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</a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Sacred_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Sacred_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third Sacred War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Sacred_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_campaigns_(346–336_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_campaigns_(346–336_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Later campaigns (346–336 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_campaigns_(346–336_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_campaign_(336_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_campaign_(336_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Asian campaign (336 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_campaign_(336_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marriages and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Assassination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assassination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cleitarchus'_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleitarchus'_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cleitarchus' analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleitarchus'_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justin's_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justin's_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Justin's analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justin's_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Modern analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_of_Philip_II_at_Aigai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_of_Philip_II_at_Aigai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tomb of Philip II at Aigai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_of_Philip_II_at_Aigai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Biblical reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fictional portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Dedications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Philip II of Macedon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippos_II_van_Masedoni%C3%AB" title="Philippos II van Masedonië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Philippos II van Masedonië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_II._(Makedonien)" title="Philipp II. (Makedonien) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Philipp II. (Makedonien)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="فيليب الثاني المقدوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيليب الثاني المقدوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipu_II_de_Macedonia" title="Filipu II de Macedonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filipu II de Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedoniyal%C4%B1_II_Filip" title="Makedoniyalı II Filip – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Makedoniyalı II Filip" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="ایکینجی مقدونیه لی فیلیپ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی مقدونیه لی فیلیپ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA" title="ম্যাসিডনের দ্বিতীয় ফিলিপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাসিডনের দ্বিতীয় ফিলিপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF_II_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Філіп II Македонскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філіп II Македонскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_II_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Филип II Македонски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филип II Македонски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_Makedonski" title="Filip II Makedonski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filip II Makedonski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulup_II_Makedonia" title="Fulup II Makedonia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fulup II Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_de_Maced%C3%B2nia" title="Filip II de Macedònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filip II de Macedònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II._Makedonsk%C3%BD" title="Filip II. Makedonský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filip II. Makedonský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II,_brenin_Macedon" title="Philip II, brenin Macedon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Philip II, brenin Macedon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_2._af_Makedonien" title="Filip 2. af Makedonien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Filip 2. af Makedonien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_II._(Makedonien)" title="Philipp II. (Makedonien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philipp II. (Makedonien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippos_II" title="Philippos II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Philippos II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φίλιππος Β΄ της Μακεδονίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φίλιππος Β΄ της Μακεδονίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipo_II_de_Macedonia" title="Filipo II de Macedonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filipo II de Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipo_la_2-a_(Makedonio)" title="Filipo la 2-a (Makedonio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filipo la 2-a (Makedonio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipo_II.a_Mazedoniakoa" title="Filipo II.a Mazedoniakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filipo II.a Mazedoniakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فیلیپ دوم مقدونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلیپ دوم مقدونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_II_(roi_de_Mac%C3%A9doine)" title="Philippe II (roi de Macédoine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philippe II (roi de Macédoine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippus_II_fan_Masedoanje" title="Filippus II fan Masedoanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Filippus II fan Masedoanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipo_II_de_Macedonia" title="Filipo II de Macedonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filipo II de Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8" title="필리포스 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리포스 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BD_II_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Փիլիպոս II Մակեդոնացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փիլիպոս II Մակեդոնացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF,_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="फिलिप द्वितीय, मख्दून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फिलिप द्वितीय, मख्दून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II._Makedonski" title="Filip II. Makedonski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filip II. Makedonski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipus_II_dari_Makedonia" title="Filipus II dari Makedonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filipus II dari Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippos_II" title="Filippos II – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Filippos II" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_II_di_Macedonia" title="Filippo II di Macedonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filippo II di Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פיליפוס השני, מלך מוקדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיליפוס השני, מלך מוקדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94_II_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ფილიპე II მაკედონელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილიპე II მაკედონელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF_II" title="Макендондық Филипп II – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Макендондық Филипп II" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipo_II_wa_Masedonia" title="Filipo II wa Masedonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Filipo II wa Masedonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippus_II_(Macedonum_rex)" title="Philippus II (Macedonum rex) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philippus II (Macedonum rex)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filips_II_(Ma%C4%B7edonija)" title="Filips II (Maķedonija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filips II (Maķedonija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilypas_II_(Makedonija)" title="Pilypas II (Makedonija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilypas II (Makedonija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Philipposz_maked%C3%B3n_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Philipposz makedón király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Philipposz makedón király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_II_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Филип II Македонски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филип II Македонски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipo_II_(Maked%C3%B4nia)" title="Filipo II (Makedônia) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filipo II (Makedônia)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫിലിപ്പ് രണ്ടാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിലിപ്പ് രണ്ടാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="फिलिप दुसरा, मॅसेडोन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिलिप दुसरा, मॅसेडोन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94_II_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფილიპე II მაკედონარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფილიპე II მაკედონარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="فيليب التانى المقدونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيليب التانى المقدونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_II_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Македоны II Филип – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Македоны II Филип" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippus_II_van_Macedoni%C3%AB" title="Philippus II van Macedonië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Philippus II van Macedonië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B1%E3%83%89%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E7%8E%8B)" title="ピリッポス2世 (マケドニア王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピリッポス2世 (マケドニア王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_av_Makedonia" title="Filip II av Makedonia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filip II av Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_av_Makedonia" title="Filip II av Makedonia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Filip II av Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felip_II_de_Maced%C3%B2nia" title="Felip II de Macedònia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Felip II de Macedònia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipp_II" title="Filipp II – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Filipp II" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="مقدوني دوه‌یم فیلیپ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مقدوني دوه‌یم فیلیپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_Macedo%C5%84ski" title="Filip II Macedoński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filip II Macedoński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipe_II_da_Maced%C3%B3nia" title="Filipe II da Macedónia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filipe II da Macedónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_al_II-lea_al_Macedoniei" title="Filip al II-lea al Macedoniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filip al II-lea al Macedoniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF_II_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Филипп II Македонский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филипп II Македонский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_o_Macedon" title="Philip II o Macedon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Philip II o Macedon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipi_II_i_Maqedonis%C3%AB" title="Filipi II i Maqedonisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filipi II i Maqedonisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philip II of Macedon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II._(Maced%C3%B3nia)" title="Filip II. (Macedónia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filip II. (Macedónia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II._Makedonski" title="Filip II. Makedonski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Filip II. Makedonski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_II_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Филип II Македонски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филип II Македонски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_Makedonski" title="Filip II Makedonski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filip II Makedonski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippos_II" title="Filippos II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filippos II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_II_av_Makedonien" title="Filip II av Makedonien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filip II av Makedonien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_ng_Macedonia" title="Felipe II ng Macedonia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Felipe II ng Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="மக்கெடோனின் இரண்டாம் பிலிப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்கெடோனின் இரண்டாம் பிலிப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF_II_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Филипп II Македонияле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Филипп II Македонияле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2" title="พีลิปโปสที่ 2 แห่งมาเกโดนีอา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พีลิปโปสที่ 2 แห่งมาเกโดนีอา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Filip" title="II. Filip – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Filip" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF_II_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Філіпп II Македонський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філіпп II Македонський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فلپ دوم مقدونی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلپ دوم مقدونی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippos_II_c%E1%BB%A7a_Macedonia" title="Philippos II của Macedonia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Philippos II của Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_II_han_Macedonia" title="Felipe II han Macedonia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Felipe II han Macedonia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%EF%BC%89" title="腓力二世（马其顿） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="腓力二世（马其顿）" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Macedon from 359 to 336 BC</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Philip of Macedon" redirects here. 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Philip II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phillip_II,_king_of_Macedonia,_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original,_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek,_Copenhagen_(36420294055).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg/220px-Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg/330px-Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg/440px-Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Bust of Philip II, Roman copy from a Greek original, from the <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a>, Copenhagen.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Macedon">King of Macedonia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> May 359 – October 336 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_IV" title="Amyntas IV">Amyntas IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Hegemon of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">Hellenic League</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">337 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Alexander the Great</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">382 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a><br />(modern-day Pella, Greece)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 336 BC (aged 46)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Aigai</a>, Macedon<br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, Greece)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Aigai, Macedon<br />(modern-day Vergina, Greece)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phila_of_Elimeia" title="Phila of Elimeia">Phila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nicesipolis" title="Nicesipolis">Nicesipolis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philinna" title="Philinna">Philinna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meda_of_Odessos" title="Meda of Odessos">Meda of Odessos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Eurydice_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon">Cleopatra Eurydice</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynane" title="Cynane">Cynane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_of_Macedon" title="Cleopatra of Macedon">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalonica_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica of Macedon">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_of_Macedon" title="Europa of Macedon">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caranus_(son_of_Philip_II)" title="Caranus (son of Philip II)">Caranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Philip II of Macedon</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Φίλιππος</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_III_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas III of Macedon">Amyntas III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eurydice_I_of_Macedon" title="Eurydice I of Macedon">Eurydice I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Philip II of Macedon</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φίλιππος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Philippos</i></span>; 382 BC – October 336 BC) was the king (<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>) of the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>, founders of the ancient kingdom, and the father of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">rise of Macedon</a>, including its conquest and political consolidation of most of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> during his reign, was achieved by his reformation of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">army</a> (the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a> that proved critical in securing victories on the battlefield), his extensive use of siege engines, and his use of effective diplomacy and marriage alliances. </p><p>After defeating the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Greek city-states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)">Battle of Chaeronea</a> in 338 BC, Philip II led the effort to establish a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of Greek states known as the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a>, with him as the elected <a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">hegemon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a> for a planned invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. However, his assassination by a royal bodyguard, <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Orestis" title="Pausanias of Orestis">Pausanias of Orestis</a>, led to the immediate succession of his son Alexander, <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">who would go on to invade</a> the Achaemenid Empire in his father's stead. