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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammatical cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nominals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example_of_noun_declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_noun_declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Example of noun declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_noun_declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_of_adjective_declension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_of_adjective_declension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Example of adjective declension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_of_adjective_declension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_Kartvelian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_Kartvelian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Comparison with other Kartvelian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_Kartvelian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traces_of_noun_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traces_of_noun_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Traces of noun classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traces_of_noun_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns_(nominative)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns_(nominative)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns (nominative)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns_(nominative)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns_(nominative)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns_(nominative)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Demonstrative pronouns (nominative)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns_(nominative)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Possessive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Verbs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personality_and_number" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Object markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moods"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kinship terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Nuclear family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Extended family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-laws_and_step-family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-laws_and_step-family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>In-laws and step-family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-laws_and_step-family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardinal_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Cardinal numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinal_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinal_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Ordinal numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinal_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fractional_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractional_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Fractional numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractional_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mingrelian grammar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მეგრული გრამატიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეგრული გრამატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მარგალური გრამატიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარგალური გრამატიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Grammar of the Mingrelian language</div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian language</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. Like other languages in the area, it contains a large number of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> and shows <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Ergative–absolutive alignment">ergative alignment</a>. Mingrelian is mostly <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> inflection, although it has no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> or noun classes, unlike neighbouring Caucasian languages from the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Nakh-Dagestanian</a> family. Mingrelian <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> index numerous <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense-aspect-moods</a>, with traces of <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a> indexation. </p><p>Mingrelian has two dialects: Zugdidi-Samurzakano (northwestern) and Senaki-Martvili (southeastern). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mingrelian has five vowel <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> /i ɛ a ɔ u/. The Zugdidi-Samurzaqano dialect has a sixth /ə/ which is the result of <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a> of /i/ and /u/. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Mingrelian vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>unrounded</small> </th> <th><small>rounded</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">High</a> </th> <td>i <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> ი </td> <td>(ə <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span> ჷ) </td> <td>u <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> უ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td>e <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> ე </td> <td> </td> <td>o <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span> ო </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>]</span> ა </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonant inventory of Mingrelian contains series of <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a> consonants that contrast with voiced consonants. The inventory and is almost identical to that of <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>. The table below shows the consonants of Mingrelian in <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanized</a> script, phonetic symbols from the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Mkhedruli</a> script. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Mingrelian consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td>m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> მ </td> <td>n <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> ნ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td>b <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> ბ </td> <td>d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> დ </td> <td> </td> <td>g <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> გ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td>p <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</span> ფ </td> <td>t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</span> თ </td> <td> </td> <td>k <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</span> ქ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td>p̌ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>]</span> პ </td> <td>ţ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>]</span> ტ </td> <td> </td> <td>ǩ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>]</span> კ </td> <td>q̌ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a>]</span> ყ </td> <td>ɔ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span> ჸ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>ž <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>]</span> ძ </td> <td>dj <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span> ჯ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>ʒ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a>]</span> ც </td> <td>ç <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a>]</span> ჩ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>ǯ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>]</span> წ </td> <td>č <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>]</span> ჭ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td>v <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> ვ </td> <td>z <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> ზ </td> <td>j <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span> ჟ </td> <td colspan="2">ɣ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> ღ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> ს </td> <td>ş <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> შ </td> <td colspan="2">x <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> ხ </td> <td>h <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> ჰ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>r <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> რ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> ლ </td> <td>y <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> ჲ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatical_cases">Grammatical cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammatical cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mingrelian has nine <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical</a> cases, which are indexed in all <a href="/wiki/Nominal_(linguistics)" title="Nominal (linguistics)">nominals</a>. Unlike neighboring <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Nakh-Dagestanian languages,</a> Mingrelian verbs show no case markings. Grammatical case endings are the same for nouns and adjectives, both in the singular and the plural, unlike many <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>. Mingrelian case morphemes are shown below. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th colspan="2">Mingrelian </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> </th> <td>-ი </td> <td>-i </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a> </th> <td>-ქ </td> <td>-k </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> </th> <td>-ს </td> <td>-s </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </th> <td>-იშ </td> <td>-iş /iʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">lative</a> </th> <td>-იშა </td> <td>-işa /iʃa/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> </th> <td>-იშე </td> <td>-işe /iʃe/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </th> <td>-ით </td> <td>-it </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">adverbial</a> </th> <td>-ო(თ) </td> <td>-o(t) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">benefactive</a> </th> <td>-იშო(თ) </td> <td>-işo(t) /iʃot/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominals">Nominals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nominals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mingrelian nouns and adjectives occur in singular and plural forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example_of_noun_declension">Example of noun declension</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Example of noun declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example of the declension of noun stem კოჩ- (<i>ǩoç-</i> “man”) in singular and plural forms. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case/Number </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Mkhedruli</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanized</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">IPA</a> </td> <td><i>Mkhedruli</i> </td> <td><i>Romanized</i> </td> <td><i>IPA</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>კოჩ<b>ი</b> </td> <td>ǩoç-<b>i</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰi / </td> <td>კოჩ<b>ეფი</b></td> <td>ǩoç-<b>ep-i</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰi / </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ergative </th> <td>კოჩ<b>ქ</b> </td> <td>ǩoç-<b>k</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰkʰ / </td> <td>კოჩ<b>ეფქ</b></td> <td>ǩoç-<b>ep-k</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰkʰ / </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>კოჩ<b>ს</b> </td> <td>ǩoç-<b>s</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰs / </td> <td>კოჩ<b>ეფს</b></td> <td>ǩoç-<b>ep-s</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰs / </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>კოჩ<b>იშ</b> </td> <td>ǩoç-<b>iş</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰiʃ / </td> <td>კოჩ<b>ეფიშ</b></td> <td>ǩoç-<b>ep-iş</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰiʃ / </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lative </th> <td>კოჩ<b>იშა</b> </td> <td>ǩoş-<b>işa</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰiʃa / </td> <td>კოჩ<b>ეფიშა</b></td> <td>ǩoç-<b>ep-işa</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰiʃa / </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td>კოჩ<b>იშე</b> </td> <td>ǩoç-<b>işe</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰiʃɛ / </td> <td>კოჩ<b>ეფიშე</b></td> <td>ǩoç-<b>ep-işe</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰiʃɛ / </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>კოჩ<b>ით</b> </td> <td>ǩoç-<b>it</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰit / </td> <td>კოჩ<b>ეფით</b></td> <td>ǩoç-<b>ep-it</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰit / </td></tr> <tr> <th>Adverbial </th> <td>კოჩ<b>ო</b> </td> <td>ǩoç-<b>o</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰɔ / </td> <td>კოჩ<b>ეფო</b></td> <td>ǩoç-<b>ep-o</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰɔ / </td></tr> <tr> <th>Benefactive </th> <td>კოჩ<b>იშო</b> </td> <td>ǩoç-<b>išo</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰiʃɔ / </td> <td>კოჩ<b>ეფიშო</b></td> <td>ǩoç-<b>ep-işo</b> </td> <td>/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰiʃɔ / </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example_of_adjective_declension">Example of adjective declension</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Example of adjective declension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Declension of stem წვეშ- (<i>ǯveş-</i> “old”) in singular and plural forms. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>წვეშ<b>ი</b> </td> <td>ǯveş-<b>i</b> </td> <td>წვეშ<b>ეფი</b></td> <td>ǯveş-<b>ep-i</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ergative </th> <td>წვეშ<b>ქ</b> </td> <td>ǯveş-<b>k</b> </td> <td>წვეშ<b>ეფქ</b></td> <td>ǯveş-<b>ep-k</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>წვეშ<b>ს</b> </td> <td>ǯveş-<b>s</b> </td> <td>წვეშ<b>ეფს</b></td> <td>ǯveş-<b>ep-s</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>წვეშ<b>იშ</b> </td> <td>ǯveş-<b>iş</b> </td> <td>წვეშ<b>ეფიშ</b></td> <td>ǯveş-<b>ep-iş</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lative </th> <td>წვეშ<b>იშა</b> </td> <td>ǯveş-<b>işa</b> </td> <td>წვეშ<b>ეფიშა</b></td> <td>ǯveş-<b>ep-işa</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td>წვეშ<b>იშე</b> </td> <td>ǯveş-<b>işe</b> </td> <td>წვეშ<b>ეფიშე</b></td> <td>ǯveş-<b>ep-işe</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>წვეშ<b>ით</b> </td> <td>ǯveş-<b>it</b> </td> <td>წვეშ<b>ეფით</b></td> <td>ǯveş-<b>ep-it</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Adverbial </th> <td>წვეშ<b>ო</b> </td> <td>ǯveş-<b>o</b> </td> <td>წვეშ<b>ეფო</b></td> <td>ǯveş-<b>ep-o</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Benefactive </th> <td>წვეშ<b>იშო</b> </td> <td>ǯveş-<b>işo</b> </td> <td>წვეშ<b>ეფიშო</b></td> <td>ǯveş-<b>ep-işo</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison_with_other_Kartvelian_languages">Comparison with other Kartvelian languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comparison with other Kartvelian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Example of the declension of noun stem კოჩ- (<i>ǩoç-</i> “man”) in comparison to corresponding Laz კოჩ- (<i>ǩoç-)</i> , Georgian კაც- (<i>kʼats-)</i> and Svan <i>č'äš</i> (“husband”) forms. Note that Laz does not index <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">adverbial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">benefactive cases</a> through <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, neither do Georgian nor Svan index the <a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">lative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="5">Singular </th> <th colspan="5">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Mingrelian </th> <th>Laz </th> <th>Georgian </th> <th>Svan </th> <th colspan="2">Mingrelian </th> <th>Laz </th> <th>Georgian </th> <th>Svan </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>კოჩი </td> <td>ǩoç<b>i</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçi</i></td> <td><i>kʼats<b>i</b></i></td> <td><i>č'äš</i> </td> <td>კოჩეფი</td> <td>ǩoç<b>epi</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçepe</i></td> <td><i>kʼatsebi</i></td> <td><i>č'äšär</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ergative </th> <td>კოჩქ </td> <td>ǩoç<b>k</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçik</i></td> <td><i>kʼats<b>ma</b></i></td> <td><i>č'äšd</i> </td> <td>კოჩეფქ</td> <td>ǩoç<b>epk</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçepek</i></td> <td><i>kʼatsebma</i></td> <td><i>č'äšärd</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>კოჩს </td> <td>ǩoç<b>s</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçis</i></td> <td><i>kʼats<b>s</b></i></td> <td><i>č'äšs</i> </td> <td>კოჩეფს</td> <td>ǩoç<b>eps</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçepes</i></td> <td><i>kʼatsebs</i></td> <td><i>č'äšärs</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>კოჩიშ </td> <td>ǩoç<b>iş</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçiş</i></td> <td><i>kʼats<b>is</b></i></td> <td><i>č'äšiš</i> </td> <td>კოჩეფიშ</td> <td>ǩoç<b>epiş</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçepeş</i></td> <td><i>kʼatsebis</i></td> <td><i>č'äšäriš</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lative </th> <td>კოჩიშა </td> <td>ǩoş<b>işa</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçişa</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>-</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>-</i> </td> <td>კოჩეფიშა</td> <td>ǩoç<b>epişa</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçepeşa</i></td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td>კოჩიშე </td> <td>ǩoç<b>işe</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçişe</i> </td> <td>კოჩეფიშე</td> <td>ǩoç<b>epişe</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçepeşe</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>კოჩით </td> <td>ǩoç<b>it</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçite</i></td> <td><i>kʼats<b>it</b></i></td> <td><i>č'äššw</i> </td> <td>კოჩეფით</td> <td>ǩoç<b>epit</b></td> <td><i>ǩoçepete</i></td> <td><i>kʼatsebit</i></td> <td><i>č'äšäršw</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Adverbial </th> <td>კოჩო </td> <td>ǩoç<b>o</b></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td><i>kʼats<b>ad</b></i></td> <td><i>č'äšd</i> </td> <td>კოჩეფო</td> <td>ǩoç<b>epo</b></td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td><i>kʼatsebad</i></td> <td><i>č'äšärd</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Benefactive </th> <td>კოჩიშო </td> <td>ǩoç<b>išo</b></td> <td><i>kʼats<b>istvis</b></i></td> <td><i>č'äšišd</i> </td> <td>კოჩეფიშო</td> <td>ǩoç<b>epişo</b></td> <td><i>kʼatsebistvis</i></td> <td><i>č'äšärišd</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traces_of_noun_classification">Traces of noun classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Traces of noun classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mingrelian has traces of a noun classification system that distinguishes animacy semantically along the lines of human-like or un-human-like. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3"><i><a href="/wiki/Physical_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical body">Concrete</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract object">Abstract</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Animate</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Inanimate</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Human and "human-like" beings (e.g. God, deities, angels)</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">Animals</a></i> </td> <td><i>Inanimate physical entities</i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Abstract_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract objects">Abstract objects</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Human-like</b></i> </td> <td colspan="3"><i><b>Un-human-like</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mi? ("who?") </td> <td colspan="3">mu? ("what?") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns_(nominative)"><span id="Personal_pronouns_.28nominative.29"></span>Personal pronouns (nominative)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns (nominative)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><i>I</i> </td> <td>მა </td> <td>ma </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>You (sing.)</i> </td> <td>სი </td> <td>si </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>We</i> </td> <td>ჩქი/ჩქƨ </td> <td>çki/çkə </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>You (pl.)