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<ul id="toc-Decipherment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corpus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corpus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Corpus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuneiform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuneiform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cuneiform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuneiform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hieroglyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hieroglyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hieroglyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hieroglyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominal_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nominal morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.1</span> <span>Stem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.2</span> <span>Article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.3</span> <span>Possessive suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_and_case_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_and_case_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.4</span> <span>Number and case suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_and_case_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffixaufnahme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixaufnahme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1.5</span> <span>Suffixaufnahme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixaufnahme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Verbal morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valency_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valency_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Valency markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valency_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Person_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Person_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Person suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Person_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mood_marking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mood_marking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Mood marking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mood_marking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-finite_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-finite_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Non-finite forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-finite_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_sample" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_sample"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Language sample</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_sample-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_lexicon_with_Armenian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_lexicon_with_Armenian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Shared lexicon with Armenian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_lexicon_with_Armenian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Urartian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urarte%C3%AFes" title="Urarteïes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Urarteïes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأورارتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأورارتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu_dili" title="Urartu dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Urartu dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Урарцкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урарцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Урартийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Урартийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urarti%C3%A0" title="Urartià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urartià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Урарту чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Урарту чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urart%C3%A4ische_Sprache" title="Urartäische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urartäische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_urartiano" title="Idioma urartiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma urartiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urarta_lingvo" title="Urarta lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urarta lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartuera" title="Urartuera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urartuera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان اورارتویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اورارتویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urart%C3%A9en" title="Urartéen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Urartéen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EC%96%B4" title="우라르투어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우라르투어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ուրարտերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուրարտերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartski_jezik" title="Urartski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Urartski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Urartu" title="Bahasa Urartu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Urartu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_urartea" title="Lingua urartea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua urartea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="שפה אוררטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפה אוררטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ურარტული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურარტული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartuava" title="Urartuava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Urartuava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urart%C5%B3_kalba" title="Urartų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Urartų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="ウラルトゥ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウラルトゥ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartisk" title="Urartisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urartisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urart_tili" title="Urart tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Urart tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_urartyjski" title="Język urartyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język urartyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Урартский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урартский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urartian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urart%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Urartščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Urartščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartski_jezik" title="Urartski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Urartski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urarteiska" title="Urarteiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urarteiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษายูราร์เทีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษายูราร์เทีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartuca" title="Urartuca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Urartuca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Урартська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Урартська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language spoken by inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Urartu</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Urartian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Vannic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">attested 9th–6th century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Urartian</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform#Assyrian_cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Neo-Assyrian cuneiform</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xur" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xur">xur</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xur">xur</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/urar1245">urar1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Urartu_743-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Urartu_743-en.svg/320px-Urartu_743-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Urartu_743-en.svg/480px-Urartu_743-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Urartu_743-en.svg/640px-Urartu_743-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1740" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fbeb34; color:black;"> </span> Urartu in 743 BC</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/40px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/60px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/80px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Cuneiform" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of cuneiform script.</div></div> </div><p><b>Urartian</b> or <b>Vannic</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an extinct <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian language</a> which was spoken by the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> (<i>Biaini</i> or <i>Biainili</i> in Urartian), which was centered on the region around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a> and had its capital, <a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa</a>, near the site of the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its past prevalence is unknown. While some believe it was probably dominant around Lake Van and in the areas along the upper <a href="/wiki/Great_Zab" title="Great Zab">Zab</a> valley,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others believe it was spoken by a relatively small population who comprised a ruling class.