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<span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_and_tactical_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_and_tactical_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Strategic and tactical considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_and_tactical_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Chaironeia" title="Schlacht von Chaironeia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schlacht von Chaironeia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="معركة خيرونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة خيرونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeroneya_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC_(e.%C9%99._338)" title="Xeroneya döyüşü (e.ə. 338) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xeroneya döyüşü (e.ə. 338)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Битка при Херонея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Херонея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_C%27haeronea_(-338)" title="Emgann C'haeronea (-338) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann C'haeronea (-338)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Queronea_(338_aC)" title="Batalla de Queronea (338 aC) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Queronea (338 aC)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Chair%C3%B3neie" title="Bitva u Chairóneie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Chairóneie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Chaeronea_(338_CC)" title="Brwydr Chaeronea (338 CC) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Chaeronea (338 CC)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Chaironeia" title="Schlacht von Chaironeia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Chaironeia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaironeia_lahing" title="Chaironeia lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chaironeia lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82_(338_%CF%80.%CE%A7.)" title="Μάχη της Χαιρώνειας (338 π.Χ.) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη της Χαιρώνειας (338 π.Χ.)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Queronea" title="Batalla de Queronea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Queronea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Keroneo" title="Batalo de Keroneo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Keroneo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keroneako_gudua" title="Keroneako gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Keroneako gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نبرد خایرونیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد خایرونیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Ch%C3%A9ron%C3%A9e_(338_av._J.-C.)" title="Bataille de Chéronée (338 av. J.-C.) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Chéronée (338 av. J.-C.)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="카이로네이아 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카이로네이아 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Քերոնեայի ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քերոնեայի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Khaironeia_(338_SM)" title="Pertempuran Khaironeia (338 SM) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Khaironeia (338 SM)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Cheronea_(338_a.C.)" title="Battaglia di Cheronea (338 a.C.) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Cheronea (338 a.C.)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%94_(338_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%22%D7%A1)" title="קרב כירונאה (338 לפנה"ס) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב כירונאה (338 לפנה"ס)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ქერონეის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქერონეის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeronensis_pugna_(338_a.C.n.)" title="Chaeronensis pugna (338 a.C.n.) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chaeronensis pugna (338 a.C.n.)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khair%C3%B3neiai_csata" title="Khairóneiai csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Khairóneiai csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Битка кај Херонеја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Херонеја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Chaeronea_(338_v.Chr.)" title="Slag bij Chaeronea (338 v.Chr.) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Chaeronea (338 v.Chr.)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="カイロネイアの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カイロネイアの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Khaironeia_(338_f.Kr.)" title="Slaget ved Khaironeia (338 f.Kr.) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Khaironeia (338 f.Kr.)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Queron%C3%A8a" title="Batalha de Queronèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Queronèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Cherone%C4%85_(338_p.n.e.)" title="Bitwa pod Cheroneą (338 p.n.e.) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Cheroneą (338 p.n.e.)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Queroneia_(338_a.C.)" title="Batalha de Queroneia (338 a.C.) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Queroneia (338 a.C.)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_(338_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D.)" title="Битва при Херонее (338 до н. э.) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Херонее (338 до н. э.)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1_(%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%96_338_)" title="කැරනියා සටන (ක්‍රිපූ 338 ) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැරනියා සටන (ක්‍රිපූ 338 )" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea" title="Battle of Chaeronea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Chaeronea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Hajroneji" title="Bitka pri Hajroneji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Hajroneji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Битка код Херонеје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Херонеје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Heroneje" title="Bitka kod Heroneje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Heroneje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaironeian_taistelu" title="Khaironeian taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Khaironeian taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Chaironeia" title="Slaget vid Chaironeia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Chaironeia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81_338)" title="செரோனியா சமர் (கிமு 338) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செரோனியா சமர் (கிமு 338)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeronea_Muharebesi" title="Chaeronea Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chaeronea Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Битва при Херонеї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Херонеї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Chaeronea_(338_TCN)" title="Trận Chaeronea (338 TCN) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Chaeronea (338 TCN)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&params=38_29_42_N_22_50_51_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°29′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">22°50′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.49500°N 22.84750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.49500; 22.84750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle during the expansion of Macedonia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the earlier battle of the Corinthian War, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coronea_(394_BC)" title="Battle of Coronea (394 BC)">Battle of Coronea (394 BC)</a>. For the later battle, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(86_BC)" title="Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC)">Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Chaeronea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Chaereonea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Battle_of_Chaereonea.