,"name":"Waste Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Waste_Management"},{"id":39752,"name":"Adsorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adsorption"},{"id":102203,"name":"Zeolite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zeolite"},{"id":102665,"name":"Butanol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Butanol"},{"id":269129,"name":"Fermentation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fermentation"},{"id":385364,"name":"Pulp and Paper Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pulp_and_Paper_Industry"}],"urls":[{"id":30648626,"url":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-018-0315-9.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234513"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234513/Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fabrication_of_submicron_resist_structures_using_deep_x_ray_lithography"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Influence of secondary effects in the fabrication of submicron resist structures using deep x-ray lithography" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115695/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234513/Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fabrication_of_submicron_resist_structures_using_deep_x_ray_lithography">Influence of secondary effects in the fabrication of submicron resist structures using deep x-ray lithography</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="274bdd8bb85edd0b49457146586cb54d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115695,"asset_id":100234513,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115695/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234513"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234513"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234513; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234513]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234513]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234513; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234513']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234513, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "274bdd8bb85edd0b49457146586cb54d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234513]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234513,"title":"Influence of secondary effects in the fabrication of submicron resist structures using deep x-ray lithography","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng","grobid_abstract":"Background: Deep x-ray lithography using synchrotron radiation is a prominent technique in the fabrication of high aspect ratio microstructures. The minimum lateral dimensions producible are limited by the primary dose distribution and secondary effects (Fresnel diffraction, secondary electrons scattering, etc.) during exposure. Aim: The influence of secondary radiation effects on the fabrication of high aspect ratio microstructures with submicrometer lateral dimension by deep x-ray lithography is characterized. Approach: The microstructures under investigation are one-dimensional gratings. The influence of secondary effects on structural dimension is simulated and compared to the experimental results. The quality criteria and possible defects arising in experiments highlight the importance of the mechanical stability of the photoresist. Results: From the simulation results, the minimum period of microstructures that can be produced is about 600 nm. Experimentally, microstructures with 1.2 μm minimum period (resist width of ∼700 nm) and height of ∼10 μm could be fabricated. Conclusions: Simulation results show the feasibility for fabricating gratings with a period less than 1 μm. To achieve these values also in experiment, it is necessary to increase the mechanical stability of the high aspect lamellae. The outcome of these results allows one to reduce the expensive and lengthy product development cycle.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":101115695},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234513/Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fabrication_of_submicron_resist_structures_using_deep_x_ray_lithography","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:25.980-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115695,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115695/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1.JMM.18.2.023502.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115695/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fa.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115695/1.JMM.18.2.023502-libre.pdf?1681607911=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfluence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fa.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=fbzn6MlxHHACT57zUleG-fnWi3GjKsYF6BPiYkMwl7gdjocn5ssiS3dBmkD-KHgCTzMPdect5H0rADyuHqLfno382~WBLqDJiNOa02fkr-TE2EWEmQaD3j5ZW2YPwhWNb0vBwRgrC~KjLAHD8PSkI6bKgKkSbqZpjtAf8X1e5fR-XGqarTZcroaCGiP8RzH5YT7n3NysM5eWoZwTdf6idyuoYSiZWfjwv2ZF~179Drag8TxAPPZC14li6q2eREU~wc89qtLZgmxLUfnRefJzV-y2vyX9yAnEDu61S53DjzsaZUchg3ayfkLJ9LiYGRskOHWb-wnw-lOWKNPhIDvZgQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fabrication_of_submicron_resist_structures_using_deep_x_ray_lithography","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115695,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115695/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1.JMM.18.2.023502.