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id="toc-Origin_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homeland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Homeland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Uralic_linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Uralic_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of Uralic linguistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_Uralic_linguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of Uralic linguistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Uralic_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early attestations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Uralic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Traditional classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexical_isoglosses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexical_isoglosses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lexical isoglosses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexical_isoglosses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonological_isoglosses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonological_isoglosses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Phonological isoglosses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonological_isoglosses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honkola,_et_al._(2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honkola,_et_al._(2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Honkola, et al. (2013)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honkola,_et_al._(2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Typology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lexicography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_cognates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_cognates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Selected cognates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_cognates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutual_intelligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_intelligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Mutual intelligibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_intelligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_relations_with_other_language_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_relations_with_other_language_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proposed relations with other language families</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_relations_with_other_language_families-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed relations with other language families subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_relations_with_other_language_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uralic-Yukaghir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic-Yukaghir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Uralic-Yukaghir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralic-Yukaghir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eskimo-Uralic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eskimo-Uralic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Eskimo-Uralic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eskimo-Uralic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralo-Siberian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralo-Siberian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Uralo-Siberian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralo-Siberian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ural-Altaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ural-Altaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ural-Altaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ural-Altaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Uralic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Uralic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Indo-Uralic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Uralic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralo-Dravidian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralo-Dravidian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Uralo-Dravidian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralo-Dravidian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nostratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nostratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Nostratic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nostratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurasiatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurasiatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Eurasiatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurasiatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralic_skepticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic_skepticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Uralic skepticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralic_skepticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Other comparisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Uralic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeraalse_tale" title="Oeraalse tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oeraalse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralische_Sprachen" title="Uralische Sprachen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Uralische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A1%E1%88%AB%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD_%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0%E1%88%A0%E1%89%A5" title="ኡራሊክ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኡራሊክ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuraall%C3%A2%C5%A1_kielah" title="Uuraallâš kielah – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Uuraallâš kielah" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات أورالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات أورالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_uralicas" title="Luengas uralicas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas uralicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ur%C3%A1liques" title="Llingües uráliques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües uráliques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_dill%C9%99ri" title="Ural dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ural dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اورال دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورال دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="উরালীয় ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উরালীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Урал телдәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урал телдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Уральскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уральскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Уральскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Уральскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Уралски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уралски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralski_jezici" title="Uralski jezici – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Uralski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_ouralek" title="Yezhoù ouralek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù ouralek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_uralianes" title="Llengües uralianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües uralianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Урал чĕлхисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Урал чĕлхисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Uralské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uralské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Wralaidd" title="Ieithoedd Wralaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Wralaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralske_sprog" title="Uralske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uralske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لوغات ؤرالية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لوغات ؤرالية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A1lala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Urálalaš gielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Urálalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralische_Sprachen" title="Uralische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Uralische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Uralske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Uralske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uurali_keeled" title="Uurali keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uurali keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ουραλικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουραλικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_ur%C3%A1licas" title="Lenguas urálicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas urálicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urala_lingvaro" title="Urala lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urala lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraldar_hizkuntzak" title="Uraldar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uraldar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های اورالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های اورالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_bhasa" title="Uralic bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Uralic bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralsk_m%C3%A1l" title="Uralsk mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Uralsk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_ouraliennes" title="Langues ouraliennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues ouraliennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_%C3%9Aralacha" title="Teangacha Úralacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Úralacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Ooralagh" title="Çhengaghyn Ooralagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Ooralagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_ur%C3%A1licas" title="Linguas urálicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas urálicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%A4%D9%86" title="اۊرالي زوؤنؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اۊرالي زوؤنؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%9E%84%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="우랄어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우랄어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="यूराली भाषा-परिवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूराली भाषा-परिवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Uralske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Uralske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralski_jezici" title="Uralski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uralski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralika_linguaro" title="Uralika linguaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Uralika linguaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Ural" title="Rumpun bahasa Ural – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Ural" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_uralic" title="Linguas uralic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas uralic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ar%C3%B6lsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Úrölsk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úrölsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_uraliche" title="Lingue uraliche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue uraliche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות אורליות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות אורליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಯುರೇಲಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುರೇಲಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ურალური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურალური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Орал тілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орал тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethow_Ouralek" title="Yethow Ouralek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethow Ouralek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kiurali" title="Lugha za Kiurali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kiurali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Урал тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Урал тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Uralicae" title="Linguae Uralicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Uralicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C4%81lie%C5%A1u_valodas" title="Urāliešu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Urāliešu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralo_kalbos" title="Uralo kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Uralo kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_uraliche" title="Lengue uraliche – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengue uraliche" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeralische_taole" title="Oeralische taole – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oeralische taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_uralica" title="Linguas uralica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas uralica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralilazet_kielet" title="Uralilazet kielet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Uralilazet kielet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur%C3%A1li_nyelvcsal%C3%A1d" title="Uráli nyelvcsalád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Uráli nyelvcsalád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Уралски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уралски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianakaviam-piteny_oraliana" title="Fianakaviam-piteny oraliana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fianakaviam-piteny oraliana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="युरली भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरली भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Ural" title="Bahasa-bahasa Ural – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Ural" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeraalse_talen" title="Oeraalse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oeraalse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ウラル語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウラル語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraalisk_spriaken" title="Uraalisk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uraalisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Uralske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uralske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Uralske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Uralske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_oralicas" title="Lengas oralicas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas oralicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Урал йылме-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Урал йылме-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_tillari" title="Ural tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ural tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਯੂਰਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ-ਪਰਿਵਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ-ਪਰਿਵਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="اورالي ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورالي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_ur%C3%A0liche" title="Lenghe uràliche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe uràliche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_uralskie" title="Języki uralskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki uralskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_ur%C3%A1licas" title="Línguas urálicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas urálicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_uralice" title="Limbi uralice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi uralice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralikane_chhiba" title="Uralikane chhiba – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Uralikane chhiba" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_rimaykuna" title="Ural rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ural rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Уралскы языкы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Уралскы языкы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Уральские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уральские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱣᱨᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_leids" title="Uralic leids – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Uralic leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uralic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Uralské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uralské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralski_jeziki" title="Uralski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uralski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Уралски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уралски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralski_jezici" title="Uralski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uralski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralilaiset_kielet" title="Uralilaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uralilaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraliska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Uraliska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uraliska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_wikang_Uraliko" title="Mga wikang Uraliko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga wikang Uraliko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="யூரலிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூரலிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Урал телләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урал телләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5" title="ตระกูลภาษายูรัล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลภาษายูรัล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_dilleri" title="Ural dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ural dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Урал кылъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Урал кылъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Уральські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уральські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="اورالی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اورالی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngoe_ura%C5%82eghe" title="Łéngoe urałeghe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngoe urałeghe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urali%C5%BEed_keled" title="Uraližed keled – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Uraližed keled" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Ural" title="Ngữ hệ Ural – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Ural" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uurali_keeleq" title="Uurali keeleq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Uurali keeleq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeraalsche_toaln" title="Oeraalsche toaln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Oeraalsche toaln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="乌拉尔语系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌拉尔语系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%9F" title="אוראלישע שפראכן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוראלישע שפראכן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="烏拉語系 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏拉語系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Uralki" title="Zıwanê Uralki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Uralki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urala_kalbas" title="Urala kalbas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Urala kalbas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="乌拉尔语系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language family of Northern Eurasia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Urali_language" title="Urali language">Urali language</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Uralic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Uralic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Uralic (disambiguation)">Uralic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #a8fe74;">Uralic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Uralian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi (Mansic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/urj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:urj">urj</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ural1272">ural1272</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_at_early_20th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Uralic_languages_at_early_20th_century.png/300px-Uralic_languages_at_early_20th_century.