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II</a></div> <p>Philip was born in either 383 or 382 BC, and was the youngest son of King <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas III">Amyntas III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurydice_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurydice I">Eurydice</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lynkestis" title="Lynkestis">Lynkestis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1979204_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1979204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2010166–167_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2010166–167-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two older brothers, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Macedon" title="Alexander II of Macedon">Alexander II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdiccas III">Perdiccas III</a>, as well as a sister named Eurynoe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthington201425_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington201425-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney200039–40_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney200039–40-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amyntas later married another woman, Gygaea, with whom he had three sons, Philip's half-brothers <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(son_of_Amyntas_III)" title="Archelaus (son of Amyntas III)">Archelaus</a>, Arrhidaeus, and <a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(son_of_Amyntas_III)" title="Menelaus (son of Amyntas III)">Menelaus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney200046–47_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney200046–47-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Macedon" title="Alexander II of Macedon">Alexander II</a>, Philip was sent as a <a href="/wiki/Hostage#Historical_practices" title="Hostage">hostage</a> to Illyria by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Aloros" title="Ptolemy of Aloros">Ptolemy of Aloros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip was later held in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 368</span>–365 BC), which at the time was the <a href="/wiki/Theban_hegemony" title="Theban hegemony">leading city of Greece</a>. While in Thebes, Philip received a military and diplomatic education from <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a>, and lived with <a href="/wiki/Pammenes_of_Thebes" title="Pammenes of Thebes">Pammenes</a>, who was an enthusiastic advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a>. </p><p>In 364 BC, Philip returned to <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>. In 359 BC, perhaps in May,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip's other brother, <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_III_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas III of Macedon">King Perdiccas III</a>, died in battle against the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>. Before leaving, Perdiccas had appointed Philip as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for his infant son <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_IV_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas IV of Macedon">Amyntas IV</a>, but Philip succeeded in taking the kingdom for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip's military skills and expansionist vision of Macedonia brought him early success. He first had to remedy the woes over Macedonian territory faced by his throne's government. This was a predicament that had greatly worsened through Macedonia's defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, a struggle in which King Perdiccas himself had died. The <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> had sacked and invaded the eastern regions of Macedonia, while the <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenians</a> had landed at <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Pieria" title="Methoni, Pieria">Methoni</a> on the coast with a contingent under the Macedonian pretender <a href="/wiki/Argaeus_II_of_Macedon" title="Argaeus II of Macedon">Argaeus II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Argaeus_II2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Argaeus_II2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improvements_to_the_army">Improvements to the army</h3></div> <p>Philip pushed back the Paeonians and Thracians promising tributes, and defeated the 3,000 Athenian <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplites</a> (359 BC). Momentarily free from his opponents, he concentrated on strengthening his internal position and, above all, his army. Philip II made many notable contributions to the Macedonian army. The cavalry, which were the primary source of the army's strength, went from a force of 600 to 4000 from the time of the battles with the Illyrians to 334 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discipline and training of the soldiers increased as well, and the Macedonian soldiers under Philip were provided with the possibility of promotion through the ranks and rewards and bonus wages for exceptional service. In addition to these changes, Philip created the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a>, an infantry formation that consisted of soldiers all armed with a <i><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">sarissa</a>.</i> Philip is credited for adding the <i>sarissa</i> to the Macedonian army, where it soon was the common weapon used by most soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_military_career">Early military career</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Ancient Macedonian army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a></div> <p>Philip had married <a href="/wiki/Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a>, daughter or granddaughter of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a>. However, this marriage did not prevent him from marching against the Illyrians in 358 BC and defeating them in a battle in which some 7,000 Illyrians died (357 BC). By this move, Philip established his authority inland as far as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Ohrid</a> and earned the favour of the <a href="/wiki/Epirotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirotes">Epirotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After securing the western and southern borders of Macedon, Philip went on to besiege <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> in 357 BC. The Athenians had been unable to conquer Amphipolis, which commanded the <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mines</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pangaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Pangaion">Mount Pangaion</a>, so Philip reached an agreement with Athens to lease the city to them after his conquest, in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pydna" title="Ancient Pydna">Pydna</a> (which was lost by Macedon in 363 BC). However, after conquering Amphipolis, Philip captured Pydna for himself and kept both cities (357 BC). Athens soon declared war against him, and as a result, Philip allied Macedon with the <a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> of <a href="/wiki/Olynthus" title="Olynthus">Olynthus</a>. He subsequently conquered <a href="/wiki/Potidaea" title="Potidaea">Potidaea</a>, this time keeping his word and ceding it to the League in 356 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond199430–31_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond199430–31-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cetriporis_(Ketriporis)_of_Thrace_base_metal_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cetriporis_%28Ketriporis%29_of_Thrace_base_metal_coin.jpg/245px-Cetriporis_%28Ketriporis%29_of_Thrace_base_metal_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cetriporis_%28Ketriporis%29_of_Thrace_base_metal_coin.jpg/368px-Cetriporis_%28Ketriporis%29_of_Thrace_base_metal_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cetriporis_%28Ketriporis%29_of_Thrace_base_metal_coin.jpg/490px-Cetriporis_%28Ketriporis%29_of_Thrace_base_metal_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Coin of the western <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Cetriporis" title="Cetriporis">Cetriporis</a>, who was subjugated by Philip in the late 350s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 357 BC, Philip married the <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirote</a> princess <a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a>, who was the daughter of the king of the <a href="/wiki/Molossians" title="Molossians">Molossians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> was born in 356 BC, the same year as Philip's racehorse won at the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 356 BC, Philip conquered the town of <a href="/wiki/Krinides" title="Krinides">Crenides</a> and changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a>. He then established a powerful garrison there to control its mines, which yielded much of the gold he later used for his campaigns. In the meantime, his general <a href="/wiki/Parmenion" title="Parmenion">Parmenion</a> defeated the Illyrians again.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 355–354 BC he besieged <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Pieria" title="Methoni, Pieria">Methone</a>, the last city on the <a href="/wiki/Thermaic_Gulf" title="Thermaic Gulf">Thermaic Gulf</a> controlled by Athens. During the siege, Philip was injured in his right eye, which was later removed surgically.<sup id="cite_ref-Rico_1950_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rico_1950-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the arrival of two Athenian fleets, the city fell in 354 BC. Philip also attacked <a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace" title="Abdera, Thrace">Abdera</a> and Maronea, on the <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracian</a> coast (354–353 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan1911_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Sacred_War">Third Sacred War</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg/450px-Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg/675px-Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg/900px-Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Map of the territory of Philip II of Macedon</figcaption></figure> <p>Philip's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Sacred_War" title="Third Sacred War">Third Sacred War</a> (356–346 BC) began in 354 BC. At the request of <a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">the Thessalian League</a>, Philip and his army traveled to <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> in order to capture <a href="/wiki/Pagasae" title="Pagasae">Pagasae</a>, resulting in an alliance with Thebes. A year later in 353 BC, Philip was once again asked to assist in battle, but this time against the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Lycophron_II_of_Pherae" title="Lycophron II of Pherae">Lycophron</a> who was supported by <a href="/wiki/Onomarchus" title="Onomarchus">Onomarchus</a>. Philip and his forces invaded Thessaly, defeating 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)" title="Phocis (ancient region)">Phocians</a> and forcing Phayllus, the brother of Onomarchus, to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond199446–48_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond199446–48-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, Onomarchus and his army defeated Philip in two succeeding battles. Philip returned to Thessaly the next summer, this time with an army of 20,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and the additional support of the Thessalian League's forces. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crocus_Field" title="Battle of Crocus Field">Battle of Crocus Field</a>, 6,000 Phocians fell and 3,000 were taken as prisoners and later drowned. This battle earned Philip immense prestige as well as the free acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Pherae" title="Pherae">Pherae</a>. He was made the leader (<i><a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archon</a></i>) of the Thessalian League and was able to claim Magnesia and Perrhaebia, which expanded his territory to Pagasae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond199446–48_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond199446–48-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip did not attempt to advance into <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> because the Athenians, unable to arrive in time to defend Pagasae, had occupied <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>. </p><p>There were no hostilities with Athens yet, but Athens was threatened by the Macedonians. From 352 to 346 BC, Philip did not again travel south. He was active in completing the subjugation of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> hill-country to the west and north, and in reducing the Greek cities of the coast as far as the <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Hebrus</a>. To the chief of these coastal cities, <a href="/wiki/Olynthus" title="Olynthus">Olynthus</a>, Philip continued to profess friendship until its neighboring cities were in his hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan1911_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedon_Philip_II_AR_Tetradrachm_Thunderbolt_Control_Mark,_LeRider_234_Plate_Coin,_1965_Thessalonica_Hoard.xcf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Macedon_Philip_II_AR_Tetradrachm_Thunderbolt_Control_Mark%2C_LeRider_234_Plate_Coin%2C_1965_Thessalonica_Hoard.xcf/249px-Macedon_Philip_II_AR_Tetradrachm_Thunderbolt_Control_Mark%2C_LeRider_234_Plate_Coin%2C_1965_Thessalonica_Hoard.xcf.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Macedon_Philip_II_AR_Tetradrachm_Thunderbolt_Control_Mark%2C_LeRider_234_Plate_Coin%2C_1965_Thessalonica_Hoard.xcf/374px-Macedon_Philip_II_AR_Tetradrachm_Thunderbolt_Control_Mark%2C_LeRider_234_Plate_Coin%2C_1965_Thessalonica_Hoard.xcf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Macedon_Philip_II_AR_Tetradrachm_Thunderbolt_Control_Mark%2C_LeRider_234_Plate_Coin%2C_1965_Thessalonica_Hoard.xcf/498px-Macedon_Philip_II_AR_Tetradrachm_Thunderbolt_Control_Mark%2C_LeRider_234_Plate_Coin%2C_1965_Thessalonica_Hoard.xcf.png 2x" data-file-width="5049" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption>Silver tetradrachm dated to the reign of Philip II. <abbr title="Obverse">Obv.</abbr>: laureate head of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> facing right; <abbr title="reverse">rev.</abbr>: a youth on horseback advancing right. The legend along the top reads ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ (Philip).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 348 BC, Philip started the siege of Olynthus, which, apart from its strategic position, housed his half-brothers, Arrhidaeus and <a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(son_of_Amyntas_III)" title="Menelaus (son of Amyntas III)">Menelaus</a>, pretenders to the Macedonian throne. Olynthus had at first allied itself with Philip, but later shifted its allegiance to Athens. The latter, however, did nothing to help the city because its expeditions were held back by a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>. The Macedonian king took Olynthus in 348 BC and razed the city to the ground. The same fate was inflicted on other cities of the Chalcidian peninsula, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> dissolving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond199451–52_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond199451–52-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macedon and the regions adjoining it having now been securely consolidated, Philip celebrated his <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dion,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Dion, Greece">Dium</a>. In 347 BC, Philip advanced to the conquest of the eastern districts about Hebrus, and compelled the submission of the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Thracian</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Cersobleptes" title="Cersobleptes">Cersobleptes</a>. In 346 BC, he intervened effectively in the war between Thebes and the Phocians, but his wars with Athens continued intermittently. However, Athens had made overtures for peace, and when Philip again moved south, peace was sworn in Thessaly.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan1911_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_campaigns_(346–336_BC)"><span id="Later_campaigns_.28346.E2.80.93336_BC.29"></span>Later campaigns (346–336 BC)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II_statue_350-400_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Philip II, 350–400 AD." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Philip_II_statue_350-400_CE.jpg/220px-Philip_II_statue_350-400_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Philip_II_statue_350-400_CE.jpg/330px-Philip_II_statue_350-400_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Philip_II_statue_350-400_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Philip II, 350–400 AD. <a href="/wiki/Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier" title="Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier">Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With key Greek city-states in submission, Philip II turned to <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, warning them "If I invade Laconia, I shall turn you out."