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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose_and_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose_and_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purpose and implications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purpose_and_implications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purpose and implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose_and_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_with_infants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_with_infants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Use with infants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_with_infants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aid_to_cognitive_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aid_to_cognitive_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Aid to cognitive development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aid_to_cognitive_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_with_non-infants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_with_non-infants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Use with non-infants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_with_non-infants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patronizing_or_derogatory_baby_talk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronizing_or_derogatory_baby_talk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Patronizing or derogatory baby talk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronizing_or_derogatory_baby_talk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flirtatious_baby_talk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flirtatious_baby_talk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Flirtatious baby talk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flirtatious_baby_talk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baby_talk_with_pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baby_talk_with_pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span><span>Baby talk with pets</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baby_talk_with_pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreigner_talk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreigner_talk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Foreigner talk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreigner_talk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universality_and_differences_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universality_and_differences_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Universality and differences by region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universality_and_differences_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary and structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary_and_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary and structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diminutives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diminutives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Diminutives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diminutives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duplications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duplications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Duplications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duplications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baby talk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84" title="حديث الطفل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حديث الطفل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Baby talk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Talk" title="Baby Talk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baby Talk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoidjakeel" title="Hoidjakeel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hoidjakeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaje_de_beb%C3%A9" title="Lenguaje de bebé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguaje de bebé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamanais" title="Mamanais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mamanais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaxe_de_nai" title="Linguaxe de nai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguaxe de nai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="유아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baby talk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%96%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბავშვზე ორიენტირებული მეტყველება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბავშვზე ორიენტირებული მეტყველება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitikt%C3%AE" title="Pitiktî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pitiktî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajkanyelv" title="Dajkanyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dajkanyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%90%E8%AA%9E" title="幼児語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="幼児語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowa_matczyna" title="Mowa matczyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mowa matczyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_de_beb%C3%AA" title="Fala de bebê – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fala de bebê" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoivakieli" title="Hoivakieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hoivakieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnriktat_tal" title="Barnriktat tal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barnriktat tal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дитяча мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дитяча мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%88" title="طفلانہ گفتگو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طفلانہ گفتگو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latsikiil" title="Latsikiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Latsikiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92%E8%A9%B1" title="幼兒話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="幼兒話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about speech directed at babies. For speech-like sounds produced by babies, see <a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">babbling</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Baby_talk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Baby talk (disambiguation)">Baby talk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><span class="anchor" id="abbreviations"></span><b>Baby talk</b> is a type of speech associated with an older person speaking to a child or infant. It is also called <b>caretaker speech</b>, <b>infant-directed speech</b> (<b>IDS</b>), <b>child-directed speech</b> (<b>CDS</b>), <b>child-directed language</b> (<b>CDL</b>), <b>caregiver register</b>, <b>parentese</b>, or <b>motherese</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CDS is characterized by a "sing song" pattern of <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> that differentiates it from the more monotone style used with other adults e.g., CDS has higher and wider <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>, slower speech rate and shorter utterances.