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Uralic_languages_at_early_20th_century.png/450px-Uralic_languages_at_early_20th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Uralic_languages_at_early_20th_century.png/600px-Uralic_languages_at_early_20th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1346" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of the undisputed branches of the Uralic family in the early 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-map1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Uralic languages</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊəˈr/: 'ur' in 'plurality'">ʊəˈr</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">yoor-<span style="font-size:90%">AL</span>-ik</i></a>), sometimes called the <b>Uralian languages</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊəˈr/: 'ur' in 'plurality'">ʊəˈr</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">yoor-<span style="font-size:90%">AY</span>-lee-ən</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are spoken predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a>. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> (which alone accounts for approximately 60% of speakers), <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>. Other languages with speakers above 100,000 are <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a> spoken in the European parts of the Russian Federation. Still smaller minority languages are <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a> of the northern <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a>; other members of the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> in northwesternmost Russia; and the <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">Western Siberia</a>. </p><p>The name <i>Uralic</i> derives from the family's purported "original homeland" (<i><a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a></i>) hypothesized to have been somewhere in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, and was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Klaproth" title="Julius Klaproth">Julius Klaproth</a> in <i>Asia Polyglotta</i> (1823).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> is sometimes used as a synonym for Uralic,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Finno-Ugric is widely understood to exclude the Samoyedic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars who do not accept the traditional notion that Samoyedic split first from the rest of the Uralic family may treat the terms as synonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAikio20221–4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikio20221–4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uralic languages are known for their often complex <a href="/wiki/Case_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Case system">case systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_evolution">Origin and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeland">Homeland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Homeland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">Proto-Uralic homeland</a></div> <p>Proposed homelands of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic language</a> include: </p> <ul><li>The vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, west of the Urals, close to the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Urheimat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, or to the east and southeast of the Urals. Historian <a href="/wiki/Gyula_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" title="Gyula László">Gyula László</a> places its origin in the forest zone between the <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka River</a> and central <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. E.N. Setälä and M. Zsirai place it between the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kama_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama River">Kama Rivers</a>. According to E. Itkonen, the ancestral area extended to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9ter_Hajd%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Péter Hajdú (page does not exist)">Péter Hajdú</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajd%C3%BA_P%C3%A9ter_(nyelv%C3%A9sz)" class="extiw" title="hu:Hajdú Péter (nyelvész)">hu</a>]</span> has suggested a homeland in western and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Juha Janhunen</a> suggests a homeland in between the <a href="/wiki/Ob_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob river">Ob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yenisei" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei">Yenisei</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Siberia">Central Siberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Janhunen2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>By using linguistic, paleoclimatic and archaeological data, a group of scholars around <a href="#CITEREFGrünthalHeydHolopainenJanhunen2022">Grünthal et al. (2022)</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Juha Janhunen</a>, traced back the Proto-Uralic homeland to a region East of the Urals, in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, specifically somewhere close to the <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Minusinsk Basin">Minusinsk Basin</a>, and reject a homeland in the Volga / Kama region. They further noted that a number of traits of Uralic are</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"<i>distinctive in western Eurasia. ... typological properties are eastern-looking overall, fitting comfortably into northeast Asia, Siberia, or the North Pacific Rim</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Uralic-speakers may have spread westwards with the <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_culture" title="Seima-Turbino culture">Seima-Turbino route</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Uralic_linguistics">History of Uralic linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of Uralic linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_attestations">Early attestations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first plausible mention of a people speaking a Uralic language is in <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 98 AD</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentioning the <i><a href="/wiki/Fenni" title="Fenni">Fenni</a></i> (usually interpreted as referring to the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a>) and two other possibly Uralic tribes living in the farthest reaches of Scandinavia. There are many possible earlier mentions, including the <a href="/wiki/Iyrcae" title="Iyrcae">Iyrcae</a> (perhaps related to Yugra) described by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> living in what is now European Russia, and the <a href="/wiki/Budini" title="Budini">Budini</a>, described by Herodotus as notably red-haired (a characteristic feature of the <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurt people">Udmurts</a>) and living in northeast Ukraine and/or adjacent parts of Russia. In the late 15th century, European scholars noted the resemblance of the names <i>Hungaria</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yugra" title="Yugra">Yugria</a></i>, the names of settlements east of the Ural. They assumed a connection but did not seek linguistic evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebeok-2002_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebeok-2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uralic_studies">Uralic studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uralic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herberstein-Moscovia-NE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Herberstein-Moscovia-NE.png/220px-Herberstein-Moscovia-NE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Herberstein-Moscovia-NE.png/330px-Herberstein-Moscovia-NE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Herberstein-Moscovia-NE.png/440px-Herberstein-Moscovia-NE.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>The Uralic/Siberian origin of Hungarians was long hypothesized by European scholars. Here, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Herberstein" title="Sigismund von Herberstein">Sigismund von Herberstein</a>'s 1549 map of <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Moscovia</a> shows in the top right "<a href="/wiki/Yugra" title="Yugra">Yugra</a> from where the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> originated" (<i>Iuhra inde Ungaroru[m] origo</i>), east of the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob River</a>. The Ural Mountains in the middle of the maps are labeled <i>Montes dicti Cingulus Terræ</i> ("The mountains called the Girdle of the Earth")</figcaption></figure> <p>The affinity of Hungarian and Finnish was first proposed in the late 17th century. Three candidates can be credited for the discovery: the German scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Fogel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Fogel (page does not exist)">Martin Fogel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Fogel_(Mediziner)" class="extiw" title="de:Martin Fogel (Mediziner)">de</a>]</span>, the Swedish scholar <a href="/wiki/Georg_Stiernhielm" title="Georg Stiernhielm">Georg Stiernhielm</a>, and the Swedish courtier <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Skytte" title="Bengt Skytte">Bengt Skytte</a>. Fogel's unpublished study of the relationship, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo III">Cosimo III</a> of Tuscany, was clearly the most modern of these: he established several <a href="/wiki/Grammatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical">grammatical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">lexical</a> parallels between Finnish and Hungarian as well as Sámi. Stiernhielm commented on the similarities of Sámi, Estonian, and Finnish, and also on a few similar words between Finnish and Hungarian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198629_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198629-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988793–794_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988793–794-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These authors were the first to outline what was to become the classification of the Finno-Ugric, and later Uralic family. This proposal received some of its initial impetus from the fact that these languages, unlike most of the other languages spoken in Europe, are not part of what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> family. In 1717, the Swedish professor <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Rudbeckius,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Olaus Rudbeckius, Jr.">Olof Rudbeck</a> proposed about 100 etymologies connecting Finnish and Hungarian, of which about 40 are still considered valid.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several early reports comparing Finnish or Hungarian with Mordvin, Mari or Khanty were additionally collected by <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> and edited by his assistant <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Eckhart" title="Johann Georg von Eckhart">Johann Georg von Eckhart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198629–30_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198629–30-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1730, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johan_von_Strahlenberg" title="Philip Johan von Strahlenberg">Philip Johan von Strahlenberg</a> published his book <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Nord- und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia</i></span> (<i>The Northern and Eastern Parts of Europe and Asia</i>), surveying the geography, peoples and languages of Russia. All the main groups of the Uralic languages were already identified here.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988795–796_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988795–796-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, these relationships were not widely accepted. Hungarian intellectuals especially were not interested in the theory and preferred to assume connections with <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribes, an attitude characterized by <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Ruhlen" title="Merritt Ruhlen">Merritt Ruhlen</a> as due to "the wild unfettered <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> of the epoch".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, in spite of this hostile climate, the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Sajnovics" title="János Sajnovics">János Sajnovics</a> traveled with <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Hell" title="Maximilian Hell">Maximilian Hell</a> to survey the alleged relationship between Hungarian and Sámi, while they were also on a mission to observe the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus#1769_transit" title="Transit of Venus">1769 Venus transit</a>. Sajnovics published his results in 1770, arguing for a relationship based on several grammatical features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988796–798_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988796–798-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1799, the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1muel_Gyarmathi" title="Sámuel Gyarmathi">Sámuel Gyarmathi</a> published the most complete work on Finno-Ugric to that date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988798_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988798-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_(1897).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/300px-Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/450px-Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/600px-Uralic_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4648" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption>Uralic languages in the Russian Empire (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_census" title="Russian Empire census">Russian census of 1897</a>; the census was not held in Finland because it was an autonomous area)</figcaption></figure> <p>Up to the beginning of the 19th century, knowledge of the Uralic languages spoken in Russia had remained restricted to scanty observations by travelers. Already the Finnish historian <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Henrik Gabriel Porthan</a> had stressed that further progress would require dedicated field missions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198632_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198632-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first of these was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Anders_Johan_Sj%C3%B6gren" title="Anders Johan Sjögren">Anders Johan Sjögren</a>, who brought the <a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Vepsians</a> to general knowledge and elucidated in detail the relatedness of Finnish and Komi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198644–46_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198644–46-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still more extensive were the field research expeditions made in the 1840s by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Castr%C3%A9n" title="Matthias Castrén">Matthias Castrén</a> (1813–1852) and <a href="/wiki/Antal_Reguly" title="Antal Reguly">Antal Reguly</a> (1819–1858), who focused especially on the Samoyedic and the <a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric languages</a>, respectively. Reguly's materials were worked on by the Hungarian linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A1l_Hunfalvy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pál Hunfalvy (page does not exist)">Pál Hunfalvy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunfalvy_P%C3%A1l" class="extiw" title="hu:Hunfalvy Pál">hu</a>]</span> (1810–1891) and German <a href="/wiki/Josef_Budenz" title="Josef Budenz">Josef Budenz</a> (1836–1892), who both supported the Uralic affinity of Hungarian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988801–803_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988801–803-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Budenz was the first scholar to bring this result to popular consciousness in Hungary and to attempt a reconstruction of the Proto-Finno-Ugric grammar and lexicon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988803–804_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988803–804-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another late-19th-century Hungarian contribution is that of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ign%C3%A1cz_Hal%C3%A1sz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignácz Halász (page does not exist)">Ignácz Halász</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%A1sz_Ign%C3%A1c" class="extiw" title="hu:Halász Ignác">hu</a>]</span> (1855–1901), who published extensive comparative material of Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic in the 1890s,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whose work is at the base of today's wide acceptance of the inclusion of Samoyedic as a part of the Uralic family.