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spartans' <a href="/wiki/Laconic" class="mw-redirect" title="Laconic">laconic</a> reply was one word: "If." Philip proceeded to invade Laconia, devastate much of it and eject the Spartans from various parts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 345 BC, Philip conducted a hard-fought campaign against the Ardiaioi (<a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a>), under their king <a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_I" title="Pleuratus I">Pleuratus I</a>, during which Philip was seriously wounded in the lower right leg by an Ardian soldier.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 342 BC, Philip led a military expedition north against the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, conquering the Thracian fortified settlement Eumolpia to give it his name, <i>Philippopolis</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>). </p><p>In 340 BC, Philip started the siege of <a href="/wiki/Marmara_Ere%C4%9Fli" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmara Ereğli">Perinthus</a>, and in 339 BC, began another siege against the city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>. As both sieges failed, Philip's influence over Greece was compromised.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan1911_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He successfully reasserted his authority in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> by defeating an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)">Battle of Chaeronea</a> in 338 BC, and in the same year, destroyed <a href="/wiki/Amfissa" title="Amfissa">Amfissa</a> because the residents had illegally cultivated part of the Crisaian plain which belonged to <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. These decisive victories led to Philip being recognized as the <a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">military leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a>, a Greek <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">confederation</a> allied against the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>, in 338/7 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the league agreed never to wage war against each other, unless it was to suppress <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_campaign_(336_BC)"><span id="Asian_campaign_.28336_BC.29"></span>Asian campaign (336 BC)</h3></div> <p>Philip II was involved quite early against the Achaemenid Empire. From around 352 BC, he supported several Persian opponents to <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Artabazos_II" title="Artabazos II">Artabazos II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amminapes" title="Amminapes">Amminapes</a> or a Persian nobleman named <a href="/wiki/Sisines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisines">Sisines</a>, by receiving them for several years as exiles at the Macedonian court.<sup id="cite_ref-JM_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EJ_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave him a good knowledge of Persian issues, and may even have influenced some of his innovations in the management of the Macedonian state.<sup id="cite_ref-JM_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander was also acquainted with these Persian exiles during his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-NC_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2000101_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2000101-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 336 BC, Philip II sent <a href="/wiki/Parmenion" title="Parmenion">Parmenion</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_(son_of_Andromenes)" title="Amyntas (son of Andromenes)">Amyntas</a>, Andromenes and <a href="/wiki/Attalus_(general)" title="Attalus (general)">Attalus</a>, and an army of 10,000 men into <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> to make preparations for an invasion to free the Greeks living on the western coast and islands from Achaemenid rule.<sup id="cite_ref-PB_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WH_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, all went well. The Greek cities on the western coast of Anatolia revolted until the news arrived that Philip had been assassinated and had been succeeded as king by his young son Alexander. The Macedonians were demoralized by Philip's death and were subsequently defeated near <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Meander" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesia on the Meander">Magnesia</a> by the Achaemenids under the command of the mercenary <a href="/wiki/Memnon_of_Rhodes" title="Memnon of Rhodes">Memnon of Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WH_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PB_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_family">Marriages and family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_olympias_mus_theski.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Roman medallion of Olympias, the fourth wife of Philip II and mother of Alexander the Great. From the Museum of Thessaloniki." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coin_olympias_mus_theski.JPG/220px-Coin_olympias_mus_theski.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coin_olympias_mus_theski.JPG/330px-Coin_olympias_mus_theski.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coin_olympias_mus_theski.JPG/440px-Coin_olympias_mus_theski.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Roman medallion of <a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a>, the fourth wife of Philip II and mother of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. From the Museum of Thessaloniki.</figcaption></figure> <p>The kings of Macedon practiced <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>. Philip II had seven wives throughout his life, all members of royalty from foreign dynasties, and all of which were considered queens, making their children royalty as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond19941_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond19941-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dates of Philip's multiple marriages and the names of some of his wives are contested. Below is the order of marriages:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Bardyllis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardyllis">Bardyllis</a>. Mother of <a href="/wiki/Cynane" title="Cynane">Cynane</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phila_of_Elimeia" title="Phila of Elimeia">Phila of Elimeia</a>, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Derdas_III" title="Derdas III">Derdas</a> and Machatas of <a href="/wiki/Elimiotis" title="Elimiotis">Elimiotis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicesipolis" title="Nicesipolis">Nicesipolis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pherae" title="Pherae">Pherae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica of Macedon">Thessalonica</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a> of <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_I_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus I of Epirus">Neoptolemus I</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_of_Macedon" title="Cleopatra of Macedon">Cleopatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2006xiii_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2006xiii-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philinna" title="Philinna">Philinna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a>, mother of Arrhidaeus later called <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III of Macedon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meda_of_Odessos" title="Meda of Odessos">Meda of Odessos</a>, daughter of the king Cothelas, of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>.</li> <li>Cleopatra, daughter of Hippostratus and niece of general <a href="/wiki/Attalus_(general)" title="Attalus (general)">Attalus of Macedonia</a>. Philip renamed her <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Eurydice_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon">Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon</a>.</li></ul> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">House of Philip II<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2000250–251_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2000250–251-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErrington1990255–257_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington1990255–257-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Individuals with disputed heritage or rule are <i>italicized</i>.</div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">All dates are <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>.</div><table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Sirras" title="Sirras">Sirras</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px">Arrhidaeus<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Eurydice_I_of_Macedon" title="Eurydice I of Macedon">Eurydice</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_III_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas III of Macedon">Amyntas III</a></b></span><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 393–369</span>)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px">Gygaea<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><i><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Aloros" title="Ptolemy of Aloros">Ptolemy of Aloros</a></i><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 368–365</span>)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px">Eurynoe</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Macedon" title="Alexander II of Macedon">Alexander II</a></b></span><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 369–368</span>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_III_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas III of Macedon">Perdiccas III</a></b></span><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 365–360/59</span>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(son_of_Amyntas_III)" title="Archelaus (son of Amyntas III)">Archelaus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px">Arrhidaeus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(son_of_Amyntas_III)" title="Menelaus (son of Amyntas III)">Menelaus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><i><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_IV_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas IV of Macedon">Amyntas IV</a></i><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 360/59</span>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px">Amyntas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeckel2016321_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckel2016321-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Attalus_(general)" title="Attalus (general)">Attalus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Eurydice_II_of_Macedon" title="Eurydice II of Macedon">Adea Eurydice</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_I_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus I of Epirus">Neoptolemus I</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px">daughter</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a>?</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px">Derdas II</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Cothelas" title="Cothelas">Cothelas</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Phila_of_Elimeia" title="Phila of Elimeia">Phila</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Nicesipolis" title="Nicesipolis">Nicesipolis</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b>Philip II</b></span><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 360/59–336</span>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Philinna" title="Philinna">Philinna</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Meda_of_Odessos" title="Meda of Odessos">Meda</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Eurydice_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon">Cleopatra</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Cynnane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynnane">Cynnane</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a></b></span><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 305–297</span>)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Thessalonike_of_Macedon" title="Thessalonike of Macedon">Thessalonice</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></b></span><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 323–317</span>)</td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_of_Macedon" title="Cleopatra of Macedon">Cleopatra</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus" title="Alexander I of Epirus">Alexander I of Epirus</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2006xiii_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2006xiii-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Europa_of_Macedon" title="Europa of Macedon">Europa</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Roxana" title="Roxana">Roxana</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></b></span><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 336–323</span>)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><a href="/wiki/Barsine" title="Barsine">Barsine</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Macedon" title="Philip IV of Macedon">Philip IV</a></b></span><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 297</span>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Antipater_I_of_Macedon" title="Antipater I of Macedon">Antipater I</a></b></span><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 297–294</span>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_V_of_Macedon" title="Alexander V of Macedon">Alexander V</a></b></span><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 297–294</span>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_II_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus II of Epirus">Neoptolemus II</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:1px">Cadme</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:LemonChiffon;border-width:3px"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></b></span><br /> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 323–310</span>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Heracles_of_Macedon" title="Heracles of Macedon">Heracles</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assassination_of_Philip_of_Macedon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Assassination_of_Philip_of_Macedon.jpg/220px-Assassination_of_Philip_of_Macedon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Assassination_of_Philip_of_Macedon.jpg/330px-Assassination_of_Philip_of_Macedon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Assassination_of_Philip_of_Macedon.jpg/440px-Assassination_of_Philip_of_Macedon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Philip's assassination by Pausanias in <i>The Story of the Greatest Nations</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>King Philip was assassinated in October 336 BC (perhaps 25 October)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Aegae_(Macedonia)" title="Aegae (Macedonia)">Aegae</a>, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Macedon. Philip and his royal court were gathered in order to celebrate the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus" title="Alexander I of Epirus">Alexander I of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_of_Macedon" title="Cleopatra of Macedon">Cleopatra of Macedon</a>, Philip's daughter by his fourth wife <a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a>. While the king was entering into the town's theatre, he was unprotected in order to appear approachable to the Greek diplomats and dignitaries who were present at that time. Philip was suddenly approached by <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Orestis" title="Pausanias of Orestis">Pausanias of Orestis</a>, one of his seven bodyguards, and was stabbed in his ribs. After Philip was killed, the assassin immediately tried to escape and reach his getaway associates, who were waiting for him with horses at the entrance to Aegae. The assassin was pursued by three of Philip's other bodyguards, and during the chase, his horse tripped on a vine. He was subsequently stabbed to death by the bodyguards.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three sons of <a href="/wiki/Aeropus_of_Lyncestis" title="Aeropus of Lyncestis">Aeropus of Lyncestis</a> were also suspected of taking part in the plot, acting as accomplices of Pausanias. Arrhabaeus and Heromenes were put to death, while the third brother, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Lyncestis" title="Alexander of Lyncestis">Alexander of Lyncestis</a>, was pardoned.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons for the assassination are difficult to ascertain. There was controversy even among ancient historians; the only known surviving contemporary account is that of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, who states simply that Philip was killed because Pausanias had been offended by <a href="/wiki/Attalus_(general)" title="Attalus (general)">Attalus</a> (Philip's uncle-in-law) and his friends.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attalus was the uncle of Philip's wife <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Eurydice_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon">Cleopatra</a> (renamed Eurydice upon marriage). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleitarchus'_analysis"><span id="Cleitarchus.27_analysis"></span>Cleitarchus' analysis</h3></div> <p>Fifty years later, the historian <a href="/wiki/Cleitarchus" title="Cleitarchus">Cleitarchus</a> expanded and embellished the story. Centuries afterwards, this version was propagated by <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> and other historians who relied on Cleitarchus. According to the sixteenth book of Diodorus' history,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pausanias of Orestis had been a lover of Philip, but became jealous when Philip turned his attention to a younger man, also called Pausanias. The elder Pausanias' taunting of the new lover caused the younger Pausanias to throw away his life in battle, which turned his friend Attalus against the elder Pausanias. Attalus took his revenge by getting Pausanias of Orestis drunk at a public dinner and then raping him.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Pausanias complained to Philip, the king felt unable to chastise Attalus, as he was about to send him to Asia with <a href="/wiki/Parmenion" title="Parmenion">Parmenion</a> to establish a bridgehead for an invasion he was planning. Also, Philip had recently married Attalus' niece, <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Eurydice_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon">Cleopatra Eurydice</a>. Rather than offend Attalus, Philip tried to mollify Pausanias by elevating him within his personal bodyguard. Pausanias then seems to have redirected his desire for revenge towards the man who had failed to avenge his damaged honour, and accordingly to plan to kill Philip. Some time after the alleged rape, while Attalus was away in Asia fighting the Persians, he put his plan into action.