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First attested in the 9th century <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>, Urartian ceased to be written after the fall of the Urartian state in 585 BCE and presumably became extinct due to the fall of Urartu.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It must have had long contact with, and been gradually totally replaced by, an early form of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Armenian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaIE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaIE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is only in the 5th century CE that the first written examples of Armenian appear.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian languages</a></div> <p>Urartian is an <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Ergative–absolutive alignment">ergative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian family</a>, whose only other known member is <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It survives in many <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> inscriptions found in the territory of the Kingdom of Urartu. There have been claims<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a separate autochthonous script of "Urartian hieroglyphs" but they remain unsubstantiated. </p><p>Urartian is closely related to Hurrian, a somewhat better documented language attested for an earlier, non-overlapping period, approximately from 2000 BCE to 1200 BCE, written by native speakers until about 1350 BCE. The two languages must have developed quite independently from approximately 2000 BCE onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Urartian is not a direct continuation of any of the attested dialects of Hurrian,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of its features are best explained as innovative developments with respect to Hurrian as it is known from the preceding millennium. The closeness holds especially true of the so-called Old Hurrian dialect, known above all from Hurro-Hittite bilingual texts. </p><p>The external connections of the Hurro-Urartian languages are disputed. There exist various proposals for a <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages#classification" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">genetic relationship to other language families</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>, but none of these are generally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indo-European, namely <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>, etymologies have been proposed for many Urartian personal and topographic names, such as the names of kings <a href="/wiki/Arame_of_Urartu" title="Arame of Urartu">Arame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argishti_I_of_Urartu" title="Argishti I of Urartu">Argishti</a>, regions such as <a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gegharkunik_Province" title="Gegharkunik Province">Uelikulqi</a>, cities such as <a href="/wiki/Arzashkun" title="Arzashkun">Arzashkun</a>, geographical features like <a href="/wiki/Murat_River" title="Murat River">the Arșania River</a>, as well as some Urartian vocabulary and grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jolr.ru_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jolr.ru-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving texts of the language are written in a variant of the cuneiform script called Neo-Assyrian.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decipherment">Decipherment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decipherment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German scholar <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Eduard_Schulz" title="Friedrich Eduard Schulz">Friedrich Eduard Schulz</a>, who discovered the Urartian inscriptions of the Lake Van region in 1826, made copies of several <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa</a>, but made no attempt at decipherment.<sup id="cite_ref-noonan_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schulz's drawings, published posthumously in 1840 in the <i>Journal Asiatique</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were crucial in forwarding the decipherment of Mesopotamian cuneiform by Edward Hincks.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the decipherment of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian cuneiform</a> in the 1850s, Schulz's drawings became the basis of the decipherment of the Urartian language. It soon became clear that it was unrelated to any known language, and attempts at decipherment based on known languages of the region failed.<sup id="cite_ref-goetze_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goetze-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The script was deciphered in 1882 by <a href="/wiki/A._H._Sayce" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. Sayce">A. H. Sayce</a>. The oldest of these inscriptions is from the time of <a href="/wiki/Sarduri_I" title="Sarduri I">Sarduri I</a> of Urartu.<sup id="cite_ref-noonan_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Decipherment only made progress after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, with the discovery of Urartian-Assyrian bilingual inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Kelashin_Stele" title="Kelashin Stele">Kelišin</a> and Topzawä.<sup id="cite_ref-goetze_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goetze-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, a grammar of Urartian was published by <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Melikishvili" title="Giorgi Melikishvili">G. A. Melikishvili</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, appearing in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> translation in 1971. In the 1970s, the genetic relation with Hurrian was established by <a href="/wiki/I._M._Diakonoff" class="mw-redirect" title="I. M. Diakonoff">I. M. Diakonoff</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corpus">Corpus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Corpus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urartian_language_stone,_Erebuni_museum_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Urartian_language_stone%2C_Erebuni_museum_3.jpg/220px-Urartian_language_stone%2C_Erebuni_museum_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Urartian_language_stone%2C_Erebuni_museum_3.jpg/330px-Urartian_language_stone%2C_Erebuni_museum_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Urartian_language_stone%2C_Erebuni_museum_3.jpg/440px-Urartian_language_stone%2C_Erebuni_museum_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An Urartian cuneiform <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stone inscription</a> on display at the Erebuni Museum in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>. The inscription reads: <i>For the God <a href="/wiki/Khaldi_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaldi (god)">Khaldi</a>, the lord, <a href="/wiki/Argishtis_I_of_Urartu" class="mw-redirect" title="Argishtis I of Urartu">Argishti</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Menuas_of_Urartu" class="mw-redirect" title="Menuas of Urartu">Menua</a>, built this temple and this mighty fortress. I proclaimed it Irbuni (Erebuni) for the glory of the countries of Biai (=Urartu) and for holding the Lului (=enemy) countries in awe. By the greatness of God Khaldi, this is Argishti, son of Menua, the mighty king, the king of the countries of Biai, ruler of the city of Tushpa</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest recorded texts originate from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sarduri_I" title="Sarduri I">Sarduri I</a>, from the late 9th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texts were produced until the fall of the realm of Urartu, approximately 200 years later. </p><p>Approximately two hundred inscriptions written in the Urartian language, which adopted and modified the cuneiform script, have been discovered to date.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cuneiform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urartian cuneiform is a standardized simplification of Neo-Assyrian cuneiform. Unlike in Assyrian, each sign only expresses a single sound value. The sign <i>gi</i> <span title="Urartian-language text"><span lang="xur"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Assurbanipal" lang="und-Xsux">𒄀</span></span></span> has the special function of expressing a hiatus, e.g. <i>u-gi-iš-ti</i> for <i>Uīšdi</i>. A variant script with non-overlapping wedges was in use for rock inscriptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hieroglyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urartian was also rarely written in the "<a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a>" used for the <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian language</a>. Evidence for this is restricted to <a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1ntepe" title="Altıntepe">Altıntepe</a>. </p><p>There are suggestions that besides the Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions, Urartu also had a native hieroglyphic script. The inscription corpus is too sparse to substantiate the hypothesis. It remains unclear whether the symbols in question form a coherent writing system, or represent just a multiplicity of uncoordinated expressions of <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a> or ad-hoc drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What can be identified with a certain confidence are two symbols or "hieroglyphs" found on vessels, representing certain units of measurement: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieroglyph_Urartian_aqarqi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hieroglyph_Urartian_aqarqi.jpg/18px-Hieroglyph_Urartian_aqarqi.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hieroglyph_Urartian_aqarqi.jpg/27px-Hieroglyph_Urartian_aqarqi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hieroglyph_Urartian_aqarqi.jpg/36px-Hieroglyph_Urartian_aqarqi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="417" /></a></span> for <i>aqarqi</i> and <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieroglyph_Urartian_tyerusi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hieroglyph_Urartian_tyerusi.jpg/18px-Hieroglyph_Urartian_tyerusi.