<sup id="cite_ref-Szabo69_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szabo69-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>, a chair for Finnish language and linguistics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> was created in 1850, first held by Castrén.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988799–800_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988799–800-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1883, the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugrian_Society" title="Finno-Ugrian Society">Finno-Ugrian Society</a> was founded in Helsinki on the proposal of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Donner" title="Otto Donner">Otto Donner</a>, which would lead to Helsinki overtaking St. Petersburg as the chief northern center of research of the Uralic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198649_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198649-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 19th and early 20th century (until the separation of Finland from Russia following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>), the Society hired many scholars to survey the still less-known Uralic languages. Major researchers of this period included <a href="/wiki/Heikki_Paasonen_(linguist)" title="Heikki Paasonen (linguist)">Heikki Paasonen</a> (studying especially the <a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic languages</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6_Wichmann" title="Yrjö Wichmann">Yrjö Wichmann</a> (studying <a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artturi_Kannisto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artturi Kannisto (page does not exist)">Artturi Kannisto</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artturi_Kannisto" class="extiw" title="fi:Artturi Kannisto">fi</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a>), Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen (<a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a>), Toivo Lehtisalo (<a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Kai_Donner" title="Kai Donner">Kai Donner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamassian language">Kamass</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988810–811_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988810–811-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast amounts of data collected on these expeditions would provide over a century's worth of editing work for later generations of Finnish Uralicists.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td><table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:280px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Relative numbers of speakers of Uralic languages<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#008751; width:62.72%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">62.72%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#003580; width:26.05%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">26.05%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#4891D9; width:5.31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:1.93%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.93%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi-Zyrian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:1.45%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.45%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:1.45%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.45%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#008000; width:1.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DeepPink; width:0.48%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.48%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Silver; width:0.24%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.24%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:0.14%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.14%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:0.12%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.12%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:0.29%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.29%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Uralic family comprises nine undisputed groups with no consensus classification between them. (Some of the proposals are listed in the next section.) An agnostic approach treats them as separate branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Salminen2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salminen2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obsolete or native names are displayed in italics. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></b> (Sami, Saami, Samic, Saamic, <i>Lappic, Lappish</i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></b> (Fennic, Baltic Finnic, Balto-Finnic, Balto-Fennic)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></b> (Mordvin, Mordvinian)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></b> (<i>Cheremis</i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></b> (Permian)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></b> (<i>Magyar</i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a></b> (<i>Vogul, Ма̄ньси, Маньсь</i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a></b> (<i>Ostyak, Handi, Hantõ, Хӑнты, Ӄӑнтәӽ</i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></b> (Samoyed)</li></ul> <p>There is also historical evidence of a number of extinct languages of uncertain affiliation: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshcherian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshcherian language">Meshcherian</a> (until 16th century?)</li></ul> <p>Traces of Finno-Ugric substrata, especially in toponymy, in the northern part of European Russia have been proposed as evidence for even more extinct Uralic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UralicTree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/UralicTree.svg/900px-UralicTree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="900" height="624" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/UralicTree.svg/1350px-UralicTree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/UralicTree.svg/1800px-UralicTree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_classification">Traditional classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Traditional classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Uralic languages are thought to have descended, through independent processes of <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">language change</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a>. The internal structure of the Uralic family has been debated since the family was first proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcantonio-p55-68_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcantonio-p55-68-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doubts about the validity of most or all of the proposed higher-order branchings (grouping the nine undisputed families) are becoming more common.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcantonio-p55-68_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcantonio-p55-68-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SalmTax_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalmTax-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAikio20221–4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAikio20221–4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A traditional classification of the Uralic languages has existed since the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has enjoyed frequent adaptation in whole or in part in encyclopedias, handbooks, and overviews of the Uralic family. Otto Donner's model from 1879 is as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Uralic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a> (Ugrian) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a> (Ob-Ugrian) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finno-Permic_languages" title="Finno-Permic languages">Finno-Permic</a> (Permian-Finnic) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finno-Volgaic_languages" title="Finno-Volgaic languages">Finno-Volgaic</a> (Finno-Cheremisic, Finno-Mari) <ul><li>Volgaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finno-Samic_languages" title="Finno-Samic languages">Finno-Samic</a> (Finno-Saamic, <i>Finno-Lappic</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>At Donner's time, the <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic languages</a> were still poorly known, and he was not able to address their position. As they became better known in the early 20th century, they were found to be quite divergent, and they were assumed to have separated already early on. The terminology adopted for this was "Uralic" for the entire family, "<a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a>" for the non-Samoyedic languages (though "Finno-Ugric" has, to this day, remained in use also as a synonym for the whole family). Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic are listed in <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a> as primary branches of Uralic. </p><p>The following table lists nodes of the traditional family tree that are recognized in some overview sources. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Author(s)</th> <th>Finno-<br />Ugric</th> <th>Ugric</th> <th>Ob-Ugric</th> <th>Finno-<br />Permic</th> <th>Finno-<br />Volgaic</th> <th>Volga-<br />Finnic</th> <th>Finno-<br />Samic </th></tr> <tr> <th>1910</th> <th>Szinnyei<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1921</th> <th>T. I. Itkonen<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1926</th> <th>Setälä<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1962</th> <th>Hajdú<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_hajdu"><a href="#endnote_hajdu">[a]</a></sup></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_hajdu"><a href="#endnote_hajdu">[a]</a></sup></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1965</th> <th>Collinder<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1966</th> <th>E. Itkonen<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1968</th> <th>Austerlitz<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_austerlitz"><a href="#endnote_austerlitz">[b]</a></sup></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_austerlitz"><a href="#endnote_austerlitz">[b]</a></sup></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1977</th> <th>Voegelin & Voegelin<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2002</th> <th>Kulonen<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2002</th> <th>Michalove<sup id="cite_ref-Michalove_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michalove-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007</th> <th>Häkkinen<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_hakkinen"><a href="#endnote_hakkinen">[c]</a></sup></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_hakkinen"><a href="#endnote_hakkinen">[c]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007</th> <th>Lehtinen<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007</th> <th>Salminen<sup id="cite_ref-Salminen2007_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salminen2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2009</th> <th>Janhunen<sup id="cite_ref-Janhunen2009_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_janhunen"><a href="#endnote_janhunen">[d]</a></sup></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;" title="Green tick">✓</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span></td> <td><span style="color:red;" title="Red X">✗</span>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_hajdu"><sup>a. Hajdú describes the Ugric and Volgaic groups as areal units.</sup></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_austerlitz"><sup>b. Austerlitz accepts narrower-than-traditional Finno-Ugric and Finno-Permic groups that exclude Sámi</sup></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_hakkinen"><sup>c. Häkkinen groups Hungarian, Ob-Ugric and Samoyed into a Ugro-Samoyed branch, and groups Balto-Finnic, Sámi and Mordvin into a Finno-Mordvin branch</sup></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_janhunen"><sup>d. Janhunen accepts a reduced Ugric branch, called 'Mansic', that includes Hungarian and Mansi</sup></span></dd></dl> <p>Little explicit evidence has however been presented in favour of Donner's model since his original proposal, and numerous alternate schemes have been proposed. Especially in Finland, there has been a growing tendency to reject the Finno-Ugric intermediate protolanguage.<sup id="cite_ref-SalmTax_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalmTax-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent competing proposal instead unites Ugric and Samoyedic in an "East Uralic" group for which shared innovations can be noted.<sup id="cite_ref-EastUralic_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastUralic-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Finno-Permic grouping still holds some support, though the arrangement of its subgroups is a matter of some dispute. Mordvinic is commonly seen as particularly closely related to or part of Finno-Samic.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i><a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Volgaic</a></i> (or <i>Volga-Finnic</i>) was used to denote a branch previously believed to include Mari, Mordvinic and a number of the extinct languages, but it is now obsolete<sup id="cite_ref-SalmTax_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SalmTax-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and considered a geographic classification rather than a linguistic one. </p><p>Within Ugric, uniting Mansi with Hungarian rather than Khanty has been a competing hypothesis to Ob-Ugric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexical_isoglosses">Lexical isoglosses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lexical isoglosses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lexicostatistics" title="Lexicostatistics">Lexicostatistics</a> has been used in defense of the traditional family tree. A recent re-evaluation of the evidence<sup id="cite_ref-Michalove_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michalove-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however fails to find support for Finno-Ugric and Ugric, suggesting four lexically distinct branches (Finno-Permic, Hungarian, Ob-Ugric and Samoyedic). </p><p>One alternative proposal for a family tree, with emphasis on the development of numerals, is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Janhunen2009_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Uralic (<span title="Uralic languages collective text">*<i lang="urj">kektä</i></span> "2", <span title="Uralic languages collective text">*<i lang="urj">wixti</i></span> "5" / "10") <ul><li>Samoyedic (*op "1", *ketä "2", *näkur "3", *tettə "4", *səmpəleŋkə "5", *məktut "6", *sejtwə "7", *wiət "10")</li> <li>Finno-Ugric (<span title="Finno-Ugrian languages collective text">*<i lang="fiu">üki/*ükti</i></span> "1", <span title="Finno-Ugrian languages collective text">*<i lang="fiu">kormi</i></span> "3", <span title="Finno-Ugrian languages collective text">*<i lang="fiu">ńeljä</i></span> "4", <span title="Finno-Ugrian languages collective text">*<i lang="fiu">wiiti</i></span> "5", <span title="Finno-Ugrian languages collective text">*<i lang="fiu">kuuti</i></span> "6", <span title="Finno-Ugrian languages collective text">*<i lang="fiu">luki</i></span> "10") <ul><li>Mansic <ul><li>Mansi</li> <li>Hungarian (<i>hét</i> "7"; replacement <i>egy</i> "1")</li></ul></li> <li>Finno-Khantic (reshaping *kolmi "3" on the analogy of "4") <ul><li>Khanty</li> <li>Finno-Permic (reshaping *kektä > *kakta) <ul><li>Permic</li> <li>Finno-Volgaic (*śećem "7") <ul><li>Mari</li> <li>Finno-Saamic (*kakteksa, *ükteksa "8, 9") <ul><li>Saamic</li> <li>Finno-Mordvinic (replacement *kümmen "10" (*luki- "to count", "to read out")) <ul><li>Mordvinic</li> <li>Finnic</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_isoglosses">Phonological isoglosses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonological isoglosses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another proposed tree, more divergent from the standard, focusing on consonant isoglosses (which does not consider the position of the Samoyedic languages) is presented by Viitso (1997),<sup id="cite_ref-Viitso1997_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viitso1997-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refined in Viitso (2000):<sup id="cite_ref-Viitso2000_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viitso2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Finno-Ugric <ul><li>Saamic–Fennic (<a href="/wiki/Consonant_gradation" title="Consonant gradation">consonant gradation</a>) <ul><li>Saamic</li> <li>Fennic</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Finno-Ugric <ul><li>Mordva</li> <li>(node) <ul><li>Mari</li> <li>Permian–Ugric (*δ > *l) <ul><li>Permian</li> <li>Ugric (*s *š *ś > *ɬ *ɬ *s) <ul><li>Hungarian</li> <li>Khanty</li> <li>Mansi</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>The grouping of the four bottom-level branches remains to some degree open to interpretation, with competing models of Finno-Saamic vs. Eastern Finno-Ugric (Mari, Mordvinic, Permic-Ugric; *k > ɣ between vowels, degemination of stops) and Finno-Volgaic (Finno-Saamic, Mari, Mordvinic; *δʲ > *ð between vowels) vs. Permic-Ugric. Viitso finds no evidence for a Finno-Permic grouping. </p><p>Extending this approach to cover the Samoyedic languages suggests affinity with Ugric, resulting in the aforementioned East Uralic grouping, as it also shares the same sibilant developments. A further non-trivial Ugric-Samoyedic isogloss is the reduction *k, *x, *w > ɣ when before *i, and after a vowel (cf. *k > ɣ above), or adjacent to *t, *s, *š, or *ś.