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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_and_water_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_and_water_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Management and water quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_and_water_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A4%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%88%B5" title="ጤግሮስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጤግሮስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دجلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دجلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%A9%DC%A0%DC%AC" title="ܕܩܠܬ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܩܠܬ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD_(%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF)" title="Տիգրիս (գետ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տիգրիս (գետ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99cl%C9%99" title="Dəclə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəclə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دجله چایی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دجله چایی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="দজলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দজলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_H%C3%B4" title="Tigris Hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tigris Hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Тигр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тигр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тыгр (рака) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыгр (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тыгр (рака) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыгр (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="दज़ला नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दज़ला नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тигър (река) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тигър (река)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80_(%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Тигр (юханшыв) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тигр (юханшыв)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_River" title="Tigris River – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tigris River" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Tigris" title="Afon Tigris – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Tigris" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τίγρης ποταμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τίγρης ποταμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigriso" title="Tigriso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tigriso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87" title="دجله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دجله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre_(fleuve)" title="Tigre (fleuve) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tigre (fleuve)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_T%C3%ADgris" title="An Tígris – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tígris" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Tigris" title="Río Tigris – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Tigris" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EA%B0%95" title="티그리스강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티그리스강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin_Tigris" title="Kogin Tigris – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kogin Tigris" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Տիգրիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիգրիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="दजला नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दजला नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Tigris" title="Sungai Tigris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Tigris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADgris" title="Tígris – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tígris" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigri" title="Tigri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tigri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="חידקל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חידקל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Tigris" title="Kali Tigris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Tigris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟೈಗ್ರಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೈಗ್ರಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტიგროსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიგროსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Тигр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тигр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidekeli" title="Hidekeli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hidekeli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEcle" title="Dîcle – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîcle" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Тигр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тигр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_(flumen)" title="Tigris (flumen) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tigris (flumen)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigra" title="Tigra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tigra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigras_(up%C4%97)" title="Tigras (upė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tigras (upė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre" title="Tigre – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tigre" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tigris" title="Rio Tigris – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio Tigris" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigri" title="Tigri – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tigri" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris_(foly%C3%B3)" title="Tigris (folyó) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tigris (folyó)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="दजला नदी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दजला नदी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тигар (река) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тигар (река)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrisy" title="Tigrisy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tigrisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ടൈഗ്രിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൈഗ്രിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="तैग्रिस नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तैग्रिस नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტიგროსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტიგროსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87" title="نهر دجله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر دجله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87" title="دجله – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دجله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Dajlah" title="Sungai Dajlah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Dajlah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AD-d%C4%AB-gi%C3%A9k_%C3%92%CC%A4" title="Hĭ-dī-giék Ò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hĭ-dī-giék Ò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Тигр мөрөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тигр мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="တိုင်းဂရစ်မြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုင်းဂရစ်မြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="टिग्रिस