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hieroglyph_Urartian_tyerusi.jpg/27px-Hieroglyph_Urartian_tyerusi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hieroglyph_Urartian_tyerusi.jpg/36px-Hieroglyph_Urartian_tyerusi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="417" /></a></span> for <i>ṭerusi</i>. This is known because some vessels were labelled both in cuneiform and with these symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hachikian (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives the following consonants for Urartian inferred both from Urartian writing as well as loans into neighboring languages, mainly Armenian: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasals</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> ⟨m⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> ⟨n⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stops</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> ⟨p⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> ⟨t⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> ⟨k⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> ⟨b⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> ⟨d⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> ⟨g⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>“<a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic</a>”</small> <span style="font-size:85%;"><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">(ejective)</a></small></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> ⟨p⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> ⟨ṭ⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> ⟨q⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricates</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a></span> ⟨s⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> ⟨z⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>“<a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic</a>” <span style="font-size:85%;"><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">(ejective)</a></small></span></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a></span> ⟨ṣ⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricatives</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>) ⟨p⟩? </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> ⟨š⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> ⟨ḫ⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> ‹b, u, ú› </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> ⟨ḫ⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximants</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></small> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> ‹u, ú› </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> ⟨r⟩ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a> ⟨g, i⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span> ⟨l⟩ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The three-way laryngeal contrast for stops and affricates was faithfully represented in Urartian writing, except for the “emphatic” /pʼ/ which the Semitic-based cuneiform writing system did not have a distinct symbol for. Their values are confirmed by loans in Armenian. Urartian voiceless stops and affricates were loaned as voiceless aspirates in Armenian, while Urartian “emphatic” stops are found as unaspirated voiceless stops in Armenian. E.g., Urartian <i>ul-ṭu</i> ‘camel’ ↦ Armenian ուղտ <i>ułt</i>, Urartian <i>ṣu-(ú-)pa-</i> ‘<a href="/wiki/Sophene" title="Sophene">Sophene (toponym)</a>’ ↦ Armenian Ծոփ- <i>Copʰ-</i>. Contrasting the last example with Urartian <i>ṭu-uš-pa-</i> ‘<a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa (toponym)</a>’ ↦ Armenian Տոսպ <i>Tosp</i>, Hachikian (2010) reconstructs an “emphasis” distinction in the bilabial position. </p><p>The cuneiform signs usually transliterated with ‹s, z, ṣ› were not fricatives, but affricates, as again shown by loans in Armenian.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E.g., Urartian <i>ṣa-ri</i> ‘orchard’ ↦ Armenian ծառ <i>caṙ</i> ‘tree’, Urartian <i>al-zi-</i> ‘<a href="/wiki/Arzanene" title="Arzanene">Arzanene (toponym)</a>’ ↦ Armenian Աղձնի- <i>Ałʒni-</i>. Urartian ‹š› was loaned into Armenian as /s/: Urartian <i>ša-ni</i> ‘kettle’ ↦ Armenian սան <i>san</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6#Etymology_2_2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:սան">ultimately from Sumerian via Akkadian</a>). </p><p>The precise phonetics of “emphasis” is not recoverable. It possibly may have been ejectivization or glottalization /pʼ, tʼ, t͡sʼ, kʼ/ as in Semitic languages of the time and the nearby endemic languages of the Caucasus, or just plain unaspirated (and unvoiced) /p⁼, t⁼, t͡s⁼, k⁼/ as in Armenian, in either case, contrasting fully with the respective aspirated /pʰ, tʰ, t͡sʰ, kʰ/ and voiced /b, d, d͡z, g/ series. Near front vowels, /g/ was palatalized and probably merged with, or at least became perceptibly close to, /j/. A distinct /v/ is suggested by variant spellings alternating between ‹ú› and ‹b› and by the toponym rendered in Armenian as Վան <i>Van</i> ‘<a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>’ and written <i>bi-a-i-ni-</i> in Urartian. </p><p>Hachikian (2010) also suggests /f/ and /z/. For a phonemic /ɣ/ distinct from /x/, there is limited evidence from the Greek rendering of the toponym Κομμαγηνή <i>Kommagēnḗ</i> ‘<a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>’ for Urartian <i>qu-ma-ḫa-</i>; thus, /x/ and /ɣ/ were not orthograpically distinguished. </p><p>The script distinguishes the vowels <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>i</i> and <i>u</i>. Hachikian believes that there was an /o/ as well, as reflected in loans such as the rendition of Urartian <i>ṭu-uš-pa-</i> ‘<a href="/wiki/Tushpa" title="Tushpa">Tushpa (toponym)</a>’ as Armenian Տոսպ <i>Tosp</i> and Greek Θοσπ- <i>Thosp-</i>. There may have been phonemic vowel length, but it is not consistently expressed in the script. Word-finally, the distinction between <i>e</i> and <i>i</i> is not maintained, so many scholars transcribe the graphically vacillating vowel as a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>: <i>ə</i>, while some preserve a non-reduced vowel (usually opting for <i>i</i>). The full form of the vowel appears when suffixes are added to the word and the vowel is no longer in the last syllable: <i>Argištə</i> "<a href="/wiki/Argi%C5%A1ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Argišti">Argišti</a>" - <i>Argištešə</i> "by Argišti (<a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative case</a>)". This <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">vowel reduction</a> also suggests that stress was commonly on the next-to-the-last syllable. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Morphonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphonology">morphonology</a>, various morpheme combinations trigger <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a>: *<i>ar-it-u-mə</i> → <i>artumə</i>, *<i>zaditumə</i> → <i>zatumə</i>, *<i>ebani-ne-lə</i> → <i>ebanelə</i>, *<i>turul(e)yə</i> →<i> tul(e)yə</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominal_morphology">Nominal morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nominal morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns">Nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The morphemes which may occur in a noun follow a strict order: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>slot </th> <th>stem </th> <th>article </th> <th>possessive suffix </th> <th>number and case suffix </th> <th>suffixes received through <a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>attested morphemes </th> <td>various </td> <td><i>-ne-<br />-na-</i> </td> <td><i>-uka-<br />-i(ya)-</i> </td> <td><i>-Ø-, -lə-, -š(ə)-, etc. (see below)</i> </td> <td>= article + number and case suffixes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Stem">Stem</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All nouns appear to end in a so-called thematic vowel - most frequently <i>-i</i> or <i>-e</i>, but <i>-a</i> and <i>-u</i> also occur. They may also end in a derivational suffix. Notable derivational suffixes are <i>-ḫə</i>, forming adjectives of belonging (e.g. <i>Abiliane-ḫə</i> "of the tribe Abiliani", <i>Argište-ḫə</i> "son of <a href="/wiki/Argi%C5%A1ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Argišti">Argišti</a>") and <i>-šə</i>, forming abstract nouns (e.g. <i>alsui-šə</i> "greatness", <i>ardi-šə</i> "order", <i>arniu-šə</i> "deed"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Article">Article</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forms of the so-called "article" are <i>-nə</i> (non-reduced form <i>-ne-</i>) for the singular, <i>-ne-lə</i> for the plural in the <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive case</a> and <i>-na-</i> for the other forms of the plural. They are referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">anaphoric</a> suffixes" and can be compared to <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite articles</a>, although their use does not always seem to match that description exactly. They also obligatorily precede agreement suffixes added through Suffixaufnahme: e.g. <i>Argište-šə Menua-ḫi-ne-šə</i> "Argišti (ergative), son of Menua (ergative)". The plural form can also serve as a general plural marker in non-absolutive cases: <i>arniuši-na-nə</i> "by the deeds".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Possessive_suffixes">Possessive suffixes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Possessive suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The well-attested possessive suffixes are the ones of the first person singular <i>-ukə</i> (in non-reduced form sometimes <i>-uka-</i>) and of the 3rd person singular <i>-i(yə)-</i> (in non-reduced form sometimes <i>-iya-</i>): e.g. <i>ebani-uka-nə</i> "from my country", <i>ebani-yə</i> "his country". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Number_and_case_suffixes">Number and case suffixes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Number and case suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plural is expressed, above all, through the use of the plural "article" (<i>-ne-lə</i> in the absolutive case, <i>-na-</i> preceding the case suffix in the oblique cases), but some of the case suffixes also differ in form between the singular and the plural. Therefore, separate plural version of the case suffixes are indicated below separately. The nature of the absolutive and ergative cases is as in other ergative languages (more details in the section <i>Syntax</i> below). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Case Endings in Urartian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a> </th> <td><i>-Ø</i> </td> <td><i>-lə</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>-š(ə)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">Genitive</a> </th> <td><i>-i</i> </td> <td><i>-wə</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">Dative</a> </th> <td><i>-ə</i> </td> <td><i>-wə</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Directive</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>-edə</i> (archaic plural <i>-š-tə)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Comitative" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitative">Comitative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>-ranə</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">Ablative</a>-<a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>-nə</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">Ablative</a> </th> <td><i>-danə</i> </td> <td><i>-š-tanə</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">Locative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>-a</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the "complete" plural forms also include the plural definite article, they appear as <i>-ne-lə</i>, <i>-na-šə</i>, <i>-na-wə</i>, <i>na-(e)də</i> or <i>na-š-tə</i>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Suffixaufnahme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A phenomenon typical of Urartian is <a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme</a> - a process in which dependent modifiers of a noun (including <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> modifiers) agree with the head noun by absorbing its case suffixes. The copied suffixes must be preceded by the article (also agreeing in number with the head). Examples: <i>Ḫaldi-i-na-wə šešti-na-wə</i> "for the gates (dative) of [god] Ḫaldi (dative)", <i>Argište-šə Menua-ḫi-ne-šə</i> "Argišti (ergative), son of Menua (ergative)". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The known personal pronouns are those of the first and third person singular. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>absolutive intransitive </th> <th>absolutive transitive </th> <th>ergative </th> <th>other </th> <th>enclitic <p>possessive </p> </th> <th>enclitic dative </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st p. sing. </th> <td><i>ištidə</i> </td> <td><i>šukə</i> </td> <td><i>iešə</i> </td> <td><i>šu-</i> </td> <td><i>-uka-</i> </td> <td><i>-mə</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd pers. sing. </th> <td><i>manə</i> </td> <td><i>manə</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>-iya-</i> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> The first person singular has two different forms for the absolutive case: <i>ištidə</i> as the absolutive subject of an intransitive verb, and <i>šukə</i> as the absolutive object of a transitive verb. The ergative form is <i>iešə</i>. Judging from correspondences with Hurrian, <i>šu-</i> should be the base for the "regular" case forms. An enclitic dative case suffix for the first person singular is attested as <i>-mə</i>.<br /> The third person singular has the absolutive form <i>manə</i>.<br /> As for possessive pronouns, besides the possessive suffixes (1st singular <i>-uka-</i> and 3rd singular <i>-iya-</i>) that were adduced above, Urartian also makes use of possessive adjectives formed with the suffix <i>-(u)sə</i>: 1st singular <i>šusə</i>, 3rd singular <i>masə</i>. </p><p>The encoding of pronominal ergative and absolutive participants in a verb action within the verb is treated in the section on <i>Verbal morphology</i> below. </p><p>Demonstrative pronouns are <i>i-nə</i> (plural base <i>i-</i>, followed by article and case forms) and <i>ina-nə</i> (plural base <i>ina-</i>, followed by article and case forms). A relative pronoun is <i>alə</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_morphology">Verbal morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Verbal morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The paradigm of the verb is only partially known. As with the noun, the morphemes that a verb may contain come in a certain sequence that can be formalized as the following "verb chain": </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>slot </th> <th>root </th> <th>root complement </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a> third person plural suffix </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">valency</a> markers </th> <th>modal suffix </th> <th>other person suffixes (mostly <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>attested <p>morphemes </p> </th> <td>various </td> <td>various </td> <td><i>-it-</i> </td> <td><i>(-ul)-a-,</i><br /> <p><i>(-ul)-i-,</i><br /> <i>-u-</i> </p> </td> <td><i>-l-,</i><br /> <p><i>-in-</i> </p> </td> <td><i>-də, -bə, -(a)-lə, -nə, -ə</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The meaning of the root complements is unclear. The <a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">valency</a> markers express whether the verb is <a href="/wiki/Intransitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Intransitive">intransitive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive</a>. The modal suffix appears in several marked moods (but not in the indicative). The other person suffixes express mostly the <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a> subject or object. It is not clear if and how tense or aspect were signalled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valency_markers">Valency markers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Valency markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The valency markers are <i>-a-</i> (rarely <i>-i-</i>) for intransitivity and <i>-u-</i> for transitivity: for example <i>nun-a-də</i> "I came" vs <i>šidišt-u-nə</i> "he built". A verb that is usually transitive can be converted to intransitivity with the suffix <i>-ul-</i> before the intransitive valency marker: <i>aš-ul-a-bə</i> "was occupied" (vs <i>aš-u-bə</i> "I put in [a garrison]").<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Person_suffixes">Person suffixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Person suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The person suffixes express the persons of the absolutive subject/object and the ergative subject. When both subject and object are present, a single transitive suffix may expresses a unique combination of persons (e.g. the combination of ergative 3rd singular and absolutive 3rd singular is marked with the suffix <i>-nə</i>). The following chart lists the currently ascertained endings, along with gaps for those not yet ascertained (the ellipsis marks the place of the valency vowel): </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="4"> </th> <th rowspan="4">Intransitive </th> <th colspan="6">Transitive </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Ergative </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Absolutive </th> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>Singular </th> <td><i>-də</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>Singular </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>Singular </th> <td><i>-bə</i> </td> <td><i>-bə</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>-nə</i> </td> <td><i>-it-...-nə</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plural </th> <td><i>-lə</i> </td> <td><i>-bə,</i> <i>-lə</i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>-a-lə</i> </td> <td><i>-it-...-lə</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples: <i>ušt-a-də</i> "I marched forth"; <i>nun-a-bə</i> "he came"; <i>aš-u-bə</i> "I put-it in"; <i>šidišt-u-nə</i> "he built-it"; <i>ar-u-mə</i> "he gave [it] to me", <i>kuy-it-u-nə</i> "they dedicated-it". </p><p>As the paradigm shows, the person suffixes added after the valency vowel express mostly the person of <i>absolutive</i> subject/object, both in intransitive and in transitive verbs. The picture is complicated by the fact that the absolutive third person singular is expressed by a different suffix depending on whether the ergative subject is in the first or third person. An additional detail is that when the first-person singular dative suffix <i>-mə</i> is added, the third-person singular absolutive suffix <i>-nə</i> is dropped. </p><p>The encoding of the person of the absolutive subject/object is present, even though it is also explicitly mentioned in the sentence: e.g. <i>argište-šə inə arə šu-nə</i> "Argišti established(-it) this granary". An exceptional verb is <i>man-</i> "to be", in that it has a transitive valency vowel, and takes no absolutive suffix for the third person singular: <i>man-u</i> "it was" vs <i>man-u-lə</i> "they were". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mood_marking">Mood marking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mood marking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> is formed by the addition of the suffix <i>-ə</i> to the root: e.g. <i>ar-ə</i> "give!". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jussive">jussive</a> or third person imperative is formed by the addition of the suffix <i>-in-</i> in the slot of the valency vowel, whereas the persons are marked in the usual way, following an epenthetic vowel <i>-[i]-</i>:e.g. <i>ar-in-[i]-nə</i> "may he give it", <i>ḫa-it-in-nə</i> "may they take it". </p><p>The modal suffix <i>-l-</i>, added between the valency vowel and the person suffixes, participates in the construction of several modal forms: </p><p>1. An <a href="/wiki/Optative" class="mw-redirect" title="Optative">optative</a> form, also regularly used in clauses introduced with <i>ašə</i> "when", is constructed by <i>-l-</i> followed by <i>-ə</i> (<i>-i</i> in non-reduced form) - the following absolutive person suffix is optional, and the ergative subject is apparently not signalled at all: e.g. <i>qapqar-u-l-i-nə</i> "I wanted to besiege-it [the city]", <i>urp-u-l-i-nə</i> or <i>urp-u-l-ə</i> "he shall slaughter". </p><p>2. A <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a> is expressed by a graphically similar form, which is interpreted by Wilhelm (2008) as <i>-l-</i> followed by <i>-(e)yə</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an example of its use is <i>alu-šə tu-l-(e)yə</i> "whoever destroys it". </p><p>3. A <a href="/wiki/Desiderative" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderative">desiderative</a>, which may express the wish of either the speaker or the agent, is expressed by <i>-l-</i> followed by a suffix <i>-anə</i>. The valency marker is replaced by <i>-i-</i>: e.g. <i>ard-i-l-anə</i> "I want him to give …", <i>ḫa-i-l-anə</i> "it wants to take/conquer …". </p><p>Negation is expressed by the particle <i>ui</i>, preceding the verb. A prohibitative particle, also preceding the verb, is <i>mi</i>. <i>mi</i> is also the conjunction "but", whereas <i>e'ə</i> is "and (also)", and <i>unə</i> is "or". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-finite_forms">Non-finite forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Non-finite forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participles</a> from intransitive verbs are formed with the suffix <i>-urə</i>, added to the root, and have an active meaning (e.g. <i>ušt-u-rə</i> "who has marched forth"). Participles from transitive verbs are formed with the suffix <i>-aurə</i>, and have a passive meaning (e.g. <i>šidaurə</i> "which is built"). It is possible that <i>-umə</i> is the ending of an infinitive or a verb noun, although that is not entirely clear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urartian is an ergative language, meaning that the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical subject">subject</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verb</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">object</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a> are expressed identically, with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive case</a>, whereas the subject of a transitive verb is expressed with a special <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative case</a>. Examples are: <i>Argištə nun-a-bi</i> "Argišti came" vs <i>Argište-šə arə šu-nə</i> "Argišti established a granary". Within the limited number of known forms, no <a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">exceptions from the ergative pattern</a> are known. </p><p>The word order is usually verb-final, and, more specifically, <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> (where S refers to the ergative agent), but the rule is not rigid and components are occasionally re-arranged for expressive purposes. For example, names of gods are often placed first, even though they are in oblique cases: <i>Ḫaldi-ə ewri-ə inə E<sub>2</sub> Argište-šə Menuaḫini-šə šidišt-u-nə</i> "For Ḫaldi the lord Argišti, son of Menua, built this temple." Verbs can be placed sentence-initially in vivid narratives: <i>ušt-a-də Mana-idə ebanə at-u-bə</i> "Forth I marched towards Mana, and I consumed the land."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nominal modifiers usually follow their heads (<i>erelə tarayə</i> "great king"), but deictic pronouns such as <i>inə</i> precede them, and genitives may either precede or follow them. Urartian generally uses <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> (e.g. <i>ed(i)-i-nə</i> "for", <i>ed(i)-i-a</i> - both originally case forms of <i>edi</i> "person, body" - <i>pei</i> "under", etc..) which govern certain cases (often ablative-instrumental). There is only one attested preposition, <i>parə</i> "to(wards)". Subordinate clauses are introduced by particles such as <i>iu</i> "when", <i>ašə</i> "when", <i>alə</i> "that which". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_sample">Language sample</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language sample"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sample below is from inscription 372 by Menua, son of Ishpuini, based on G. A. Melikishvili's corpus of Urartian Cuneiform Inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For each sentence, the transliteration is given first, the morphological transcription second, the translation third. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">1.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫaldi=ni=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uš-ma-ši-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ušma=ši=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>DIŠ</sup>me-nu-a-še</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Menua=šə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>DIŠ</sup>iš-pu-u-i-ni-ḫi-ni-še</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Išpuini=ḫi=ni=šə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni-li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫaldi=ni=lə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">KÁ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">KÁ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(3)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ši-di-íš-tú-a-li</p><p style="margin: 0px;">šidišt=u=alə.</p></div><p style="display: none;"><sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni-ni uš-ma-ši-ni <sup>DIŠ</sup>me-nu-a-še <sup>DIŠ</sup>iš-pu-u-i-ni-ḫi-ni-še <sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni-li KÁ (3) ši-di-íš-tú-a-li</p><p style="display: none;">Ḫaldi=ni=nə ušma=ši=nə Menua=šə Išpuini=ḫi=ni=šə Ḫaldi=ni=lə KÁ {} šidišt=u=alə.</p><p style="clear: left;">"Through Haldi's might, Menua, son of Ishpuini, built Haldi's gates."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>URU</sup>a-lu-di-ri-i-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Aludiri=ə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(4)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">É.GAL</p><p style="margin: 0px;">É.GAL</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ši-di-iš-tú-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">šidišt=u=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ba-du-si-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">badusi=y=ə.</p></div><p style="display: none;"><sup>URU</sup>a-lu-di-ri-i-e (4) É.GAL ši-di-iš-tú-ni ba-du-si-e</p><p style="display: none;">Aludiri=ə {} É.GAL šidišt=u=nə badusi=y=ə.</p><p style="clear: left;">"For (the city of) Aludiri he built a fortress to its perfection (?)."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">3.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫaldi=ni=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uš-ma-ši-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ušma=ši=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫaldi=ni=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ba-a-u-ši-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bau=ši=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>DIŠ</sup>me-nu-a-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Menua=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>DIŠ</sup>iš-pu-ú-i-ni-e-ḫé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Išpuini=ḫə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">i-ú</p><p style="margin: 0px;">iu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>LÚ</sup>a-te-i-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ate=y=n(ə)=ə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e-si</p><p style="margin: 0px;">esi=ə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na-ḫa-a-be</p><p style="margin: 0px;">naḫ=a=bə,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>KUR</sup>ša-ti-ru-ú-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Šatiru=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">du-ur-ba-i-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">durbayə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma-nu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man=u.</p></div><p style="display: none;"><sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni-ni uš-ma-ši-ni <sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni-ni ba-a-u-ši-ni <sup>DIŠ</sup>me-nu-a-ni <sup>DIŠ</sup>iš-pu-ú-i-ni-e-ḫé i-ú <sup>LÚ</sup>a-te-i-ni e-si na-ḫa-a-be <sup>KUR</sup>ša-ti-ru-ú-ni du-ur-ba-i-e ma-nu</p><p style="display: none;">Ḫaldi=ni=nə ušma=ši=nə Ḫaldi=ni=nə bau=ši=nə Menua=nə Išpuini=ḫə iu ate=y=n(ə)=ə esi=ə naḫ=a=bə, Šatiru=nə durbayə man=u.</p><p style="clear: left;">"When, through Haldi's might and Haldi's command, Menua, son of Ishpuini, ascended to his father's place (i.e. throne), (the land of) Šatiru was rebellious."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">4.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ḫal-di-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫaldi=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uš-ta-a-be</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ušt=a=bə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma-si-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">masi=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">šu-ri-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">šuri=ə,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka-ru-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kar=u=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>URU</sup>ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫuradinaku=nə,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka-ru-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kar=u=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>URU</sup>gi-di-ma-ru-ú-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Gidimaru=nə,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka-ru-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kar=u=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>KUR</sup>ša-ti-ru-ú-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Šatiru=yə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>KUR</sup>e-ba-a-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ebanə.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫaldi=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku-ru-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kurunə,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫaldi-ni-yə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">šu-ri-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">šuri</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku-ru-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kurunə.