</i> </td> <td>თქვა </td> <td>tkva </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative_pronouns_(nominative)"><span id="Demonstrative_pronouns_.28nominative.29"></span>Demonstrative pronouns (nominative)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns (nominative)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Singular</b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Plural</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>This</i> </td> <td>ina </td> <td><i>These</i> </td> <td>(t)enepi </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>That</i> </td> <td>ena </td> <td><i>Those</i> </td> <td>(t)inepi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possessive_pronouns">Possessive pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>ჩქიმი/ჩქƨმი </td> <td>çkimi/çkəmi </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>ჩქინი/ჩქƨნი </td> <td>çkini/çkəni </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>სქანი </td> <td>skani </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>თქვანი </td> <td>tkvani </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>მუში </td> <td>muşi </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>ინეფიშ </td> <td>inepiş </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mingrelian verb has the categories of person, number, version, tense, mood, aspect, voice, and verbal focus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality_and_number">Personality and number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personality and number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mingrelian the verbs can be monovalent, bivalent or trivalent. This feature is also shared with other <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>. </p> <ul><li>Monovalent verbs are represented only by subjective person and are always intransitive.</li> <li>Bivalent verbs together with subject have also one object (<i>direct</i> or <i>indirect</i>). They are: <ul><li>transitive in the case of <i>direct</i> object</li> <li>intransitive if the object is <i>indirect</i></li></ul></li> <li>Trivalent verbs have one subject and always both, <i>direct</i> and <i>indirect</i> objects and are ditransitive.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_of_verb_personality">Table of verb personality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Table of verb personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th>Unipersonal </th> <th colspan="2">Bipersonal </th> <th>Tripersonal </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>intransitive</i> </th> <th><i>transitive</i> </th> <th><i>intransitive</i> </th> <th><i>ditransitive</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Subject </th> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Direct Object </th> <td> </td> <td>+ </td> <td> </td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indirect Object </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>+ </td> <td>+ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The person may be singular or plural. </p><p>Subject and object markers in Mingrelian are roughly the same as in Laz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subject_markers">Subject markers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Subject markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th><b>Singular</b> </th> <th><b>Plural</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>S1</b> </th> <td>v- </td> <td>v-...-t </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>S2</b> </th> <td>∅- </td> <td>∅-...-t </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>S3</b> </th> <td>∅-...-∅/-s/-u </td> <td>∅-...-na/-es </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Object_markers">Object markers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Object markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th><b>Singular</b> </th> <th><b>Plural</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>O1</b> </th> <td>m- </td> <td>m-...-na/-es/-t </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>O2</b> </th> <td>g- </td> <td>g-...-na/-es/-t </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>O3</b> </th> <td>∅- </td> <td>∅-...-na/-es </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In pre-consonant position the markers <i>v-</i> and <i>g-</i> may change phonetically: </p> <ul><li><i>v- → b-</i> (in Zugdidi-Samurzakano dialect)</li> <li><i>g- → r-</i> (in both dialects)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version">Version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mingrelian there are four types of version marking: </p> <ul><li>subjective – shows that the action is intended for oneself,</li> <li>objective – action is intended for another person,</li> <li>objective-passive – the action is intended for another person and at the same time indicating the passiveness of subject,</li> <li>neutral – neutral with respect to intention.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><i>Version markers</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Version</b> </th> <th><b>Mingrelian</b> </th> <th><b>Laz</b> </th> <th><b>Georgian</b> </th> <th><b>Svan</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Subjective</i> </th> <td><i>-i-</i> </td> <td><i>-i-</i> </td> <td><i>-i-</i> </td> <td><i>-i-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Objective</i> </th> <td><i>-u-</i> </td> <td><i>-u-</i> </td> <td><i>-u-</i> </td> <td><i>-o-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Objective-passive</i> </th> <td><i>-a-</i> </td> <td><i>-a-</i> </td> <td><i>-e-</i> </td> <td><i>-e-</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Neutral</i> </th> <td><i>-o-/-a</i> </td> <td><i>-o-</i> </td> <td><i>-a-</i> </td> <td><i>-a-</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenses">Tenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In total there are 20 screeves in Mingrelian. They are grouped in four series. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><i>Verb screeves (sample conjugation)</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><b>I series</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Screeve</b> </th> <td><b>Stem: ç̌ar- "to write"</b> </td> <td><b>Translation</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>present</i> </th> <td>ç̌aruns </td> <td>s/he writes </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>imperfect</i> </th> <td>ç̌arundu </td> <td>s/he was writing </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>imperfective optative</i> </th> <td>ç̌arundas </td> <td>s/he were writing </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>imperfective conditional</i> </th> <td>ç̌arundu-ǩon </td> <td>if s/he were writing </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>future imperfect</i> </th> <td>ç̌arundas <p>iʔuapu(n)/iʔii(n) </p> </td> <td>s/he will be writing </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>conditional of future imperfect in the past</i> </th> <td>ç̌arundu-ǩon <p>iɣuapudu/iɣiidu </p> </td> <td>if s/he were writing </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>future</i> </th> <td>doç̌aruns </td> <td>s/he will write </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>future in the past</i> </th> <td>doç̌arundu </td> <td>s/he would write </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>future optative</i> </th> <td>doç̌arundas </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><b>II series</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>aorist</i> </th> <td>ç̌aru </td> <td>s/he wrote </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>aorist optative</i> </th> <td>ç̌aras </td> <td>should s/he write </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>aorist conditional</i> </th> <td>ç̌aru-ǩon </td> <td>if s/he wrote </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><b>III series</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>inferential I</i> </th> <td>uç̌aru(n) </td> <td>(it seems) s/he has written </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>inferential II</i> </th> <td>uç̌arudu </td> <td>(it seems) s/he had written </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>inferential optative I</i> </th> <td>uç̌arudas </td> <td>may s/he have written </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>inferential conditional II</i> </th> <td>uç̌arudu-ǩon </td> <td>if s/he have written </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><b>IV series</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>inferential III</i> </th> <td>noç̌arue(n) </td> <td>(it seems) s/he has written </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>inferential IV</i> </th> <td>noç̌aruedu </td> <td>(it seems) s/he had written </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>inferential optative III</i> </th> <td>noç̌aruedas </td> <td>may s/he have written </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Inferential conditional IV</i> </th> <td>noç̌aruedu-ǩon </td> <td>if s/he have written </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moods">Moods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Moods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Indicative</b> </p><p>Indicative statement claims that the proposition should be taken as an apparent fact. </p><p><b>Interrogative</b> </p><p>There are two ways to express interrogative mood: </p> <ul><li>with interrogative words, e.g. <i>mi?</i> (who?), <i>mu?</i> (what?), <i>so?</i> (where?), <i>muzhams?</i> (when?), <i>muç̌o?</i> (how?) etc.</li> <li>by attaching an interrogative particle <i>-o</i> to the end of a verb.</li></ul> <p><b>Imperative</b> </p><p>Indicates a command or request. The aorist form is used when addressing 2nd person (singular/plural) and aorist optative in all other cases. </p><p><b>Subjunctive</b> </p><p>Expresses possibility, wish, desire. The subjunctive mood in Mingrelian is provided by optative screeves. </p><p><b>Conditional</b> </p><p>Indicates condition in contrary to a fact. It is produced by adding a verbal suffix <i>-ǩo(ni)</i> to the end of a verb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspect">Aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mingrelian the verbs may have two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspects</a> depending on the completeness of action (<i>perfective <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a></i>) or the lack of it (<i>imperfective <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a></i>). The <i>perfective <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a></i> is derived by adding a preverb to the verb. </p><p>In 2nd, 3rd, 4th series the verbs equally have both aspect forms, while in the 1st series the screeves are distributed between two aspects. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><i>Aspect distribution in the 1st series</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><i>Imperfective Aspect</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>Screeve</b> </th> <td colspan="2"><b>Stem: ჭარ- <i>ç̌ar-</i> "to write"</b> </td> <td><b>Translation</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>present</i> </th> <td>ჭარუნს </td> <td>ç̌aruns </td> <td>s/he writes </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>imperfect</i> </th> <td>ჭარუნდუ </td> <td>ç̌arundu </td> <td>s/he was writing </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>imperfective optative</i> </th> <td>ჭარუნდას </td> <td>ç̌arundas </td> <td>s/he were writing </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>imperfective conditional</i> </th> <td>ჭარუნდუ კონ </td> <td>ç̌arundu ǩon </td> <td>if s/he were writing </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>future imperfect</i> </th> <td>ჭარუნდას <p>იჸუაფუნ/იჸიიდუ </p> </td> <td>ç̌arundas <p>iʔuapu(n)/iʔii(n) </p> </td> <td>s/he will be writing </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>conditional of future imperfect in the past</i> </th> <td> </td> <td>ç̌arundu ǩon <p>iʔuapudu/iʔiidu </p> </td> <td>if s/he were writing </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><i>Perfective Aspect</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>future</i> </th> <td><b>დო</b>ჭარუნს </td> <td>do-ç̌ar-uns </td> <td>s/he will write </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>future in the past</i> </th> <td><b>დო</b>ჭარუნდუ </td> <td>do-ç̌arundu </td> <td>s/he would write </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>future optative</i> </th> <td><b>დო</b>ჭარუნდას </td> <td>doç̌arundas </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinship_terms">Kinship terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Kinship terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mingrelian words for <a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">kinship</a> reflect both generation and gender, although many words are derived. It has a mixed system of classificatory and descriptive system. Mingrelian kinship terms denote a large number of members of one's <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a> as well as in-laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_family">Nuclear family</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nuclear family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Nuclear family<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Mother</i> </th> <td>დიდა </td> <td>dida </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Father</i> </th> <td>მუმა </td> <td>muma </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Sister</i> </th> <td>და </td> <td>da </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Brother</i> </th> <td>ჲიმა </td> <td>yima </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Daughter</i> </th> <td>ოსორისქუა </td> <td>osoriskua </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Son</i> </th> <td>ბოში </td> <td>boşi </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Wife</i> </th> <td>ოსური </td> <td>osuri </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Husband</i> </th> <td>ქომონჲი </td> <td>komonyi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extended_family">Extended