<sup id="cite_ref-EastUralic_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastUralic-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finno-Ugric consonant developments after Viitso (2000); Samoyedic changes after Sammallahti (1988)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th>Saamic</th> <th>Finnic</th> <th>Mordvinic</th> <th>Mari</th> <th>Permic</th> <th>Hungarian</th> <th>Mansi</th> <th>Khanty</th> <th>Samoyedic </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Medial lenition of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*k</span> </th> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Medial lenition of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*p,<span class="wrap"> </span>*t</span> </th> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Degemination </th> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Consonant gradation </th> <td>yes</td> <td>yes</td> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>yes* </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Development of </th> <th>*δ </th> <td rowspan="2">*ð</td> <td rowspan="2">*t</td> <td rowspan="2">*t</td> <td>∅</td> <td>*l</td> <td>l</td> <td>*l</td> <td>*l</td> <td>*r </td></tr> <tr> <th>*δʲ </th> <td>*t, ∅</td> <td>*lʲ</td> <td>ɟ ❬gy❭, j</td> <td>*lʲ</td> <td>*j</td> <td>*j </td></tr> <tr> <th>*s </th> <td rowspan="2">*s</td> <td>*s</td> <td>*s, z</td> <td>*s, z</td> <td>*s, z</td> <td rowspan="2">∅</td> <td rowspan="2">*t</td> <td rowspan="2">*ɬ</td> <td rowspan="2">*t </td></tr> <tr> <th>*š </th> <td>*h</td> <td>*š, ž </td> <td rowspan="3">*š, ž</td> <td>*š, ž </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ś </th> <td rowspan="2">*č</td> <td>*s</td> <td rowspan="2">*ś, ź</td> <td>*ś, ź</td> <td>s ❬sz❭</td> <td rowspan="2">*s, š</td> <td>*s</td> <td rowspan="2">*s </td></tr> <tr> <th>*ć </th> <td>*c </td> <td>*ć, ź</td> <td>č ❬cs❭</td> <td>*ć </td></tr> <tr> <th>*č </th> <td>*c </td> <td>*t </td> <td>*č </td> <td>*č </td> <td>*č, ž </td> <td>š ❬s❭ </td> <td>*š </td> <td>*č̣ </td> <td>*č </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>*Only present in <a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a>.</li> <li>Note: Proto-Uralic *ś becomes Proto-Sámi *č unless before a consonant, where it becomes *š, which, in the western Sámi languages, is vocalized to *j before a stop.</li> <li>Note: Proto-Mari *s and *š in only reliably stay distinct in the Malmyž dialect of Eastern Mari. Elsewhere, *s usually becomes *š.</li> <li>Note: Proto-Khanty *ɬ in many of the dialects yields *t; Häkkinen assumes this also happened in Mansi and Samoyedic.</li></ul> <p>The inverse relationship between consonant gradation and medial lenition of stops (the pattern also continuing within the three families where gradation <i>is</i> found) is noted by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Helimski" title="Eugene Helimski">Helimski</a> (1995): an original allophonic gradation system between voiceless and voiced stops would have been easily disrupted by a spreading of voicing to previously unvoiced stops as well.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honkola,_et_al._(2013)"><span id="Honkola.2C_et_al._.282013.29"></span>Honkola, et al. (2013)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honkola, et al. (2013)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational phylogenetic">computational phylogenetic</a> study by Honkola, et al. (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> classifies the Uralic languages as follows. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Estimated divergence dates</a> from Honkola, et al. (2013) are also given. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Uralic</b> (5300 <a href="/wiki/YBP" class="mw-redirect" title="YBP">YBP</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> (3900 <a href="/wiki/YBP" class="mw-redirect" title="YBP">YBP</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a> (3300 YBP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a> (1900 YBP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finno-Permic_languages" title="Finno-Permic languages">Finno-Permic</a> (3700 YBP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finno-Volgaic_languages" title="Finno-Volgaic languages">Finno-Volgaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> (3200 YBP)</li> <li>(core branch) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> (2900 YBP) (<a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finno-Samic_languages" title="Finno-Samic languages">Finno-Samic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> (800 YBP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> (1200 YBP)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Structural characteristics generally said to be typical of Uralic languages include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>extensive use of independent <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a>)</li> <li>a large set of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> marked with agglutinative suffixes (13–14 cases on average; mainly later developments: Proto-Uralic is reconstructed with 6 cases), e.g.: <ul><li>Erzya: 12 cases</li> <li>Estonian: 14 cases (15 cases with instructive)</li> <li>Finnish: 15 cases</li> <li>Hungarian: 18 cases (together 34 grammatical cases and case-like suffixes)</li> <li>Inari Sámi: 9 cases</li> <li>Komi: in certain dialects as many as 27 cases</li> <li>Moksha: 13 cases</li> <li>Nenets: 7 cases</li> <li>Northern Sámi: 6 cases</li> <li>Udmurt: 16 cases</li> <li>Veps: 24 cases</li> <li>Northern Mansi: 6 cases</li> <li>Eastern Mansi: 8 cases</li></ul></li> <li>unique Uralic case system, from which all modern Uralic languages derive their case systems. <ul><li>nominative singular has no case suffix.</li> <li>accusative and genitive suffixes are <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonants</a> (<i>-n</i>, <i>-m</i>, etc.)</li> <li>three-way distinction in the local case system, with each set of local cases being divided into forms corresponding roughly to "from", "to", and "in/at"; especially evident, e.g. in Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian, which have several sets of local cases, such as the "inner", "outer" and "on top" systems in Hungarian, while in Finnish the "on top" forms have merged to the "outer" forms.</li> <li>the Uralic locative suffix exists in all Uralic languages in various cases, e.g. Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">superessive</a>, Finnish <a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">essive</a> (<i>-na</i>), Northern Sámi <a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">essive</a>, Erzyan <a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a>, and Nenets <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>.</li> <li>the Uralic <a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">lative</a> suffix exists in various cases in many Uralic languages, e.g. Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">illative</a>, Finnish <a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">lative</a> (<i>-s</i> as in <i>ulos</i> 'out' and <i>rannemmas</i> 'more towards the shore'), Erzyan <a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">illative</a>, Komi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">approximative</a>, and Northern Sámi <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>a lack of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, including one pronoun for both <i>he</i> and <i>she</i>; for example, <i>hän</i> in Finnish, <i>tämä</i> in Votic, <i>tämā</i> or <i>ta</i> (short form for tämā) in Livonian,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>tema</i> or <i>ta</i> (short form for tema) in Estonian, <i>сійӧ</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sijɘ]</span>) in Komi, <i>ő</i> in Hungarian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">negative verb</a>, which exists in many Uralic languages (notably absent in Hungarian)</li> <li>use of postpositions as opposed to prepositions (prepositions are uncommon).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive suffix">possessive suffixes</a> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> is also used to express possession in some languages, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <i>mu koer</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spoken_Finnish" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoken Finnish">colloquial Finnish</a> <i>mun koira</i>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a> <i>mu beana</i> 'my dog' (literally 'dog of me'). Separate <a href="/wiki/Possessive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive adjective">possessive adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">possessive pronouns</a>, such as <i>my</i> and <i>your</i>, are rare.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>, in the Samoyedic, Ob-Ugric and Sámi languages and reconstructed for Proto-Uralic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> markers -j (i) and -t (-d, -q) have a common origin (e.g. in Finnish, Estonian, Võro, Erzya, Sámi languages, Samoyedic languages). Hungarian, however, has -i- before the possessive suffixes and -k elsewhere. The plural marker -k is also used in the Sámi languages, but there is a regular merging of final -k and -t in Sámi, so it can come from either ending.</li> <li>Possessions are expressed by a possessor in the adessive or dative case, the verb "be" (the <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a>, instead of the verb "have") and the possessed with or without a possessive suffix. The grammatical subject of the sentence is thus the possessed. In Finnish, for example, the possessor is in the <a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">adessive case</a>: "Minulla on kala", literally "At me is fish", i.e. "I have a fish", whereas in Hungarian, the possessor is in the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>, but appears overtly only if it is contrastive, while the possessed has a possessive ending indicating the number and person of the possessor: "(Nekem) van egy halam", literally "(To me [dative]) is a fish-my" ("(For me) there is a fish of mine"), i.e. "(As for me,) I have a fish".</li> <li>expressions that include a <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numeral</a> are singular if they refer to things which form a single group, e.g. "négy csomó" in Hungarian, "njeallje čuolmma" in Northern Sámi, "neli sõlme" in Estonian, and "neljä solmua" in Finnish, each of which means "four knots", but the literal approximation is "four knot". (This approximation is accurate only for Hungarian among these examples, as in Northern Sámi the noun is in the singular <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> case and in Finnish and Estonian the singular noun is in the <a href="/wiki/Partitive" title="Partitive">partitive</a> case, such that the number points to a part of a larger mass, like "four of knot(s)".)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">Vowel harmony</a>: this is present in many but by no means all Uralic languages. It exists in Hungarian and various <a href="/wiki/Baltic-Finnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic-Finnic">Baltic-Finnic</a> languages, and is present to some degree elsewhere, such as in Mordvinic, Mari, Eastern Khanty, and Samoyedic. It is lacking in Sámi, <a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">standard Estonian</a>, while it does exist in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a> and elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/South_Estonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Estonian language">South Estonian</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Kihnu" title="Kihnu">Kihnu Island</a> subdialect of North Estonian.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Although <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">double dot diacritics</a> are used in writing Uralic languages, the languages do not exhibit <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a>, a different type of vowel <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a>.)</li> <li>Large vowel inventories. For example, some <a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a> varieties have over twenty different <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> has over twenty different <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a> of consonants; in this context, palatalization means a secondary articulation, where the middle of the tongue is tense. For example, pairs like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> – [n], or [c] – [t] are contrasted in Hungarian, as in <i>hattyú</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɒcːuː]</span> "swan". Some Sámi languages, for example <a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt Sámi</a>, distinguish three degrees: plain <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> [l], palatalized <span class="nowrap">⟨'l⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lʲ]</span>, and palatal <span class="nowrap">⟨lj⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span>, where <span class="nowrap">⟨'l⟩</span> has a primary alveolar articulation, while <span class="nowrap">⟨lj⟩</span> has a primary palatal articulation. Original Uralic palatalization is phonemic, independent of the following vowel and traceable to the millennia-old <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a>. It is different from Slavic palatalization, which is of more recent origin. The <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> have lost palatalization, but several of them have reacquired it, so Finnic palatalization (where extant) was originally dependent on the following vowel and does not correlate to palatalization elsewhere in Uralic.</li> <li>Lack of phonologically contrastive <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>.</li> <li>In many Uralic languages, the stress is always on the first syllable, though Nganasan shows (essentially) penultimate stress, and a number of languages of the central region (Erzya, Mari, Udmurt and Komi-Permyak) synchronically exhibit a lexical accent. The Erzya language can vary its stress in words to give specific nuances to sentential meaning.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexicography">Lexicography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lexicography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basic vocabulary of about 200 words, including body parts (e.g. eye, heart, head, foot, mouth), family members (e.g. father, mother-in-law), animals (e.g. viper, partridge, fish), nature objects (e.g. tree, stone, nest, water), basic verbs (e.g. live, fall, run, make, see, suck, go, die, swim, know), basic pronouns (e.g. who, what, we, you, I), numerals (e.g. two, five); derivatives increase the number of common words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selected_cognates">Selected cognates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected cognates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Uralic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them. </p> <table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uralic">Proto-Uralic</a> </th> <th colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> </th> <th colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> </th> <th colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyed</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern Sámi</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sámi language">Kildin</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Mansi">Southern</a> </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF">Kazym </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF">Vakh </th> <th style="background-color: #EFEFFF"><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>'fire' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule">*tule</a> </th> <td>tuli (tule-)</td> <td>tuli (tule-)</td> <td>tuli (tulõ-) </td> <td>dålle<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tolːə]</span></td> <td>dolla</td> <td>то̄лл<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[toːlː]</span> </td> <td>тол<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tol]</span> </td> <td>тул<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tul]</span> </td> <td>тыв (тыл-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɯʋ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɯl-]</span>)</td> <td>тыл<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɯl]</span> </td> <td>tűz </td> <td>-</td> <td>тав, тов</td> <td>(täuˈt) </td> <td>тўт</td> <td>tez </td> <td>ту<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tu]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'water' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete">*wete</a> </th> <td>vesi<br />(vete-)</td> <td>vesi<br />(vee-)</td> <td>vesi<br />(vii-) </td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>ведь<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vedʲ]</span> </td> <td>вӱд<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[βyd]</span> </td> <td>ва<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋa]</span></td> <td>ву<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋu]</span> </td> <td>víz </td> <td>вит <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[βit]</span></td> <td>вить</td> <td>(üt́) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>иˮ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jiʔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'ice' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/j%C3%A4%C5%8Be" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe">*jäŋe</a> </th> <td>jää</td> <td>jää</td> <td>ijä </td> <td>jïenge<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɨeŋə]</span></td> <td>jiekŋa</td> <td>ӣӈӈ <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jiːŋː]</span> </td> <td>эй<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ej]</span> </td> <td>и<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td> <td>йи<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ji]</span></td> <td>йӧ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jɘ]</span> </td> <td>jég </td> <td>я̄ӈк <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaːŋk]</span></td> <td>янгк</td> <td>(ľɑ̄ŋ)/(ľäŋ) </td> <td>йєӈк</td> <td>jeŋk </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fish' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala">*kala</a> </th> <td>kala</td> <td>kala</td> <td>kala </td> <td>guelie<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʉelie]</span></td> <td>guolli</td> <td>кӯлль <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kuːlʲː]</span> </td> <td>кал<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kal]</span> </td> <td>кол<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kol]</span> </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>hal </td> <td>хӯл <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xuːl]</span></td> <td>хул</td> <td>(kho̰l) </td> <td>хўԓ</td> <td>kul </td> <td>халя<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hʌlʲɐ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'nest' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pes%C3%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä">*pesä</a> </th> <td>pesä</td> <td>pesa</td> <td>pesä </td> <td>biesie<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[piesie]</span></td> <td>beassi</td> <td>пе̄ссь <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʲi͜esʲː~pʲeːsʲː]</span> </td> <td>пизэ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pize]</span> </td> <td>пыжаш<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pəʒaʃ]</span> </td> <td>поз<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[poz]</span></td> <td>пуз<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[puz]</span> </td> <td>fészek </td> <td>пити <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pitʲi]</span></td> <td>пить аня</td> <td>(pit́ī) </td> <td>–</td> <td>pĕl </td> <td>пидя<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʲidʲɐ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'hand, arm' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/k%C3%A4te" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte">*käte</a> </th> <td>käsi (käte-)</td> <td>käsi (käe-)</td> <td>käsi (käe-) </td> <td>gïete<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɨedə]</span></td> <td>giehta</td> <td>кӣдт <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʲiːd̥ː]</span> </td> <td>кедь<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kedʲ]</span> </td> <td>кид<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kid]</span> </td> <td>ки<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ki]</span></td> <td>ки<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ki]</span> </td> <td>kéz/kar </td> <td>ка̄т <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaːt]</span></td> <td>кат, коат</td> <td>(kät) </td> <td>–</td> <td>köt </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>'eye' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/%C5%9Bilm%C3%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä">*śilmä</a> </th> <td>silmä</td> <td>silm (silma-)</td> <td>silm (silmä-) </td> <td>tjelmie<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃɛlmie]</span></td> <td>čalbmi</td> <td>чалльм <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃalʲːm]</span> </td> <td>сельме<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʲelʲme]</span> </td> <td>шинча<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃint͡ɕa]</span> </td> <td>син (синм-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕin]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕinm-]</span></td> <td>син (синм-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕin]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕinm-]</span> </td> <td>szem </td> <td>сам <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sam]</span></td> <td>сам</td> <td>(šøm) </td> <td>сєм</td> <td>sem </td> <td>сэв<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sæw(ə̥)]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'fathom' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/s%C3%BCle" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle">*süle</a> </th> <td>syli (syle-)</td> <td>süli (süle-)</td> <td>– </td> <td>sïlle<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʲɨllə]</span></td> <td>salla</td> <td>сэ̄лл <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɛːlː]</span> </td> <td>сэль<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[selʲ]</span> </td> <td>шӱлӧ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃylø]</span> </td> <td>сыв (сыл-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɯʋ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɯl-]</span></td> <td>сул<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sul]</span> </td> <td>öl(el) </td> <td>тал <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tal]</span></td> <td>тал</td> <td>(täl) </td> <td>ԓăԓ</td> <td>lö̆l </td> <td>тибя<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲibʲɐ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'vein / sinew' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/s%C3%ABne" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne">*sëne</a> </th> <td>suoni (suone-)</td> <td>soon (soone-)</td> <td>suuń (soonõ-) </td> <td>soene<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[suonə]</span></td> <td>suotna</td> <td>сӯнн <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[suːnː]</span> </td> <td>сан<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[san]</span> </td> <td>шӱн<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃyn]</span> </td> <td>сӧн<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɘn]</span></td> <td>сӧн<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɘn]</span> </td> <td>ín/ér </td> <td>та̄н <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taːn]</span></td> <td>тан</td> <td>(tɛ̮̄n)/(tǟn) </td> <td>ԓон</td> <td>lan </td> <td>тэʼ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɤʔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'bone' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe">*luwe</a> </th> <td>luu</td> <td>luu</td> <td>luu </td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>ловажа<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lovaʒa]</span> </td> <td>лу<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lu]</span> </td> <td>лы<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɯ]</span></td> <td>лы<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɯ]</span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>лув <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[luβ]</span></td> <td>ласм (?)</td> <td>(täuˈt) </td> <td>ԓўв</td> <td>lŏγ </td> <td>лы <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɨ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'blood' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were">*were</a> </th> <td>veri (vere-)</td> <td>veri (vere-)</td> <td>veri (vere-) </td> <td>vïrre<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vʲɨrrə]</span></td> <td>varra</td> <td>вэ̄рр <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vɛːrː]</span> </td> <td>верь<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[verʲ]</span> </td> <td>вӱр<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[βyr]</span> </td> <td>вир<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋir]</span></td> <td>вир<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋir]</span> </td> <td>vér </td> <td>-</td> <td>выр (?)</td> <td>(ūr) </td> <td>вўр </td> <td>wər </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>'liver' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/m%C3%ABksa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa">*mëksa</a> </th> <td>maksa</td> <td>maks (maksa-)</td> <td>mass (massa-) </td> <td>mueksie<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʉeksie]</span></td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>максо<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[makso]</span> </td> <td>мокш<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mokʃ]</span> </td> <td>мус (муск-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mus]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[musk-]</span></td> <td>мус (муск-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mus]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[musk-]</span> </td> <td>máj </td> <td>ма̄йт <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[maːjt]</span></td> <td>мяйт</td> <td>(majət) </td> <td>мухәԓ</td> <td>muγəl </td> <td>мыд<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɨd(ə̥)]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>'urine' /<br />'to urinate' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/ku%C5%84%C5%9Be" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe">*kuńśe</a> </th> <td>kusi (kuse-)</td> <td>kusi (kuse-)</td> <td>kusi (kusõ-) </td> <td>gadtjedh<br />(gadtje-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɑdd͡ʒə]</span>-</td> <td>gožžat<br />(gožža-)</td> <td>коннч <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[koɲːt͡ʃ]</span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>кыж<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kəʒ]</span> </td> <td>кудз<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kud͡ʑ]</span></td> <td>кызь<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɯʑ]</span> </td> <td>húgy </td> <td>хуньсь<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xunʲɕ]</span></td> <td>хос-вить</td> <td>(kho̰ś-üt́) </td> <td>(xŏs-)</td> <td>kŏs- </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to go' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-">*mene-</a> </th> <td>mennä (mene-)</td> <td>minema (mine-)</td> <td>minemä (mine-) </td> <td>mïnnedh<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʲɨnnə]</span>-</td> <td>mannat</td> <td>мэ̄ннэ <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɛːnːɛ]</span> </td> <td>– </td> <td>мияш (мий-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mijaʃ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mij-]</span>) </td> <td>мунны (мун-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[munnɯ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mun-]</span>)</td> <td>мыныны (мын-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɯnɯnɯ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɯn-]</span>) </td> <td>menni </td> <td>минуӈкве <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[minuŋkʷe]</span></td> <td>мыных</td> <td>(mińo̰ŋ) </td> <td>мăнты</td> <td>mĕn- </td> <td>минзь (мин-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʲinzʲ(ə̥)]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʲin-]</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to live' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/el%C3%A4-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-">*elä-</a> </th> <td>elää (elä-)</td> <td>elama (ela-)</td> <td>elämä (elä-) </td> <td>jieledh<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jielə]</span></td> <td>eallit</td> <td>е̄лле [ji͜elʲːe~jeːlʲːe] </td> <td>? эрямс (эря-) <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[erʲams]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[erʲa-]</span>) </td> <td>илаш (ила-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ilaʃ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[il-]</span>) </td> <td>овны (ол-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oʋnɯ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ol-]</span>)</td> <td>улыны (ул-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ulɯnɯ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ul-]</span>) </td> <td>élni </td> <td>ялтуӈкве<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jaltuŋkʷe]</span></td> <td>ялтых</td> <td>(ilto̰ŋ) </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>илесь (иль-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jilʲesʲ(ə̥)]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jilʲ-]</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to die' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-">*kale-</a> </th> <td>kuolla (kuole-)</td> <td>koolma (koole-) (dialectal)</td> <td>kuulma (koolõ-) </td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>куломс (кул-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kuloms]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kul-]</span>) </td> <td>колаш (кол-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kolaʃ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kol-]</span>) </td> <td>кувны (кул-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kuʋnɯ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kul-]</span>)</td> <td>кулыны (кул-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kulɯnɯ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kul-]</span>) </td> <td>halni </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>(khåləŋ) </td> <td>хăԓты</td> <td>kăla- </td> <td>хась (ха-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hʌsʲ(ə̥)]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hʌ-]</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>'to wash' </td> <th style="background-color: #E0E0FF"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mo%C5%9Bke-" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-">*mośke-</a> </th> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>mõskma (mõsk(õ)-) </td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>муськемс (муськ-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[musʲkems]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[musʲk-]</span>) </td> <td>мушкаш (мушк-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[muʃkaʃ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[muʃk-]</span>) </td> <td>мыськыны (мыськ-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɯɕkɯnɯ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɯɕk-]</span>)</td> <td>миськыны (миськ-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[miɕkɯnɯ]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[miɕk-]</span>) </td> <td>mosni </td> <td>–</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>масась (мас-)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʌsəsʲ(ə̥)]</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʌs-]</span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation (<span class="nowrap">⟨ž⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨š⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨č⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span>) (In Northern Sámi, (<span class="nowrap">⟨ž⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation (<span class="nowrap">⟨ś⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕ]</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ć⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʲ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ]</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lʲ]</span>) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> and the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> in other languages represent the high rounded vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span>; the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span> are the front vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span>. </p><p>As is apparent from the list, Finnish is the most conservative of the Uralic languages presented here, with nearly half the words on the list above identical to their Proto-Uralic reconstructions and most of the remainder only having minor changes, such as the conflation of *ś into /s/, or widespread changes such as the loss of *x and alteration of *ï. Finnish has also preserved old Indo-European borrowings relatively unchanged. (An example is <i>porsas</i> ("pig"), loaned from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*porḱos</i> or pre-<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <i>*porśos</i>, unchanged since loaning save for loss of <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>, *ś > s.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutual_intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mutual intelligibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Estonian philologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mall_Hellam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mall Hellam (page does not exist)">Mall Hellam</a> proposed cognate sentences that she asserted to be mutually intelligible among the three most widely spoken Uralic languages: Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian:<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Elav kala ujub vee all</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Elävä kala ui veden alla</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">(Egy) élő hal úszik a víz alatt</i>.</li> <li>English: <span lang="en">A living fish swims underwater</span>.</li></ul> <p>However, linguist <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Pullum">Geoffrey Pullum</a> reports that neither Finns nor Hungarians could understand the other language's version of the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison">Comparison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Uralic_languages#Table_unusable_on_mobile_site" title="Talk:Uralic languages">Unusable on mobile site</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Uralic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Uralic languages">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>No Uralic language has exactly the idealized typological profile of the family. Typological features with varying presence among the modern Uralic language groups include:<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Feature </th> <th>Samoyedic</th> <th>Ob-Ugric</th> <th>Hungarian</th> <th>Permic</th> <th>Mari</th> <th>Mordvin</th> <th>Finnic</th> <th>Sámi </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Palatalization </th> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>−</td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Consonant length </th> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Consonant gradation </th> <td>−<sup style="position: absolute">1</sup></td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Vowel harmony </th> <td>−<sup style="position: absolute">2</sup></td> <td>−<sup style="position: absolute">2</sup></td> <td>+</td> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+<sup style="position: absolute">3</sup></td> <td>− </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Grammatical vowel alternation<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ablaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablaut">ablaut</a> or <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlaut</a>) </th> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−<sup style="position: absolute">4</sup></td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Dual number </th> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Distinction between<br />inner and outer local cases </th> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>− </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Determinative inflection<br />(verbal marking of <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a>) </th> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>−</td> <td>− </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">Passive voice</a> </th> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Negative verb </th> <td>+</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>±</td> <td>+</td> <td>+ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> word order </th> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>−</td> <td>±<sup style="position: absolute">5</sup></td> <td>−</td> <td>+</td> <td>+</td> <td>+ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ol><li>Clearly present only in <a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a>.