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can display vowel hyperarticulation (an increase in distance in the formant space of the peripheral vowels e.g., [i], [u], and [a])<sup id="cite_ref-Mommy_2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mommy_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and words tend to be shortened and simplified. There is evidence that the exaggerated pitch modifications are similar to the affectionate speech style employed when people speak to their pets (pet-directed speech).<sup id="cite_ref-science.sciencemag.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science.sciencemag.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the hyperarticulation of vowels appears to be related to the propensity for the infant to learn language, as it is not exaggerated in speech to infants with hearing loss or to pets.<sup id="cite_ref-science.sciencemag.org_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science.sciencemag.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mommy_2011_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mommy_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first documented use of the word <i>baby-talk</i>, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, was in 1836.</li> <li><i>Motherese</i> and <i>parentese</i> are more precise terms than <i>baby talk</i>, and perhaps more amenable to computer searches, but are not the terms of choice among <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">child development</a> professionals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Critics of <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender stereotyping</a> also prefer <i>parentese</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the term <i>motherese</i>, because all caregivers use distinct speech patterns and vocabulary when talking to young children.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Motherese</i> can also refer to English spoken in a higher, gentler manner, which is otherwise correct English, as opposed to the non-standard, shortened word forms.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Child-directed speech</i> (<i>CDS</i>) is the term preferred by researchers, psychologists and child development professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Infant-directed speech</i> (<i>IDS</i>) is also used. The terms are interchangeable.</li> <li><i>Caregiver language</i> is sometimes used.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CDS is a clear and simplified strategy for communicating to younger children, used by adults and by older children. The vocabulary is limited, speech is slowed with a greater number of pauses, and the sentences are short and grammatically simplified, often repeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Harley_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although CDS features marked auditory characteristics, other factors aid in development of language. Three types of modifications occur to adult-directed speech in the production of CDS:<sup id="cite_ref-Mcleod_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcleod-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>linguistic modifications, particularly <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>, including the simplification of speech units as well as the emphasis on various phonemes.</li> <li>modifications to attention-gaining strategies, providing visual cues through <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>, particularly movements of the face, to more effectively maintain the attention of their infants.</li> <li>modifications to the interactions between parents and infants. Parents use CDS not only to promote language development but to foster a positive relationship with their infants.</li></ul> <p>The younger the child, the more exaggerated the adult's CDS is. The attention of infants is held more readily by CDS over normal speech, as with adults.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more expressive CDS is, the more likely infants are to respond to this method of communication by adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key visual aspect of CDS is the movement of the lips.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One characteristic is the wider opening of the mouth present in those using CDS versus adult-directed speech,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in vowels. Research suggests that with the larger opening of the lips during CDS, infants are better able to grasp the message being conveyed due to the heightened visual cues.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through this interaction, infants are able to determine who positive and encouraging caregivers will be in their development. When infants use CDS as a determinant of acceptable caregivers, their cognitive development seems to thrive because they are being encouraged by adults who are invested in the development of the given infants.<sup id="cite_ref-Schachner_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schachner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the process is interactive, caregivers are able to make significant progress through the use of CDS.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose_and_implications">Purpose and implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purpose and implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_with_infants">Use with infants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use with infants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies have shown that from birth, infants prefer to listen to CDS, which is more effective than regular speech in getting and holding an infant's attention.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers<sup id="cite_ref-Shore-1997_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shore-1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believe that CDS is an important part of the emotional bonding process between the parents and their child, and helps the infants learn the language. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Wisconsin found that using basic “baby talk” may support babies in picking up words faster.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infants pay more attention when parents use CDS, which has a slower and more repetitive tone than used in regular conversation. </p><p>CDS has been observed in languages other than English.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_et_al_2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_et_al_2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purposes and benefits of CDS include supporting the ability of infants to bond with their caregivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children that learn the fastest are those who receive the most acknowledgement and encouragement of what they say, are given time and attention to speak and share, and who are questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infants are able to apply this to larger words and sentences as they learn to process language.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcleod_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcleod-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CDS aids infants in bonding to caregivers. Although infants have a range of social cues available to them regarding who will provide adequate care, CDS serves as an additional indicator as to which caregivers will provide developmental support. When adults engage in CDS with infants, they are providing positive emotion and attention, signaling to infants that they are valued.