family</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Extended family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Extended family<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><i>Grandmother</i> </th> <td>ბები </td> <td>bebi </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><i>Grandfather</i> </th> <td>ბაბუ </td> <td>babu </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>Aunt</i> </th> <th><i>maternal</i> </th> <td>დეიდა </td> <td>deida </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>paternal</i> </th> <td>მამიდა </td> <td>mamida </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>Uncle</i> </th> <th><i>maternal</i> </th> <td rowspan="2">ბიჲია </td> <td rowspan="2">biyia </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>paternal</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>Nice or</i> <p><i>Nephew</i> </p> </th> <th><i>brother's child</i> </th> <td>ჲიმასქუა </td> <td>yimaskua </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>sister's child</i> </th> <td>დასქუა </td> <td>daskua </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><i>Cousin</i> </th> <th><i>aunt's child</i> </th> <td>მამიდასქუა </td> <td>mamidaskua </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>uncle's child</i> </th> <td>ბიჲასქუა </td> <td>biyaskua </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In-laws_and_step-family">In-laws and step-family</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In-laws and step-family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">In-laws and Step family<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Mother-in-law</i> </th> <td>დიანთილი </td> <td>diantili </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Father-in-law</i> </th> <td>მუანთილი </td> <td>muantili </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Son-in-law</i> </th> <td>გესინჯებული </td> <td>gesindjebuli </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Parents of your child's spouse</i> </th> <td>ზახალეფი </td> <td>zaxalefi </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Sister-in-law</i> </th> <td>ოხოლასქილი </td> <td>oxolaskili </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Brother-in-law</i> </th> <td>სინჯა </td> <td>sindja </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Stepmother</i> </th> <td>დიდაჸონირი </td> <td>didaɔoneri </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Stepfather</i> </th> <td>მუმაჸონირი </td> <td>mumaɔoneri </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Stepchild</i> </th> <td>სქუაჸონირი </td> <td>skuaɔoniri </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mingrelian <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a> follow a <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal system</a> (i.e. base 20), like in Georgian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardinal_numbers">Cardinal numbers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cardinal numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the Mingrelian cardinal numbers are inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Kartvelian_language" title="Proto-Kartvelian language">Proto-Kartvelian language</a>, except <i>arti</i> (one) and <i>eçi</i> (twenty), which are considered as a Karto-Zan heritage, since there are no regular equivalents in <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Cardinal numbers' table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Mingrelian </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>ართი </td> <td>arti </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>ჟირი/ჟჷრი </td> <td>zhiri/zhəri </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>სუმი </td> <td>sumi </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>ოთხი </td> <td>otxi </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>ხუთი </td> <td>xuti </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>ამშვი </td> <td>amşvi </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>შქვითი </td> <td>şkviti </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>(ბ)რუო </td> <td>(b)ruo </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>ჩხორო </td> <td>çxoro </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>ვითი </td> <td>viti </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>ვითაართი </td> <td>vitaarti </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>ვითოჟირი </td> <td>vitozhiri </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>ვითოსუმი </td> <td>vitosumi </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>ვითაანთხი </td> <td>vitaantxi </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>ვითოხუთი </td> <td>vitoxuti </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>ეჩი </td> <td>eçi </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>ეჩდოართი </td> <td>eçdoarti </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>ეჩდოვითი </td> <td>eçdoviti </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td>ჟაარნეჩი </td> <td>zhaarneçi </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td>ჟაარნეჩიდოვიჩი </td> <td>zhaarneçidoviti </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td>სუმონეჩი </td> <td>sumoneçi </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>სუმონეჩდოვითი </td> <td>sumoneçdoviti </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td>ოთხონეჩი </td> <td>otxoneçi </td></tr> <tr> <td>90 </td> <td>ოთხონეჩდოვითი </td> <td>otxoneçdoviti </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td>ოში </td> <td>oşi </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 </td> <td>ოშართი </td> <td>oşarti </td></tr> <tr> <td>102 </td> <td>ოშჟირი </td> <td>oşzhiri </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 </td> <td>ოშვითი </td> <td>oşviti </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 </td> <td>ჟიროში </td> <td>zhiroşi </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 </td> <td>ხუთოში </td> <td>xutoşi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000 </td> <td>ანთასი </td> <td>antasi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>ანთას ჩხოროშ ოთხონეჩდოვითოჩხორო </td> <td>antas çxoroş otxoneçdovitoçxoro </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>ჟირი ანთასი </td> <td>zhiri antasi </td></tr> <tr> <td>10000 </td> <td>ვითი ანთასი </td> <td>viti antasi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordinal_numbers">Ordinal numbers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ordinal numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mingrelian, ordinal numbers are derived by the circumfix <i>ma- -a,</i> with the exception of the word for “first”, პირველი <i>(p̌irveli),</i> which is not derived from the word for “one” ართი <i>arti.