नदी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टिग्रिस नदी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF" title="तिग्रिस खुसि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तिग्रिस खुसि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%B7%9D" title="ティグリス川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティグリス川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiigris" title="Tiigris – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tiigris" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigre_(flume)" title="Tigre (flume) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tigre (flume)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajla" title="Dajla – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dajla" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਦਜਲਾ ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਜਲਾ ਦਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%93_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%81" title="دریاۓ دجلہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریاۓ دجلہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tygrys_(rzeka)" title="Tygrys (rzeka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tygrys (rzeka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tigre" title="Rio Tigre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Tigre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigru_(r%C3%A2u)" title="Tigru (râu) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tigru (râu)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тигрис – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тигрис" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тигр (река) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тигр (река)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тигрис – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тигрис" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigri_(ciumi)" title="Tigri (ciumi) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tigri (ciumi)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ටයිග්‍රීස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටයිග්‍රීස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%95" title="دیجلە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیجلە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тигар (река) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тигар (река)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="டைகிரிசு ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டைகிரிசு ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigr_y%C4%B1l%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Tigr yılğası – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Tigr yılğası" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="แม่น้ำไทกริส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำไทกริส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%91)" title="Тигрис (дарё) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тигрис (дарё)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicle" title="Dicle – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dicle" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80_(%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тигр (річка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тигр (річка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%81" title="دریائے دجلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے دجلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tigris" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="底格里斯河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="底格里斯河" 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data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="底格里斯河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="底格里斯河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35591#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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</div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/River_Tigris" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35591" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigris&params=31_0_18_N_47_26_31_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°0′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°26′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.00500°N 47.44194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.00500; 47.44194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in Turkey, Iraq, and Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tigris_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tigris (disambiguation)">Tigris (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Tigris</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_(2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/250px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/375px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg/500px-Tigris_River_in_Baghdad_%282016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="542" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tigris river in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigr-euph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/300px-Tigr-euph.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/450px-Tigr-euph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/600px-Tigr-euph.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1005" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_8970f97063f4e85dbe20f9eeda15f9cf2f3b9e88"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tigris&revid=1271804856&groups=_8970f97063f4e85dbe20f9eeda15f9cf2f3b9e88" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tigris&revid=1271804856&groups=_8970f97063f4e85dbe20f9eeda15f9cf2f3b9e88 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Hazar" title="Lake Hazar">Lake Hazar</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6lard%C4%B1,_El%C3%A2z%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Gölardı, Elâzığ">Gölardı</a>, Turkey</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigris&params=38_29_0_N_39_25_0_E_type:river_region:TR-23"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°29′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°25′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.48333°N 39.41667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.48333; 39.41667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,150 m (3,770 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurnah" title="Al-Qurnah">Al-Qurnah</a>, Iraq</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tigris&params=31_0_18_N_47_26_31_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°0′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°26′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.00500°N 47.44194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.00500; 47.44194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • elevation</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 m (3.3 ft)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,900 km (1,200 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">375,000 km<sup>2</sup> (145,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,014 m<sup>3</sup>/s (35,800 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">337 m<sup>3</sup>/s (11,900 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,779 m<sup>3</sup>/s (98,100 cu ft/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Progression</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> → <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">River system</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garzan_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garzan River (page does not exist)">Garzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botan_River" title="Botan River">Botan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Tigris)" title="Khabur (Tigris)">Khabur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Zab" title="Great Zab">Greater Zab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Zab" title="Little Zab">Lesser Zab</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Adhaim" class="mw-redirect" title="'Adhaim">'Adhaim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyala_River" title="Diyala River">Diyala</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tharthar" title="Lake Tharthar">Wadi Tharthar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><sup id="cite_ref-Isaev_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Tour_du_monde-04-p065.