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Chaereonea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Battle_of_Chaereonea.jpg/450px-Battle_of_Chaereonea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Battle_of_Chaereonea.jpg/600px-Battle_of_Chaereonea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="549" /></a></span><br />An 1882 depiction of the Battle of Chaeronea, from <i>Cassell's Illustrated Universal History</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 338 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, Greece</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&params=38_29_42_N_22_50_51_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°29′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">22°50′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.49500°N 22.84750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.49500; 22.84750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Macedon establishes hegemony over the majority of Southern Greece (except <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Sparta">Sparta</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(ancient_region)" title="Achaea (ancient region)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akarnania" class="mw-redirect" title="Akarnania">Akarnania</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troezen" title="Troezen">Troezen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chares_of_Athens" title="Chares of Athens">Chares of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysicles_(4th_century_BC)" title="Lysicles (4th century BC)">Lysicles of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theagenes_of_Thebes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theagenes of Thebes (page does not exist)">Theagenes of Thebes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>30,000 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a></li> <li>2,000 <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 35,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Low</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1,000 killed</li> <li>2,000 captured</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od 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href="/wiki/File:Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) is located in Greece"><img alt="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) is located in Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greece_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-Greece_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="825" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.365%;left:34.699%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)"><img alt="Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Greece relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the battle</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Rise_of_Macedon" title="Template:Campaignbox Rise of Macedon"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Rise_of_Macedon" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Rise of Macedon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Rise_of_Macedon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Rise of Macedon"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II"><span class="wrap">Expansion of Macedonia</span></a> under <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Battle_of_Methone" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Methone (battle)</a> (359 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Paionia_and_Illyria" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Paionia</a> (358 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Paionia_and_Illyria" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">1st Illyria</a> (358 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Amphipolis_(357_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Amphipolis</a> (357 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Pydna_and_Potidea_(357–356_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Pydna</a> (356 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Pydna_and_Potidea_(357–356_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Potidea</a> (356 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Alliance_against_Philip_(356–352_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">2nd Illyria</a> (356 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Krinides_(356_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Krinides</a> (356 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Alliance_against_Philip_(356–352_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">1st Thrace</a> (355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Maroneia_and_Abdera_(ca._355_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Maroneia and Abdera</a> (355* BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Siege_of_Methone_(ca._354_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Methone (siege)</a> (355–354* BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#First_campaign_in_Thessaly" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Thessaly</a> (354* BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Pagasae" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Pagasae</a> (353* BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crocus_Field" title="Battle of Crocus Field">Crocus Field</a> (353* BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Thrace_(353–352_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">2nd Thrace</a> (353 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Thrace_(353–352_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">3rd Thrace</a> (352 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#The_Olynthian_War_(349–348_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Chalcidice</a> (349–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#End_of_Thracian_independence" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">4th Thrace</a> (346 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Illyria_(345_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">3rd Illyria</a> (345 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Thrace_(342–340_BC)" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">5th Thrace</a> (342–340 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Perinthos" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Perinthos</a> (340 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Byzantion" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Byzantion</a> (340 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II#Scythia" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Scythia</a> (339 BC)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaeronea</a> (338 BC)</li></ul> <p><small> * indicates dates disputed by historians </small> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Chaeronea</b> was fought in 338 BC, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a> and an alliance of city-states led by <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>. The battle was the culmination of <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon#Philip's_final_campaigns_(339–338_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">Philip's final campaigns in 339–338 BC</a> and resulted in a decisive victory for the Macedonians and their allies. </p><p>Philip had brought peace to a war-torn <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Greece</a> in 346 BC by ending the <a href="/wiki/Third_Sacred_War" title="Third Sacred War">Third Sacred War</a> and separately concluding his ten-year conflict with Athens for supremacy in the north <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Philocrates" title="Peace of Philocrates">Peace of Philocrates</a>. Philip's much expanded kingdom, powerful army and plentiful resources now made him the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> leader of Greece. To many of the fiercely independent city-states, Philip's power after 346 BC was perceived as a