</li> <li>Vowel harmony is present in the Uralic languages of Siberia only in some marginal archaic varieties: <a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Mansi">Southern Mansi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Khanty">Eastern Khanty</a>.</li> <li>Only recently lost in modern Estonian</li> <li>A number of umlaut processes are found in <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a>, but not in <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_relations_with_other_language_families">Proposed relations with other language families</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Proposed relations with other language families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many relationships between Uralic and other language families have been suggested, but none of these are generally accepted by linguists at the present time: All of the following hypotheses are minority views at the present time in Uralic studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uralic-Yukaghir">Uralic-Yukaghir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uralic-Yukaghir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir languages</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a> hypothesis identifies Uralic and <a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a> as independent members of a single language family. It is currently widely accepted that the similarities between Uralic and Yukaghir languages are due to ancient contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, the hypothesis is accepted by a few linguists and viewed as attractive by a somewhat larger number. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eskimo-Uralic">Eskimo-Uralic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eskimo-Uralic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic languages</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a> hypothesis associates Uralic with the <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo–Aleut languages">Eskimo–Aleut languages</a>. This is an old thesis whose antecedents go back to the 18th century. An important restatement of it was made by <a href="/wiki/Knut_Bergsland" title="Knut Bergsland">Bergsland</a> (1959).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uralo-Siberian">Uralo-Siberian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Uralo-Siberian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian languages</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a> is an expanded form of the Eskimo–Uralic hypothesis. It associates Uralic with Yukaghir, <a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a>, and Eskimo–Aleut. It was propounded by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fortescue" title="Michael Fortescue">Michael Fortescue</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Fortescue (2017) presented new evidence in favor for a connection between Uralic and other Paleo-Siberian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ural-Altaic">Ural-Altaic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ural-Altaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ural%E2%80%93Altaic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural–Altaic languages">Ural–Altaic languages</a></div> <p>Theories proposing a close relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic languages</a> were formerly popular, based on similarities in vocabulary as well as in grammatical and phonological features, in particular the similarities in the Uralic and Altaic pronouns and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a> in both sets of languages, as well as <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> in some. For example, the word for "language" is similar in <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> (<i>keel</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> (<i>хэл</i> (<i>hel</i>)). These theories are now generally rejected<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most such similarities are attributed to <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a> or coincidence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Uralic">Indo-Uralic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Indo-Uralic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic languages</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a> (or "Indo-Euralic") hypothesis suggests that Uralic and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> are related at a fairly close level or, in its stronger form, that they are more closely related than either is to any other language family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uralo-Dravidian">Uralo-Dravidian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Uralo-Dravidian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hypothesis that the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> display similarities with the Uralic language group, suggesting a prolonged period of contact in the past,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is popular amongst Dravidian linguists and has been supported by a number of scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Caldwell" title="Robert Caldwell">Robert Caldwell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burrow" title="Thomas Burrow">Thomas Burrow</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Kamil Zvelebil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mikhail Andronov.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis has, however, been rejected by some specialists in Uralic languages,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has in recent times also been criticised by other Dravidian linguists, such as <a href="/wiki/Bhadriraju_Krishnamurti" title="Bhadriraju Krishnamurti">Bhadriraju Krishnamurti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Georg" title="Stefan Georg">Stefan Georg</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes the theory as "outlandish" and "not meriting a second look" even in contrast to hypotheses such as Uralo-Yukaghir or Indo-Uralic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nostratic">Nostratic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nostratic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic languages</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a> associates Uralic, Indo-European, Altaic, Dravidian, Afroasiatic, and various other language families of Asia. The Nostratic hypothesis was first propounded by <a href="/wiki/Holger_Pedersen_(linguist)" title="Holger Pedersen (linguist)">Holger Pedersen</a> in 1903<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently revived by <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Illich-Svitych" title="Vladislav Illich-Svitych">Vladislav Illich-Svitych</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Dolgopolsky" title="Aharon Dolgopolsky">Aharon Dolgopolsky</a> in the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurasiatic">Eurasiatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Eurasiatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic languages</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a> resembles Nostratic in including Uralic, Indo-European, and Altaic, but differs from it in excluding the South Caucasian languages, Dravidian, and Afroasiatic and including Chukotko-Kamchatkan, <a href="/wiki/Nivkh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivkh language">Nivkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a>, and Eskimo–Aleut. It was propounded by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> in 2000–2002.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar ideas had earlier been expressed by Heinrich Koppelmann in 1933 and by <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Collinder" title="Björn Collinder">Björn Collinder</a> in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uralic_skepticism">Uralic skepticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Uralic skepticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The linguist Angela Marcantonio has argued against the validity of several subgroups of the Uralic family, as well against the family itself, claiming that many of the languages are no more closely related to each other than they are to various other Eurasian languages (e.g. Yukaghir or Turkic), and that in particular Hungarian is a language isolate.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marcantonio's proposal has been strongly dismissed by most reviewers as unfounded and methodologically flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikio_re_FMS_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikio_re_FMS-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakro-Nagy_re_FMS_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakro-Nagy_re_FMS-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Georg_re_FMS_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georg_re_FMS-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kallio_re_FMS_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kallio_re_FMS-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kulonen_re_FMS_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulonen_re_FMS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laakso_re_FMS_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laakso_re_FMS-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems identified by reviewers include: </p> <ul><li>Misrepresentation of the amount of comparative evidence behind the Uralic family, by arbitrarily ignoring data and mis-counting the number of examples known of various regular sound correspondences<sup id="cite_ref-Aikio_re_FMS_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikio_re_FMS-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Georg_re_FMS_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georg_re_FMS-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kallio_re_FMS_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kallio_re_FMS-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kulonen_re_FMS_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulonen_re_FMS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laakso_re_FMS_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laakso_re_FMS-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After arguing against the proposal of a Ugric subgroup within Uralic, claiming that this would constitute evidence that Hungarian and the Ob-Ugric languages have no relationship at all<sup id="cite_ref-Aikio_re_FMS_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikio_re_FMS-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakro-Nagy_re_FMS_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakro-Nagy_re_FMS-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Georg_re_FMS_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georg_re_FMS-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laakso_re_FMS_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laakso_re_FMS-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Excessive focus on criticizing the work of early pioneer studies on the Uralic family, while ignoring newer, more detailed work published in the 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-Bakro-Nagy_re_FMS_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakro-Nagy_re_FMS-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kallio_re_FMS_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kallio_re_FMS-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kulonen_re_FMS_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulonen_re_FMS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laakso_re_FMS_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laakso_re_FMS-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Criticizing the evidence for the Uralic family as unsystematic and statistically insignificant, yet freely proposing alternate relationships based on even scarcer and even less systematic evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Aikio_re_FMS_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aikio_re_FMS-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Georg_re_FMS_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georg_re_FMS-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kallio_re_FMS_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kallio_re_FMS-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kulonen_re_FMS_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulonen_re_FMS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laakso_re_FMS_96-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laakso_re_FMS-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_comparisons">Other comparisons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various unorthodox comparisons have been advanced. These are considered at best spurious fringe-theories by specialists: </p> <ul><li>Finno-Basque<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_theories_of_Hungarian_language_origins#Etruscan-Hungarian" title="Alternative theories of Hungarian language origins">Hungarian-Etruscan</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Uralic_languages" title="Sino-Uralic languages">Sino-Uralic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal-Ugrian_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cal-Ugrian theory">Cal-Ugrian theory</a></li> <li>Dené-Finnish (<a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dené</a> and Uralic)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>-Uralic<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_theories_of_Hungarian_language_origins" title="Alternative theories of Hungarian language origins">Alternative theories of Hungarian language origins</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_2">Comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (in English): <i>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</i> </p><p>Comparison of the text in prominent Uralic languages:<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livvi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Livvi language">Livvi</a>: <i lang="olo">Kai rahvas roittahes vällinny da taza-arvozinnu omas arvos da oigevuksis. Jogahizele heis on annettu mieli da omatundo da heil vältämättäh pidäy olla keskenäh, kui vellil.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a>: <i lang="vep">Kaik mehed sünduba joudajin i kohtaižin, ühtejiččin ičeze arvokahudes i oiktusiš. Heile om anttud mel’ i huiktusentund i heile tariž kožuda toine toiženke kut vel’l’kundad.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>: <i lang="liv">Amād rovzt attõ sindõnd brīd ja īdlizt eņtš vǟrtitõks ja õigiztõks. Näntõn um andtõd mūoštõks ja sidāmtundimi, ja näntõn um īdtuoisõ tuoimõmõst veļkub vaimsõ.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami language">Northern Sami</a>: <i lang="se">Buot olbmot leat riegádan friddjan ja olmmošárvvu ja olmmošvuoigatvuođaid dáfus. Sii leat jierbmalaš olbmot geain lea oamedovdu ja sii gálggaše leat dego vieljačagat.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a>: <span lang="myv">Весе ломантне чачить олякс ды правасост весе вейкетекс. Сынст улить превест-чарьксчист ды визькстэ чарькодемаст, вейке-вейкень коряс прясь тенст ветяма братонь ёжо марто.</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Erzya-language romanization"><i lang="myv-Latn">Veśe lomańt́ńe čačit́ oĺaks di pravasost veśe vejket́eks. Sinst uĺit́ pŕevest-čaŕksčist di viźkste čaŕkod́emast, vejke-vejkeń koŕas pŕaś t́eńst vet́ama bratoń jožo marto.</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a>: <span lang="koi">Быдӧс отирыс чужӧны вольнӧйезӧн да ӧткоддезӧн достоинствоын да правоэзын. Нылӧ сетӧм мывкыд да совесть овны ӧтамӧдныскӧт кыдз воннэзлӧ.</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Komi-Permyak-language romanization"><i lang="koi-Latn">Bydös oťirys ćužöny voľnöjjezön da ötkoďďezön dostoinstvoyn da pravoezyn. Nylö śetöm myvkyd da sovesť ovny ötamödnysköt kydź vonnezlö.</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets language">Nenets</a>: <span lang="yrk">Ет хибяри ненэць соямарианта хуркари правада тнява, ӈобой ненэця ниду нись токалба, ӈыбтамба илевату тара.</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Nenets-language romanization"><i lang="yrk-Latn">Jet° x́ibaŕi ńeneć° sojamaŕianta xurkaŕi pravada tńawa, ŋoboj° ńeneća ńidu ńiś° tokalba, ŋibtamba iľewatu tara.</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Each person is born with all the rights, one person to another one should relate similarly.'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Minden emberi lény szabadon születik és egyenlő méltósága és joga van. Az emberek, ésszel és lelkiismerettel bírván, egymással szemben testvéri szellemben kell hogy viseltessenek.</i></li></ul> <p>Comparison of the text in other Uralic languages:<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a>: <span lang="mns">Ма̄ янытыл о̄лнэ мир пуссын аквхольт самын патэ̄гыт, аквтēм вос о̄лэ̄гыт, аквтēм нё̄тмил вос кинсэ̄гыт. Та̄н пуӈк о̄ньщēгыт, номсуӈкве вēрмēгыт, э̄сырма о̄ньщэ̄гыт, халанылт ягпыгыӈыщ-яга̄гиӈыщ вос о̄лэ̄гыт.</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Mansi-language romanization"><i lang="mns-Latn">Mā ânytyl ōlnè mir pussyn akvholʹt samyn patè̄gyt, akvtēm vos ōlè̄gyt, akvtēm në̄tmil vos kinsè̄gyt. Tān puňk ōnʹsēgyt, nomsuňkve vērmēgyt, è̄syrma ōnʹsʹè̄gyt, halanylt âgpygyňysʹ-âgāgiňysʹ vos ōlè̄gyt.</i></span></li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a>: <span lang="kca">Хуԯыева мирӑт вәԯьня па имуртӑн вәԯты щира сєма питԯӑт. Ԯыв нумсаңӑт па ԯывеԯа еԯєм атум ут вєрты па кўтэԯн ԯыв ԯәхсӑңа вәԯԯӑт.</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Khanty-language romanization"><i lang="kca-Latn">Xułyewa mirăt wəł’nâ pa imurtăn wəłty ŝira sêma pitłăt. Ływ numsan̦ăt pa ływeła ełêm atum ut wêrty pa kŭtèłn ływ łəxsăn̦a wəłłăt.</i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-map1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-map1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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(29 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.20038.gru">"Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread"</a>. <i>Diachronica</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">490–</span>524. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.20038.gru">10.1075/dia.20038.gru</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0176-4225">0176-4225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diachronica&rft.atitle=Drastic+demographic+events+triggered+the+Uralic+spread&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E490-%3C%2Fspan%3E524&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fdia.20038.gru&rft.issn=0176-4225&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnthal&rft.aufirst=Riho&rft.au=Heyd%2C+Volker&rft.au=Holopainen%2C+Sampsa&rft.au=Janhunen%2C+Juha+A.