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Le_Tour_du_monde-04-p065.jpg/220px-Le_Tour_du_monde-04-p065.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Le_Tour_du_monde-04-p065.jpg/330px-Le_Tour_du_monde-04-p065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Le_Tour_du_monde-04-p065.jpg/440px-Le_Tour_du_monde-04-p065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Mosul, on the bank of the Tigris, 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Tigris</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TY</span>-griss</i></a>; see <a href="#Etymology">below</a>) is the eastern of the two great <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> that define <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. The river flows south from the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Deserts</a>, before merging with the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and reaching to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. </p><p>The Tigris passes through historical cities like <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. It is also home to archaeological sites and ancient religious communities, including the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, who use it for <a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">baptism</a>. In ancient times, the Tigris nurtured the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian Empire</a>, with remnants like the relief of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">King Tiglath-Pileser</a>. </p><p>Today, the Tigris faces modern threats from geopolitical instability, dam projects, poor water management, and climate change, leading to concerns about its sustainability. Efforts to protect and preserve the river's legacy are ongoing, with local archaeologists and activists working to safeguard its future. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSHER(1865)_p477_BEDOWEEN_CROSSING_THE_TIGRIS_WITH_PLUNDER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/USSHER%281865%29_p477_BEDOWEEN_CROSSING_THE_TIGRIS_WITH_PLUNDER.jpg/220px-USSHER%281865%29_p477_BEDOWEEN_CROSSING_THE_TIGRIS_WITH_PLUNDER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/USSHER%281865%29_p477_BEDOWEEN_CROSSING_THE_TIGRIS_WITH_PLUNDER.jpg/330px-USSHER%281865%29_p477_BEDOWEEN_CROSSING_THE_TIGRIS_WITH_PLUNDER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/USSHER%281865%29_p477_BEDOWEEN_CROSSING_THE_TIGRIS_WITH_PLUNDER.jpg/440px-USSHER%281865%29_p477_BEDOWEEN_CROSSING_THE_TIGRIS_WITH_PLUNDER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2185" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>Bedouin crossing the river Tigris with plunder (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Tigris</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Τίγρις</span></span>) is an alternative form of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Tígrēs</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Τίγρης</span></span>), which was adapted from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><span lang="peo"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="script-Xpeo">𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠</span></span></span> (<span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Tigrā</i></span>), itself from <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> <span title="Elamite-language romanization"><i lang="elx-Latn">Tigra</i></span>, itself from <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> <span title="Sumerian-language text"><span lang="sux"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒀀𒇉𒈦𒄘𒃼</span></span></span> (<span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">Idigna</i></span> or <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">Idigina</i></span>, probably derived from <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">*id (i)gina</i></span> "running water").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sumerian term, which can be interpreted as "the swift river", contrasts the Tigris to its neighbour, the Euphrates, whose leisurely pace caused it to deposit more <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> and build up a higher bed than the Tigris. The Sumerian form was borrowed into <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> as <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Idiqlat</i></span> and from there into the other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> (compare <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חִדֶּקֶל‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥîddéqel</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic language">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a>: <span lang="tmr" dir="rtl">דיגלת‎, דיקגלת‎</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic-language romanization"><i lang="tmr-Latn">diqlāṯ</i></span> or <span title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)-language romanization"><i lang="tmr-Latn">diglāṯ</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: <span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܕܩܠܬ‎</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">Deqlāṯ</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دِجلَة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dijlah</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another name for the Tigris used in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> was <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn">Arvand Rud</i></span>, literally "swift river". Today, however, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Arvand Rud</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اروندرود</span>) refers to the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, known in Arabic as the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šaṭṭ al-ʿArab</i></span></a>. In <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish languages</a>, it is known as <span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Ava Mezin</i></span>, "the Great Water".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg/220px-Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg/330px-Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg/440px-Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TigrisRiver.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/TigrisRiver.JPG/220px-TigrisRiver.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/TigrisRiver.JPG/330px-TigrisRiver.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/TigrisRiver.JPG/440px-TigrisRiver.