<sup id="cite_ref-Schachner_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schachner-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CDS can also serve as a priming tool for infants to notice the faces of their caregivers. Infants are more sensitive to the pitch and emphasized qualities of this method. Therefore, when caregivers use CDS, they expand the possibility for their infants to observe and process facial expressions. This effect could in part be due to infants associating CDS with positive facial expressions such as smiling, being more likely to respond to CDS if they expect to receive a positive response from their caregiver.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CDS may promote processing of word forms, allowing infants to remember words when asked to recall them in the future. As words are repeated through CDS, infants begin to create mental representations of each word. As a result, infants who experience CDS are able to recall words more effectively than infants who do not.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_et_al_2009_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_et_al_2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infants can pick up on the vocal cues of CDS and will often pattern their <a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">babbling</a> after it.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children of <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depressed</a> mothers, who do not regularly use CDS, display delayed language development. Even when depressed mothers provide their infants with positive faces, infants do not respond to their attempts at CDS, and in turn do not benefit from this important route for language acquisition. Infants are unable to create the link between speech and visual face movements in situations such as these. When fathers who are not depressed are able to provide the stimulation of CDS, infants respond well and are able to compensate from the deficit left by their mothers. This too can inhibit language and speech development. Therefore, this deficit can be especially harmful to infants with depressed mothers and little contact with male caregivers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic status</a> has been found to influence the development of vocabulary and language skills. Lower-status groups tend to be behind the development of children in higher-status families. This finding is thought to be due to the amount of time parents spend with the child and the ways they interact; mothers from higher-status groups are found to say more to their children, use more variety, and speak in longer sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aid_to_cognitive_development">Aid to cognitive development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aid to cognitive development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shore and others believe that CDS contributes to <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">mental development</a> as it helps teach the child the basic function and structure of language.<sup id="cite_ref-Shore-1997_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shore-1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have found that responding to an infant's babble with meaningless babble aids the infant's <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">development</a>; while the babble has no logical meaning, the verbal interaction demonstrates to the child the bidirectional nature of speech, and the importance of verbal feedback. Some experts advise that parents should not talk to young children solely in baby talk, but should integrate some normal adult speech as well. The high-pitched sound of CDS gives it special acoustic qualities which may appeal to the infant.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodluck_1991_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodluck_1991-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CDS may aid a child in the acquisition and/or comprehension of language-particular rules which are otherwise unpredictable;<sup id="cite_ref-Goodluck_1991_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodluck_1991-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an example is the reduction or avoidance of pronoun reversal errors.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been also suggested that motherese is crucial for children to acquire the ability to ask questions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_with_non-infants">Use with non-infants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use with non-infants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of baby talk is not limited to interactions between adults and infants, as it may be used among adults, or by people to animals. In these instances, the outward style of the language may be that of baby talk, but is not considered actual "parentese", as it serves a different linguistic function <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see: <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patronizing_or_derogatory_baby_talk">Patronizing or derogatory baby talk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Patronizing or derogatory baby talk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baby talk and imitations of it may be used by one non-infant to another as a form of <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal abuse</a>, in which the talk is intended to infantilize the victim. This can occur during <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, when the aggressor uses baby talk to assert that the victim is weak, cowardly, overemotional, or otherwise inferior.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flirtatious_baby_talk">Flirtatious baby talk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flirtatious baby talk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baby talk may be used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">flirtation</a> between sexual or romantic partners. In this instance, the baby talk may be an expression of tender intimacy, and may perhaps form part of affectionate <a href="/wiki/Sexual_roleplay" title="Sexual roleplay">sexual roleplaying</a> in which one partner speaks and behaves childishly, while the other acts motherly or fatherly, responding in "parentese".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One or both partners might perform the child role. Terms of endearment, such as <i>poppet</i> (or, indicatively, <i>baby</i>), may be used for the same purpose in communication between the partners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baby_talk_with_pets"><span id="Pet-directed_speech">Baby talk with pets</span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Baby talk with pets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people speak to their dogs as if they were another human being. These actions are not providing communication with the dog, but social interactions for the speaker, usually in order to solve some problem.