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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preaspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Preaspiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preaspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fricatives_and_sonorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fricatives_and_sonorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fricatives and sonorants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fricatives_and_sonorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voiced_consonants_with_voiceless_aspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voiced_consonants_with_voiceless_aspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Voiced consonants with voiceless aspiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voiced_consonants_with_voiceless_aspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allophonic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allophonic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Allophonic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allophonic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Phonemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonant_cluster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_cluster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Consonant cluster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_cluster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Absence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Armenian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debuccalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debuccalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Debuccalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debuccalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathy-voiced_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathy-voiced_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Breathy-voiced release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathy-voiced_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aspirated consonant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="মহাপ্রাণ ও অল্পপ্রাণ ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাপ্রাণ ও অল্পপ্রাণ ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hwezhadur_(yezhoniezh)" title="C'hwezhadur (yezhoniezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hwezhadur (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiraci%C3%B3_(fon%C3%A8tica)" title="Aspiració (fonètica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aspiració (fonètica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADdech" title="Přídech – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přídech" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(fonetik)" title="Aspiration (fonetik) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aspiration (fonetik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(Phonetik)" title="Aspiration (Phonetik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aspiration (Phonetik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiratsioon" title="Aspiratsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aspiratsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiraci%C3%B3n_(fon%C3%A9tica)" title="Aspiración (fonética) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aspiración (fonética)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiracio" title="Aspiracio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aspiracio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasperen_(fonetika)" title="Hasperen (fonetika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hasperen (fonetika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_(phon%C3%A9tique)" title="Aspiration (phonétique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aspiration (phonétique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirearre_konsonant" title="Aspirearre konsonant – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aspirearre konsonant" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennalaghey_(sheeanaghtys)" title="Ennalaghey (sheeanaghtys) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ennalaghey (sheeanaghtys)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0%EC%9D%8C" title="유기음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유기음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B2_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շնչեղ բաղաձայններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շնչեղ բաղաձայններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="महाप्राण और अल्पप्राण व्यंजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महाप्राण और अल्पप्राण व्यंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirasi_(linguistik)" title="Aspirasi (linguistik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aspirasi (linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirazione_(fonetica)" title="Aspirazione (fonetica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aspirazione (fonetica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיצורים מנושפים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצורים מנושפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ასპირატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასპირატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiracija_(kalbotyra)" title="Aspiracija (kalbotyra) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aspiracija (kalbotyra)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghembusan_(fonetik)" title="Penghembusan (fonetik) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penghembusan (fonetik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiratie_(taalkunde)" title="Aspiratie (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aspiratie (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%97%E9%9F%B3" title="有気音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="有気音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirasjon" title="Aspirasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aspirasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przydech" title="Przydech – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przydech" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspira%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Aspiração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aspiração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Придыхание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Придыхание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aspirated consonant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="وسرڳي اکر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وسرڳي اکر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADdych_(fonetika)" title="Prídych (fonetika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prídych (fonetika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiraatio_(fonetiikka)" title="Aspiraatio (fonetiikka) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aspiraatio (fonetiikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consonant followed by a strong burst of air</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aspirated_consonant" title="Special:EditPage/Aspirated consonant">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Aspirated+consonant%22">"Aspirated consonant"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Aspirated+consonant%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Aspirated+consonant%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Aspirated+consonant%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Aspirated+consonant%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Aspirated+consonant%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Aspirated</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌ʰ</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(decimal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#688;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(hex)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">U+02B0</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, <b>aspiration</b> is