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Outside of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The name of the Tigris in languages that have been important in the region: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Name for Tigris </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> </td> <td><span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒁇𒄘𒃼</span></span></span>, <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Idiqlat</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دِجلَة</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dijlah</i></span>; <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حُدَاقِل</span></span>, Ḥudāqil </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> </td> <td><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">דיגלת</span></span>, <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Diglath</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Տիգրիս</span></span>, <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Tigris</i></span>, <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Դգլաթ</span></span>, <span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Dglatʿ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/grc/%CE%A4%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/grc/Τίγρης">ἡ Τίγρης</a>, -ητος</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">hē Tígrēs, -ētos</i></span>; <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ, ὁ Τίγρις, -ιδος</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">hē, ho Tígris, -idos</i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> </td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חִדֶּקֶל</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥiddéqel</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_2:14_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis_2:14-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> </td> <td><span title="Hurrian-language romanization"><i lang="xhu-Latn">Aranzah</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="script-Xpeo">𐎫𐎡𐎥𐎼𐎠</span></span> <i>Tigrā</i>; <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>: <i>Tigr</i>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دجله</span> <i>Dejle</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> </td> <td><span title="Sumerian-language text"><span lang="sux"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒁇𒄘𒃼</span></span></span> <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">Idigna/Idigina</i></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B124ellst.png" class="mw-file-description" title="IDIGNA (Borger 2003 nr. 124) 𒈦𒄘𒃼"><img alt="IDIGNA (Borger 2003 nr. 124) 𒈦𒄘𒃼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/B124ellst.png/77px-B124ellst.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/B124ellst.png/115px-B124ellst.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/B124ellst.png/153px-B124ellst.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="144" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> </td> <td><span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܕܸܩܠܵܬܼ</span></span> <span title="Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syr-Latn">Deqlaṯ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Dicle</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> </td> <td>Dîcle, Dijlê, دیجلە </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haifa_street,_as_seen_from_the_medical_city_hospital_across_the_tigres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Haifa_street%2C_as_seen_from_the_medical_city_hospital_across_the_tigres.jpg/220px-Haifa_street%2C_as_seen_from_the_medical_city_hospital_across_the_tigres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Haifa_street%2C_as_seen_from_the_medical_city_hospital_across_the_tigres.jpg/330px-Haifa_street%2C_as_seen_from_the_medical_city_hospital_across_the_tigres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Haifa_street%2C_as_seen_from_the_medical_city_hospital_across_the_tigres.jpg/440px-Haifa_street%2C_as_seen_from_the_medical_city_hospital_across_the_tigres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tigris is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, rising in the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> of eastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> about 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the city of <a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a> and about 30 km (19 mi) from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km (250 mi) through Southeastern Turkey before forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Syria-Turkey_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Turkey border">Syria-Turkey border</a>. This stretch of 44 km (27 mi) is the only part of the river that is located in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaev_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaev-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of its affluences are Garzan, Anbarçayi, <a href="/wiki/Batman_River" title="Batman River">Batman</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Zab" title="Great Zab">Great</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Zab" title="Little Zab">Little Zab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Close to its confluence with the Euphrates, the Tigris splits into several channels. First, the artificial <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Hayy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatt al-Hayy">Shatt al-Hayy</a> branches off, to join the Euphrates near <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a>. Second, the Shatt al-Muminah and <a href="/wiki/Majar_al-Kabir" title="Majar al-Kabir">Majar al-Kabir</a> branch off to feed the <a href="/wiki/Central_Marshes" title="Central Marshes">Central Marshes</a>. Further downstream, two other <a href="/wiki/Distributary_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributary channel">distributary channels</a> branch off (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Musharrah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Musharrah (page does not exist)">Al-Musharrah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Kahla" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kahla">Al-Kahla</a>), to feed the <a href="/wiki/Hawizeh_Marshes" title="Hawizeh Marshes">Hawizeh Marshes</a>. The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Kassarah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Kassarah (page does not exist)">Al-Kassarah</a>, which drains the Hawizeh Marshes. Finally, the Tigris joins the Euphrates near <a href="/wiki/Al-Qurnah" title="Al-Qurnah">al-Qurnah</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Shatt-al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatt-al-Arab">Shatt-al-Arab</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a>. Notable Tigris-side cities included <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_on_the_Tigris" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucia on the Tigris">Seleucia</a>, while the city of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation">Navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tigris has long been an important transport route in a largely desert country. Shallow-draft vessels can go as far as Baghdad, but rafts have historically been needed for transport downstream from <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_and_water_quality">Management and water quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Management and water quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigris_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tigris_2015.jpg/220px-Tigris_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tigris_2015.jpg/330px-Tigris_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tigris_2015.jpg/440px-Tigris_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4503" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Batman River</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley. Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq, to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following April melting of snow in the Turkish mountains. <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Dam" title="Mosul Dam">Mosul Dam</a> is the largest dam in Iraq. </p><p>Recent Turkish damming of the river has been the subject of some controversy, for both its environmental effects within Turkey and its potential to reduce the flow of water downstream. </p><p>Water from both rivers is used as a means of pressure during conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 a major breakthrough in developing consensus between multiple stakeholder representatives of Iraq and Turkey on a Plan of Action for promoting exchange and calibration of data and standards pertaining to Tigris river flows was achieved. The consensus, known as the "Geneva Consensus On Tigris River", was reached at a meeting organized in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> by the think tank <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Foresight_Group" title="Strategic Foresight Group">Strategic Foresight Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Embassy_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Embassy in Iraq">United States Embassy in Iraq</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a> issued warnings that <a href="/wiki/Mosul_Dam" title="Mosul Dam">Mosul Dam</a> could collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States warned people to evacuate the floodplain of the Tigris because between 500,000 and 1.5 million people were at risk of drowning due to <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash flood</a> if the dam collapses, and that the major Iraqi cities of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> were at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_mythology">Religion and mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian mythology</a>, the Tigris was created by the god <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, who filled the river with flowing water.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> mythology, <i><a href="/wiki/Aranzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranzah">Aranzah</a></i> (or <i>Aranzahas</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> nominative form) is the Hurrian name of the Tigris River, which was deified. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a> and the brother of <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1mi%C5%A1u" title="Tašmišu">Tašmišu</a>, one of the three gods spat out of Kumarbi's mouth onto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Kanzuras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Kanzuras (page does not exist)">Mount Kanzuras</a>. Later he colluded with <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a> to destroy Kumarbi (<a href="/wiki/Song_of_Kumarbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Kumarbi">The Kumarbi Cycle</a>). </p><p>The Tigris appears twice in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. First, in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, it is the third of the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Paradise" title="Rivers of Paradise">four rivers</a> branching off the river issuing out of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_2:14_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis_2:14-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second mention is in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>, wherein <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> states he received one of his visions "when I was by that great river the Tigris".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tigris River is also mentioned in Islam in Sunan Abi Daud 4306.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ahmad_Bin_Hanbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal">Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Razzaq_Jilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani">Syed Abdul Razzaq Jilani</a> is in Baghdad and the flow of Tigris restricts the number of visitors. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, also wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Words" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hidden Words">The Hidden Words</a></i> around 1858 while he walked along the banks of the Tigris river during his exile in Baghdad. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_(1921%E2%80%931958).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Iraq 1932–1959 depicting the two rivers, the confluence Shatt al-Arab and the date palm forest, which used to be the largest in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>The river featured on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq" title="Coat of arms of Iraq">coat of arms of Iraq</a> from 1932 to 1959. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilisu_Dam_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilisu Dam Campaign">Ilisu Dam Campaign</a> campaign against a dam on Tigris in Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">List of places in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Ararat" title="Mountains of Ararat">Mountains of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tigris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStoneTopchyan2022" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Michael E.; Topchyan, Aram (2022). <a rel="nofollow" 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Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-758207-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-758207-7"><bdi>978-0-19-758207-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Armenia%3A+First+Century+BCE+to+Fourteenth+Century+CE&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-758207-7&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft.au=Topchyan%2C+Aram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMBuEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicoll" class="citation web cs1">Nicoll, Kathleen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://serc.carleton.edu/47064">"Geomorphic Evolution of the Upper Basin of the Tigris River, Turkey"</a>. University of Utah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231025123213/https://serc.carleton.edu/vignettes/collection/42077.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/euphratesriverso0000kola/page/6">6–8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8093-1572-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8093-1572-6"><bdi>0-8093-1572-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Euphrates+River+and+the+Southeast+Anatolia+Development+Project&rft.place=Carbondale&rft.pages=6-8&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8093-1572-6&rft.aulast=Kolars&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+W.