<sup id="cite_ref-coren2000_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coren2000-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 304–306">: 304–306 </span></sup> The speaking style people use when talking to dogs is very similar to CDL and has been referred to as <i>Doggerel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirsh-Pasek_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirsh-Pasek-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People tend to use sentences of around 11 words when talking to another adult; this is reduced to four words when speaking to a dog. People employ more imperatives or commands to a dog, but ask twice as many questions of the dog as of other humans, even though they do not expect the dog to answer. Recordings show that 90% of pet-talk is spoken mostly in the present tense because people talk to dogs about what is happening now rather than the past or the future, which is twice as much as with humans. Also, people are 20 times more likely to repeat or rephrase themselves to dogs than they do to humans. </p><p>A significant difference is that CDL contains many more sentences about specific bits of information, such as "This cup is red," because they are intended to teach children about language and the environment. Pet-speech contains perhaps half the sentences of this form, as, rather than instructive, its primary purpose is as a social function for humans; whether the dog learns anything does not seem to be a major concern.<sup id="cite_ref-coren2000_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coren2000-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 308–310">: 308–310 </span></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication#Humans_communicating_to_dogs" title="Human–animal communication">dogs are capable of recognizing specific words</a> and responding accordingly, which means that some information can be transmitted when a human talks to a dog. </p><p>As well as the raised vocal pitch, pet-speech strongly emphasizes intonations and emotional phrasing. There are diminutives such as <i>walkie</i> for <i>walk</i> and <i>bathie</i> for <i>bath</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreigner_talk">Foreigner talk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreigner talk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creole_language#Foreigner_talk_and_baby_talk" title="Creole language">Creole language § Foreigner talk and baby talk</a></div> <p>When addressing a listener not skilled in the speaker's language, people may simplify their spoken language in an attempt to improve understanding. Some use gestures to communicate with others, especially if hearing is limited, although this is not always understood by people, as some gestures may be difficult to interpret by some people, especially as gestures have different meanings from place to place, so they may use a baby-talk–like language to communicate, leaving out small words and possibly using demonstratives instead of pronouns, for example <i>Do not cross the road</i> becoming <i>No cross road</i>. While this kind of simplification could be helpful for, say, foreign tourists, this type of communication is perceived as rude or offensive in some societies, because it may cause the foreigner to feel infantilized. It can also be considered insulting if the foreigner is skilled in the speaker's language. While not considered to be actual parentese, it has aspects which make the two language styles similar.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universality_and_differences_by_region">Universality and differences by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Universality and differences by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers Bryant and Barrett (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have suggested (as have others before them, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Anne_Fernald" title="Anne Fernald">Fernald</a>, 1992<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that CDL exists universally across all cultures and is a species-specific adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-Peer_Review_Journal_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peer_Review_Journal-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers contend that it is not universal among the world's cultures, and argue that its role in helping children learn grammar has been overestimated, pointing out that in some societies (such as certain <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoan</a> tribes),<sup id="cite_ref-Shore-1997_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shore-1997-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adults do not speak to their children at all until the children reach a certain age. Furthermore, even where baby-talk is used, it has many complicated grammatical constructions, and mispronounced or non-standard words. </p><p>Other evidence suggests that baby talk is not a universal phenomenon: for example Schieffelin & Ochs (1983) describe the <a href="/wiki/Kaluli_people" title="Kaluli people">Kaluli</a> tribe of Papua <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> who do not typically employ CDS.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language acquisition in Kaluli children was not found to be significantly impaired. </p><p>The extent to which caregivers rely on and use CDS differs based on cultural differences. Mothers in regions that display predominately introverted cultures are less likely to display a great deal of CDS, although it is still used.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the personality of each child experiencing CDS from a caregiver deeply impacts the extent to which a caregiver will use this method of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CDS has been seen in languages such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the basis for claims that CDS is a necessary aspect of social development for children.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcleod_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcleod-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although found in many cultures, CDS is far from universal in terms of style and amount of use.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A factor found to influence the way adults communicate with children is the way the culture views children. For example, if they view children as helpless and unable to understand, adults tend to interact with children less than if they believe that children are capable of learning and understanding. Often, cultures lacking a form of CDS make up for it in other ways, such as involving the children more in everyday activities, though the reverse might also be a valid assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-Harley_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_and_structure">Vocabulary and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vocabulary and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With respect to English-speaking parents, it is well-established<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Anglo-Saxon or Germanic words tend to predominate in informal <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">speech registers</a>, whereas Latinate vocabulary is usually reserved for more formal uses such as legal and scientific texts. Child-directed speech, an informal speech register, also tends to use Anglo-Saxon vocabulary. The speech of mothers to young children has a higher percentage of native Anglo-Saxon verb tokens than speech addressed to adults.