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ordinal </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>ma</b>-NUMBER-<b>a</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><i>Ordinal numbers</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th>Mingrelian </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td>p̌irveli </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td>mazhira </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td>masuma </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th </td> <td>maotxa/mantxa </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th </td> <td>maxuta </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th </td> <td>maamşva </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th </td> <td>maşkvita </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th </td> <td>maruo </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th </td> <td>maçxora </td></tr> <tr> <td>10th </td> <td>mavita </td></tr> <tr> <td>11th </td> <td>mavitaarta </td></tr> <tr> <td>12th </td> <td>mavitozhira </td></tr> <tr> <td>20th </td> <td>maeça </td></tr> <tr> <td>21st </td> <td>eçdomaarta </td></tr> <tr> <td>30th </td> <td>eçdomavita </td></tr> <tr> <td>100th </td> <td>maoşa </td></tr> <tr> <td>101st </td> <td>oşmaarta </td></tr> <tr> <td>102nd </td> <td>oşmazhira </td></tr> <tr> <td>110th </td> <td>oşmavita </td></tr> <tr> <td>200th </td> <td>mazhiroşa </td></tr> <tr> <td>500th </td> <td>maxutoşa </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000th </td> <td>maantasa </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fractional_numbers">Fractional numbers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fractional numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fractional numbers derivation rule in Mingrelian is akin to <a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Georgian language">Old Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><i>Fractional number derivation</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Mingrelian/Laz </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>na</b>-NUMBER-<b>al/or</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><i>Fractional numbers' table</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th rowspan="2">Mingrelian </th></tr> <tr> <td>whole </td> <td>teli </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/2 </td> <td>gverdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/3 </td> <td>nasumori </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/4 </td> <td>naotxali or <p>naantxali </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/5 </td> <td>naxutali </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/6 </td> <td>naamşvali </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/7 </td> <td>naşkvitali </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/8 </td> <td>naruali </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/9 </td> <td>naçxorali </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/10 </td> <td>navitali </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/11 </td> <td>navitaartali </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/12 </td> <td>navitozhirali </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/20 </td> <td>naeçali </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/100 </td> <td>naoşali </td></tr> <tr> <td>1/1000 </td> <td>naantasali </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingrelian_grammar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hewitt, Brian George. "The Kinship-Lexicon of Georgian, Mingrelian and Abkhaz." <i>Bedi Kartlisa Paris</i> 39 (1981): 256-267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFK̕urdajeŠoniaT̕andilavaNižaraje2015" class="citation book cs1">K̕urdaje, Ramaz; Šonia, Dodo; T̕andilava, Lile; Nižaraje, Lela (2015). <i>K̕art̕ul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri lek̕sikoni: = Georgian-Megrelian-Laz-Svan-English dictionary</i>. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Daibečda Gamomc̕emloba "Petitši". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-9386-8-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-9386-8-9"><bdi>978-9941-9386-8-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%CC%95art%CC%95ul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri+lek%CC%95sikoni%3A+%3D+Georgian-Megrelian-Laz-Svan-English+dictionary&rft.place=Erscheinungsort+nicht+ermittelbar&rft.pub=Daibe%C4%8Dda+Gamomc%CC%95emloba+%22Petit%C5%A1i%22&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9941-9386-8-9&rft.aulast=K%CC%95urdaje&rft.aufirst=Ramaz&rft.au=%C5%A0onia%2C+Dodo&rft.au=T%CC%95andilava%2C+Lile&rft.au=Ni%C5%BEaraje%2C+Lela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChikobava1936" class="citation book cs1">Chikobava, Arn. 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Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chan-Megrel-Georgian+Comparative+Dictionary+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Chikobava&rft.aufirst=Arn.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFähnrich2000" class="citation book cs1">Fähnrich, H. & Sardzhveladze, Z. (2000). <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Kartvelian+Languages+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=F%C3%A4hnrich&rft.aufirst=H.+%26+Sardzhveladze%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKajaia2001–2002" class="citation book cs1">Kajaia, O. (2001–2002). <i>Megrelian-Georgian dictionary. 3 Vols. (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megrelian-Georgian+dictionary.+3+Vols.+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2001%2F2002&rft.aulast=Kajaia&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartozia2005" class="citation book cs1">Kartozia, G. (2005). <i>The Laz language and its place in the system of Kartvelian languages (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laz+language+and+its+place+in+the+system+of+Kartvelian+languages+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kartozia&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimov1964" class="citation book cs1">Klimov, G. (1964). <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (in Russian)</i>. Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Kartvelian+Languages+%28in+Russian%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Klimov&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimov1998a" class="citation book cs1">Klimov, G. (1998a). <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Kartvelian+Languages&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Klimov&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlimov1998b" class="citation book cs1">Klimov, G. (1998b). <i>Languages of the World: Caucasian languages (in Russian)</i>. Moscow: Academia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+Caucasian+languages+%28in+Russian%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Klimov&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr_[Марръ]1910" class="citation book cs1">Marr [Марръ], N. [Н.] (1910). <i>Грамматика ̔чанскаго (лазскаго) языка съ хрестоматіею и словаремъ</i> [<i>Grammar of Chan (Laz) with chrestomathy and dictionary (in Russian)</i>]. St. Petersburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%CC%94%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE+%28%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%29+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%8A+%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%8E+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Marr+%5B%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%8A%5D&rft.aufirst=N.