threat, especially in Athens, where the politician <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> led efforts to break away from Philip's influence. In 340 BC Demosthenes convinced the Athenian assembly to sanction action against Philip's territories and to ally with the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, which Philip was besieging. These actions were against the terms of their treaty oaths and amounted to a declaration of war. In summer 339 BC, Philip therefore led his army towards South Greece, prompting the formation of an alliance of a few southern Greek states opposed to him, led by Athens and Thebes. </p><p>After several months of stalemate, Philip finally advanced into <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> in an attempt to march on Thebes and Athens. Opposing him, and blocking the road near <a href="/wiki/Chaeronea" title="Chaeronea">Chaeronea</a>, was the allied army, similar in size and occupying a strong position. Details of the ensuing battle are scarce, but after a long fight the Macedonians crushed both <a href="/wiki/Flank_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flank (military)">flanks</a> of the allied line, which then dissolved into a rout. </p><p>The battle has been described as one of the most decisive of the ancient world. The forces of Athens and Thebes were destroyed, and continued resistance was impossible; the war therefore came to an abrupt end. Philip was able to impose a settlement upon southern Greece, which all states accepted, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a>, formed as a result, made all participants allies of Macedon and each other, with Philip as the guarantor of the peace. In turn, Philip was voted as <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> (general) for a pan-Hellenic war against the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, which he had long planned. However, before he was able to take charge of the campaign, Philip was assassinated, and the Kingdom of Macedon and responsibility for the war with Persia passed instead to his son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">Rise of Macedon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Sacred_War" title="Third Sacred War">Third Sacred War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Philocrates" title="Peace of Philocrates">Peace of Philocrates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phillip_II,_king_of_Macedonia,_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original,_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek,_Copenhagen_(36420294055).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg/170px-Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg/255px-Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg/340px-Phillip_II%2C_king_of_Macedonia%2C_Roman_copy_of_Greek_original%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2836420294055%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A bust of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the decade following his accession in 359 BC, the Macedonian king, Philip II, had rapidly strengthened and expanded his kingdom into <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a> on the northern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cawk69*_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk69*-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was aided in this process by the distraction of Athens and Thebes, the two most powerful city-states in Greece at that point, by events elsewhere. In particular, these events included the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(357%E2%80%93355_BC)" title="Social War (357–355 BC)">Social War</a> between Athens and her erstwhile allies (357–355 BC), and the Third Sacred War which erupted in central Greece in 356 BC between the <a href="/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)" title="Phocis (ancient region)">Phocians</a> and the other members of the <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buck470_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck470-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horn272_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horn272-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of Philip's expansion during this period was at the nominal expense of the Athenians, who considered the north Aegean coast as their sphere of influence, and Philip was at war with Athens from 356–346 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk69*_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk69*-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip was not originally a belligerent in the Sacred War, but became involved at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessalians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckler63_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckler63-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing an opportunity to expand his influence, Philip obliged, and in 353 or 352 BC won a decisive victory over the Phocians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crocus_Field" title="Battle of Crocus Field">Battle of Crocus Field</a> in Thessaly.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath, Philip was made <i>archon</i> of Thessaly,<sup id="cite_ref-Buckler78_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckler78-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gave him control of the levies and revenues of the Thessalian Confederation, thereby greatly increasing his power.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk62_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk62-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Philip did not intervene further in the Sacred War until 346 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk102_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk102-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 346 BC, the Thebans, who had borne the brunt of the Sacred War, together with the Thessalians, asked Philip to assume the "leadership of Greece" and join them in fighting the Phocians.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk102_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk102-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip's power was by now so great that ultimately the Phocians did not even attempt to resist, and instead surrendered to him. Philip was thus able to end a particularly bloody war without any further fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk106_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk106-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip allowed the Amphictyonic council the formal responsibility of punishing the Phocians, but ensured that the terms were not overly harsh; nevertheless, the Phocians were expelled from the Amphictyonic League, all their cities were destroyed, and they were resettled in villages of no more than fifty houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk107_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk107-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demosthenes_orator_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Demosthenes_orator_Louvre.jpg/170px-Demosthenes_orator_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Demosthenes_orator_Louvre.jpg/255px-Demosthenes_orator_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Demosthenes_orator_Louvre.jpg/340px-Demosthenes_orator_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>A bust of the Athenian politician <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 346 BC, the Athenians were war-weary, unable to match Philip's strength, and had begun to contemplate the necessity of making peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk91_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk91-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, when it became apparent that Philip would march south that year, the Athenians originally planned to help the Phocians (whom they were allied to) keep Philip out of central Greece, by occupying the pass of <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>, where Philip's superior numbers would be of little benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk95_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk95-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Athenians had successfully used this tactic to prevent Philip attacking Phocis itself after his victory at Crocus Field.