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, in parents’ CDS the clausal core<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is built in the most part by Anglo-Saxon verbs, namely, almost all tokens of the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical relations">grammatical relations</a> subject-verb, verb-direct object and verb-indirect object that young children are presented with, are constructed with native verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ninio_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ninio-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-Saxon verb vocabulary consists of short verbs, but its grammar is relatively complex. Syntactic patterns specific to this sub-vocabulary in present-day English include periphrastic constructions for tense, aspect, questioning and negation, and phrasal lexemes functioning as complex predicates, all of which occur also in CDS. As noted above, baby talk often involves shortening and simplifying words, with the possible addition of slurred words and nonverbal utterances, and can invoke a vocabulary of its own. Some utterances are invented by parents within a particular family unit, or are passed down from parent to parent over generations, while others are quite widely known and used within most families, such as <i>wawa</i> for water, <i>num-num</i> for a meal, <i>ba-ba</i> for bottle, or <i>beddy-bye</i> for bedtime, and are considered standard or traditional words, possibly differing in meaning from place to place. </p><p>Baby talk, language regardless, usually consists of a muddle of words, including names for family members, names for animals, eating and meals, bodily functions and genitals, sleeping, pain, possibly including important objects such as diaper, blanket, pacifier, bottle, etc., and may be sprinkled with nonverbal utterances, such as <i>goo goo ga ga</i>. The vocabulary of made-up words, such as those listed below, may be quite long with terms for a large number of things, rarely or possibly never using proper language, other times quite short, dominated by real words, all nouns. Most words invented by parents have a logical meaning, although the nonverbal sounds are usually completely meaningless and just fit the speech together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diminutives">Diminutives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diminutives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Baby_talk" title="Special:EditPage/Baby talk">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Standard adult English words can be derived into baby talk following certain rules of transformation. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, adding a terminal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> sound, usually written ⟨ie⟩, ⟨y⟩, or ⟨ey⟩, is a common way of forming diminutives often used as part of baby talk. Many languages have similar mechanisms <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diminutives_by_language" title="List of diminutives by language">List of diminutives by language</a>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duplications">Duplications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Duplications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Still other transformations, but not in all languages, include elongated vowels, such as <i>kitty</i> and <i>kiiiitty</i>, (emphasized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span>) meaning the same thing. While this is understood by English-speaking toddlers, it is not applicable with Dutch toddlers as they learn that <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">elongated vowels</a> reference different words.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">Babbling</a> – sounds that babies make before they learn to talk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crib_talk" title="Crib talk">Crib talk</a> – toddlers talking to themselves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderspeak" title="Elderspeak">Elderspeak</a> – the style of speech used by younger people when talking to older people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_and_papa" title="Mama and papa">Mama and papa</a> – the early sounds or words commonly used by babies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girneys" title="Girneys">Girneys</a> – sounds similar to baby talk that are used by some large monkeys</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a> – such as diminutive shortening of titles, such as pet names and reductions of longer words to single syllables by adding <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> (⟨-y⟩ or ⟨-ie⟩) to the end</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKubaník2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kubaník, Pavel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czechency.org/slovnik/BABY%20TALK">"BABY TALK"</a>. In Karlík, Petr; Nekula, Marek; Pleskalová, Jana (eds.). <i>Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny</i> (in Czech).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BABY+TALK&rft.btitle=Nov%C3%BD+encyklopedick%C3%BD+slovn%C3%ADk+%C4%8De%C5%A1tiny&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kuban%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czechency.org%2Fslovnik%2FBABY%2520TALK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaby+talk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatychuk2005" class="citation journal cs1">Matychuk, Paul (May 2005). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawrence.edu/stu/bereya/welcome.html">the original</a> on 2017-08-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gender+Differences+in+Child-Directed+Speech&rft.pub=Lawrence+University&rft.date=2005-03-18&rft.aulast=Berey&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawrence.edu%2Fstu%2Fbereya%2Fwelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaby+talk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerreraReisslandShepherd2004" class="citation journal cs1">Herrera, Eisquel; Reissland, Nadja; Shepherd, John (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/2579/1/2579.pdf">"Maternal touch and maternal child-directed speech: effects of depressed mood in the postnatal period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Affective Disorders</i>. <b>81</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2003.07.001">10.1016/j.jad.2003.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15183597">15183597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Affective+Disorders&rft.atitle=Maternal+touch+and+maternal+child-directed+speech%3A+effects+of+depressed+mood+in+the+postnatal+period&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2003.07.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15183597&rft.aulast=Herrera&rft.aufirst=Eisquel&rft.au=Reissland%2C+Nadja&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F2579%2F1%2F2579.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaby+talk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhada_Khattab" class="citation web cs1">Ghada Khattab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061127114004/http://aune.lpl.univ-aix.fr/~labphon10/abstracts/92.pdf">"Does child-directed speech really facilitate the emergence of phonological structure? 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(1977). C.E. Snow & C.A. Ferguson (ed.). <i>Talking to children: Language input and acquisition</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+to+children%3A+Language+input+and+acquisition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Newport&rft.aufirst=E.L.&rft.au=Gleitman%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaby+talk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_BalterRobert_B._McCall2000" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence Balter; Robert B. McCall (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parenthoodameric00balt"><i>Parenthood in America: A-M</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parenthoodameric00balt/page/n108">75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-213-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-213-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-213-4</bdi></a>. <q>developmental psychologists refer to this kind of language to young children as child-directed speech</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parenthood+in+America%3A+A-M&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-213-4&rft.au=Lawrence+Balter&rft.au=Robert+B.