the strong burst of <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breath</a> that accompanies either the release or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Preaspiration" title="Preaspiration">preaspiration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant#articulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">closure</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a>. In English, aspirated <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> are <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution#In_phonology" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asian languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian languages</a>, the difference is <a href="/wiki/Contrastive_distribution#Phonology" title="Contrastive distribution">contrastive</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcription">Transcription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless consonants</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode#Spacing_Modifier_Letters_(U+02B0–02FF)" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">aspiration modifier letter</a> ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">◌ʰ</span>⟩, a <a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">superscript form</a> of the symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">voiceless glottal fricative</a> ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">h</span>⟩. For instance, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">p</span>⟩ represents the voiceless <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_stop" title="Bilabial stop">bilabial stop</a>, and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">pʰ</span>⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced consonants</a> are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced consonants</a> followed by ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">◌ʰ</span>⟩, such as ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">bʰ</span>⟩, typically represent consonants with <a href="/wiki/Murmured_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Murmured voice">murmured voiced</a> release (see <a href="#Breathy-voiced_release">below</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">grammatical tradition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, aspirated consonants are called <b>voiceless aspirated</b>, and breathy-voiced consonants are called <b>voiced aspirated</b>. </p><p>There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">k</span>⟩ and aspirated ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">kʰ</span>⟩. <a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">An old symbol</a> for light aspiration was ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʻ</span>⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">kʰ kʰʰ</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">kʻ</span>⟩ and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">kʰ</span>⟩, but they are usually transcribed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the details of voice onset time given numerically. </p><p>Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʰp</span>⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop. </p><p><b>Unaspirated</b> or <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis consonants</a> are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">◌˭</span>⟩, a <a href="/wiki/Unicode_subscripts_and_superscripts" title="Unicode subscripts and superscripts">superscript</a> <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign</a>: ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">t˭</span>⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">t</span>⟩. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonetics">Phonetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Aspiration of final stops and affricates in Eastern Armenian</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-տաք-տակ.ogg">Final aspirated and voiceless velar stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-տաք-տակ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/Hy-EA-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hy-EA-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84-%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:տաք">տաք</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:տակ">տակ</a></span> "hot, under"<br /><i><span title="ISO 9985 Armenian (Armenian language) transliteration"><i lang="hy-Latn">tak’ tak</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[tɑkʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tɑk]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-ea-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81.ogg" title="File:Hy-ea-այծ-այց.ogg">Final voiceless and aspirated alveolar affricates</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Hy-ea-այծ-այց.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Hy-ea-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81.ogg/Hy-ea-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Hy-ea-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE-%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AE#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:այծ">այծ</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%81#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:այց">այց</a></span> "goat, visit"<br /><i><span title="ISO 9985 Armenian (Armenian language) transliteration"><i lang="hy-Latn">ayc ayc’</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[ɑjt͡s<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑjt͡sʰ]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-գնացք.ogg">Final aspirated affricate–stop cluster</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-գնացք.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Hy-EA-%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Hy-EA-%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D6%84#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:գնացք">գնացք</a></span> "train"<br /><i><span title="ISO 9985 Armenian (Armenian language) transliteration"><i lang="hy-Latn">gnac’k’</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[ɡəˈnɑt͡sʰkʰ]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-աղոթք.ogg">Final aspirated stop–stop cluster</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-աղոթք.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Hy-EA-%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Hy-EA-%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D6%84#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:աղոթք">աղոթք</a></span> "prayer"<br /><i><span title="ISO 9985 Armenian (Armenian language) transliteration"><i lang="hy-Latn">aġot’k’</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[ɑˈʁɔtʰkʰ]</a></span></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless consonants</a> are produced with the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal folds">vocal folds</a> open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (<a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">modal voice</a>). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal folds remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's <a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">voice onset time</a>, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal folds close. </p><p>In some languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a>, aspiration of stops tends to be phonetically realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication. </p><p>Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a>, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Wahgi_language" title="Wahgi language">Wahgi</a>, consonants are aspirated only when they are in final position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree">Degree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Degree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The degree of aspiration varies: the voice onset time of aspirated stops is longer or shorter depending on the language or the place of articulation. </p><p>Armenian and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly-aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See <a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">voice onset time</a>.) </p><p>Aspiration varies with <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a>. The Spanish voiceless stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> have voice onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, and English aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> and 90, 95, and 125 for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doubling">Doubling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Doubling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Gemination of aspirated consonants in Eastern Armenian</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-Մեքքա.ogg">Double aspirated <i>k’k’</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-Մեքքա.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Hy-EA-%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Hy-EA-%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D6%84%D5%A1#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Մեքքա">Մեքքա</a></span> <i><span title="ISO 9985 Armenian (Armenian language) transliteration"><i lang="hy-Latn">Mek’k’a</i></span></i> "<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>":<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmekʰkʰa/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[ˈmekːʰa]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A5.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-կեցցե.ogg">Double aspirated <i>c’c’</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-կեցցե.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Hy-EA-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A5.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A5.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Hy-EA-%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A5.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%81%D6%81%D5%A5#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:կեցցե">կեցցե</a></span> <i><span title="ISO 9985 Armenian (Armenian language) transliteration"><i lang="hy-Latn">kets’ts’e</i></span></i> "long live!":<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʲetsʰˈtsʰe/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[kʲeˈtːsʰe]</a></span></div></div></div></div> </div> <p>When aspirated consonants are doubled or <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a>, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preaspiration">Preaspiration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preaspiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> have consonants with <a href="/wiki/Preaspiration" title="Preaspiration">preaspiration</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰp<span class="wrap"> </span>ʰt<span class="wrap"> </span>ʰk]</span>, and some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> interpret them as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology#Aspiration_and_length_contrasts_(medial_and_final)" title="Icelandic phonology">contrast with double stops and single stops</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">kapp</i></span></i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰɑʰp]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰɑhp]</span> </td> <td>zeal </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">gabb</i></span></i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɑpp]</span> </td> <td>hoax </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">gap</i></span></i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɑːp]</span> </td> <td>opening </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Preaspiration is also a feature of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">cat</i></span></i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰɑʰt]</span> </td> <td>cat </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Preaspirated stops also occur in most <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a>. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami">Northern Sami</a>, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> are pronounced preaspirated (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰp]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰt]</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰts]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰtʃ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʰk]</span>) in medial or final position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fricatives_and_sonorants">Fricatives and sonorants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fricatives and sonorants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's languages are stops and affricates, <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirated fricative">aspirated fricatives</a> such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʰ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸʷʰ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕʰ]</span> have been documented in <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu">Xuanzhou Wu</a>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xʰ]</span> has been described for Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these are allophones of other phonemes. Similarly, aspirated fricatives and even aspirated nasals, approximants, and trills occur in a few <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a> language <a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> language <a href="/wiki/Ofo_language" title="Ofo language">Ofo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a> languages <a href="/wiki/Barbare%C3%B1o_language" title="Barbareño language">Barbareño</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venture%C3%B1o_language" title="Ventureño language">Ventureño</a>. Some languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni Tibetan</a>, have as many as four contrastive aspirated fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʰ]</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕʰ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʂʰ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xʰ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voiced_consonants_with_voiceless_aspiration"><span class="anchor" id="Voiced_stop"></span>Voiced consonants with voiceless aspiration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Voiced consonants with voiceless aspiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Murmured" class="mw-redirect" title="Murmured">murmured</a> (breathy-voice) consonants such as the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʱ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[dʱ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɡʱ]</span> that are common among the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">languages of India</a>, are extremely rare. They have been documented in <a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an <a href="/wiki/Underlying_representation" title="Underlying representation">underlying</a> consonant cluster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allophonic">Allophonic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Allophonic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Aspiration and voicing of stops in American English</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-pin_spin_bin_nip_nib.ogg" title="File:En-us-pin spin bin nip nib.ogg">Labial stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="En-us-pin_spin_bin_nip_nib.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-pin_spin_bin_nip_nib.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-pin_spin_bin_nip_nib.ogg/En-us-pin_spin_bin_nip_nib.