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuphratesriverso0000kola%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europeanwalledtowns&rft.atitle=Diyarbakir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeanwalledtowns.org%2Fdiyarbakir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny: Natural History, VI, XXVI, 128-131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namio Egami, "The Report of The Japan Mission For The Survey of Under-Water Antiquities At Qurnah: The First Season," (1971-72), 1-45, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf">https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031234121/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient1960/8/0/8_0_1/_pdf">Archived</a> 2018-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larsen, M.T., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jK8c4E2zkUMC">The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164822/https://books.google.com/books?id=jK8c4E2zkUMC">Archived</a> 2023-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</i> Routledge, 2014, pp 344-49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119012635/http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1408Mesopotamia.htm">"Mesopotamia, Tigris-Euphrates, 1914-1917, despatches, killed and died, medals"</a>. <i>naval-history.net</i>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/02/water-key-conflict-iraq-syria-isis">Water supply key to the outcome of conflicts in Iraq and Syria, experts warn</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 2 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204151802/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/02/water-key-conflict-iraq-syria-isis">Archived</a> 2016-12-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSümer2014" class="citation web cs1">Sümer, Vakur (1 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061827/http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/WaterResources/showAnalysisAgenda.aspx?ID=2735">"Analysis & Water Agenda"</a>. ORSAM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/WaterResources/showAnalysisAgenda.aspx?ID=2735">the original</a> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis+%26+Water+Agenda&rft.pub=ORSAM&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.aulast=S%C3%BCmer&rft.aufirst=Vakur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orsam.org.tr%2Fen%2FWaterResources%2FshowAnalysisAgenda.aspx%3FID%3D2735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2016" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (29 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/29/iraq-us-issue-warnings-threat-of-mosul-dam-collapse">"Iraqi PM and US issue warnings over threat of Mosul dam collapse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160229213305/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/29/iraq-us-issue-warnings-threat-of-mosul-dam-collapse">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iraqi+PM+and+US+issue+warnings+over+threat+of+Mosul+dam+collapse&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F29%2Firaq-us-issue-warnings-threat-of-mosul-dam-collapse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35690616">"US warns of Mosul dam collapse in northern Iraq"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 29 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160229211311/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35690616">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+warns+of+Mosul+dam+collapse+in+northern+Iraq&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-35690616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy A. 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tigris" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tigris">Tigris</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/men-mh/mesopotamia/tigris.html">Livius.org: Tigris</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHausleiter,_A.M._RoafSt_J._SimpsonR._Wenke2020" class="citation web cs1">Hausleiter, A.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Roaf" title="Michael Roaf">M. Roaf</a>; St J. Simpson; R. Wenke; P. Flensted Jensen; R. Talbert; T. Elliott; S. Gillies (27 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/912964">"Places: 912964 (Tigris/Diglitus fl.)"</a>. Pleiades<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+912964+%28Tigris%2FDiglitus+fl.%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft.au=Hausleiter%2C+A.&rft.au=M.+Roaf&rft.au=St+J.+Simpson&rft.au=R.+Wenke&rft.au=P.+Flensted+Jensen&rft.au=R.+Talbert&rft.au=T.+Elliott&rft.au=S.+Gillies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F912964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATigris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720184608/http://zunia.org/uploads/media/knowledge/Geopolicity%20-%20Managing%20the%20Tigris%20and%20Euphrates%20Watershed%20-%20The%20Challenge%20Facing%20Iraq1280855782.pdf">Managing the Tigris and Euphrates Watershed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82">Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law</a> Peace Palace Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119012635/http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1408Mesopotamia.htm">Outline of WWI Battles involving the Tigris River</a></li> <li>Old maps of the Tigris, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Tigris89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tigris" title="Template:Tigris"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tigris" title="Template talk:Tigris"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tigris" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tigris"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Tigris89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Tigris</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Turkey</a> (523 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Syria</a> (40 km)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Iraq</a> (1,377 km)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigr-euph.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Tigris"><img alt="Map indicating the Tigris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/120px-Tigr-euph.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/180px-Tigr-euph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/240px-Tigr-euph.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1005" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismil" title="Bismil">Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasankeyf" title="Hasankeyf">Hasankeyf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cizre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Al-Kūt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemune" title="Kemune">Kemune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tributaries_of_the_Tigris" title="List of tributaries of the Tigris">Tributaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ambar</li> <li>Kuru</li> <li>Pamuk</li> <li>Hazro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_River" title="Batman River">Batman</a></li> <li>Garzan</li> <li>Göksu</li> <li>Savur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botan_River" title="Botan River">Botan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Tigris)" title="Khabur (Tigris)">Little Khabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Zab" title="Great Zab">Great Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Zab" title="Little Zab">Little Zab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adhaim" class="mw-redirect" title="'Adhaim">'Adhaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyala_River" title="Diyala River">Diyala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicle_Dam" title="Dicle Dam">Dicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il%C4%B1su_Dam" title="Ilısu Dam">Ilısu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cizre_Dam" title="Cizre Dam">Cizre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Dam" title="Mosul Dam">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badush_Dam" title="Badush Dam">Badush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_Barrage" title="Samarra Barrage">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kut_Barrage" title="Kut Barrage">Kut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Mesopotamia152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamia152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer" title="Economy of Sumer">Economy of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer" title="Warfare