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115695/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Influence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fa.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115695/1.JMM.18.2.023502-libre.pdf?1681607911=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfluence_of_secondary_effects_in_the_fa.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=fbzn6MlxHHACT57zUleG-fnWi3GjKsYF6BPiYkMwl7gdjocn5ssiS3dBmkD-KHgCTzMPdect5H0rADyuHqLfno382~WBLqDJiNOa02fkr-TE2EWEmQaD3j5ZW2YPwhWNb0vBwRgrC~KjLAHD8PSkI6bKgKkSbqZpjtAf8X1e5fR-XGqarTZcroaCGiP8RzH5YT7n3NysM5eWoZwTdf6idyuoYSiZWfjwv2ZF~179Drag8TxAPPZC14li6q2eREU~wc89qtLZgmxLUfnRefJzV-y2vyX9yAnEDu61S53DjzsaZUchg3ayfkLJ9LiYGRskOHWb-wnw-lOWKNPhIDvZgQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science"},{"id":516,"name":"Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optics"},{"id":2161,"name":"Microstructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructure"},{"id":8704,"name":"Electron Beam Lithography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Beam_Lithography"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology"},{"id":29617,"name":"Synchrotron Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synchrotron_Radiation"},{"id":136801,"name":"Fabrication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fabrication"},{"id":174649,"name":"Lithography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lithography"},{"id":263152,"name":"Optical physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_physics"},{"id":284327,"name":"Proposal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proposal"},{"id":515169,"name":"DDC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DDC"},{"id":557514,"name":"Resist","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resist"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="100234512"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234512/Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on_the_momentum_and_thermal_boundary_layer_flow_over_the_wedge"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Cu–Ag hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layer flow over the wedge" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115694/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/100234512/Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on_the_momentum_and_thermal_boundary_layer_flow_over_the_wedge">Effects of Cu–Ag hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layer flow over the wedge</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this work, the effects of hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layers as ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this work, the effects of hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layers as well as flow characteristics and thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid are investigated over the wedge. The fluid in the enclosure is water containing hybrid nanoparticles Cu–Ag. The physical model of homogenous hybrid nanofluid is derived using the elementary equations of thermo-hydrodynamic and co-relation&#39;s model of a mixture that supports the effective physical features. The results are calculated to measure the effects of nanoparticle concentration on thermal and momentum boundary layers and displayed in graphs for discussions. In addition, the effects of nanoparticles concentration and different compositions of hybrid nanoparticles on temperature and velocity profiles, physical properties, skin friction, and convective heat transfer coefficient are deliberated through graphs and tables. To check its heat transfer performance, a comparison of hybrid nanofluid is made betwe...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2cb9f43559ab5ba04c763d7e16a0ea64" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101115694,"asset_id":100234512,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115694/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="100234512"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="100234512"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234512; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234512]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=100234512]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 100234512; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='100234512']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 100234512, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2cb9f43559ab5ba04c763d7e16a0ea64" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=100234512]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":100234512,"title":"Effects of Cu–Ag hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layer flow over the wedge","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In this work, the effects of hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layers as well as flow characteristics and thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid are investigated over the wedge. The fluid in the enclosure is water containing hybrid nanoparticles Cu–Ag. The physical model of homogenous hybrid nanofluid is derived using the elementary equations of thermo-hydrodynamic and co-relation\u0026#39;s model of a mixture that supports the effective physical features. The results are calculated to measure the effects of nanoparticle concentration on thermal