+%5B%D0%9D.%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQipshidze1914" class="citation book cs1">Qipshidze, I. (1914). <i>The Grammar of Megrelian (Iver) Language with reader and dictionary</i>. St. Petersburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grammar+of+Megrelian+%28Iver%29+Language+with+reader+and+dictionary&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Qipshidze&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian and Mingrelian)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanidze1973" class="citation book cs1">Shanidze, A. (1973). <i>Essentials of Georgian Grammar (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Georgian+Grammar+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Shanidze&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopuria2000" class="citation book cs1">Topuria, V. & Kaldani, M. (2000). <i>Svan Dictionary (in Georgian)</i>. Tbilisi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svan+Dictionary+%28in+Georgian%29&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Topuria&rft.aufirst=V.+%26+Kaldani%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMingrelian+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Georgian grammar">Georgian grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screeve" title="Screeve">Screeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_conjugation" title="Georgian conjugation">Verb paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz grammar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mingrelian grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg/320px-%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_XVII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_keyboard" title="Georgian keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Romanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_(Unicode_block)" title="Georgian (Unicode block)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Supplement" title="Georgian Supplement">Georgian Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Extended" title="Georgian Extended">Georgian Extended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Mac OS Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Kartvelian_language" title="Proto-Kartvelian language">Proto-Kartvelian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Georgian%E2%80%93Zan_language" title="Proto-Georgian–Zan language">Proto-Georgian–Zan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Georgian dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjaran_dialect" title="Adjaran dialect">Adjaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ani_(letter)" title="Ani (letter)">Ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_(letter)" title="Bani (letter)">Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gani_(letter)" title="Gani (letter)">Gani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doni_(letter)" title="Doni (letter)">Doni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni_(letter)" title="Eni (letter)">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vini_(letter)" title="Vini (letter)">Vini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeni_(letter)" title="Zeni (letter)">Zeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(Georgian_letter)" title="He (Georgian letter)">He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tani_(letter)" title="Tani (letter)">Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(Georgian_letter)" title="Ini (Georgian letter)">Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27ani" title="K'ani">K'ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasi_(letter)" title="Lasi (letter)">Lasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(letter)" title="Mani (letter)">Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari_(letter)" title="Nari (letter)">Nari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ie_(letter)" title="Ie (letter)">Ie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni_(letter)" title="Oni (letter)">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27ari" title="P'ari">P'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhani" title="Zhani">Zhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae_(letter)" title="Rae (letter)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_(letter)" title="Sani (letter)">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%27ari" title="T'ari">T'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_(letter)" title="Vie (letter)">Vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni_(letter)" title="Uni (letter)">Uni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pari_(letter)" title="Pari (letter)">Pari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kani_(letter)" title="Kani (letter)">Kani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghani_(letter)" title="Ghani (letter)">Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%27ari" title="Q'ari">Q'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shini" title="Shini">Shini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chini_(letter)" title="Chini (letter)">Chini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsani" title="Tsani">Tsani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzili" title="Dzili">Dzili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%27ili" title="Ts'ili">Ts'ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27ari" title="Ch'ari">Ch'ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khani_(letter)" title="Khani (letter)">Khani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khari_(letter)" title="Khari (letter)">Khari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jani_(letter)" title="Jani (letter)">Jani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hae_(letter)" title="Hae (letter)">Hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(letter)" title="Hoe (letter)">Hoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi_(letter)" title="Fi (letter)">Fi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wikipedia" title="Georgian Wikipedia">Georgian Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages1168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_grammars" title="Template talk:Language grammars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages1168" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><b>Grammars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Grammar" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_grammar" title="West Frisian grammar">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sorani_grammar" title="Sorani grammar">Sorani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_grammar" title="Marathi grammar">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue grammar">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar" title="Lingua Franca Nova grammar">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" 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