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckler81_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckler81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The occupation of Thermopylae was not only for the benefit of Phocis; excluding Philip from central Greece also prevented him from marching on Athens itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckler81_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckler81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the end of February, the general <a href="/wiki/Phalaikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalaikos">Phalaikos</a> was restored to power in Phocis, and he refused to allow the Athenians access to Thermopylae.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk96_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk96-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suddenly unable to guarantee their own security, the Athenians were forced instead into making peace with Philip. Their <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Philocrates" title="Peace of Philocrates">Peace of Philocrates</a>, made Athens a reluctant ally of Macedon.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk96*_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk96*-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Athenians, the treaty had been expedient, but it was never popular. Philip's actions in 346 BC had expanded his influence over all Greece, and although he had brought peace, he had come to be seen as the enemy of the traditional liberty of the city-states. The orator and politician Demosthenes had been a principal architect of the Peace of Philocrates, but almost as soon as it was agreed, he wished to be rid of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk118_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk118-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next few years, Demosthenes became leader of the "war-party" in Athens, and at every opportunity he sought to undermine the peace. From 343 BC onwards, in order to try to disrupt the peace, Demosthenes and his followers used every expedition and action of Philip to argue that he was breaking the peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk119_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk119-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cawk133_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk133-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, there was at first a substantial body of feeling in Athens, led by <a href="/wiki/Aeschines" title="Aeschines">Aeschines</a>, that the peace, unpopular though it was, should be maintained and developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk120_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk120-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the decade however, the "war party" gained the ascendancy, and began to openly goad Philip; in 341 BC for instance, the Athenian general <a href="/wiki/Diopeithes" title="Diopeithes">Diopeithes</a> ravaged the territory of Philip's ally <a href="/wiki/Cardia_(Thrace)" title="Cardia (Thrace)">Cardia</a>, even though Philip demanded that they desist.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk131_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk131-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip's patience finally ran out when the Athenians formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, which Philip was at that time besieging, and he wrote the Athenians declaring war.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk137_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk137-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward Philip broke off the siege of Byzantium; Cawkwell suggests that Philip had decided to deal with Athens once and for all.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk139*_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk139*-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip went on campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, and then began to prepare for war in southern Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk140_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk140-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Macedon%27s_339_BC_Campaign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Philip_II_of_Macedon%27s_339_BC_Campaign.png/200px-Philip_II_of_Macedon%27s_339_BC_Campaign.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Philip_II_of_Macedon%27s_339_BC_Campaign.png/300px-Philip_II_of_Macedon%27s_339_BC_Campaign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Philip_II_of_Macedon%27s_339_BC_Campaign.png/400px-Philip_II_of_Macedon%27s_339_BC_Campaign.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A map showing Philip's movements during 339–338 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Philip's forthcoming campaign in southern Greece became linked with a new, fourth, Sacred War. The citizens of <a href="/wiki/Amfissa" title="Amfissa">Amphissa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ozolian_Locris" title="Ozolian Locris">Ozolian Locris</a> had begun cultivating land sacred to Apollo on the Crisaean Plain south of Delphi; after some internal bickering the Amphictyonic council decided to declare a sacred war against Amphissa.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk141_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk141-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Thessalian delegate proposed that Philip should be made leader of the Amphictyonic effort, which therefore gave Philip a pretext to campaign in southern Greece; it is, however, probable that Philip would have gone ahead with his campaign anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk141_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk141-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of 339 BC, the Thebans had seized the town of Nicaea near Thermopylae, which Philip had garrisoned in 346 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk141_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk141-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip does not appear to have treated this as a declaration of war, but it nevertheless presented him with a significant problem, blocking the main route.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk141_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk141-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a second route into central Greece was available, leading over the shoulder of <a href="/wiki/Kallidromo" title="Kallidromo">Mount Callidromos</a> and descending into <a href="/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)" title="Phocis (ancient region)">Phocis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk141_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk141-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Athenians and Thebans had either forgotten the existence of this road, or believed that Philip would not use it; the subsequent failure to guard this road allowed Philip to slip into central Greece unhindered.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk142_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk142-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip's relatively lenient treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)" title="Phocis (ancient region)">Phocians</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Sacred_War" title="Third Sacred War">Third Sacred War</a> in 346 BC now bore fruit. Reaching <a href="/wiki/Elatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Elatea">Elatea</a>, he ordered the city to be re-populated, and during the next few months the whole Phocian Confederation was restored to its former state.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk142_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk142-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provided Philip with a base in Greece, and new, grateful allies in the Phocians.