&rft.au=Khanina%2C+Olesya&rft.au=Miestamo%2C+Matti&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Saarikivi%2C+Janne&rft.au=Sinnem%C3%A4ki%2C+Kaius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1075%252Fdia.20038.gru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTörök2023" class="citation journal cs1">Török, Tibor (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10379071">"Integrating linguistic, archaeological and genetic perspectives unfold the origin of Ugrians"</a>. <i>Genes</i>. <b>14</b> (7): 1345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes14071345">10.3390/genes14071345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4425">2073-4425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10379071">10379071</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37510249">37510249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes&rft.atitle=Integrating+linguistic%2C+archaeological+and+genetic+perspectives+unfold+the+origin+of+Ugrians&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1345&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10379071%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2073-4425&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37510249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fgenes14071345&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10379071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1938" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, J.G.C., ed. (1938). <i>Germania</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germania&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sebeok-2002-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sebeok-2002_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebeok2002" class="citation book cs1">Sebeok, Thomas A. (15 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wxjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Portrait Of Linguists</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5874-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5874-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-5874-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956101732">956101732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+Of+Linguists&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2002-08-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956101732&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5874-1&rft.aulast=Sebeok&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wxjDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198629-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198629_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorhonen1986">Korhonen 1986</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988793–794-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988793–794_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickman1988">Wickman 1988</a>, pp. 793–794.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinder1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Collinder" title="Björn Collinder">Collinder, Björn</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WubvXTkjoLUC&pg=PA7"><i>An Introduction to the Uralic languages</i></a>. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988798-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988798_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickman1988">Wickman 1988</a>, p. 798.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198632-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198632_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorhonen1986">Korhonen 1986</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198644–46-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198644–46_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorhonen1986">Korhonen 1986</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988801–803-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988801–803_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickman1988">Wickman 1988</a>, pp. 801–803.</span> </li> <li 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"Die Erforschung der Verhältnisses Finnougrisch–Samojedisch". <i>Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher</i> (in German). <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">317–</span>322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ural-Altaische+Jahrb%C3%BCcher&rft.atitle=Die+Erforschung+der+Verh%C3%A4ltnisses+Finnougrisch%E2%80%93Samojedisch&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Szab%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988799–800-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988799–800_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickman1988">Wickman 1988</a>, pp. 799–800.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198649-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorhonen198649_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKorhonen1986">Korhonen 1986</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman1988810–811-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWickman1988810–811_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWickman1988">Wickman 1988</a>, pp. 810–811.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgr.fi/lexica/lexicaxxxv.html">"Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XXXV"</a>. <i>Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura</i> (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suomalais-Ugrilainen+Seura&rft.atitle=Lexica+Societatis+Fenno-Ugricae+XXXV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgr.fi%2Flexica%2Flexicaxxxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian figures from the 2010 census. Others from EU 2012 figures or others of comparable date.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salminen2007-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salminen2007_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salminen2007_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalminen2007" class="citation book cs1">Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Christopher Moseley (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose"><i>Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages</i></a></span>. London: Routlegde. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose/page/n229">211</a>–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700711970" title="Special:BookSources/9780700711970"><bdi>9780700711970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Europe+and+North+Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+world%27s+endangered+languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=211-280&rft.pub=Routlegde&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780700711970&rft.aulast=Salminen&rft.aufirst=Tapani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaworl00mose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalminen2015" class="citation web cs1">Salminen, Tapani (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110193655/http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/fu.html">"Uralic (Finno-Ugrian) languages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/fu.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uralic+%28Finno-Ugrian%29+languages&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Salminen&rft.aufirst=Tapani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2F~tasalmin%2Ffu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelimski2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Helimski" title="Eugene Helimski">Helimski, Eugene</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/venaja/nwrussia/eng/Conference/pdf/Helimski.pdf">"The «Northwestern» group of Finno-Ugric languages and its heritage in the place names and substratum vocabulary of the Russian North"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Nuorluoto, Juhani (ed.). <i>The Slavicization of the Russian North (Slavica Helsingiensia 27)</i>. Helsinki: Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-10-2852-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-10-2852-6"><bdi>978-952-10-2852-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%C2%ABNorthwestern%C2%BB+group+of+Finno-Ugric+languages+and+its+heritage+in+the+place+names+and+substratum+vocabulary+of+the+Russian+North&rft.btitle=The+Slavicization+of+the+Russian+North+%28Slavica+Helsingiensia+27%29&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=Department+of+Slavonic+and+Baltic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-952-10-2852-6&rft.aulast=Helimski&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fvenaja%2Fnwrussia%2Feng%2FConference%2Fpdf%2FHelimski.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcantonio-p55-68-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcantonio-p55-68_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcantonio-p55-68_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcantonio2002" class="citation book cs1">Marcantonio, Angela (2002). <i>The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics</i>. 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Helsinki. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1014980747">1014980747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+gegenseitige+Verwandtschaft+der+Finnisch-ugrischen+sprachen&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.date=1879&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1014980747&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzinnyei1910" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szinnyei, Josef (1910). <i>Finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft</i> (in German). 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University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Uralic+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Collinder&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWubvXTkjoLUC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcantonio2002" class="citation book cs1">Marcantonio, Angela (2002). <i>The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics</i>. Publications of the Philological Society. Vol. 35. 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Book review. <i>Word</i>. <b>54</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">401–</span>412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.2003.11432539">10.1080/00437956.2003.11432539</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=Angela+Marcantonio%2C+The+Uralic+Language+Family%3A+Facts%2C+Myths+and+Statistics&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.2003.11432539&rft.aulast=Aikio&rft.aufirst=Ante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.2003.11432539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakro-Nagy_re_FMS-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakro-Nagy_re_FMS_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakro-Nagy_re_FMS_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakro-Nagy_re_FMS_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakro-Nagy2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bakro-Nagy, Marianne (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256805981">"The Uralic Language Family. 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Book review. <i>Lingua</i>. <b>115</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1053–</span>1062. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2004.01.008">10.1016/j.lingua.2004.01.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=The+Uralic+Language+Family.+Facts%2C+Myths+and+Statistics&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1053-%3C%2Fspan%3E1062&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2004.01.008&rft.aulast=Bakro-Nagy&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F256805981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georg_re_FMS-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georg_re_FMS_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georg_re_FMS_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georg_re_FMS_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georg_re_FMS_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Georg, Stefan (2004). 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2"><bdi>0-415-13116-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Basque&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-13116-2&rft.au=Trask%2C+R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlinei,_Mario2003" class="citation book cs1">Alinei, Mario (2003). <i>Etrusco: Una forma arcaica di ungherese</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/SearchByLang.aspx">the original</a> on 2016-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FSearchByLang.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omniglot.com/udhr/uralic.htm">"Article 1 of the UDHR in Uralic languages"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+1+of+the+UDHR+in+Uralic+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fudhr%2Furalic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПомбандеева2014" class="citation journal cs1">Помбандеева, Светлана (2014-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://khanty-yasang.ru/luima-seripos/no-18-1084/2140">"Мā янытыл о̄лнэ мир мāгыс хансым мāк потыр - Всеобщая декларация прав человека"</a>. <i>Лӯима̄ сэ̄рипос</i> (18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9B%D3%AF%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%CC%84+%D1%81%D1%8D%CC%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%C4%81+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB+%D0%BE%CC%84%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8D+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%BC%C4%81%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%81+%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BC%C4%81%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80+-+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkhanty-yasang.ru%2Fluima-seripos%2Fno-18-1084%2F2140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFРешетникова2014" class="citation journal cs1">Решетникова, Раиса (2014-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://khanty-yasang.ru/khanty-yasang/no-18-3414/2123">"Хӑннєхә вәԯты щир оԯӑңӑн декларация нєпек - Всеобщая декларация прав человека"</a>. <i>Хӑнты ясӑң</i> (18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A5%D3%91%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%8F%D1%81%D3%91%D2%A3&rft.atitle=%D0%A5%D3%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%94%D1%85%D3%99+%D0%B2%D3%99%D4%AF%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%BE%D4%AF%D3%91%D2%A3%D3%91%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D1%94%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA+-+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkhanty-yasang.ru%2Fkhanty-yasang%2Fno-18-3414%2F2123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbondolo1998" class="citation book cs1">Abondolo, Daniel M., ed. (1998). <i>The Uralic Languages</i>. London, UK, and New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08198-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08198-X"><bdi>0-415-08198-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=London%2C+UK%2C+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-08198-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikio2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ante_Aikio" title="Ante Aikio">Aikio, Ante</a> (24 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40193033">"<span class="nowrap">Chapter 1: Proto-Uralic</span>"</a>. In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.). <i>The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198767664" title="Special:BookSources/9780198767664"><bdi>9780198767664</bdi></a> – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EChapter+1%3A+Proto-Uralic%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Uralic+Languages&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.isbn=9780198767664&rft.aulast=Aikio&rft.aufirst=Ante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40193033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinder1977" class="citation book cs1">Collinder, Björn, ed. (1977) [1955]. <i>Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary: An etymological dictionary of the Uralic languages</i> (rev. 2nd ed.). (1955) Stockholm, SV / (1977) Hamburg, DE: (1955) Almqvist & Viksell / (1977) Helmut Buske Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fenno-Ugric+Vocabulary%3A+An+etymological+dictionary+of+the+Uralic+languages&rft.place=%281955%29+Stockholm%2C+SV+%2F+%281977%29+Hamburg%2C+DE&rft.edition=rev.+2nd&rft.pub=%281955%29+Almqvist+%26+Viksell+%2F+%281977%29+Helmut+Buske+Verlag&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinder1957" class="citation book cs1">Collinder, Björn (1957). <i>Survey of the Uralic Languages</i>. Stockholm, SV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+the+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=Stockholm%2C+SV&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Collinder&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinder1960" class="citation book cs1">Collinder, Björn (1960). <i>Comparative Grammar of the Uralic Languages</i>. Stockholm, SV: Almqvist & Wiksell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Grammar+of+the+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=Stockholm%2C+SV&rft.pub=Almqvist+%26+Wiksell&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Collinder&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie1988" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernhard (1988). "General features of the Uralic languages". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). <i>The Uralic Languages</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">451–</span>477.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+features+of+the+Uralic+languages&rft.btitle=The+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDécsy1990" class="citation book cs1">Décsy, Gyula (1990). <i>The Uralic Proto-Language: A comprehensive reconstruction</i>. Bloomington, IN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uralic+Proto-Language%3A+A+comprehensive+reconstruction&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9csy&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajdu1963" class="citation book cs1">Hajdu, Péter (1963). <i>Finnugor népek és nyelvek</i>. Budapest, HU: Gondolat kiadó.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnugor+n%C3%A9pek+%C3%A9s+nyelvek&rft.place=Budapest%2C+HU&rft.pub=Gondolat+kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Hajdu&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Helimski" title="Eugene Helimski">Helimski, Eugene</a>. 2000. <i>Comparative Linguistics, Uralic Studies. Lectures and Articles.