+McCall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparenthoodameric00balt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaby+talk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harley-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harley_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harley_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarley2010" class="citation book cs1">Harley, Trevor (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talkingtalklangu00harl"><i>Talking the Talk: Language, Psychology and Science</i></a></span>. Psychology Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talkingtalklangu00harl/page/n74">60</a>–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-339-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-339-2"><bdi>978-1-84169-339-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+the+Talk%3A+Language%2C+Psychology+and+Science&rft.pages=60-62&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84169-339-2&rft.aulast=Harley&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftalkingtalklangu00harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaby+talk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcleod-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mcleod_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mcleod_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mcleod_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod1993" class="citation journal cs1">McLeod, Peter J. 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Syntactic development, its input and output. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Introduction accessible at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101071744/http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/pdf/13/9780199565962_prelim.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.com/pdf/13/9780199565962_prelim.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffds.oup.com%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fpdf%2F13%2F9780199565962_prelim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaby+talk" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202034427/http://www.therapytimes.com/content=9901J84C48969C8440A040441">"Native Language Governs Toddlers' Speech Sounds"</a>. therapytimes.com. 2007-10-23. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+Language+Governs+Toddlers%27+Speech+Sounds&rft.pub=therapytimes.com&rft.date=2007-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therapytimes.com%2Fcontent%3D9901J84C48969C8440A040441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaby+talk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_talk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9215/baby.htm">The Uses of Baby Talk</a> by Naomi S. Baron of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infants_and_their_care" title="Template:Infants and their care"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infants_and_their_care" title="Template talk:Infants and their care"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infants_and_their_care" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infants and their care"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infants_and_their_care122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infants</a> and their care</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health (<a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_food" title="Baby food">Baby food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_weight" title="Birth weight">Birth weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_pump" title="Breast pump">Breast pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_medications" title="Breastfeeding and medications">Breastfeeding and medications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle feeding">Bottle feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">Colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_cap" title="Cradle cap">Cradle cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotropia" title="Esotropia">Esotropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_and_toddler_safety" title="Infant and toddler safety">Infant and toddler safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant bathing">Infant bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_feeding" title="Infant feeding">Infant feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_food_safety" title="Infant food safety">Infant food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">Infant formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_massage" title="Infant massage">Infant massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_sleep_training" title="Infant sleep training">Infant sleep training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit" title="Neonatal intensive care unit">Neonatal intensive care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_care_and_safety" title="Newborn care and safety">Newborn care and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedialyte" title="Pedialyte">Pedialyte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome" title="Shaken baby syndrome">Shaken baby syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_formula" title="Soy formula">Soy formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIDS" title="SIDS">SIDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby-led_weaning" title="Baby-led weaning">Baby-led weaning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbling" title="Babbling">Babbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Birth defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawling_(human)" title="Crawling (human)">Crawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_visual_development" title="Infant visual development">Infant visual development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritant_diaper_dermatitis" title="Irritant diaper dermatitis">Irritant diaper dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_cognitive_development" title="Infant cognitive development">Infant cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_crying" title="Infant crying">Infant crying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_care" title="Kangaroo care">Kangaroo care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhyme" title="Nursery rhyme">Nursery rhyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_permanence" title="Object permanence">Object permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peekaboo" title="Peekaboo">Peekaboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Prenatal_development_table.svg" title="File:Prenatal development table.svg">Prenatal development table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teething" title="Teething">Teething</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" title="Gross motor skill">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socialization and Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babysitting" title="Babysitting">Babysitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">UN Child rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent_visitation" title="Grandparent visitation">Grandparent visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_swimming" title="Infant