</p></div><p style="display: none;">ḫal-di-ni uš-ta-a-be ma-si-ni šu-ri-e ka-ru-ni <sup>URU</sup>ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni ka-ru-ni <sup>URU</sup>gi-di-ma-ru-ú-ni ka-ru-ni <sup>KUR</sup>ša-ti-ru-ú-i <sup>KUR</sup>e-ba-a-ni <sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni ku-ru-ni <sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-ni-e šu-ri-i ku-ru-ni</p><p style="display: none;">Ḫaldi=nə ušt=a=bə masi=nə šuri=ə, kar=u=nə Ḫuradinaku=nə, kar=u=nə Gidimaru=nə, kar=u=nə Šatiru=yə ebanə. Ḫaldi=nə kurunə, Ḫaldi-ni-yə šuri kurunə.</p><p style="clear: left;">"Haldi marched forth with his weapon(?), conquered Huradinaku, conquered Gidimaru, conquered the land of Shatiru. Haldi is powerful, Haldi's weapon(?) is powerful."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>… </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">5.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ḫa-ú-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫa=u=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>URU</sup>ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫuradinaku=nə,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>URU</sup>gi-di-ma-ru-ú-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Gidimaru=nə,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ḫa-ú-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ḫa=u=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>KUR</sup>ša-ti-ru-ú-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Šatiru=yə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>KUR</sup>e-ba-a-ni-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eban=i=yə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>URU</sup>tar-zu-ʼa-a-na-a-na-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Tarzuana-nə.</p></div><p style="display: none;">ḫa-ú-ni <sup>URU</sup>ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni <sup>URU</sup>gi-di-ma-ru-ú-ni ḫa-ú-ni <sup>KUR</sup>ša-ti-ru-ú-i <sup>KUR</sup>e-ba-a-ni-i <sup>URU</sup>tar-zu-ʼa-a-na-a-na-ni</p><p style="display: none;">Ḫa=u=nə Ḫuradinaku=nə, Gidimaru=nə, ḫa=u=nə Šatiru=yə eban=i=yə Tarzuana-nə.</p><p style="clear: left;">"He (Menua) captured (the cities) Huardinaku, Gidimaru, Tarzuana of the land of Shatiru."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">6.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku-ṭu-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Kuṭ=u=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa-ri</p><p style="margin: 0px;">parə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>KUR</sup>bu-uš-tú-ú-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Buštu=ə,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa-ri</p><p style="margin: 0px;">parə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>KUR</sup>ma-al-ma-li-i-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Malmali=ə.</p></div><p style="display: none;">ku-ṭu-ni pa-ri <sup>KUR</sup>bu-uš-tú-ú-e pa-ri <sup>KUR</sup>ma-al-ma-li-i-e</p><p style="display: none;">Kuṭ=u=nə parə Buštu=ə, parə Malmali=ə.</p><p style="clear: left;">"He reached as far as (the city of) Buštu, as far as (the city of) Malmali."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">7.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>URU</sup>ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫuradinaku=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">...</p><p style="margin: 0px;">…</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a-ru-ni-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ar=u=nə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-še</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ḫaldi=šə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>DIŠ</sup>me-i-nu-ú-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Menua=ə</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><sup>DIŠ</sup>iš-pu-u-i-ni-e-ḫi-ni-e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Išpuini=ḫi=ni=ə.</p></div><p style="display: none;"><sup>URU</sup>ḫu-ra-di-na-ku-ú-ni ... a-ru-ni-e <sup>d</sup>ḫal-di-še <sup>DIŠ</sup>me-i-nu-ú-a <sup>DIŠ</sup>iš-pu-u-i-ni-e-ḫi-ni-e</p><p style="display: none;">Ḫuradinaku=nə … ar=u=nə Ḫaldi=šə Menua=ə Išpuini=ḫi=ni=ə.</p><p style="clear: left;">Haldi gave (the city of) Huradinaku to Menua, son of Ishpuini."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shared_lexicon_with_Armenian">Shared lexicon with Armenian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Shared lexicon with Armenian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diakonoff (1985)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Greppin (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> present etymologies of several Old Armenian words as having a possible Hurro-Urartian origin. Contemporary linguists, such as <a href="/wiki/Hrach_Martirosyan" title="Hrach Martirosyan">Hrach Martirosyan</a>, have rejected many of the Hurro-Urartian origins for these words and instead suggest native Armenian etymologies, leaving the possibility that these words may have been loaned into Hurro-Urartian from Armenian, and not vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:ագարակ">agarak</a></i> "field" from Hurrian <i>awari</i> "field" (however, alternate theories suggest that this is an Armenian word from Proto-Indo-European <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82%C3%A9%C7%B5ros" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éǵros"><i>h₂éǵros</i></a> or a <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> loan);</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:աղախին">ałaxin</a></i> "slave girl" from Hurrian <i>al(l)a(e)ḫḫenne</i>;</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%AB%D6%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:արծիւ">arciw</a></i> "eagle" from Urartian <i>Arṣiba</i>, a proper name with a presumed meaning of "eagle" (more recent scholarship suggests that this is an Armenian word from Proto-Indo-European <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB#Old_Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:արծուի">*h₂r̥ǵipyós</a></i> which was loaned into Urartian<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>);</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:արտ">art</a></i> "field" from Hurrian <i>arde</i> "town" (rejected by Diakonoff and Fournet);</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:աստեմ">astem</a></i> "to reveal one's ancestry" from Hurrian <i>ašti</i> "woman, wife";</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:ծառ">caṙ</a></i> "tree" from Urartian <i>ṣârə</i> "garden" (an alternate etymology suggests that this is an Armenian word from Proto-Indo-European <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:ծառ"><i>*ǵr̥so</i></a>);</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ծով">cov</a></i> (cf. Armenian <i><a href="/wiki/Tsovinar_(goddess)" title="Tsovinar (goddess)">Covinar</a></i>) "sea" from Urartian <i>ṣûǝ</i> "(inland) sea"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an alternate theory suggests that this comes from a Proto-Indo-European <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE#Old_Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ծով">root</a>);</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:կուտ">kut</a></i> "grain" from Hurrian <i>kade</i> "barley" (rejected by Diakonoff; closer to Greek <i>kodomeýs</i> "barley-roaster");</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:մախր">maxr</a></i> ~ <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:մարխ">marx</a></i> "pine" from Hurrian <i>māḫri</i> "fir, juniper";</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:պեղեմ">pełem</a></i> "dig, excavate" from Urartian <i>pile</i> "canal", Hurrian <i>pilli</i> (rejected by Diakonoff, others have suggested an origin stemming from Proto-Indo-European *bel- (“to dig, cut off?”);</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:սալոր">salor</a></i> ~ <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B7%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:շլոր">šlor</a></i> "plum" from Hurrian *<i>s̄all-orə</i> or Urartian *<i>šaluri</i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i>šallūru</i> "plum");</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:սան">san</a></i> "kettle" from Urartian <i>sane</i> "kettle, pot";</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:սուր">sur</a></i> "sword", from Urartian <i>šure</i> "sword", Hurrian <i>šawri</i> "weapon, spear" (considered doubtful by Diakonoff, contemporary linguists believe this is an Armenian word from the Proto-Indo-European root <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80#Old_Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:սուր">*ḱeh₃ro-</a></i>, meaning "sharp");</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:տարմաջուր">tarma-ǰur</a></i> "spring water" from Hurrian <i>tarman(l)i</i> "spring" (an alternate etymology suggests that at least ǰur has an Armenian etymology from Proto-Indo-European <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80#Old_Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ջուր">*yuHr- or gʷʰdyōro-</a>);</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:ուղտ">ułt</a></i> "camel" from Hurrian <i>uḷtu</i> "camel";</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:խարխարել">xarxarel</a></i> "to destroy" from Urartian <i>harhar-š-</i> "to destroy";</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:խնձոր">xnjor</a></i> "apple" from Hurrian <i>ḫinzuri</i> "apple" (itself from Akkadian <i>hašhūru</i>, <i>šahšūru</i>).</li></ul> <p>Arnaud Fournet, Hrach Martirosyan, and Armen Petrosyan propose additional borrowed words of Armenian origin loaned into Urartian and vice versa, including grammatical words and parts of speech, such as Urartian "eue" ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts and likely a loan from Armenian (compare to Armenian "ew" (եւ), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%81epi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁epi">*h₁epi</a></i>). Other loans from Armenian into Urartian include personal names, toponyms, and names of deities.