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justin's_analysis"><span id="Justin.27s_analysis"></span>Justin's analysis</h3></div> <p>Other historians (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a> 9.7) suggested that Alexander and/or his mother <a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a> were at least privy to the intrigue, if not themselves instigators. Olympias seems to have been anything but discreet in manifesting her gratitude to Pausanias, according to Justin's report: He writes that the same night of her return from exile, she placed a crown on the assassin's corpse, and later erected a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> over his grave and ordered that annual sacrifices be made to the memory of Pausanias.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_analysis">Modern analysis</h3></div> <p>Some modern historians have claimed that none of the accounts are probable: They say that in the case of Pausanias, the purported motive for the crime hardly seems adequate. Furthermore they claim that implicating Alexander and Olympias in the plot seems specious, to act as they did would have required them to act with an improbable degree of brazen effrontery in the face of a military whose members were personally loyal to Philip. What seems to have been recorded, rather, are simply suspicions that were naturally directed towards the chief beneficiaries of the assassination; however, their actions in response to the murder are hardly evidence of their guilt with respect to the crime itself, regardless of how sympathetic they might have seemed afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar Daniel Ogden has noted that if there was a sexual side to the murder, "then it can be contextualized in this regard against known homosexual relationships in and around the Macedonian court" and that according to Aristotle, the <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archelaus I of Macedon">Archelaus I of Macedon</a> was by his former <i><a href="/wiki/Eromenos" title="Eromenos">eromenoi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Crateuas_of_Macedon" title="Crateuas of Macedon">Crateuas</a> and Hellenocrates of Larissa.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever the actual background to the assassination, it may have had an enormous effect on later world events, far beyond what any conspirators could have predicted. As asserted by some modern historians, had the older and more settled Philip been the one in charge of the war against Persia, he might have been content to make relatively moderate conquests, e.g., making <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> into a Macedonian province, and, unlike his son Alexander, not have wanted to push further into an overall conquest of Persia and further campaigns in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tomb_of_Philip_II_at_Aigai">Tomb of Philip II at Aigai</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Royal_Tombs_of_Aigai_(Vergina)" title="Museum of the Royal Tombs of Aigai (Vergina)">Museum of the Royal Tombs of Aigai (Vergina)</a></div> <p>In 1977, Greek archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Manolis_Andronikos" title="Manolis Andronikos">Manolis Andronikos</a> started excavating the Great Tumulus at Aigai<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near modern <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, the capital and burial site of the kings of Macedon, and found that two of the four tombs in the tumulus were undisturbed since antiquity. Moreover, these two, and particularly Tomb II, contained fabulous treasures and objects of great quality and sophistication.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gage_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gage-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there was much debate for some years,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as suspected at the time of the discovery Tomb II has been shown to be that of Philip II as indicated by many features, including the <a href="/wiki/Greave" title="Greave">greaves</a>, one of which was shaped consistently to fit a leg with a misaligned tibia (Philip II was recorded as having broken his tibia). Also, the remains of the skull show damage to the right eye caused by the penetration of an object (historically recorded to be an arrow).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-medsci.org_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medsci.org-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two scientists who studied some of the bones claimed in 2015 that Philip was buried in Tomb I, not Tomb II.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of age, knee <a href="/wiki/Ankylosis" title="Ankylosis">ankylosis</a>, and a hole matching the penetrating wound and lameness suffered by Philip, the authors of the study identified the remains of Tomb I in Vergina as those of Philip II. Tomb II instead was identified in the study as that of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Arrhidaeus</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Eurydice_II_of_Macedon" title="Eurydice II of Macedon">Eurydice II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Ministry_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Ministry of Culture">Greek Ministry of Culture</a> replied that this claim was baseless, and that the archaeological evidence shows that the ankylotic knee belongs to another body which was thrown or put into Tomb I after this had been looted, and probably between 276/5 and 250 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides this, the theory that Tomb I belonged to Philip II had previously been shown to be false.<sup id="cite_ref-medsci.org_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medsci.org-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent research gives further evidence that Tomb II contains the remains of Philip II.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grobowiec_Filipa_II_Macedonskiego.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Tumulus of Aigai"><img alt="Great Tumulus of Aigai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grobowiec_Filipa_II_Macedonskiego.jpg/200px-Grobowiec_Filipa_II_Macedonskiego.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grobowiec_Filipa_II_Macedonskiego.jpg/300px-Grobowiec_Filipa_II_Macedonskiego.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grobowiec_Filipa_II_Macedonskiego.jpg/400px-Grobowiec_Filipa_II_Macedonskiego.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Tumulus of Aigai</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tomb of Philip II of Macedon at the Museum of the Royal Tombs in Vergina"><img alt="The tomb of Philip II of Macedon at the Museum of the Royal Tombs in Vergina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg/200px-Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg/300px-Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg/400px-Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tomb of Philip II of Macedon at the Museum of the Royal Tombs in <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II_larnax_vergina_greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The golden larnax and the golden grave crown of Philip"><img alt="The golden larnax and the golden grave crown of Philip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Philip_II_larnax_vergina_greece.jpg/153px-Philip_II_larnax_vergina_greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Philip_II_larnax_vergina_greece.jpg/230px-Philip_II_larnax_vergina_greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Philip_II_larnax_vergina_greece.jpg/307px-Philip_II_larnax_vergina_greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="2494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The golden <a href="/wiki/Larnax_(Archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Larnax (Archaeology)">larnax</a> and the golden grave crown of Philip</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadem_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The gilded silver diadem of Philip II, found in his tomb at Vergina."><img alt="The gilded silver diadem of Philip II, found in his tomb at Vergina." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Diadem_%282%29.jpg/200px-Diadem_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Diadem_%282%29.jpg/300px-Diadem_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Diadem_%282%29.jpg/400px-Diadem_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gilded" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilded">gilded</a> silver <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> of Philip II, found in his tomb at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olimpia_FilipTemple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olimpia_FilipTemple.JPG/225px-Olimpia_FilipTemple.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olimpia_FilipTemple.JPG/338px-Olimpia_FilipTemple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Olimpia_FilipTemple.JPG/450px-Olimpia_FilipTemple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Philip commissioned the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> to commemorate his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)">Battle of Chaeronea</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cult">Cult</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon">heroon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a> in Macedonia (the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Aegae</a> – Αἰγαί) is thought to have been dedicated to the worship of the family of Alexander the Great and may have housed the cult statue of Philip. It is probable that he was regarded as a hero or deified on his death. Though the Macedonians did not consider Philip a god, he did receive other forms of recognition from the Greeks, e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Eresos" title="Eresos">Eresos</a> (altar to Zeus Philippeios), <a href="/wiki/Ephesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesos">Ephesos</a> (his statue was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">temple of Artemis</a>), and at Olympia, where the <a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a> was built. </p><p>Isocrates once wrote to Philip that if he defeated Persia, there would be nothing left for him to do but to become a god,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Demades" title="Demades">Demades</a> proposed that Philip be regarded as the thirteenth god; however, there is no clear evidence that Philip was raised to the divine status accorded his son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_reference">Biblical reference</h3></div><p> Philip is mentioned in the opening verse of the <a href="/wiki/Deutero-canonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutero-canonical">deutero-canonical</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Book_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="First Book of Maccabees">First Book of Maccabees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg/220px-Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg/330px-Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg/440px-Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption><i>Niketerion</i> (victory medallion) bearing the effigy of king Philip II of Macedon, 3rd century AD, probably minted during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_March" title="Fredric March">Fredric March</a> portrayed Philip II of Macedon in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_(1956_film)" title="Alexander the Great (1956 film)">Alexander the Great</a></i> (1956).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Kilmer" title="Val Kilmer">Val Kilmer</a> portrayed Philip II of Macedon in <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>'s 2004 biopic <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(2004_film)" title="Alexander (2004 film)">Alexander</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunny_Ghanshani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunny Ghanshani (page does not exist)">Sunny Ghanshani</a> portrayed Philip II of Macedon in Siddharth Kumar Tewary's series <a href="/wiki/Porus_(TV_series)" title="Porus (TV series)">Porus</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_Gold:_Wars_of_Ancient_Greece" title="Hegemony Gold: Wars of Ancient Greece">Hegemony Gold: Wars of Ancient Greece</a></i> is a PC strategy game that follows the campaigns of Philip II in Greece</li> <li>Philip II appears in the Battle of Chaeronea in <i><a href="/wiki/Rome:_Total_War:_Alexander" title="Rome: Total War: Alexander">Rome: Total War: Alexander</a></i></li> <li>Philip II appears as a card in the Macedonian civilization deck that is played once then goes into history in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperium:_Classics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperium: Classics (page does not exist)">Imperium: Classics</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Philip II appears in the Ancient Greece tutorial missions of <i><a href="/wiki/Old_World_(video_game)" title="Old World (video game)">Old World</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedications">Dedications</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filippos_Veria" title="Filippos Veria">Filippos Veria</a>, one of the most successful handball teams of Greece, bears the name of Philip II. He is also depicted in the team's emblem.</li> <li>Philip II is depicted in the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army_Supreme_Military_Support_Command" title="Hellenic Army Supreme Military Support Command">2nd Support Brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a>, stationed in Kozani.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A special instrument known as the <a href="/wiki/Spoon_of_Dioclese" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoon of Dioclese">Spoon of Dioclese</a> was used to remove his eye.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrhidaeus was the son of Amyntas, one of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I's</a> six children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoisman2010158_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoisman2010158-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gygaea may have been an Argead, possibly the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I's</a> son Menelaus or <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archelaus I of Macedon">Archelaus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney200046–47_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney200046–47-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Audata was Bardylis's close relative, possibly his daughter or granddaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney200057_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney200057-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeckel2020274_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckel2020274-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander had relationships with at least two other women, but they produced no known children.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heracles was the alleged son of Alexander by Barsine, daughter of the Persian satrap <a href="/wiki/Artabazos_II" title="Artabazos II">Artabazos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeckel2020256_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckel2020256-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander's relationship with Barsine was viewed as an affair rather than a marriage, and as a result, Heracles was regarded as illegitimate by the Macedonian nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2000102–103_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2000102–103-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2018184_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2018184-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPohlenz1966" class="citation book cs1">Pohlenz, Max (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUY71_oc4b0C&q=%22league+of+corinth%22+%22hellas%22&pg=PA20"><i>Freedom in Greek life and thought: the history of an ideal</i></a>. Springer. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027700094" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027700094"><bdi>978-9027700094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+Greek+life+and+thought%3A+the+history+of+an+ideal&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-9027700094&rft.aulast=Pohlenz&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUY71_oc4b0C%26q%3D%2522league%2Bof%2Bcorinth%2522%2B%2522hellas%2522%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Worthington, Ian. 2008. <i>Philip II of Macedonia</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300164763" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300164763">978-0300164763</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cosmopoulos, Michael B. 1992. <i>Macedonia: An Introduction to its Political History</i>. Winnipeg: Manitoba Studies in Classical Civilization, p. 30 (Table 2: The Argeiad Kings).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Sicilus, Book 16, 89.[3] «διόπερ <b>ἐν Κορίνθῳ τοῦ κοινοῦ συνεδρίου</b> συναχθέντος διαλεχθεὶς περὶ τοῦ πρὸς Πέρσας πολέμου καὶ μεγάλας ἐλπίδας ὑποθεὶς <b>προετρέψατο τοὺς συνέδρους εἰς πόλεμον</b>. τέλος δὲ <b>τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἑλομένων αὐτὸν στρατηγὸν αὐτοκράτορα τῆς Ἑλλάδος μεγάλας παρασκευὰς ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας στρατείαν</b>...καὶ τὰ μὲν <b>περὶ Φίλιππον ἐν τούτοις ἦν</b>»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1979204-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1979204_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1979">Hammond 1979</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2010166–167-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2010166–167_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller2010">Müller 2010</a>, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington201425-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthington201425_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorthington2014">Worthington 2014</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney200039–40-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney200039–40_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarney2000">Carney 2000</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney200046–47-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney200046–47_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney200046–47_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarney2000">Carney 2000</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2013" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter (2013). <i>Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: A Historical Biography</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520954694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520954694"><bdi>978-0520954694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+of+Macedon%2C+356%E2%80%93323+B.C.