in Sumer">Warfare in Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)">Sumerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics" title="Template talk:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="position:relative; bottom:1px;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">2011–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives <span style="font-size:85%;">(legislative)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Rivers_of_Syria_by_drainage_basin325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Syria" title="Template:Rivers of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Rivers of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Rivers_of_Syria_by_drainage_basin325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers of Syria</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">by <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karasu_(Hatay)" title="Karasu (Hatay)">Karasu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrin_River" title="Afrin River">Afrin River</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Kabir" title="Nahr al-Kabir">Nahr al-Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Kabir_al-Shamali" title="Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali">Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahr_as-Sinn" title="Nahr as-Sinn">Nahr as-Sinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sajur_River" title="Sajur River">Sajur River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balikh_River" title="Balikh River">Balikh River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tigris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">endorheic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queiq" title="Queiq">Queiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awaj" title="Awaj">Awaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barada" title="Barada">Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias_River" title="Banias River">Banias River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk River">Yarmouk River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Rivers_of_Turkey_by_drainage_basin650" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_Turkey" title="Template:Rivers of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Rivers of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Rivers_of_Turkey_by_drainage_basin650" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers of Turkey</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">by <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filyos_River" title="Filyos River">Filyos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_River" title="Bartın River">Bartın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River" title="Kızılırmak River">Kızılırmak (Halys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k_River" title="Gök River">Gök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme_River" title="Terme River">Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil%C4%B1rmak_(river)" title="Yeşilırmak (river)">Yeşilırmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1dere_stream" title="Yağlıdere stream">Yağlıdere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_Deresi" title="Aksu Deresi">Aksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelevara_Deresi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelevara Deresi">Gelevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Dere" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Dere">Kara Dere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87oruh" title="Çoruh">Çoruh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biga_%C3%87ay%C4%B1" title="Biga Çayı">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simav_River" title="Simav River">Susurluk (Simav)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Meriç (Maritsa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundzha" title="Tundzha">Tunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamenderes_River" title="Karamenderes River">Karamenderes (Scamander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r%C3%A7ay" title="Bakırçay">Bakırçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediz_River" title="Gediz River">Gediz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Küçük Menderes River">Küçük Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Büyük Menderes River">Büyük Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azmak_Creek" title="Azmak Creek">Azmak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Fen_River" title="Eşen River">Eşen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksu_River_(Turkey)" title="Aksu River (Turkey)">Aksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavgat_River" title="Manavgat River">Manavgat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%C3%A7ay_River" title="Köprüçay River">Köprüçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaledran_Creek" title="Kaledran Creek">Kaledran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Creek_(Turkey)" title="Dragon Creek (Turkey)">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_Creek" title="Sini Creek">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So%C4%9Fuksu_Creek" title="Soğuksu Creek">Soğuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babad%C4%B1l_Creek" title="Babadıl Creek">Babadıl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu" title="Göksu">Göksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonlu_River" title="Limonlu River">Limonlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alata_River" title="Alata River">Alata (Sorgun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6m%C3%BCk_Creek" title="Tömük Creek">Tömük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karacao%C4%9Flan_River" title="Karacaoğlan River">Karacaoğlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tece_Creek" title="Tece Creek">Tece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezitli_River" title="Mezitli River">Mezitli (Liparis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efrenk_River" title="Efrenk River">Efrenk (Müftü)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli%C3%A7ay" title="Deliçay">Deliçay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdan_River" title="Berdan River">Berdan (Tarsus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payas_River" title="Payas River">Payas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Asi (Orontes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_%C3%87ay" title="Deli Çay">Deli Çay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Fırat (Euphrates)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dicle (Tigris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezil_Suyu" title="Hezil Suyu">Hezil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35591#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1058" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35591#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1058" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35591#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/236538332">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4372014-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135330">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tigris (řeka)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138088&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536388705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/912964">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris&oldid=1271804856">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris&oldid=1271804856</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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