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><i>pin</i> with aspirated <i>p</i>,<br /><i>spin</i> with unaspirated <i>p</i>,<br /><i>bin</i> with partially voiced <i>b</i>,<br /><i>nip</i> with unaspirated <i>p</i>,<br /><i>nib</i> with partially voiced <i>b</i>:<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰɪˑn<span class="wrap"> </span>spɪˑn<span class="wrap"> </span>bɪˑn<span class="wrap"> </span>nɪp<span class="wrap"> </span>nɪˑb]</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-distend_distaste.ogg" title="File:En-us-distend distaste.ogg">Aspiration alternation in single-stem and compound word</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="En-us-distend_distaste.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/En-us-distend_distaste.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-us-distend_distaste.ogg/En-us-distend_distaste.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><i>distend</i> with unaspirated <i>t</i>,<br /><i>distaste</i> (<i>dis-taste</i>) with aspirated <i>t</i>:<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dɨˈstɛnd<span class="wrap"> </span>dɨsˈtʰeɪst]</span></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>In some languages, stops are distinguished primarily by <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voicing</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> are aspirated for most native speakers when they are word-initial or begin a <a href="/wiki/Stressed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Stressed syllable">stressed syllable</a>. Pronouncing them as unaspirated in these positions, as is done by many <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a> speakers, may make them get confused with the corresponding voiced stop by other English-speakers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Conversely, this confusion does not happen with the native speakers of languages which have aspirated and unaspirated but not voiced stops, such as <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. </p><p>S+consonant clusters may vary between aspirated and nonaspirated depending upon if the cluster crosses a morpheme boundary or not. For instance, <i>distend</i> has unaspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but <i>distaste</i> has an aspirated middle <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span> because it is analyzed as <i>dis-</i> + <i>taste</i> and the word <i>taste</i> has an aspirated initial <i>t</i>. </p><p>Word-final voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated. </p><p>Voiceless stops in <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> are slightly aspirated prevocalically in a stressed syllable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonemic">Phonemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phonemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>, tenuis and aspirated consonants are <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a>. Unaspirated consonants like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p˭<span class="wrap"> </span>s˭]</span> and aspirated consonants like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʰp<span class="wrap"> </span>sʰ]</span> are separate phonemes, and words <a href="/wiki/Distinctive_feature" title="Distinctive feature">are distinguished</a> by whether they have one or the other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_cluster">Consonant cluster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consonant cluster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German dialects</a> have unaspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p˭<span class="wrap"> </span>t˭<span class="wrap"> </span>k˭]</span> as well as aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ]</span>; the latter series are usually viewed as <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absence">Absence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Absence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Standard Dutch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Modern Greek</a> are languages that do not have phonetic aspirated consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Aspirated stops and affricates in Mandarin Chinese</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-dan4.ogg" title="File:Zh-dan4.ogg">Unaspirated <i>t</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Zh-dan4.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Zh-dan4.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Zh-dan4.ogg/Zh-dan4.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">dàn</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tân]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-tan4.ogg" title="File:Zh-tan4.ogg">Aspirated <i>t</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Zh-tan4.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Zh-tan4.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Zh-tan4.ogg/Zh-tan4.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">tàn</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʰân]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-zao3.ogg" title="File:Zh-zao3.ogg">Unaspirated <i>ts</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_10" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Zh-zao3.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Zh-zao3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Zh-zao3.ogg/Zh-zao3.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">zǎo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tsɑʊ̀]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-c%C7%8Eo.ogg" title="File:Zh-cǎo.ogg">Aspirated <i>ts</i></a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_11" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Zh-cǎo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Zh-c%C7%8Eo.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Zh-c%C7%8Eo.ogg/Zh-c%C7%8Eo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">cǎo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tsʰɑʊ̀]</a></span></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡sʰ/</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus <i>d</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, and <i>t</i> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>b/</span>. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of <i>muddy consonants</i>, like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>. These are pronounced with <a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">slack</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a>: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Chinese_model" title="Syllable">initial</a> cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or <a href="/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)"><i>light</i> (陽 <i>yáng</i>) tone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_languages">Indian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg" title="File:Hi-टाल ठाल डाल ढाल.ogg">Retroflex stops in Hindi</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_12" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Hi-टाल_ठाल_डाल_ढाल.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg/Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Hi-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">टाल</span></span>, <span lang="hi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2#Hindi" class="extiw" title="wikt:ठाल">ठाल</a></span>, <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">डाल</span></span>, <span lang="hi"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2#Hindi" class="extiw" title="wikt:ढाल">ढाल</a></span> <i>ṭāl ṭhāl ḍāl ḍhāl</i> "postpone, wood shop, branch, shield" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ʈal<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʰal<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖal<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖʱal]</a></span></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#Charts" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages § Charts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages#Phonology" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages § Phonology</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> have aspirated stops. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and voiced aspirated, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>b<span class="wrap"> </span>bʱ/</span>. <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> has lost voiced aspirated consonants, which resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone system</a>, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>b/</span>. </p><p>Other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian">Armenian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Armenian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Voicing and aspiration in Eastern Armenian stops and affricates</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-դուր-տուր-թուր.ogg">Dental stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_13" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-դուր-տուր-թուր.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Hy-EA-%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Hy-EA-%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:դուր">դուր</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:տուր">տուր</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:թուր">թուր</a></span><br />"chisel, give!, sword"<br /><i><span title="ISO 9985 Armenian (Armenian language) transliteration"><i lang="hy-Latn">dur, tur, t’ur</i></span></i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[duɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>tuɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰuɾ]</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%84.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-թագ-թակ-թաք.ogg">Final voiced, voiceless, and aspirated velar stops</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_14" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-թագ-թակ-թաք.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Hy-EA-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%84.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%84.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Hy-EA-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF-%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%84.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:թագ">թագ</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:թակ">թակ</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%84#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:թաք">թաք</a></span><br />"crown, mallet, only"<br /><i><span title="ISO 9985 Armenian (Armenian language) transliteration"><i lang="hy-Latn">t’ag t’ak t’ak’</i></span></i>:<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[tʰɑg<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰɑk<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰɑkʰ]</a></span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Hy-EA-%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD.ogg" title="File:Hy-EA-ձախ-ծախ-ցախ.ogg">Dental affricates</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_15" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Hy-EA-ձախ-ծախ-ցախ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Hy-EA-%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD.ogg/Hy-EA-%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Hy-EA-%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AD-%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AD#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ձախ">ձախ</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AD#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ծախ">ծախ</a></span>, <span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ցախ">ցախ</a></span><br />"left-hand, sale, brushwood"<br /><i><span title="ISO 9985 Armenian (Armenian language) transliteration"><i lang="hy-Latn">jax çax c’ax</i></span></i>:<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[dzɑχ<span class="wrap"> </span>tsɑχ<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰɑχ]</a></span></div></div></div></div> </div> <p>Most dialects of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> have aspirated stops, and some have breathy-voiced stops. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a> have a three-way distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a> has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span>. Western Armenian aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> and voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, and Western voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> corresponds to Eastern voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Classical Attic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> dialects, had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span>. These series were called <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ψιλός">ψιλά</a></span>, <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:δασύς">δασέα</a></span>, <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μέσος">μέσα</a></span> (<i>psilá, daséa, mésa</i>) "smooth, rough, intermediate", respectively, by Koine Greek grammarians. </p><p>There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ/</span>. Earlier Greek, represented by <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʷʰ/</span>, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment. </p><p>The other Ancient Greek dialects, <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a>, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span> in the Classical period. </p><p>Later, during the Koine and Medieval Greek periods, the aspirated and voiced stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>d/</span> of Attic Greek <a href="/wiki/Lenition#Opening" title="Lenition">lenited</a> to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ<span class="wrap"> </span>ð/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot Greek</a> is notable for aspirating its inherited (and developed across word-boundaries) voiceless geminate stops, yielding the series /pʰː tʰː cʰː kʰː/.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debuccalization">Debuccalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Debuccalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>aspiration</i> sometimes refers to the sound change of <a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">debuccalization</a>, in which a consonant is <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a> (weakened) to become a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>h<span class="wrap"> </span>ɦ]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breathy-voiced_release">Breathy-voiced release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Breathy-voiced release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy voice</a></div> <p>So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> or vibration of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal folds">vocal folds</a>. The modifier letter ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">◌ʰ</span>⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured consonant, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">bʰ</span>⟩ in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">b̤</span>⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">bʱ</span>⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">voiced glottal fricative</a> ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɦ</span>⟩. </p><p>Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">◌̤</span>⟩ to murmured <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a>, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">◌ʱ</span>⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_h" title="Aspirated h">Aspirated h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive consonant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phonetic_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of