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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role of the father</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_of_the_father-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role of the father subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_father-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fatherhood_in_the_Western_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatherhood_in_the_Western_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fatherhood in the Western World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatherhood_in_the_Western_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_of_father_or_father-figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_father_or_father-figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Importance of father or father-figure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_of_father_or_father-figure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determination_of_parenthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determination_of_parenthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Determination of parenthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determination_of_parenthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_fatherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_fatherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History of fatherhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_fatherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patricide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patricide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Patricide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patricide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Biological fathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-biological_(social_and_legal_relationship)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-biological_(social_and_legal_relationship)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Non-biological (social and legal relationship)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-biological_(social_and_legal_relationship)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fatherhood_defined_by_contact_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatherhood_defined_by_contact_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fatherhood defined by contact level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatherhood_defined_by_contact_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-human_fatherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-human_fatherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Non-human fatherhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-human_fatherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Father</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vader" title="Vader – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vader" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8" title="أب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai" title="Pai – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pai" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%92%DC%90_(%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܒܐ (ܒܝܬܝܘܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܒܐ (ܒܝܬܝܘܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padre" title="Padre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Padre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awki" title="Awki – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Awki" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata" title="Ata – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ata" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="آتا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="পিতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abah" title="Abah – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Abah" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81u-p%C4%93" title="Lāu-pē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lāu-pē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бацька – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бацька" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бацька – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бацька" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="बाबुजी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बाबुजी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama" title="Ama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Баща – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Баща" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་ཕ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་ཕ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otac" title="Otac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad" title="Tad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pare" title="Pare – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pare" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Атте – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атте" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otec" title="Otec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba" title="Baba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Baba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba" title="Ba – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ba" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_(familie)" title="Far (familie) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Far (familie)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paep" title="Paep – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Paep" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vater" title="Vater – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vater" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa" title="Isa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πατέρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πατέρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8der" title="Pèder – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pèder" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padre" title="Padre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Padre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patro" title="Patro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aita" title="Aita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="پدر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پدر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re" title="Père – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Père" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heit" title="Heit – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Heit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athair" title="Athair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Athair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai" title="Pai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%BA" title="爺 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="爺" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE" title="પિતા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પિતા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0_(%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%83)" title="𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃) – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 (𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃)" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" title="Otọ́ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Otọ́" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82-p%C3%A2" title="Â-pâ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Â-pâ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B2%84%EC%A7%80" title="아버지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아버지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80" title="Հայր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otac" title="Otac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayah" title="Ayah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ayah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%B0ir" title="Faðir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Faðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padre" title="Padre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Padre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%94%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אבהות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבהות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapak" title="Bapak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bapak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%86" title="ತಂದೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಂದೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="مول – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مول" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92jc" title="Òjc – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Òjc" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Әке – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әке" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba" title="Baba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bav" title="Bav – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bav" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pater" title="Pater – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pater" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93vs" title="Tēvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tēvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papp" title="Papp – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Papp" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%97vas" title="Tėvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tėvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A6" title="Poæ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Poæ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ba" title="Ába – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ába" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pader" title="Pader – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pader" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa_(sz%C3%BCl%C5%91)" title="Apa (szülő) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apa (szülő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="पिताजी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पिताजी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Татко – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Татко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9B%E0%B5%BB" title="അച്ഛൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അച്ഛൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="वडील – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वडील" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8" title="أب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="أب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پی‌یر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پی‌یر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayah" title="Ayah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ayah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apak" title="Apak – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Apak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2ng-b%C3%A2" title="Nòng-bâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nòng-bâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဖခင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖခင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vader_(familie)" title="Vader (familie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vader (familie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaor" title="Vaor – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vaor" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="बुवा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बुवा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81" title="अबु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अबु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E8%A6%AA" title="父親 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="父親" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0" title="Да – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Да" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far" title="Far – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Far" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far" title="Far – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Far" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9the" title="Péthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Péthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paire" title="Paire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Ача – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ача" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ota" title="Ota – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਿਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="باپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پلار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojciec" title="Ojciec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ojciec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai" title="Pai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babay" title="Babay – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Babay" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat%C4%83" title="Tată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayay" title="Yayay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yayay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Отець – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Отець" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Отец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/wama" title="wama – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="wama" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="पिता – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पिता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱟᱵᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱵᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati" title="Ati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patri" title="Patri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Patri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="තාත්තා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාත්තා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father" title="Father – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Father" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A1%D9%8F" title="پيءُ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پيءُ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otec" title="Otec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%8De" title="Oče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Отьць – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Отьць" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aabe" title="Aabe – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aabe" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9" title="باوک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باوک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Отац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otac" title="Otac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapa" title="Bapa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bapa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A4" title="Isä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fader" title="Fader – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fader" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama" title="Ama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="தந்தை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தந்தை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ата – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ата" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="తండ్రి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తండ్రి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" title="พ่อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ่อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Падар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Падар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba" title="Baba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tyia%CC%B1" title="A̱tyia̱ – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱tyia̱" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Батько – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Батько" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="باپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha" title="Cha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C3%A4" title="Esä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Esä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B6" title="父 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="父" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1y" title="Amáy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amáy" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E4%BA%B2" title="父亲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="父亲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="פאטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0b%C3%A1" title="Bàbá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bàbá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%88%B8" title="亞爸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞爸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi" title="Pi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tievs" title="Tievs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tievs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E8%A6%AA" title="父親 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="父親" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Male parent</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Father_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Father (disambiguation)">Father (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dad (disambiguation)">Dad (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daddy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Daddy (disambiguation)">Daddy (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatherhood_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fatherhood (disambiguation)">Fatherhood (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Father%27s_love_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Father%27s_love_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Father%27s_love_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Father%27s_love_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Father%27s_love_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Father%27s_love_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Father%27s_love_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3253" data-file-height="3510" /></a><figcaption>Father and child</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>father</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">parent</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">child</a>. Besides the paternal bonds of a father to his children, the father may have a parental, legal, and social relationship with the child that carries with it certain rights and obligations. A <b>biological father</b> is the male genetic contributor to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infant</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sperm_donation" title="Sperm donation">sperm donation</a>. A biological father may have legal obligations to a child not raised by him, such as an obligation of monetary support. An <b>adoptive father</b> is a man who has become the child's parent through the legal process of <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a>. A <b>putative father</b> is a man whose biological relationship to a child is alleged but has not been established. A <b><a href="/wiki/Stepfather" title="Stepfather">stepfather</a></b> is a non-biological male parent married to a child's preexisting parent and may form a family unit but generally does not have the legal rights and responsibilities of a parent in relation to the child. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> "paternal" refers to a father and comparatively to "maternal" for a <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> "to father" means to procreate or to sire a child from which also derives the noun "fathering". Biological fathers determine the sex of their child through a <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> cell which either contains an <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosome</a> (female), or <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> (male).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related <a href="/wiki/Term_of_endearment" title="Term of endearment">terms of endearment</a> are <i>dad</i> (<i>dada</i>, <i>daddy</i>), <i>baba, papa</i>, <i>pappa</i>, papasita, (<i>pa</i>, <i>pap</i>) and <i>pop</i>. A male role model that children can look up to is sometimes referred to as a <i>father-figure</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paternal_rights">Paternal rights</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg/220px-Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg/330px-Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg/440px-Stockholm_pedestrian_sign_father_and_daughter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Stockholm pedestrian sign father and daughter</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Paternity_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternity (law)">paternity</a> rights of a father with regard to his children differ widely from country to country often reflecting the level of involvement and roles expected by that society. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Motherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherhood">motherhood</a>, fatherhood is not mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Paternity leave</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">Parental leave</a> is when a father takes time off to support his newly born or adopted baby.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paid paternity leave first began in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1976, and is paid in more than half of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of male same-sex couples the law often makes no provision for either one or both fathers to take paternity leave. </p> <dl><dt>Child custody</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights movements</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fathers_4_Justice" title="Fathers 4 Justice">Fathers 4 Justice</a> argue that family courts are biased against fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Child support</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a> is an ongoing periodic payment made by one parent to the other; it is normally paid by the parent who does not have custody. </p> <dl><dt>Paternity fraud</dt></dl> <p>An estimated 2% of British fathers experiences <a href="/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">paternity fraud</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Non-paternity_event" title="Non-paternity event">non-paternity event</a>, bringing up a child they wrongly believe to be their biological <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_the_father">Role of the father</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_and_child,_Dhaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg/220px-Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg/330px-Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg/440px-Father_and_child%2C_Dhaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Father and child, Dhaka, Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <p>In almost all cultures fathers are regarded as secondary caregivers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This perception is slowly changing with more and more fathers becoming primary caregivers, while mothers go to work, or in single parenting situations and male same-sex parenting couples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatherhood_in_the_Western_World">Fatherhood in the Western World</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiden-Seth-Haley-Singleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Aiden-Seth-Haley-Singleton.jpg/220px-Aiden-Seth-Haley-Singleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Aiden-Seth-Haley-Singleton.jpg/330px-Aiden-Seth-Haley-Singleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Aiden-Seth-Haley-Singleton.jpg/440px-Aiden-Seth-Haley-Singleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A father and his children in Florida</figcaption></figure> <p>In the West, the image of the married father as the primary wage-earner is changing. The social context of fatherhood plays an important part in the well-being of men and their children.