</i> Moscow. (Russian: <span lang="ru">Хелимский Е.А. Компаративистика, уралистика. Лекции и статьи. М., 2000.</span>)</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaakso1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Laakso" title="Johanna Laakso">Laakso, Johanna</a> (1992). <i>Uralilaiset kansat</i> [<i>Uralic Peoples</i>] (in Finnish). Porvoo – Helsinki – Juva. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-16485-2" title="Special:BookSources/951-0-16485-2"><bdi>951-0-16485-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uralilaiset+kansat&rft.place=Porvoo+%E2%80%93+Helsinki+%E2%80%93+Juva&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=951-0-16485-2&rft.aulast=Laakso&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorhonen1986" class="citation book cs1">Korhonen, Mikko (1986). <i>Finno-Ugrian Language Studies in Finland 1828–1918</i>. Helsinki, FI: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-653-135-0" title="Special:BookSources/951-653-135-0"><bdi>951-653-135-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finno-Ugrian+Language+Studies+in+Finland+1828%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Helsinki%2C+FI&rft.pub=Societas+Scientiarum+Fennica&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=951-653-135-0&rft.aulast=Korhonen&rft.aufirst=Mikko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Napolskikh" title="Vladimir Napolskikh">Napolskikh, Vladimir</a>. 1991. The First Stages of Origin of People of Uralic Language Family: Material of mythological reconstruction. Moscow, RU (Russian: <span lang="ru">Напольских В. В. Древнейшие этапы происхождения народов уральской языковой семьи: данные мифологической реконструкции. М., 1991.</span>)</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRédei1986–1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rédei, Károly, ed. (1986–1988). <i>Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</i> [<i>Uralic Etymological Dictionary</i>] (in German). Budapest, HU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uralisches+etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Budapest%2C+HU&rft.date=1986%2F1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickman1988" class="citation book cs1">Wickman, Bo (1988). "The history of Uralic linguistics". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). <i>The Uralic Languages: Description, history, and foreign influences</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">792–</span>818. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07741-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07741-6"><bdi>978-90-04-07741-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16580570">16580570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Uralic+linguistics&rft.btitle=The+Uralic+Languages%3A+Description%2C+history%2C+and+foreign+influences&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E792-%3C%2Fspan%3E818&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16580570&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07741-6&rft.aulast=Wickman&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dt>External classification</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauvageot1930" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sauvageot, Aurélien (1930). <i>Recherches sur le vocabulaire des langues ouralo-altaïques</i> [<i>Research on the Vocabulary of the Uralo-Altaic Languages</i>] (in French). Paris, FR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+sur+le+vocabulaire+des+langues+ouralo-alta%C3%AFques&rft.place=Paris%2C+FR&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Sauvageot&rft.aufirst=Aur%C3%A9lien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <dl><dt>Linguistic issues</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKünnap2000" class="citation book cs1">Künnap, A. (2000). <i>Contact-Induced Perspectives in Uralic Linguistics</i>. LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics. Vol. 39. München, DE: LINCOM Europa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-964-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-964-3"><bdi>3-89586-964-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contact-Induced+Perspectives+in+Uralic+Linguistics&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen%2C+DE&rft.series=LINCOM+Studies+in+Asian+Linguistics&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europa&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-89586-964-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCnnap&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickman1955" class="citation book cs1">Wickman, Bo (1955). <i>The Form of the Object in the Uralic Languages</i>. Uppsala, SV: Lundequistska bokhandeln.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Form+of+the+Object+in+the+Uralic+Languages&rft.place=Uppsala%2C+SV&rft.pub=Lundequistska+bokhandeln&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Wickman&rft.aufirst=Bo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Preda-Balanica, Bianca Elena. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia903209.us.archive.org/24/items/contacts-abstract-book_202005/CONTACTS_abstract_book.pdf">Contacts: Programme and Abstracts</a>." <i>University of Helsinki</i> (2019).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakró-Nagy2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bakró-Nagy, Marianne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2012_num_90_3_8272">"The Uralic Languages"</a>. <i>Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire</i> (in French). <b>90</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1001–</span>1027. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frbph.2012.8272">10.3406/rbph.2012.8272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-0818">0035-0818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+belge+de+philologie+et+d%27histoire&rft.atitle=The+Uralic+Languages&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1001-%3C%2Fspan%3E1027&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frbph.2012.8272&rft.issn=0035-0818&rft.aulast=Bakr%C3%B3-Nagy&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frbph_0035-0818_2012_num_90_3_8272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallio2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_Kallio" class="extiw" title="nn:Petri Kallio">Kallio, Petri</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Norwegian Nynorsk]</span> (2015-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20252178">"The Language Contact Situation in Prehistoric Northeastern Europe"</a>. In Robert Mailhammer; Theo Vennemann gen. Nierfeld; Birgit Anette Olsen (eds.). <i>The Linguistic Roots of Europe: Origin and Development of European Languages</i>. Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European. Vol. 6. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Language+Contact+Situation+in+Prehistoric+Northeastern+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Linguistic+Roots+of+Europe%3A+Origin+and+Development+of+European+Languages&rft.series=Copenhagen+Studies+in+Indo-European&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.aulast=Kallio&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20252178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolopainen2023" class="citation book cs1">Holopainen, S. (2023). "The RUKI Rule in Indo-Iranian and the Early Contacts with Uralic". In Nikolaos Lavidas; Alexander Bergs; Elly van Gelderen; Ioanna Sitaridou (eds.). <i>Internal and External Causes of Language Change: The Naxos Papers</i>. Springer Nature. pp. <span class="nowrap">315–</span>346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-30976-2_11">10.1007/978-3-031-30976-2_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783031309762" title="Special:BookSources/9783031309762"><bdi>9783031309762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+RUKI+Rule+in+Indo-Iranian+and+the+Early+Contacts+with+Uralic&rft.btitle=Internal+and+External+Causes+of+Language+Change%3A+The+Naxos+Papers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-30976-2_11&rft.isbn=9783031309762&rft.aulast=Holopainen&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uralic_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/early-indo-iranic-loans-in-uralic-sounds/Early_Indo_Iranic_loans_in_Uralic_Sounds.pdf">"Early Indo-Iranic loans in Uralic: Sounds and strata"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Martin Joachim Kümmel, Seminar for Indo-European Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martin+Joachim+K%C3%BCmmel%2C+Seminar+for+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Early+Indo-Iranic+loans+in+Uralic%3A+Sounds+and+strata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fearly-indo-iranic-loans-in-uralic-sounds%2FEarly_Indo_Iranic_loans_in_Uralic_Sounds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUralic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Syrjänen, Kaj, Lehtinen, Jyri, Vesakoski, Outi, de Heer, Mervi, Suutari, Toni, Dunn, Michael, … Leino, Unni-Päivä. (2018). lexibank/uralex: UraLex basic vocabulary dataset (Version v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1459402">10.5281/zenodo.1459402</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Uralic_languages421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uralic_languages" title="Template talk:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uralic_languages421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian languages</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Võro dialect">Võro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulgi dialect">Mulgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu dialect">Tartu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">Fingelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uralic_languages_(_ALL_LANGUAGES_).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/300px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/450px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png/600px-Uralic_languages_%28_ALL_LANGUAGES_%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemi_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kemi Sámi">Kemi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pite Sámi">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoksha_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoksha dialect (page does not exist)">Shoksha dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokscha" class="extiw" title="de:Schokscha">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Шокшинский диалект">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ob-Ugric31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Тайгийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Карагасский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_language" title="Meshchera language">Meshcherian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families757" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families757" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gule_language" title="Gule language">Gule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanavir%C3%B3n_language" title="Sanavirón language">Sanavirón</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia513" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicanian">Sicanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;63" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1544" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>112 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-t94sg","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.606","walltime":"1.888","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12837,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":406629,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12753,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":394864,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1580.726 1 -total"," 29.76% 470.404 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.13% 223.403 29 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.11% 207.158 52 Template:Cite_book"," 7.28% 115.012 156 Template:IPA"," 6.18% 97.639 15 Template:Sfn"," 6.08% 96.060 9 Template:Lang"," 5.49% 86.845 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.22% 82.502 3 Template:Navbox"," 5.18% 81.851 1 Template:Uralic_languages"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.980","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20922182,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbondolo1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAikio2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAikio2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlinei,_Mario2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndronov,_Mikhail_S.1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAusterlitz1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakro-Nagy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakró-Nagy2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBartens1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergsland1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrow1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinder1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinder1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinder1965\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCollinder1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComrie1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonner1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDziebel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDécsy1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortescue1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorg2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgMichaloveRamerSidwell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrünthalHeydHolopainenJanhunen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajdu1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajdu1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajdú1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalász1893\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHalász1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelimski1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelimski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolopainen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonkolaVesakoskiKorhonenLehtinen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHájdu1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHájdu1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItkonen1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItkonen1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanhunen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallio2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallio2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaproth1823\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoppelmann1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorhonen1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishnamurti,_Bhadriraju2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulonen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulonen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKünnap2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaakso1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaakso2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehtinen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcantonio2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPedersen1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullum2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRantanenTolvanenRooseYlikoski2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRantanenVesakoskiYlikoskiTolvanen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRevesz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuhlen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRédei,_Károly1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRédei1986–1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalminen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalminen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalminen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSammallahti1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauvageot1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebeok2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetälä1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStipa1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabó1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzinnyei1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTommola2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrask,_R.L.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler,_Stephen1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTörök2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoegelinVoegelin1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickman1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWickman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZvelebil,_Kamil1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZvelebil,_Kamil2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFПомбандеева2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFРешетникова2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Angbr\"] = 11,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 12,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 12,\n [\"Cleanup\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Uralic Languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Eurasian languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 156,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox language family\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Language families\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 18,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"N\u0026\"] = 36,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 1,\n [\"Note label\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 7,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 15,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 4,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 4,\n [\"Uralic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Y\u0026\"] = 60,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-k2nsf","timestamp":"20250219123722","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Uralic languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uralic_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34113","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34113","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-03-06T21:38:04Z","dateModified":"2025-01-31T14:53:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Uralic_languages_at_early_20th_century.png","headline":"language family prevalent in northern Eurasia"}</script> </body> </html>