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jolr.ru_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jolr.ru-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (July 2023)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" 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portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Armenian">Proto-Armenian</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310043712/http://multitree.org/codes/xur">"Urartean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">LINGUIST List</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/xur">the original</a> on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urartean&rft.pub=LINGUIST+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultitree.org%2Fcodes%2Fxur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLæssøe1963" class="citation book cs1">Læssøe, Jørgen (1963). <i>People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781013661396" title="Special:BookSources/9781013661396"><bdi>9781013661396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+Ancient+Assyria%3A+Their+Inscriptions+and+Correspondence&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9781013661396&rft.aulast=L%C3%A6ss%C3%B8e&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Urartian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.105. "Neither its geographical origin can be conclusively determined, nor the area where Urartian was spoken by a majority of the population. It was probably dominant in the mountainous areas along the upper Zab Valley and around Lake Van."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimansky1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Zimansky, Paul (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357348">"Urartian Material Culture As State Assemblage: An Anomaly in the Archaeology of Empire"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. 299/300 (299/300): 103–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357348">10.2307/1357348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357348">1357348</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164079327">164079327</a>. <q>Although virtually all the cuneiform records that survive from Urartu are in one sense or another royal, they provide clues to the existence of linguistic diversity in the empire. There is no basis for the a priori assumption that a large number of people ever spoke Urartian. Urartian words are not borrowed in any numbers by neighboring peoples, and the language disappears from the written record along with the government</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Urartian+Material+Culture+As+State+Assemblage%3A+An+Anomaly+in+the+Archaeology+of+Empire&rft.volume=299%2F300&rft.issue=299%2F300&rft.pages=103-115&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164079327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357348%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357348&rft.aulast=Zimansky&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1357348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Urartian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.106: "We do not know when the language became extinct, but it is likely that the collapse of what had survived of the empire until the end of the seventh or the beginning of the sixth century BCE caused the language to disappear."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrosyan, Armen. <i>The Armenian Elements in the Language and Onomastics of Urartu</i>. Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2010. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/2939663/The_Armenian_Elements_in_the_Language_and_Onomastics_of_Urartu">https://www.academia.edu/2939663/The_Armenian_Elements_in_the_Language_and_Onomastics_of_Urartu</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaIE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaIE_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory,_J._P.Adams,_Douglas_Q.1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i>. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1884964985" title="Special:BookSources/978-1884964985"><bdi>978-1884964985</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37931209">37931209</a>. <q>Armenian presence in their historical seats should then be sought at some time before c 600 BC; ... Armenian phonology, for instance, appears to have been greatly affected by Urartian, which may suggest a long period of bilingualism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37931209&rft.isbn=978-1884964985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Igor M. Diakonoff. The Pre-history of the Armenian People. 1968. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.attalus.org/armenian/diakph11.htm">http://www.attalus.org/armenian/diakph11.htm</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clackson, James P. T. 2008. Classical Armenian. In: The languages of Asia Minor (ed. R. D. Woodard). P.125. "The extralinguistic facts relevant to the prehistory of the Armenian people are also obscure. Speakers of Armenian appear to have replaced an earlier population of Urartian speakers (see Ch. 10) in the mountainous region of Eastern Anatolia. The name Armenia first occurs in the Old Persian inscriptions at Bīsotūn dated to c. 520 BCE (but note that the Armenians use the ethnonym hay [plural hayk‘] to refer to themselves). We have no record of the Armenian language before the fifth century CE. The Old Persian, Greek, and Roman sources do mention a number of prominent Armenians by name, but unfortunately the majority of these names are Iranian in origin, for example, Dādrši- (in Darius’ Bīsotūn inscription), Tigranes, and Tiridates. Other names are either Urartian (Haldita- in the Bīsotūn inscription) or obscure and unknown in literate times in Armenia (Araxa- in the Bīsotūn inscription)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East - Page 292 by Eric M. Meyers, American Schools of Oriental Research</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey J. Klein, Urartian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Altintepe, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 24, (1974), 77-94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm 1982: 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Urartian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_436"><i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_436/page/n127">105</a>–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521684965" title="Special:BookSources/9780521684965"><bdi>9780521684965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urartian&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+Minor&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=105-123&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521684965&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00wood_436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Academic American Encyclopedia - Page 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Hurrian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood"><i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood/page/n103">81</a>–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521684965" title="Special:BookSources/9780521684965"><bdi>9780521684965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hurrian&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+Minor&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=81-104&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521684965&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. "Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European." <i>UCLA Indo-European Studies</i> <b>1</b> (1999): 147-264 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pies.ucla.edu/IESV/1/VVI_Horse.pdf">http://www.pies.ucla.edu/IESV/1/VVI_Horse.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924093729/https://pies.ucla.edu/IESV/1/VVI_Horse.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrosyan, Armen "The Armenian Elements in the Language and Onomastics of Urartu" <i>Aramazd</i> <i>Vol V. Issue 1</i> (2010): 133-140 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/2939663/The_Armenian_Elements_in_the_Language_and_Onomastics_of_Urartu">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jolr.ru-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jolr.ru_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jolr.ru_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrach Martirosyan (2013). "The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian*" Leiden University. p. 85-86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jolr.ru/files/(128)jlr2013-10(85-138).pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urartian-language">"Urartian language | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urartian+language+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FUrartian-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noonan-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noonan_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonan_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Noonan, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197302/van.htm">Van!</a></i> at saudiaramcoworld.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schulz, Fr. Ed., "Mémoire sur le lac du Van et ses environs, <i>Journal Asiatique</i> ser. 3 vol. 9 (1840): 257-323 + 8 plates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hincks, Edward. "On the Inscriptions at Van." <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i> 9 (1847): 387-449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goetze-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goetze_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goetze_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Götze 1930, 1935</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Friedrich 1933</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Urartu - Page 65 by Boris Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The international standard Bible encyclopedia - Page 234 by Geoffrey William Bromiley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Zimansky, Urartian Material Culture As State Assemblage: An Anomaly in the Archaeology of Empire. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 299/300, The Archaeology of Empire in Ancient Anatolia (Aug. - Nov., 1995), pp. 103-115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirjo Salvini: <i>Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer</i>. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-534-01870-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-534-01870-2">3-534-01870-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFХачикян2010" class="citation journal cs1">Хачикян, Маргарит Левоновна (2010). "Урартский язык". <i>Языки мира: Древние реликтовые языки Передней Азии</i>: 151–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%3A+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA&rft.pages=151-153&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreppin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Greppin, John A. C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41553580.pdf">"Urartian Sibilants in Armenian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historische Sprachforschung</i>. <b>124</b>: 292–296. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41553580">41553580</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historische+Sprachforschung&rft.atitle=Urartian+Sibilants+in+Armenian&rft.volume=124&rft.pages=292-296&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41553580%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Greppin&rft.aufirst=John+A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F41553580.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Вестник древней истории, № 3, 1977 г. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://annals.xlegio.ru/urartu/ukn/372.htm">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722011448/http://annals.xlegio.ru/urartu/ukn/372.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the interpretation in Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. P.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiakonoff1985" class="citation journal cs1">Diakonoff, I. M. (1985). "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>105</b> (4): 597–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602722">10.2307/602722</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602722">602722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Hurro-Urartian+Borrowings+in+Old+Armenian&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597-603&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Diakonoff&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span>. Accessed 19 Feb. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreppinDiakonoff1991" class="citation journal cs1">Greppin, John A. C.; Diakonoff, I. M. (1991). "Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>111</b> (4): 720–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F603403">10.2307/603403</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/603403">603403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Some+Effects+of+the+Hurro-Urartian+People+and+Their+Languages+upon+the+Earliest+Armenians&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=720-30&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F603403&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F603403%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Greppin&rft.aufirst=John+A.+C.&rft.au=Diakonoff%2C+I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 19 Feb. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hrach_K._Martirosyan_2009_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrach K. Martirosyan. <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon.</i> Brill. 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvert Watkins. <i>How to Kill A Dragon in Indo-European</i>. Oxford University Press. 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Russell" title="James R. Russell">Russell, James R.</a> <i>Armenian and Iranian Studies</i>. Belmont, MA: Armenian Heritage Press, 2004. p. 1122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archiv Orientální. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5551322/Arch%C3%ADv_Orientalni._2013._About_the_vocalic_system_of_Armenian_words_of_substratic_origin._81.2_207_22_">About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origin.</a> (81.2:207–22) by Arnaud Fournet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrach Martirosyan. "Origins and historical development of the Armenian language." 2014. pp. 7-8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ling.hse.ru/data/2014/09/01/1313574129/Hrach%20Martirosyan%20-%20Handout.pdf">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armen Petrosyan. "Towards the Origins of the Armenian People. The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review." Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. 2007. pp. 33-34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/3657764/Towards_the_Origins_of_the_Armenian_People_The_Problem_of_Identification_of_the_Proto_Armenians_A_Critical_Review_in_English_">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yervand Grekyan. "Urartian State Mythology". Yerevan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press. 2018. pp. 44-45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351107801_Biaynili-Owrartu_Astvacner_tacarner_pastamunk_BIAINILI-URARTU_GODS_TEMPLES_CULTS">[6]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFХачикян2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Хачикян, Маргарит Левоновна (2010). <bdi lang="ru">Урартский язык</bdi> [The Urartian Language]. In Казанский, Николай Н.; Кибрик, А. А.; Коряков, Ю. Б. (eds.). <bdi lang="ru">Языки мира: Древние реликтовые языки Передней Азии</bdi> [<i>Languages of the World: Ancient Dead Languages of Western Asia</i>] (in Russian). Moskow: Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA&rft.btitle=%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%3A+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moskow&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1996" class="citation book cs1">Walker, C. B. F. (1996). "Cuneiform". <i>Reading the Past</i>. London: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-8077-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-8077-7"><bdi>0-7141-8077-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cuneiform&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Past&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7141-8077-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=C.+B.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Friedrich, Johannes (1969). "Urartäisch" [Urartian]. <i>Altkleinasiatische Sprachen</i> [<i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i>]. Handbuch der Orientalistik (in German). Vol. I.2, 1/2, 1. Leiden/New York/Cologne: Brill. pp. 31–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urart%C3%A4isch&rft.btitle=Altkleinasiatische+Sprachen&rft.place=Leiden%2FNew+York%2FCologne&rft.series=Handbuch+der+Orientalistik&rft.pages=31-53&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Urartian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). <i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68496-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68496-5"><bdi>978-0-521-68496-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urartian&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+Minor&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=105-123&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68496-5&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanov1996" class="citation book cs1">Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. (1996). "Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Ivanov, Vyacheslav V.; Vine, Brent (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pies.ucla.edu/publications/ucla-ies-v1/"><i>UCLA Indo European Studies</i></a>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparative+Notes+on+Hurro-Urartian%2C+Northern+Caucasian+and+Indo-European%22&rft.btitle=UCLA+Indo+European+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=Vyacheslav+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpies.ucla.edu%2Fpublications%2Fucla-ies-v1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvini1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Salvini, Mirjo (1995). <i>Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer</i> [<i>History and Culture of the Urartians</i>] (in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783534018703" title="Special:BookSources/9783534018703"><bdi>9783534018703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+und+Kultur+der+Urart%C3%A4er&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9783534018703&rft.aulast=Salvini&rft.aufirst=Mirjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1974" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Jeffrey J. (1974). "Urartian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Altintepe". <i>Anatolian Studies</i>. <b>24</b>: 77–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642600">10.2307/3642600</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642600">3642600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Urartian+Hieroglyphic+Inscriptions+from+Altintepe&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=77-94&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642600&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrartian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urartian_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urartian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urartian language">Urartian language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ecut.htm">Electronic Corpus of Urartian texts with English translations and general informations on Urartu and the Urartian written sources created by B. Christiansen on the basis of M. Salvini's Corpus dei testi urartei I–V</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://annales.info/i_urart.htm">Russian-language scholarly publications on Urartu and the Urartian language; includes texts in Urartian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812075829/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/2803/c-HURRIAN-URARTIAN-9_Urartian-Glossary.htm">A Urartian glossary (based on Die Urartäische Sprache: (1971) by G.A. Melikishvili</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer" title="Economy of Sumer">Economy of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer" title="Warfare in Sumer">Warfare in Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)">Sumerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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