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 16% of single parents were men as of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_of_father_or_father-figure">Importance of father or father-figure</h3></div> <p>Involved fathers offer developmentally specific provisions to their children and are impacted themselves by doing so. Active father figures may play a role in reducing behavior and psychological problems in young adults.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increased amount of father–child involvement may help increase a child's social stability, educational achievement,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> and their potential to have a solid marriage as an adult. Their children may also be more curious about the world around them and develop greater problem-solving skills.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children who were raised with fathers perceive themselves to be more cognitively and physically competent than their peers without a father.<sup id="cite_ref-Fatherless_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatherless-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mothers raising children together with a father reported less severe disputes with their child.<sup id="cite_ref-Fatherless_Followup_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatherless_Followup-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The father-figure is not always a child's biological father, and some children will have a biological father as well as a step- or nurturing father. When a child is conceived through sperm donation, the donor will be the "biological father" of the child. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fatherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatherhood">Fatherhood</a> as legitimate identity can be dependent on domestic factors and behaviors. For example, a study of the <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">relationship</a> between fathers, their sons, and home computers found that the construction of fatherhood and <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> required that fathers display computer expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Determination_of_parenthood">Determination of parenthood</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosenzweig_Paternal_love.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rosenzweig_Paternal_love.jpg/200px-Rosenzweig_Paternal_love.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rosenzweig_Paternal_love.jpg/300px-Rosenzweig_Paternal_love.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Rosenzweig_Paternal_love.jpg/400px-Rosenzweig_Paternal_love.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption><i>Paternal love</i> (1803) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanette_Rosenzweig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanette Rosenzweig (page does not exist)">Nanette Rosenzweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> defined fatherhood as "Mater semper certa; pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant" ("The [identity of the] mother is always certain; the father is whom the marriage vows indicate"). The recent emergence of accurate scientific testing, particularly <a href="/wiki/DNA_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA testing">DNA testing</a>, has resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a> relating to fatherhood experiencing rapid changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_fatherhood">History of fatherhood</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BritaAndI_Selfportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BritaAndI_Selfportrait.jpg/220px-BritaAndI_Selfportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="533" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BritaAndI_Selfportrait.jpg/330px-BritaAndI_Selfportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BritaAndI_Selfportrait.jpg/440px-BritaAndI_Selfportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Painter <a href="/wiki/Carl_Larsson" title="Carl Larsson">Carl Larsson</a> playing with his laughing <a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a> Brita</figcaption></figure> <p>Many male animals do not participate in the rearing of their young. The development of human men as creatures which are involved in their offspring's upbringing took place during the stone age.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In medieval and most of modern European history, caring for children was predominantly the domain of mothers, whereas fathers in many societies provide for the family as a whole. Since the 1950s, social scientists and feminists have increasingly challenged gender roles in Western countries, including that of the male breadwinner. Policies are increasingly targeting fatherhood as a tool of changing gender relations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research from various societies suggest that since the middle of the 20th century fathers have become increasingly involved in the care of their children.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patricide">Patricide</h2></div> <p>In early human history there have been notable instances of <a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">patricide</a>. For example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> (r. 1243–1207 B.C.E.), <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> king, was killed by his own son after sacking <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (r. 704–681 B.C.E.), <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> king, was killed by two of his sons for his desecration of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Kassapa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassapa I">Kassapa I</a> (473 to 495 CE) creator of the Sigiriya citadel of ancient Sri Lanka killed his father king Dhatusena for the throne.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui#Did_Emperor_Yang_kill_Emperor_Wen.3F" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a> in Chinese history allegedly killed his father, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Cenci" title="Beatrice Cenci">Beatrice Cenci</a>, Italian noblewoman who, according to legend, killed her father after he imprisoned and raped her. She was condemned and beheaded for the crime along with her brother and her stepmother in 1599.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Borden" title="Lizzie Borden">Lizzie Borden</a> (1860–1927) allegedly killed her father and her stepmother with an axe in Fall River, Massachusetts, in 1892. She was acquitted, but her innocence is still disputed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyasus_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyasus I of Ethiopia">Iyasus I of Ethiopia</a> (1654–1706), one of the great warrior emperors of Ethiopia, was deposed by his son <a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia">Tekle Haymanot</a> in 1706 and subsequently assassinated.