swimming">Infant swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_milk_banking_in_North_America" title="Human milk banking in North America">Milk bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny" title="Nanny">Nanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">Wet nurse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infant care and equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_jumper" title="Baby jumper">Baby bouncer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_gate" title="Baby gate">Baby gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_monitor" title="Baby monitor">Baby monitor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hidden_camera" title="Hidden camera">Hidden camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_powder" title="Baby powder">Baby powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_shampoo" title="Baby shampoo">Baby shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baby_toy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baby toy (page does not exist)">Baby toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_walker" title="Baby walker">Baby walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bib_(garment)" title="Bib (garment)">Bib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(seat)" title="Swing (seat)">Baby swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_transport" title="Baby transport">Baby transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassinet" title="Bassinet">Bassinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_seat_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Car seat safety">Car seat safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_diaper" title="Cloth diaper">Cloth diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradle board">Cradle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">Diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_bag" title="Diaper bag">Diaper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_wipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby wipes">Baby wipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haberman_Feeder" title="Haberman Feeder">Haberman Feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_chair" title="High chair">High chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bed" title="Infant bed">Infant bed</a> <small><i>(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant carrier">Infant carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_clothing" title="Infant clothing">Infant clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifier" title="Pacifier">Pacifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playpen" title="Playpen">Playpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroller" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroller">Stroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_nursing_system" title="Supplemental nursing system">Supplemental nursing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaddling" title="Swaddling">Swaddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_diaper" title="Swim diaper">Swim diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teether" title="Teether">Teether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_cot" title="Travel cot">Travel cot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_shower" title="Baby shower">Baby shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babywearing" title="Babywearing">Babywearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_adoption" title="Closed adoption">Closed adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_room" title="Cry room">Cry room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_ear_piercing" title="Infant ear piercing">Infant ear piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_adoption" title="Open adoption">Open adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" title="Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_child_abduction" title="Parental child abduction">Parental child abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting_plan" title="Parenting plan">Parenting plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity fraud</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parenting171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parenting" title="Template:Parenting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parenting" title="Template talk:Parenting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parenting171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">Alloparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coparenting" title="Coparenting">Coparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncustodial_parent" title="Noncustodial parent">Noncustodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">Orphaned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Blended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories <b>·</b> Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">Maternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_personality" title="Atlas personality">Atlas personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-like_mindset" title="Buddha-like mindset">Buddha-like parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerted_cultivation" title="Concerted cultivation">Concerted cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmeshment" title="Enmeshment">Enmeshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_parent" title="Gatekeeper parent">Gatekeeper parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurturant_parent_model" title="Nurturant parent model">Nurturant parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_parenting" title="Reflective parenting">Reflective parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_parenting" title="Slow parenting">Slow parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_mom" title="Soccer mom">Soccer mom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_father_model" title="Strict father model">Strict father model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theybie" class="mw-redirect" title="Theybie">Theybie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_parenting" title="Tiger parenting">Tiger parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_at_home_parent" title="Work at home parent">Work at home parent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After-school_activity" title="After-school activity">After-school activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)#Allowances_for_children" title="Allowance (money)">Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime" title="Bedtime">Bedtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-sleeping" title="Co-sleeping">Co-sleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishabituation" title="Dishabituation">Dishabituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">Habituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">Latchkey kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_management_training" title="Parent management training">Parent management training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a> (<a href="/wiki/Play_date" title="Play date">date</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_model" title="Role model">Role model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk (race)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_birds_and_the_bees" title="The birds and the bees">The talk (sex education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" 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