phonetic topics">List of phonetic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preaspiration" title="Preaspiration">Preaspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">Rough breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">Smooth breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis consonant</a> (Unaspirated consonant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">Voice onset time</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedBarbara_BlankenshipRussell_G._Schuh2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; Barbara Blankenship; Russell G. Schuh, eds. (21 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/KOR/kor.html">"Korean"</a>. <i>UCLA Phonetics Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Phonetics+Archive&rft.atitle=Korean&rft.date=2009-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.phonetics.ucla.edu%2FLanguage%2FKOR%2Fkor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirated+consonant" class="Z3988"></span> word lists from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/KOR/kor_word-list_1977_01.html">1977</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/KOR/kor_word-list_1966_01.html">1966</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/KOR/kor_word-list_1975_01.html">1975</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisker_and_Abramson1964" class="citation journal cs1">Lisker and Abramson (1964). "A cross-language Study of Voicing in Initial Stops". <i>Word</i>. <b>20</b>: 384–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1964.11659830">10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=A+cross-language+Study+of+Voicing+in+Initial+Stops&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=384-422&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1964.11659830&rft.au=Lisker+and+Abramson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirated+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwegler, Kempff & Ameal-Guerra (2010) <i>Fonética y fonología españolas.</i> John Wiley, 4th ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Jacques" title="Guillaume Jacques">Guillaume Jacques</a> 2011. A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives, with new evidence from Pumi, <i>Lingua</i> 121.9:1518–1538 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/968778/A_panchronic_study_of_aspirated_fricatives_with_new_evidence_from_Pumi">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a>, 2006, "The Origin of the Kelabit Voiced Aspirates: A Historical Hypothesis Revisited", <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i> 45:311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranel1987" class="citation book cs1">Tranel, Bernard (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soundsoffrenchin0000tran"><i>The sounds of French: an introduction</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soundsoffrenchin0000tran/page/129">129</a>–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31510-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31510-7"><bdi>0-521-31510-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sounds+of+French%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pages=129-130&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-31510-7&rft.aulast=Tranel&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoundsoffrenchin0000tran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirated+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frans Hinskens, Johan Taeldeman, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8jmBQAAQBAJ&dq=frisian%20substrate%20dutch&pg=PA66">Language and space: Dutch</a></i>, Walter de Gruyter 2014. 3110261332, 9783110261332, p.66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoukina2005" class="citation journal cs1">Loukina, Anastassia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aloukina.com/papers/LoukinaCamling.pdf">"Phonetics and Phonology of Cypriot Geminates in Spontaneous Speech"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CamLing</i>: 263–270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CamLing&rft.atitle=Phonetics+and+Phonology+of+Cypriot+Geminates+in+Spontaneous+Speech&rft.pages=263-270&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Loukina&rft.aufirst=Anastassia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aloukina.com%2Fpapers%2FLoukinaCamling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAspirated+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspirated_consonant&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cho, T., & Ladefoged, P., "Variations and universals in VOT". In <i>Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages V: UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics</i> vol. 95. 1997.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Articulation_navbox" title="Template:Articulation navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Articulation_navbox" title="Template talk:Articulation navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Articulation_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Articulation navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Articulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articulation</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">Articulatory phonetics</a> – <a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulation</a> – <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Interdental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">Palato-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active_place" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">Subapical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">Double articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–coronal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_consonant" title="Labial–alveolar consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93palatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial–palatal consonant">Labial–palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Coronal–velar consonant">Coronal–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech pathology">Pathological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velopharyngeal_consonant" title="Velopharyngeal consonant">Velopharyngeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidental_consonant" title="Bidental consonant">Bidental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_consonant" title="Vibrant consonant">Vibrant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">Airstream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_sound" title="Egressive sound">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingressive_sound" title="Ingressive sound">Ingressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic-contour clicks">Pulmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective-contour clicks">Ejective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussive consonant">Percussive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">Secondary <br />articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labio-palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvularization" title="Uvularization">Uvularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">Pharyngealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">Tongue shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domed_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domed consonant">Domed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aspirated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">Voice onset time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">Creaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">Stiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/818913/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90006118">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544128705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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