%3A+A+Historical+Biography&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0520954694&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, T. (2017), "Plain tales from the hills: Illyrian influences on Argead military development", in S. Müller, T. Howe, H. Bowden and R. Rollinger (eds.), <i>The History of the Argeads: New Perspectives</i>. Wiesbaden, 99–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, N. G. L. (21 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/3531">"The Regnal Years of Philip and Alexander"</a>. <i>Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 355–373. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-3159">2159-3159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Regnal+Years+of+Philip+and+Alexander&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=355-373&rft.date=1992-12-21&rft.issn=2159-3159&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.+G.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Findex.php%2Fgrbs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2013" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter (2013). <i>Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C. : A Historical Biography</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520954694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520954694"><bdi>978-0520954694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+of+Macedon%2C+356%E2%80%93323+B.C.+%3A+A+Historical+Biography&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0520954694&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Argaeus_II2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Argaeus_II2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1870" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Peter_Mason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Peter Mason (page does not exist)">Mason, Charles Peter</a> (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0001.001/294?page=root;size=100;view=image">"Argaeus"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>. Vol. 1. p. 279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Argaeus&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.pages=279&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Charles+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fm%2Fmoa%2Facl3129.0001.001%2F294%3Fpage%3Droot%3Bsize%3D100%3Bview%3Dimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos1980" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (1980). <i>Philip of Macedon</i>. Athens: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekdotike_Athenon_S.A.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekdotike Athenon S.A. (page does not exist)">Ekdotike Athenon S.A.</a> p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+of+Macedon&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Ekdotike+Athenon+S.A.&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.psu.edu/alexanderthegreatconquests/the-professionalization-of-the-macedonian-military/">"The Professionalization of the Macedonian Military"</a>. <i>The Macedonian Conquest of Persia</i>. Penn State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404140441/https://sites.psu.edu/alexanderthegreatconquests/the-professionalization-of-the-macedonian-military/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Macedonian+Conquest+of+Persia&rft.atitle=The+Professionalization+of+the+Macedonian+Military&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.psu.edu%2Falexanderthegreatconquests%2Fthe-professionalization-of-the-macedonian-military%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC</i> by D. M. Lewis, 1994, p. 374, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23348-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23348-8">0-521-23348-8</a>: "... The victory over Bardylis made him an attractive ally to the Epirotes, who too had suffered at the Illyrians' hands, and his recent alignment ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond199430–31-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond199430–31_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1994">Hammond 1994</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2013" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter (2013). <i>Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C. : A Historical Biography</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520954694" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520954694"><bdi>978-0520954694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+of+Macedon%2C+356%E2%80%93323+B.C.+%3A+A+Historical+Biography&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0520954694&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1966" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, N.G.L. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30103175">"The Kingdoms in Illyria circa 400–167 B.C."</a> <i>The Annual of the British School at Athens</i>. <b>61</b>: 239–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068245400019043">10.1017/S0068245400019043</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30103175">30103175</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164155370">164155370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310233515/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30103175">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+British+School+at+Athens&rft.atitle=The+Kingdoms+in+Illyria+circa+400%E2%80%93167+B.C.&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=239-266&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164155370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30103175%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068245400019043&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.G.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30103175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rico_1950-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rico_1950_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRico-Avello1950" class="citation journal cs1">Rico-Avello (1950). "Diseases and physicians in the life of Philip II". <i>Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr)</i>. <b>24</b> (11–12): 817–867. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14816808">14816808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev+Sanid+Hig+Publica+%28Madr%29&rft.atitle=Diseases+and+physicians+in+the+life+of+Philip+II&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=817-867&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14816808&rft.au=Rico-Avello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevan1911-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan1911_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan1911_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan1911_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevan1911_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevan1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Philip_II.,_king_of_Macedonia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Philip II., king of Macedonia">Philip II., king of Macedonia</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philip+II.%2C+king+of+Macedonia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=377&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bevan&rft.aufirst=Edwyn+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond199446–48-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond199446–48_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond199446–48_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1994">Hammond 1994</a>, pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond199451–52-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond199451–52_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1994">Hammond 1994</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarchW.C._Helmbold" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>; W.C. Helmbold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0287%3Asection%3D17">"De Garrulitate"</a>. <i>Perseus Digital Library</i>. Tufts University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505205341/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0287:section%3D17">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>ἂν ἐμβάλω εἰς τὴν Λακωνικήν, ἀναστάτους ὑμᾶς ποιήσω</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=De+Garrulitate&rft.au=Plutarch&rft.au=W.C.+Helmbold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2008.01.0287%253Asection%253D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartledge2002" class="citation book cs1">Cartledge, Paul (2002). <i>Sparta and Lakonia : a regional history, 1300–362 B.C.</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26276-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26276-3"><bdi>0-415-26276-3</bdi></a>. <q>Philip laid Lakonia waste as far south as Gytheion and formally deprived Sparta of Dentheliatis (and apparently the territory on the Messenian Gulf as far as the Little Pamisos river), Belminatis, the territory of Karyai and the east Parnon foreland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sparta+and+Lakonia+%3A+a+regional+history%2C+1300%E2%80%93362+B.C.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=273&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-26276-3&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashley, James R., <i>The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359–323 BC</i>. McFarland, 2004, p. 114, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1918-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1918-0">0-7864-1918-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawkwell1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Cawkwell" title="George Cawkwell">Cawkwell, George</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-mUQgAACAAJ"><i>Philip II of Macedon</i></a>. London: Faber & Faber. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-10958-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-10958-6"><bdi>0-571-10958-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+II+of+Macedon&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-571-10958-6&rft.aulast=Cawkwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-mUQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells, H. G.</a> (1961) [1937]. <i>The Outline of History: Volume 1</i>. Doubleday. pp. 279–280. <q>... in 338 B.C. a congress of Greek states recognized him as captain-general for the war against Persia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outline+of+History%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=279-280&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodesOsborne2003" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Peter John; Osborne, Robin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3iMTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA375"><i>Greek Historical Inscriptions: 404–323 BC</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815313-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815313-9"><bdi>978-0-19-815313-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Historical+Inscriptions%3A+404%E2%80%93323+BC&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815313-9&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rft.au=Osborne%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3iMTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JM-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JM_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2016" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Janett (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49JVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271"><i>Greek Perspectives on the Achaemenid Empire: Persia Through the Looking Glass</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4724-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-4724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Perspectives+on+the+Achaemenid+Empire%3A+Persia+Through+the+Looking+Glass&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4724-8&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Janett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49JVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NC-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NC_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NC_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2004" class="citation book cs1">Cawthorne, Nigel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oxyz0v9T74sC&pg=PA42"><i>Alexander the Great</i></a>. Haus Publishing. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904341-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904341-56-7"><bdi>978-1-904341-56-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904341-56-7&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doxyz0v9T74sC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2012" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAW6kmL30RUC&pg=PA114"><i>Alexander the Great and His Empire: A Short Introduction</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15445-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15445-9"><bdi>978-0-691-15445-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+and+His+Empire%3A+A+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15445-9&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAW6kmL30RUC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJ-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EJ_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2018" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Erik (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>Barbarians in the Greek and Roman World</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-714-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62466-714-5"><bdi>978-1-62466-714-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarians+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62466-714-5&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQCRtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2000101-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2000101_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarney2000">Carney 2000</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PB-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PB_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PB_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2002" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Pierre (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA817"><i>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 817. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-120-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=817&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-120-7&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxQ9W6F1oSYC%26pg%3DPA817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WH-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WH_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WH_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckel2008" class="citation book cs1">Heckel, Waldemar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NR4Wn9VU8vkC&pg=PT205"><i>Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5469-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-5469-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Age+of+Alexander+the+Great%3A+Prosopography+of+Alexander%27s+Empire&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5469-7&rft.aulast=Heckel&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNR4Wn9VU8vkC%26pg%3DPT205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond19941-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond19941_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1994">Hammond 1994</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a>, 13.557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2006xiii-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2006xiii_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2006xiii_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarney2006">Carney 2006</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2000250–251-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2000250–251_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarney2000">Carney 2000</a>, pp. 250–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErrington1990255–257-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErrington1990255–257_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 255–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoisman2010158-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoisman2010158_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoisman2010">Roisman 2010</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckel2016321-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeckel2016321_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeckel2016">Heckel 2016</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney200057-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney200057_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarney2000">Carney 2000</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckel2020274-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeckel2020274_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeckel2020">Heckel 2020</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckel2020256-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeckel2020256_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeckel2020">Heckel 2020</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarney2000102–103-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarney2000102–103_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarney2000">Carney 2000</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2018184-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2018184_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2018">King 2018</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParise2002" class="citation book cs1">Parise, Frank (2002) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofcalendars0000unse_y2i4/page/10/mode/2up"><i>The book of calendars</i></a>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931956-76-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931956-76-5"><bdi>978-1-931956-76-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+calendars&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-931956-76-5&rft.aulast=Parise&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofcalendars0000unse_y2i4%2Fpage%2F10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span> The month of Dios started in 2 October that year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1961" class="citation book cs1">Wells, H. G. (1961) [1937]. <i>The Outline of History: Volume 1</i>. Doubleday. p. 282. <q>The murderer had a horse waiting, and would have got away, but the foot of his horse caught in a wild vine, and he was thrown from the saddle by the stumble, and slain by his pursuers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outline+of+History%3A+Volume+1&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2020" class="citation book cs1">Carney, Elizabeth (2020). <i>Affective Relations and Personal Bonds in Hellenistic Antiquity</i>. Oxbow. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affective+Relations+and+Personal+Bonds+in+Hellenistic+Antiquity&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1870" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Schmitz" title="Leonhard Schmitz">Schmitz, Leonhard</a> (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA111">"Alexander (Ἀλέξανδρος), son of Aeropus"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>. Vol. 1. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+%28%E1%BC%88%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82%29%2C+son+of+Aeropus&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Leonhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DIGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <i>Politics</i>. pp. 5.10, 1311b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics&rft.pages=5.10%2C+1311b&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiodorus_Siculus" class="citation web cs1">Diodorus Siculus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304065912/http://www.holoka.com/diodorus%20on%20philip.htm">"The Library of History"</a>. 16.91–95. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holoka.com/diodorus%20on%20philip.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+History&rft.au=Diodorus+Siculus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holoka.com%2Fdiodorus%2520on%2520philip.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiodorus_Siculus" class="citation web cs1">Diodorus Siculus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304065912/http://www.holoka.com/diodorus%20on%20philip.htm">"The Library of History"</a>. 16.91–95. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holoka.com/diodorus%20on%20philip.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+History&rft.au=Diodorus+Siculus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holoka.com%2Fdiodorus%2520on%2520philip.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Junianus1768" class="citation book cs1">Marcus Junianus, Justinus (1768). "9.7". <i>Justini historiæPhilippicæ: Cum versionse anglica, ad verbum, quantum fieri potuit, facta, or, The history of Justin; with an English translation, as literal as possible. By John Clarke, author of the essays upon education and study</i>. Translated by Clarke, John (6th ed.). London: Printed for L. Hawes, W. Clarke, and R. Collins, in Pater-Noster Row, M.DCC.LXVIII. pp. 89–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.7&rft.btitle=Justini+histori%C3%A6Philippic%C3%A6%3A+Cum+versionse+anglica%2C+ad+verbum%2C+quantum+fieri+potuit%2C+facta%2C+or%2C+The+history+of+Justin%3B+with+an+English+translation%2C+as+literal+as+possible.+By+John+Clarke%2C+author+of+the+essays+upon+education+and+study.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=89-90&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Printed+for+L.+Hawes%2C+W.+Clarke%2C+and+R.+Collins%2C+in+Pater-Noster+Row%2C+M.DCC.LXVIII&rft.date=1768&rft.aulast=Marcus+Junianus&rft.aufirst=Justinus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos1980" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (1980). <i>Philip of Macedon</i>. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon S. A. pp. 170–175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+of+Macedon&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=170-175&rft.pub=Ekdotike+Athenon+S.+A.&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden2009" class="citation book cs1">Ogden, Daniel (2009). "Alexander's Sex Life". In <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Heckel" title="Waldemar Heckel">Heckel, Waldemar</a>; Tritle, Lawrence A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbaPwpvt8ZQC"><i>Alexander the Great: A New History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3081-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-3081-3</bdi></a>. <q>If the relationship was indeed a sexual one, then it can be contextualized in this regard against known homosexual relationships in and around the Macedonian court. The sensitivities associated with them had often erupted into regicide. Aristotle tells that the killers of Archelaus, Crateuas and Hellenocrates of Larissa, had been former <i>eromenoi</i> of the king.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander%27s+Sex+Life&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3081-3&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbaPwpvt8ZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aigai.gr/www.aigai.gr/en/history/overview-scientific-research.html">"Overview of the scientific research"</a>. <i>www.aigai.gr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035820/https://www.aigai.gr/www.aigai.gr/en/history/overview-scientific-research.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aigai.gr&rft.atitle=Overview+of+the+scientific+research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aigai.gr%2Fwww.aigai.gr%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Foverview-scientific-research.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2004" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d7AABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Alexander the Great: Man and God</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> (published 2014). p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86645-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86645-9"><bdi>978-1-317-86645-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322133446/https://books.google.com/books?id=d7AABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>As the centuries passed, the location of Philip's tomb was forgotten, as indeed was the site of ancient Aegae. In 1977 the Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos excavated a large tumulus at Vergina, which N.G.L. Hammond identified with Aegae.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+Man+and+God&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86645-9&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd7AABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080423-alexander-great.html">National Geographic article outlining recent archaeological examinations of Tomb II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801161022/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080423-alexander-great.html">Archived</a> 1 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gage-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gage_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage1977" class="citation news cs1">Gage, Joan (25 December 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/25/archives/treasures-from-a-golden-tomb-macedonia.html">"Treasures from a Golden Tomb"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506132726/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/25/archives/treasures-from-a-golden-tomb-macedonia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Treasures+from+a+Golden+Tomb&rft.date=1977-12-25&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F12%2F25%2Farchives%2Ftreasures-from-a-golden-tomb-macedonia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728083822/http://www.tekmeria.org/index.php/tekmiria/article/view/216/336">"Hatzopoulos B. Miltiades, The Burial of the Dead (at Vergina) or The Unending Controversy on the Identity of the Occupant of Tomb II. <i>Tekmiria</i>, vol. 9 (2008)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tekmeria.org/index.php/tekmiria/article/view/216/336">the original</a> on 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hatzopoulos+B.+Miltiades%2C+The+Burial+of+the+Dead+%28at+Vergina%29+or+The+Unending+Controversy+on+the+Identity+of+the+Occupant+of+Tomb+II.+Tekmiria%2C+vol.+9+%282008%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tekmeria.org%2Findex.php%2Ftekmiria%2Farticle%2Fview%2F216%2F336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See John Prag and Richard Neave's report in <i>Making Faces: Using Forensic and Archaeological Evidence</i>, published for the Trustees of the British Museum by the British Museum Press, London: 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medsci.org-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medsci.org_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medsci.org_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusgravePragNeaveFox2010" class="citation journal cs1">Musgrave, Jonathan; Prag, A. J. N. W.; Neave, Richard; Fox, Robin Lane; White, Hugh (8 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medsci.org/v07p00s1.htm">"The Occupants of Tomb II at Vergina. Why Arrhidaios and Eurydice must be excluded"</a>. <i>International Journal of Medical Sciences</i>. <b>7</b> (6): s1–s15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7150%2Fijms.7.s1">10.7150/ijms.7.s1</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323114129/https://www.medsci.org/v07p00s1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span> – via www.medsci.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Occupants+of+Tomb+II+at+Vergina.+Why+Arrhidaios+and+Eurydice+must+be+excluded&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=s1-s15&rft.date=2010-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7150%2Fijms.7.s1&rft.aulast=Musgrave&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Prag%2C+A.+J.+N.+W.&rft.au=Neave%2C+Richard&rft.au=Fox%2C+Robin+Lane&rft.au=White%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medsci.org%2Fv07p00s1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pnas-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pnas_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pnas_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonis_Bartsiokas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Antonis Bartsiokas; et al. (20 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538655">"The lameness of King Philip II and Royal Tomb I at Vergina, Macedonia"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>112</b> (32): 9844–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.9844B">2015PNAS..112.9844B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1510906112">10.1073/pnas.1510906112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4538655">4538655</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26195763">26195763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+lameness+of+King+Philip+II+and+Royal+Tomb+I+at+Vergina%2C+Macedonia&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=9844-48&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4538655%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26195763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1510906112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..112.9844B&rft.au=Antonis+Bartsiokas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4538655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.tovima.gr/2015/07/22/culture/ypoyrgeio-politismoy-apantisi-sta-symperasmata-meletis-gia-ton-tafo-toy-filippoy/">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003203513/https://www.tovima.gr/2015/07/22/culture/ypoyrgeio-politismoy-apantisi-sta-symperasmata-meletis-gia-ton-tafo-toy-filippoy/">Archived</a> 3 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Ministry of Culture [Greece]: Answer to the conclusions of a study on the tomb of Philip" (Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού: Απάντηση στα συμπεράσματα μελέτης για τον τάφο του Φιλίππου, Newspaper To Vima (Το Βήμα), 22 July 2015. (in Greek)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntikasWynn-Antikas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Antikas, Theodore G.; Wynn-Antikas, Laura K. (11 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/oa.2459">"New Finds from the Cremains in Tomb II at Aegae Point to Philip II and a Scythian Princess"</a>. <i>International Journal of Osteoarchaeology</i>. <b>26</b> (4) (published July–August 2016): 682–692. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Foa.2459">10.1002/oa.2459</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626094239/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/oa.2459">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)#Wiley_Online_Library" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley Online Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Osteoarchaeology&rft.atitle=New+Finds+from+the+Cremains+in+Tomb+II+at+Aegae+Point+to+Philip+II+and+a+Scythian+Princess&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=682-692&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Foa.2459&rft.aulast=Antikas&rft.aufirst=Theodore+G.&rft.au=Wynn-Antikas%2C+Laura+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Foa.2459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Backgrounds of early Christianity By Everett Ferguson p. 202 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0669-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0669-4">0-8028-0669-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The twelve gods of Greece and Rome By Charlotte R. Long p. 207 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07716-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07716-2">90-04-07716-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%201:1&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 1:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/2633632/imperium-civilisation-spotlight-macedonians">"Imperium Civilisation Spotlight – The Macedonians | Imperium: Classics"</a>. <i>BoardGameGeek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127201054/https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/2633632/imperium-civilisation-spotlight-macedonians">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BoardGameGeek&rft.atitle=Imperium+Civilisation+Spotlight+%E2%80%93+The+Macedonians+%26%23124%3B+Imperium%3A+Classics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboardgamegeek.com%2Fthread%2F2633632%2Fimperium-civilisation-spotlight-macedonians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140727004134/http://www.army.gr/default.php?pname=PERIGRAFI_EMBLIMATOS_%CE%99ITAKSIP&la=1">"Γενικό Επιτελείο Στρατού: Εμβλήματα Όπλων και Σωμάτων"</a>. <i>Hellenic Army General Staff</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.gr/default.php?pname=PERIGRAFI_EMBLIMATOS_%CE%99ITAKSIP&la=1">the original</a> on 27 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hellenic+Army+General+Staff&rft.atitle=%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C+%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF+%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%3A+%CE%95%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1+%CE%8C%CF%80%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%A3%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.gr%2Fdefault.php%3Fpname%3DPERIGRAFI_EMBLIMATOS_%25CE%2599ITAKSIP%26la%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <p><b>Primary sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiodorus1968" class="citation book cs1">Diodorus Siculus (1968). <i>Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes</i>. 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University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3212-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3212-9"><bdi>978-0-8061-3212-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Monarchy+in+Macedonia&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3212-9&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZbI2hZBy_EkC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2006" class="citation book cs1">Carney, Elizabeth (2006). <i>Olympias: Mother of Alexander the Great</i>. 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Leiden: Brill. pp. 335–366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20650-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20650-2"><bdi>978-90-04-20650-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philip+of+Macedon%3A+Accession%2C+Ambitions%2C+and+Self-Presentation&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedon%3A+Studies+in+the+Archaeology+and+History+of+Macedon%2C+650+BC+%E2%80%93+300+AD&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=335-366&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20650-2&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjLPBsB2dIkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilley2010" class="citation book cs1">Gilley, Dawn L.; Worthington, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up">"Alexander the Great, Macedonia and Asia"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). <i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 186–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+the+Great%2C+Macedonia+and+Asia&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=186-207&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Gilley&rft.aufirst=Dawn+L.&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAncientMacedonia%2FAncient%2520Macedonia%23page%2Fn401%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1979" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, N.G.L.; Griffith, G.T. (1979). <i>A History of Macedonia Volume II: 550–336 B.C</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198148142" title="Special:BookSources/9780198148142"><bdi>9780198148142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Macedonia+Volume+II%3A+550%E2%80%93336+B.C.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780198148142&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.G.L.&rft.au=Griffith%2C+G.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1988" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, N.G.L.; Walbank, F.W. (1988). <i>A History of Macedonia Volume III: 336–167 B.C</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198148159" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198148159"><bdi>978-0198148159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Macedonia+Volume+III%3A+336%E2%80%93167+B.C.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0198148159&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.G.L.&rft.au=Walbank%2C+F.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1994" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, N.G.L. (1994). <i>Philip of Macedon</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4927-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4927-6"><bdi>0-8018-4927-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+of+Macedon&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8018-4927-6&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.G.