</li></ul> <p>In more contemporary history there have also been instances of father–offspring conflicts, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiyo_Aizawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiyo Aizawa">Chiyo Aizawa</a> (born 1939) murdered her own father who had been <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raping</a> her for fifteen years, on October 5, 1968, in Japan. The incident changed the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Code of Japan">Criminal Code of Japan</a> regarding patricide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_Kinkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kip Kinkel">Kip Kinkel</a> (born 1982), an <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> boy who was convicted of killing his parents at home and two fellow students at school on May 20, 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Marie_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Marie Johnson">Sarah Marie Johnson</a> (born 1987), an <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> girl who was convicted of killing both parents on the morning of September 2, 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">Dipendra of Nepal</a> (1971–2001) reportedly massacred much of his family at a royal dinner on June 1, 2001, including his father <a href="/wiki/King_Birendra" class="mw-redirect" title="King Birendra">King Birendra</a>, mother, brother, and sister.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Porco" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Porco">Christopher Porco</a> (born 1983), was convicted on August 10, 2006, of the murder of his father and attempted murder of his mother with an axe.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_fathers">Biological fathers</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paternal_bonding_between_father_and_newborn_daughter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Father holding daughter in swaddling clothes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Paternal_bonding_between_father_and_newborn_daughter.jpg/280px-Paternal_bonding_between_father_and_newborn_daughter.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Paternal_bonding_between_father_and_newborn_daughter.jpg/420px-Paternal_bonding_between_father_and_newborn_daughter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Paternal_bonding_between_father_and_newborn_daughter.jpg/560px-Paternal_bonding_between_father_and_newborn_daughter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bonding</a> between a father and his newborn daughter</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Father_and_son_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Father_and_son_27.jpg/280px-Father_and_son_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Father_and_son_27.jpg/420px-Father_and_son_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Father_and_son_27.jpg/560px-Father_and_son_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Father and son</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isabel_e_Pedro_II_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Isabel_e_Pedro_II_1870.jpg/220px-Isabel_e_Pedro_II_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Isabel_e_Pedro_II_1870.jpg/330px-Isabel_e_Pedro_II_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Isabel_e_Pedro_II_1870.jpg/440px-Isabel_e_Pedro_II_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> with his daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span>. She acted as regent of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> for three times during her father's absences abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Baby Daddy</b> – A biological father who bears financial responsibility for a child, but with whom the mother has little or no contact.</li> <li><b>Birth father</b> – the biological father of a child who, due to adoption or parental separation, does not raise the child or cannot take care of one.</li> <li><b>Biological father</b> –  or sometimes simply referred to as "Father" is the genetic father of a child.</li> <li><b>Posthumous father</b> – father died before children were born (or even conceived in the case of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a>).</li> <li><b>Putative father</b> – unwed man whose legal relationship to a child has not been established but who is alleged to be or claims that he may be the biological father of a child.<sup id="cite_ref-CWIG2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWIG2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sperm_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm donor">Sperm donor</a></b> – an anonymous or known biological father who provides his sperm to be used in artificial insemination or <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a> in order to father a child for a third-party female. Also used as a slang term meaning "baby daddy".</li> <li><b>Surprise father</b> – where the men did not know that there was a child until possibly years afterward</li> <li><b>Teenage father/youthful father</b> –  Father who is still a teenager.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-biological_(social_and_legal_relationship)"><span id="Non-biological_.28social_and_legal_relationship.29"></span>Non-biological (social and legal relationship)</h3></div> <ul><li><b>Adoptive father</b> – the father who has <a href="/wiki/Adopted" class="mw-redirect" title="Adopted">adopted</a> a child</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cuckolded" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuckolded">Cuckolded</a> father</b> – where the child is the product of the mother's <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adulterous relationship</a></li> <li><b>DI Dad</b> – social/legal father of children produced via Donor Insemination (where a donor's sperm were used to impregnate the DI Dad's spouse)</li> <li><b>Father-in-law</b> – the father of one's spouse</li> <li><b>Foster father</b> – child is raised by a man who is not the biological or adoptive father usually as part of a couple.</li> <li><b>Mother's partner</b> – assumption that current partner fills father role</li> <li><b>Mother's husband</b> – under some jurisdictions (e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Quebec civil law</a>), if the mother is married to another man, the latter will be defined as the father</li> <li><b>Presumed father</b> – Where a <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_paternity" title="Presumption of paternity">presumption of paternity</a> has determined that a man is a child's father regardless of if he actually is or is not the biological father</li> <li><b>Social father</b> – where a man takes <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> responsibility for a child, such as caring for one who has been abandoned or orphaned (the child is known as a "child of the family" in English law)</li> <li><b>Stepfather</b> – a married non-biological father where the child is from a previous relationship</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fatherhood_defined_by_contact_level">Fatherhood defined by contact level</h3></div> <ul><li><b>Absent father</b> – father who cannot or will not spend time with his child(ren)</li> <li><b>Second father</b> – a non-parent whose contact and support is robust enough that near parental bond occurs (often used for older male siblings who significantly aid in raising a child, sometimes for older men who took care of younger friends (only males) who have no families)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stay-at-home_dad" title="Stay-at-home dad">Stay-at-home dad</a></b> – the male equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Housewife" title="Housewife">housewife</a> with child, where his spouse is breadwinner</li> <li><b>Weekend/holiday father</b> – where child(ren) only stay(s) with father on weekends, holidays, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-human_fatherhood">Non-human fatherhood</h2></div> <p>For some animals, it is the fathers who take care of the young. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_frog" title="Darwin's frog">Darwin's frog</a> (<i>Rhinoderma darwini</i>) fathers carry eggs in the vocal pouch.</li> <li>Most male <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> are very protective in raising their offspring, sharing scout duties with the female. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">loons</a>, and a few species of <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>. When the families of most of these waterfowl travel, they usually travel in a line and the fathers are usually the ones guarding the offspring at the end of the line while the mothers lead the way.</li> <li>The female <a href="/wiki/Seahorse" title="Seahorse">seahorse</a> (<i>Hippocampus</i>) deposits eggs into the pouch on the male's abdomen. The male releases sperm into the pouch, fertilizing the eggs. The embryos develop within the male's pouch, nourished by their individual yolk sacs.</li> <li>Male <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> keep their eggs in their mouth, foregoing eating until they hatch.</li> <li>Male <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguins</a> alone incubate their <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a>; females do no incubation. Rather than building a <a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">nest</a>, each male protects his egg by balancing it on the tops of his feet, enclosed in a special brood pouch. Once the eggs are hatched however, the females will rejoin the family.</li> <li>Male <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a> secure their offspring along with the females during their first few hours of their lives. As the young beavers mature, their fathers will teach them how to search for materials to build and repair their own dams, before they disperse to find their own mates.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a> fathers help feed, protect, and play with their pups. In some cases, several generations of wolves live in the pack, giving pups the care of grandparents, aunts/uncles, and siblings, in addition to parents. The father wolf is also the one who does most of the hunting when the females are securing their newborn pups.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyotes</a> are monogamous and male coyotes hunt and bring food to their young.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a> fathers help in the care of the young. Newborns are held on the surface of the water by both parents until they are ready to swim on their own.</li> <li>A number of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species have active, caring fathers who assist the mothers, such as the waterfowls mentioned above.</li> <li>Apart from <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, fathers in few <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primate</a> species care for their young. Those that do are <a href="/wiki/Tamarin" title="Tamarin">tamarins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marmoset" title="Marmoset">marmosets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez-Duque_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-Duque-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly strong care is also shown by <a href="/wiki/Siamang" title="Siamang">siamangs</a> where fathers carry infants after their second year.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez-Duque_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-Duque-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Titi_monkey" title="Titi monkey">titi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owl_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Owl monkey">owl monkeys</a> fathers carry their infants 90% of the time with "titi monkey infants developing a preference for their fathers over their mothers".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silverback_gorilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverback gorilla">Silverback gorillas</a> have less role in the families but most of them serve as an extra protecting the families from harm and sometimes approaching enemies to distract them so that his family can escape unnoticed.</li></ul> <p>Many species,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though, display little or no paternal role in caring for offspring. The male leaves the female soon after mating and long before any offspring are born. It is the females who must do all the work of caring for the young. </p> <ul><li>A male <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> leaves the female shortly after mating and will kill and sometimes eat any bear cub he comes across, even if the cub is his. Bear mothers spend much of their cubs' early life protecting them from males. (Many artistic works, such as <a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">advertisements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a>, depict kindly "papa bears" when this is the exact opposite of reality.)</li> <li>Domesticated <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> fathers show little interest in their offspring, and unlike wolves, are not monogamous with their mates and are thus likely to leave them after mating.</li> <li>Male <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> will tolerate cubs, but only allow them to eat meat from dead prey after they have had their fill. A few are quite cruel towards their young and may hurt or kill them with little provocation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male who kills another male to take control of his pride will also usually kill any cubs belonging to that competing male. However, it is also the males who are responsible for guarding the pride while the females hunt. However, the male lions are the only felines that actually have a role in fatherhood.</li> <li>Male rabbits generally tolerate kits but unlike the females, they often show little interest in the kits and are known to play rough with their offspring when they are mature, especially towards their sons. This behaviour may also be part of an instinct to drive the young males away to prevent incest matings between the siblings. The females will eventually disperse from the warren as soon as they mature but the father does not drive them off like he normally does to the males.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a> stallions and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">pig</a> boars have little to no role in parenting, nor are they monogamous with their mates. They will tolerate young to a certain extent, but due to their aggressive male nature, they are generally annoyed by the energetic exuberance of the young and may hurt or even kill the young. Thus, stud stallions and boars are not kept in the same pen as their young or other females.</li></ul> <p>Finally, in some species neither the father nor the mother provides any care. </p> <ul><li>This is true for most <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_complex" title="Father complex">Father complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_age_effect" title="Paternal age effect">Paternal age effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putative_father" class="mw-redirect" title="Putative father">Putative father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putative_father_registry" title="Putative father registry">Putative father registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">Patricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_fatherhood" title="Responsible fatherhood">Responsible fatherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Earning/Shared_Parenting_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared Earning/Shared Parenting Marriage">Shared Earning/Shared Parenting Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_fatherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of fatherhood">Sociology of fatherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_father" title="Sky father">Sky father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li>"Father" can also refer metaphorically to a person who is considered the founder of a body of knowledge or of an institution. In such context the meaning of "father" is similar to that of "founder". See <a href="/wiki/List_of_persons_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of persons considered father or mother of a field">List of persons considered father or mother of a field</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Preston2021" class="citation web cs1">Elizabeth Preston (27 Jun 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210625-the-riddle-of-how-humans-evolved-to-have-fathers">"The riddle of how humans evolved to have fathers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Knowable_Magazine" title="Knowable Magazine">Knowable Magazine</a> / BBC.