and momentum boundary layers and displayed in graphs for discussions. In addition, the effects of nanoparticles concentration and different compositions of hybrid nanoparticles on temperature and velocity profiles, physical properties, skin friction, and convective heat transfer coefficient are deliberated through graphs and tables. To check its heat transfer performance, a comparison of hybrid nanofluid is made betwe...","publisher":"SAGE Publications","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering"},"translated_abstract":"In this work, the effects of hybrid nanoparticles on the momentum and thermal boundary layers as well as flow characteristics and thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid are investigated over the wedge. The fluid in the enclosure is water containing hybrid nanoparticles Cu–Ag. The physical model of homogenous hybrid nanofluid is derived using the elementary equations of thermo-hydrodynamic and co-relation\u0026#39;s model of a mixture that supports the effective physical features. The results are calculated to measure the effects of nanoparticle concentration on thermal and momentum boundary layers and displayed in graphs for discussions. In addition, the effects of nanoparticles concentration and different compositions of hybrid nanoparticles on temperature and velocity profiles, physical properties, skin friction, and convective heat transfer coefficient are deliberated through graphs and tables. To check its heat transfer performance, a comparison of hybrid nanofluid is made betwe...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100234512/Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on_the_momentum_and_thermal_boundary_layer_flow_over_the_wedge","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-04-15T13:28:25.761-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":71236272,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":101115694,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115694/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"095440891984466820230415-1-b26ur4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115694/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115694/095440891984466820230415-1-b26ur4-libre.pdf?1681607897=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=JU~V0hh--qVVlLZjDW-uaP7-EOnZAvmBpIhu2jVn8XPQj2kCBdewhvHoI-Tx2RtwQROgM1glwqjCRg5zmCMdWRtfD7OibcElKtkgwyQiKzH-Dj~PkWplIy6bUYUP0fAjx9up9rqSSh-MVTgINBQOg4QZEzPEFDYbfO9lu8Cdx41lAHFM~u27ufj0NFNeq54RRoQeqdlOKNYW4CgUydzPdxMQEgQGWtTOd8HpoXH5r8u20UmDvSn6ydAB6ZT-o~0vGnArVfpTjJu4vM7QX1EiC0026hez2NjaPk4efCybrGZ-EcdM7WyP8Sns-MntuNVrMvAl5-pPg3SvQmbIM9dTcQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on_the_momentum_and_thermal_boundary_layer_flow_over_the_wedge","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":71236272,"first_name":"abrar","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"faisal","page_name":"abrarfaisal5","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-11-12T12:04:24.616-08:00","display_name":"abrar faisal","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5"},"attachments":[{"id":101115694,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101115694/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"095440891984466820230415-1-b26ur4.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101115694/download_file?st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjgzMDIyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/101115694/095440891984466820230415-1-b26ur4-libre.pdf?1681607897=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_Cu_Ag_hybrid_nanoparticles_on.pdf\u0026Expires=1732833824\u0026Signature=JU~V0hh--qVVlLZjDW-uaP7-EOnZAvmBpIhu2jVn8XPQj2kCBdewhvHoI-Tx2RtwQROgM1glwqjCRg5zmCMdWRtfD7OibcElKtkgwyQiKzH-Dj~PkWplIy6bUYUP0fAjx9up9rqSSh-MVTgINBQOg4QZEzPEFDYbfO9lu8Cdx41lAHFM~u27ufj0NFNeq54RRoQeqdlOKNYW4CgUydzPdxMQEgQGWtTOd8HpoXH5r8u20UmDvSn6ydAB6ZT-o~0vGnArVfpTjJu4vM7QX1EiC0026hez2NjaPk4efCybrGZ-EcdM7WyP8Sns-MntuNVrMvAl5-pPg3SvQmbIM9dTcQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":60,"name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mechanical_Engineering"},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science"},{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics"},{"id":8067,"name":"Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Transfer"},{"id":8950,"name":"Nanoparticle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanoparticle"},{"id":144723,"name":"Nanofluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanofluid"},{"id":661889,"name":"Convective Heat Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Convective_Heat_Transfer"},{"id":685326,"name":"Boundary Layer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boundary_Layer"}],"urls":[{"id":30648625,"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0954408919844668"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 1 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "c19c98f367cfde12d5b0f28838e56aacce6dbd2a583cd301e76d49f0df3e553e", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="0rD2wk8b8D51bqECin0QwP93PGmNHTWwFwpq6zQeAm6BJzoXbhatnhQDUaNhtbuCpocSAZWAgmCEN9GgVxrqiw==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://independent.academia.edu/abrarfaisal5" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="xe9GdB/PZFM8vPbgggTSNwIGaI4NeADoOUij08vRezaWeIqhPsI5813RBkFpzHl1W/ZG5hXltziqdRiYqNWT0w==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>