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckel2016" class="citation book cs1">Heckel, Waldemar (2016). <i>Alexander's Marshals: A study of the Makedonian aristocracy and the politics of military leadership</i> (second ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-93469-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-93469-6"><bdi>978-1-138-93469-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander%27s+Marshals%3A+A+study+of+the+Makedonian+aristocracy+and+the+politics+of+military+leadership&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-93469-6&rft.aulast=Heckel&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckel2020" class="citation book cs1">Heckel, Waldemar (2016). <i>Lexicon of Argead Makedonia</i>. Berlin: Frank & Timme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7329-9601-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7329-9601-8"><bdi>978-3-7329-9601-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+Argead+Makedonia&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Frank+%26+Timme&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-7329-9601-8&rft.aulast=Heckel&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2018" class="citation book cs1">King, Carol J. (2018). <i>Ancient Macedonia</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2010" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Sabine (2010). "Philip II". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC"><i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i></a>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 166–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philip+II&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=166-185&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkYFVJ3U-BIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoisman2010" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up">"Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). <i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 145–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Macedonia+to+Perdiccas+III&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=145-165&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAncientMacedonia%2FAncient%2520Macedonia%23page%2Fn401%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2014" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ian (2014). <i>By The Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992986-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992986-3"><bdi>978-0-19-992986-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+The+Spear%3A+Philip+II%2C+Alexander+the+Great%2C+and+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Macedonian+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992986-3&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilip+II+of+Macedon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Philip_II_of_Macedon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/home.html">Plutarch: Life of Alexander</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuOxGMoHMMY&feature=channel">Twilight of the Polis and the rise of Macedon</a> (<i>Philip, Demosthenes and the Fall of the Polis</i>). Yale University courses, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101106180914/http://oyc.yale.edu/classics/introduction-to-ancient-greek-history/content/sessions/session-24-twilight-of-the-polis-cont.-and">Lecture 24</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030014100/http://oyc.yale.edu/classics/introduction-to-ancient-greek-history/"><i>Introduction to Ancient Greek History</i></a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728083822/http://www.tekmeria.org/index.php/tekmiria/article/view/216/336">The Burial of the Dead (at Vergina) or The Unending Controversy on the Identity of the Occupants of Tomb II</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Philip II of Macedon </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 382 BC</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 336 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_III_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas III of Macedon">Perdiccas III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Macedon">King of Macedon</a> </b><br />359–336 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III the Great</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Macedon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Macedon" title="Template:Kings of Macedon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Macedon" title="Template talk:Kings of Macedon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Macedon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Macedon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Macedon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legendary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caranus_of_Macedon" title="Caranus of Macedon"><i>Caranus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenus_of_Macedon" title="Coenus of Macedon"><i>Coenus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrimmas_of_Macedon" title="Tyrimmas of Macedon"><i>Tyrimmas</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vergina Sun"><img alt="Vergina Sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/75px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/113px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/150px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Vergina Sun</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_I_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas I of Macedon">Perdiccas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argaeus_I_of_Macedon" title="Argaeus I of Macedon">Argaeus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Macedon" title="Philip I of Macedon">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeropus_I_of_Macedon" title="Aeropus I of Macedon">Aeropus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcetas I of Macedon">Alcetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas I of Macedon">Amyntas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_II_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas II of Macedon">Perdiccas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archelaus I of Macedon">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes_of_Macedon" title="Orestes of Macedon">Orestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeropus_II_of_Macedon" title="Aeropus II of Macedon">Aeropus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_II_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas II of Macedon">Amyntas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Macedon" title="Pausanias of Macedon">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_III_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas III of Macedon">Amyntas III</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Argaeus_II_of_Macedon" title="Argaeus II of Macedon"><i>Argaeus II</i></a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Macedon" title="Alexander II of Macedon">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Aloros" title="Ptolemy of Aloros"><i>Ptolemy of Aloros</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_III_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas III of Macedon">Perdiccas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_IV_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas IV of Macedon"><i>Amyntas IV</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III (the Great)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antipatrid_dynasty" title="Antipatrid dynasty">Antipatrid dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Macedon" title="Philip IV of Macedon">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_I_of_Macedon" title="Antipater I of Macedon">Antipater I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_V_of_Macedon" title="Alexander V of Macedon">Alexander V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynastic conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Ceraunus" title="Ptolemy Ceraunus">Ptolemy Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager_(king)" title="Meleager (king)">Meleager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_Etesias" title="Antipater Etesias">Antipater II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonus II</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus"><i>Pyrrhus</i></a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_III_Doson" title="Antigonus III Doson">Antigonus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Conquest Rebel Kings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus"><i>Andriscus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Alexander" title="Pseudo-Alexander"><i>Pseudo-Alexander</i></a></li> <li><i>Pseudo-Philip/Pseudo-Perseus</i></li> <li><i>Euephenes</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hellenistic_rulers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Template:Hellenistic rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Template talk:Hellenistic rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hellenistic rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hellenistic_rulers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> rulers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argeads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antipatrid_dynasty" title="Antipatrid dynasty">Antipatrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Macedon" title="Philip IV of Macedon">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_V_of_Macedon" title="Alexander V of Macedon">Alexander V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_II_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipater II of Macedon">Antipater II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_Etesias" title="Antipater Etesias">Antipater Etesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius I Poliorcetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas">Antigonus II Gonatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_III_Doson" title="Antigonus III Doson">Antigonus III Doson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus">Philip VI</a> (pretender)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI" title="Cleopatra VI">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV" title="Berenice IV">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Cyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Cyrene">Monarchs of Cyrene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_the_Fair" title="Demetrius the Fair">Demetrius the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Apion" title="Ptolemy Apion">Ptolemy Apion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander I Balas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Thea" title="Cleopatra Thea">Cleopatra Thea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_of_Syria" title="Cleopatra Selene of Syria">Cleopatra Selene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Epigonos" title="Ptolemy Epigonos">Ptolemy Epigonos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philetaerus" title="Philetaerus">Philetaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_I" title="Eumenes I">Eumenes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_I" title="Attalus I">Attalus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_II_Philadelphus" title="Attalus II Philadelphus">Attalus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_III" title="Attalus III">Attalus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_III" title="Eumenes III">Eumenes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Bactria" title="Plato of Bactria">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_II" title="Eucratides II">Eucratides II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_I" title="Apollodotus I">Apollodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_II" title="Antimachus II">Antimachus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathokleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathokleia">Agathokleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysias_Anicetus" title="Lysias Anicetus">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliokles_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliokles II">Heliokles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyxenos_Epiphanes_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyxenos Epiphanes Soter">Polyxenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Aniketos" title="Demetrius III Aniketos">Demetrius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_Anicetus" title="Philoxenus Anicetus">Philoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes_Soter" title="Diomedes Soter">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epander" title="Epander">Epander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilos (king)">Theophilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peukolaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukolaos">Peukolaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraso" title="Thraso">Thraso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicias_(Indo-Greek_king)" title="Nicias (Indo-Greek king)">Nicias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemidoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemidoros">Artemidoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaeus" title="Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archebius" title="Archebius">Archebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephos_Euergetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephos Euergetes">Telephos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_II" title="Apollodotus II">Apollodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippostratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippostratos">Hippostratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysios Soter">Dionysios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos II">Zoilos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollophanes" title="Apollophanes">Apollophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_III" title="Strato III">Strato III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bithynia" title="List of rulers of Bithynia">Monarchs of Bithynia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boteiras_of_Bithynia" title="Boteiras of Bithynia">Boteiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_of_Bithynia" title="Bas of Bithynia">Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes I of Bithynia">Zipoetes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes I of Bithynia">Nicomedes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes II of Bithynia">Zipoetes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazeta_of_Bithynia" title="Etazeta of Bithynia">Etazeta</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaelas_of_Bithynia" title="Ziaelas of Bithynia">Ziaelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_I_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias I of Bithynia">Prusias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_II_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias II of Bithynia">Prusias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes II of Bithynia">Nicomedes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_III_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes III of Bithynia">Nicomedes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_IV_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes IV of Bithynia">Nicomedes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_Chrestus" title="Socrates Chrestus">Socrates Chrestus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Monarchs of Pontus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates I of Pontus">Mithridates I Ctistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Pontus" title="Ariobarzanes of Pontus">Ariobarzanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates II of Pontus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates III of Pontus">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_I_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces I of Pontus">Pharnaces I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates IV of Pontus">Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Laodice_(sister-wife_of_Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus)" title="Laodice (sister-wife of Mithridates IV of Pontus)">Laodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates V of Pontus">Mithridates V Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_of_Pontus" title="Darius of Pontus">Darius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsaces_of_Pontus" title="Arsaces of Pontus">Arsaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythodorida_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythodorida of Pontus">Pythodorida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_II_of_Pontus" title="Polemon II of Pontus">Polemon II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Monarchs of Commagene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_of_Commagene" title="Ptolemaeus of Commagene">Ptolemaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sames_II_Theosebes_Dikaios" title="Sames II Theosebes Dikaios">Sames II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_Callinicus" title="Mithridates I Callinicus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I Theos of Commagene">Antiochus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates II of Commagene">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus II of Commagene">Antiochus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates III of Commagene">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus III of Commagene">Antiochus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus IV of Commagene">Antiochus IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Cappadocia">Monarchs of Cappadocia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes II of Cappadocia">Ariarathes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamnes_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariamnes of Cappadocia">Ariamnes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes III of Cappadocia">Ariarathes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IV_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_V_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes V of Cappadocia">Ariarathes V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orophernes_of_Cappadocia" title="Orophernes of Cappadocia">Orophernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VI_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VIII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IX_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_X_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes X of Cappadocia">Ariarathes X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Monarchs of the<br />Cimmerian Bosporus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_I" title="Paerisades I">Paerisades I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyros II">Satyros II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prytanis_of_Bosporus" title="Prytanis of Bosporus">Prytanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelos_of_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelos of Bosporus">Eumelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos III">Spartokos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiainon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygiainon">Hygiainon</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_II" title="Paerisades II">Paerisades II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos IV">Spartokos IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukon_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukon II">Leukon II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spartokos_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spartokos V (page does not exist)">Spartokos V</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_V" class="extiw" title="ru:Спарток V">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasarye_Philoteknos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasarye Philoteknos">Kamasarye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_III" title="Paerisades III">Paerisades III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_IV_Philometor" title="Paerisades IV Philometor">Paerisades IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_V" title="Paerisades V">Paerisades V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_the_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates I of the Bosporus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonius_(Bosporan_usurper)" title="Scribonius (Bosporan usurper)">Scribonius</a>'s attempted rule with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Aspurgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Julius Aspurgus">Aspurgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepaepyris" title="Gepaepyris">Gepaepyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Mithridates" title="Tiberius Julius Mithridates">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Cotys_I" title="Tiberius Julius Cotys I">Cotys I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_kings_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the kings of Epirus">Monarchs of Epirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admetus_of_Epirus" title="Admetus of Epirus">Admetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharrhypas" title="Tharrhypas">Tharrhypas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_I_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas I of Epirus">Alcetas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_I_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus I of Epirus">Neoptolemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arybbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arybbas">Arybbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus" title="Alexander I of Epirus">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeacides_of_Epirus" title="Aeacides of Epirus">Aeacides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_II_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus II of Epirus">Neoptolemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_II_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas II of Epirus">Alcetas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympias_II_of_Epirus" title="Olympias II of Epirus">Olympias II</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_II_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus II of Epirus">Pyrrhus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Epirus" title="Ptolemy of Epirus">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_III_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus III of Epirus">Pyrrhus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_II_of_Epirus" title="Deidamia II of Epirus">Deidamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Hellenistic rulers were preceded by <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps" title="Template:Hellenistic satraps">Hellenistic satraps</a> in most of their territories.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Olympic_Games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Template:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Template talk:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Olympic_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Olympic winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Olympic_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia" title="Archaeological Museum of Olympia">Archaeological Museum of Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Olympic_festivals" title="Ancient Greek Olympic festivals">Ancient Greek Olympic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellanodikai" title="Hellanodikai">Hellanodikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia" title="Stadium at Olympia">Stadium at Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/100px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/150px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg/200px-Olympic_schedule_%28Competitions%29_Pentathlon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running_in_Ancient_Greece" title="Running in Ancient Greece">Foot races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaulos_(running_race)" title="Diaulos (running race)">Diaulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichos_(race)" title="Dolichos (race)">Dolichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplitodromos" title="Hoplitodromos">Hoplitodromos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)" title="Stadion (running race)">Stadion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Horse races</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apene (page does not exist)">Apene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chariot_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chariot of polos (page does not exist)">Chariot of polos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapolon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decapolon (page does not exist)">Decapolon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpe_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalpe riding (page does not exist)">Kalpe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keles_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keles riding (page does not exist)">Keles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfect_chariot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfect chariot (page does not exist)">Perfect chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polos_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polos riding (page does not exist)">Polos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Synoris">Synoris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synoris_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synoris of polos (page does not exist)">Synoris of polos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethrippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethrippon">Tethrippon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethrippon_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tethrippon of polos (page does not exist)">Tethrippon of polos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing" title="Ancient Greek boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wrestling" title="Greek wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herald_and_Trumpet_contest" title="Herald and Trumpet contest">Herald and Trumpet contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_pentathlon" title="Ancient Olympic pentathlon">Pentathlon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_of_Sparta" title="Acanthus of Sparta">Acanthus of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agasias_of_Arcadia" title="Agasias of Arcadia">Agasias of Arcadia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agesarchus_of_Tritaea" title="Agesarchus of Tritaea">Agesarchus of Tritaea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxilas" title="Anaxilas">Anaxilas of Messenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Macedon" title="Archelaus of Macedon">Archelaus of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arrhichion" title="Arrhichion">Arrhichion of Phigalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Astylos_of_Croton" title="Astylos of Croton">Astylos of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bilistiche" title="Bilistiche">Bilistiche</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chaeron_of_Pellene" title="Chaeron of Pellene">Chaeron of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Patras" title="Chilon of Patras">Chilon of Patras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chionis_of_Sparta" title="Chionis of Sparta">Chionis of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cimon_Coalemos" title="Cimon Coalemos">Cimon Coalemos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coroebus_of_Elis" title="Coroebus of Elis">Coroebus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cylon_of_Athens" title="Cylon of Athens">Cylon of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cynisca" title="Cynisca">Cynisca of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Damarchus" title="Damarchus">Damarchus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demaratus" title="Demaratus">Demaratus of Sparta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Desmon_of_Corinth" title="Desmon of Corinth">Desmon of Corinth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diagoras_of_Rhodes" title="Diagoras of Rhodes">Diagoras of Rhodes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Corinth" title="Diocles of Corinth">Diocles of Corinth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ergoteles_of_Himera" title="Ergoteles of Himera">Ergoteles of Himera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Euryleonis" title="Euryleonis">Euryleonis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Herodorus_of_Megara" title="Herodorus of Megara">Herodorus of Megara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiero_I_of_Syracuse" title="Hiero I of Syracuse">Hiero I of Syracuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hypenus_of_Elis" title="Hypenus of Elis">Hypenus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hysmon" title="Hysmon">Hysmon of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iccus_of_Taranto" title="Iccus of Taranto">Iccus of Taranto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_of_Rhodes" title="Leonidas of Rhodes">Leonidas of Rhodes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leophron" title="Leophron">Leophron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero Caesar Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oebotas_of_Dyme" title="Oebotas of Dyme">Oebotas of Dyme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Onomastus_of_Smyrna" title="Onomastus of Smyrna">Onomastus of Smyrna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orsippus" title="Orsippus">Orsippus of Megara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pisistratus" title="Pisistratus">Peisistratos of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phanas_of_Pellene" title="Phanas of Pellene">Phanas of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philinus_of_Cos_(athlete)" title="Philinus of Cos (athlete)">Philinus of Cos</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philip II of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippus_of_Croton" title="Philippus of Croton">Philippus of Croton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phrynon" title="Phrynon">Phrynon of Athens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polydamas_of_Skotoussa" title="Polydamas of Skotoussa">Polydamas of Skotoussa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_of_Laconia" title="Pythagoras of Laconia">Pythagoras of Laconia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras_(boxer)" title="Pythagoras (boxer)">Pythagoras of Samos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sostratus_of_Pellene" title="Sostratus of Pellene">Sostratus of Pellene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theagenes_of_Thasos" title="Theagenes of Thasos">Theagenes of Thasos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theron_of_Acragas" title="Theron of Acragas">Theron of Acragas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius Caesar Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timasitheus_of_Delphi" title="Timasitheus of Delphi">Timasitheus of Delphi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Troilus_of_Elis" title="Troilus of Elis">Troilus of Elis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Varazdat" title="Varazdat">Varazdat of Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Aegium" title="Xenophon of Aegium">Xenophon of Aegium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_of_Corinth" title="Xenophon of Corinth">Xenophon of Corinth</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Ancient Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_winners_of_the_Stadion_race" title="List of Olympic winners of the Stadion race">Stadion race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_winners_of_the_Archaic_period" title="Olympic winners of the Archaic period">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Classical_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Classical period (page does not exist)">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Hellenistic_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Hellenistic period (page does not exist)">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Roman_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olympic winners of the Roman period (page does not exist)">Roman period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/32px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/48px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg/64px-Olympic_Rings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="495" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games" title="Portal:Olympic Games">Olympic Games portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Category:Ancient Olympic Games">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130650#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130650#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130650#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000381727246">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262339539">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6455149108604068780002">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305191384">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315682892">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/308159474307727662271">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126154381070330292543">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/287459685">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2671168048985238410006">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1043164963947424300002">9</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1841253/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjCCcjRPF4DwyDK8yqjCry">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjxvmgvXRQFWcM6fHQ7wP3">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Philipp II., Makedonien, König"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118593838">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50078537">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119544270">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119544270">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621290">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an67241038">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20041012004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1217983">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070342091">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90326344">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=44940">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsstjx0596r85">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810635676305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/90391">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266396305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614808606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14612311?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500323993">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1872756">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118593838.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118593838">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027521869">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Macedon&oldid=1256375646">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_of_Macedon&oldid=1256375646</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Category:Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:382_BC_births" title="Category:382 BC births">382 BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:336_BC_deaths" title="Category:336 BC deaths">336 BC deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:4th-century_BC_Macedonian_monarchs" title="Category:4th-century BC Macedonian monarchs">4th-century BC Macedonian monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:4th-century_BC_murdered_monarchs" title="Category:4th-century BC murdered monarchs">4th-century BC murdered monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Pellaeans" title="Category:Ancient Pellaeans">Ancient Pellaeans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Argead_kings_of_Macedonia" title="Category:Argead kings of Macedonia">Argead kings of Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Family_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Category:Family of Alexander the Great">Family of Alexander the Great</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Olympic_competitors" title="Category:Ancient Olympic competitors">Ancient Olympic competitors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Macedonian_athletes" title="Category:Ancient Macedonian athletes">Ancient Macedonian athletes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_chariot_racers" title="Category:Ancient Greek chariot racers">Ancient Greek chariot racers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Murdered_royalty_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Category:Murdered royalty of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Murdered royalty of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_in_the_deuterocanonical_books" title="Category:People in the deuterocanonical books">People in the deuterocanonical books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theban_hegemony" title="Category:Theban hegemony">Theban hegemony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demosthenes" title="Category:Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_generals" title="Category:Ancient Greek generals">Ancient Greek generals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_DGRBM" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DGRBM">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DGRBM</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_DGRBM_without_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DGRBM without a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DGRBM without a Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_DGRBM" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the DGRBM">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the DGRBM</a></li><li><a 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