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knowable+Magazine+%2F+BBC.com&rft.atitle=The+riddle+of+how+humans+evolved+to+have+fathers&rft.date=2021-06-27&rft.au=Elizabeth+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20210625-the-riddle-of-how-humans-evolved-to-have-fathers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson6.html">HUMAN GENETICS, MENDELIAN INHERITANCE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001027202429/http://www.uic.edu/classes/bms/bms655/lesson6.html">Archived</a> 2000-10-27 at the <a 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maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/father" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/father">father</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fathers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fathers">Fathers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInhornChavkinNavarro2015" class="citation book cs1">Inhorn, Marcia C.; Chavkin, Wendy; Navarro, José-Alberto, eds. (2015). <i>Globalized fatherhood</i>. New York: Berghahn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782384373" title="Special:BookSources/9781782384373"><bdi>9781782384373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalized+fatherhood&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781782384373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather" class="Z3988"></span> Studies by anthropologists, sociologists, and cultural geographers -</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kraemer, Sebastian (1991). "The Origins of Fatherhood: An Ancient Family Process". <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Process_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Process (journal)">Family Process</a></i>. <b>30</b> (4): 377–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1545-5300.1991.00377.x">10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00377.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1790784">1790784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Process&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Fatherhood%3A+An+Ancient+Family+Process&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=377-392&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1545-5300.1991.00377.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1790784&rft.aulast=Kraemer&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2007" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Michael J. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myfatherbeforeme00diam"><i>My father before me : how fathers and sons influence each other throughout their lives</i></a></span>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393060607" title="Special:BookSources/9780393060607"><bdi>9780393060607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+father+before+me+%3A+how+fathers+and+sons+influence+each+other+throughout+their+lives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780393060607&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyfatherbeforeme00diam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2013" class="citation journal cs1">Collier, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol13/iss2/7">"Rethinking men and masculinities in the contemporary legal profession: the example of fatherhood, transnational business masculinities, and work-life balance in large law firms"</a>. <i>Nevada Law Journal</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nevada+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Rethinking+men+and+masculinities+in+the+contemporary+legal+profession%3A+the+example+of+fatherhood%2C+transnational+business+masculinities%2C+and+work-life+balance+in+large+law+firms&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholars.law.unlv.edu%2Fnlj%2Fvol13%2Fiss2%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family" title="Template:Family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family" title="Template talk:Family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_family" title="History of the family">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_family" title="Conjugal family">Conjugal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediate_family" title="Immediate family">Immediate family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship#Human_relationships" title="Coefficient of relationship">First-degree relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">father</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">sister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandchild">Grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece/Nephew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandparent">Great-grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandchild">Great-grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-uncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-uncle">Great-uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Great-aunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-aunt">Great-aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Family-in-law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">husband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent-in-law" title="Parent-in-law">Parent-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling-in-law" title="Sibling-in-law">Sibling-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-in-law">Child-in-law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughter-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter-in-law">daughter-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Son-in-law">son-in-law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepparent">Stepparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfather" title="Stepfather">stepfather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepmother" title="Stepmother">stepmother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepchild" title="Stepchild">Stepchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepsibling" title="Stepsibling">Stepsibling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_choice" title="Family of choice">Family of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha kinship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Family name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">Heirloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal descendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">collateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">Progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Royal descent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family_trees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family trees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genogram" title="Genogram">Genogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnentafel" title="Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_systems" title="Genealogical numbering systems">Genealogical numbering systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seize_quartiers" title="Seize quartiers">Seize quartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_nobility" title="Quarters of nobility">Quarters of nobility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape (parental love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros (marital love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia (brotherly love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storge (familial love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93Daughter_Day" title="Father–Daughter Day">Father–Daughter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Families" title="International Day of Families">International Day of Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week_(UK)" title="National Family Week (UK)">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">Godparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_child" title="Only child">Only child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_child_syndrome" title="Middle child syndrome">Middle child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Sociology of the family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Motherhood" title="Museum of Motherhood">Museum of Motherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_family" title="Astronaut family">Astronaut family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_estrangement" title="Sibling estrangement">Sibling estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_rivalry" title="Sibling rivalry">Sibling rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parenting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parenting" title="Template:Parenting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parenting" title="Template talk:Parenting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parenting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">Alloparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coparenting" title="Coparenting">Coparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncustodial_parent" title="Noncustodial parent">Noncustodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">Orphaned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Blended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories <b>·</b> Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">Maternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_personality" title="Atlas personality">Atlas personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-like_mindset" title="Buddha-like mindset">Buddha-like parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerted_cultivation" title="Concerted cultivation">Concerted cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmeshment" title="Enmeshment">Enmeshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_parent" title="Gatekeeper parent">Gatekeeper parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurturant_parent_model" title="Nurturant parent model">Nurturant parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_parenting" title="Slow parenting">Slow parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_mom" title="Soccer mom">Soccer mom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_father_model" title="Strict father model">Strict father model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking children seriously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theybie" class="mw-redirect" title="Theybie">Theybie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_parenting" title="Tiger parenting">Tiger parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_at_home_parent" title="Work at home parent">Work at home parent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After-school_activity" title="After-school activity">After-school activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)#Allowances_for_children" title="Allowance (money)">Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime" title="Bedtime">Bedtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-sleeping" title="Co-sleeping">Co-sleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishabituation" title="Dishabituation">Dishabituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">Habituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">Latchkey kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_management_training" title="Parent management training">Parent management training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a> (<a href="/wiki/Play_date" title="Play date">date</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_model" title="Role model">Role model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk (race)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_birds_and_the_bees" title="The birds and the bees">The talk (sex education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">educational</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_P_(parenting_program)" title="Triple P (parenting program)">Positive Parenting Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Child_discipline" title="Child discipline">Child discipline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_training" title="Blanket training">Blanket training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">Corporal punishment in the home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_discipline" title="Positive discipline">Positive discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Tactical ignoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(parenting)" title="Time-out (parenting)">Time-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">Child abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of domestic violence">Effects of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal and<br />social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child" title="Cost of raising a child">Cost of raising a child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadbeat_parent" title="Deadbeat parent">Deadbeat parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_disruption" title="Family disruption">Family disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">Parental alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Berry_Brazelton" title="T. Berry Brazelton">T. Berry Brazelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Elkind" title="David Elkind">David Elkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Frost" title="Jo Frost">Jo Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(psychologist)" title="Thomas Gordon (psychologist)">Thomas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truby_King" title="Truby King">Truby King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Leach" title="Penelope Leach">Penelope Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sanders_(parenting_researcher)" title="Matthew Sanders (parenting researcher)">Matthew Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sears_(physician)" title="William Sears (physician)">William Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Families_Need_Fathers" title="Families Need Fathers">Families Need Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_Apart_from_Their_Children" title="Mothers Apart from Their Children">Mothers Apart from Their Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Union" title="Mothers' Union">Mothers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childbirth_Trust" title="National Childbirth Trust">National Childbirth Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fatherhood_Initiative" title="National Fatherhood Initiative">National Fatherhood Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parents_Organization" title="National Parents Organization">National Parents Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93teacher_association" title="Parent–teacher association">Parent–teacher association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Against_Child_Exploitation" title="Parents Against Child Exploitation">Parents Against Child Exploitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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