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk142_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk142-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip probably arrived in Phocis in November 339 BC, but the Battle of Chaeronea did not occur until August 338 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk142_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk142-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period Philip discharged his responsibility to the Amphicytonic council by settling the situation in Amphissa. He tricked a force of 10,000 mercenaries who were guarding the road from Phocis to Amphissa into abandoning their posts, then took Amphissa and expelled its citizens, turning it over to Delphi.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk144_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk144-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He probably also engaged in diplomatic attempts to avoid further conflict in Greece, although if so, he was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk142_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk142-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When news first arrived that Philip was in Elatea, just three days march away, there was panic in Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk143_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In what Cawkwell describes as his proudest moment, Demosthenes alone counseled against despair, and proposed that the Athenians should seek an alliance with the Thebans; his decree was passed, and he was sent as ambassador.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk143_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip had also sent an embassy to Thebes, requesting that the Thebans join him, or at least allow him to pass through Boeotia unhindered.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk144_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk144-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Thebans were still not formally at war with Philip, they could have avoided the conflict altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk143_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in spite of Philip's proximity, and their traditional enmity with Athens, they chose to ally with the Athenians, in the cause of liberty for Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk144_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk144-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Athenian army had already pre-emptively been sent in the direction of Boeotia, and was therefore able to join the Thebans within days of the alliance being agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk143_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk143-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The details of the campaign leading up to Chaeronea are almost completely unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk145_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip was presumably prevented from entering Boeotia by way of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Helicon" title="Mount Helicon">Mount Helicon</a>, as the Spartans had done in the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuctra" title="Battle of Leuctra">Battle of Leuctra</a>; or by any of the other mountain passes that led into Boeotia from Phocis.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk145_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were certainly some preliminary skirmishes; Demosthenes alludes to a "winter battle" and "battle on the river" in his speeches, but no other details are preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk145_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in August 338 BC, Philip's army marched straight down the main road from Phocis to Boeotia, to assault the main allied army defending the road at Chaeronea.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk145_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7189_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum,_Athens_-_Stele_for_Panchares_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_14_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/7189_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Stele_for_Panchares_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg/200px-7189_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Stele_for_Panchares_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/7189_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Stele_for_Panchares_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg/300px-7189_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Stele_for_Panchares_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/7189_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Stele_for_Panchares_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg/400px-7189_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Stele_for_Panchares_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>A funerary relief for Athenian footsoldier Panchares, who probably fell at the battle of Chaeronea.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Diodorus, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Macedonian army</a> numbered roughly 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, a figure generally accepted by modern historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk145_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DSXVI85_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSXVI85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip took command of the right wing of the Macedonian army and placed his 18-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> (the future conqueror of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>) in command of the left wing, accompanied by a group of Philip's experienced generals.<sup id="cite_ref-DSXVI85_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSXVI85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The allied army included contingents from <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(ancient_region)" title="Achaea (ancient region)">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Troezen" title="Troezen">Troezen</a>, with the majority of troops being supplied by Athens and Thebes. The Athenian contingent was led by the generals <a href="/wiki/Chares_of_Athens" title="Chares of Athens">Chares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysicles_(4th_century_BC)" title="Lysicles (4th century BC)">Lysicles</a>, and the Thebans by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theagenes_of_Thebes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theagenes of Thebes (page does not exist)">Theagenes</a>. No source provides exact numbers for the allied army, although Justin suggests that the southern Greeks were "far superior in number of soldiers".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern view is that the numbers of the city states that fought were approximately equal to those of the Macedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk145_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Athenians took up positions on the left wing, the Thebans on the right, and the other allies in the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk146*-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athenian aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Philippides_of_Paiania" title="Philippides of Paiania">Philippides of Paiania</a>, campaigned for Philip's cause with his associates during the battle in Thebes, Eleuthera and Tanagra. Philippides was later prosecuted by <a href="/wiki/Hypereides" title="Hypereides">Hypereides</a> for his pro-Macedonian actions after the defeat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategic_and_tactical_considerations">Strategic and tactical considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Strategic and tactical considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The allied army of Athens and Thebes had taken up a position near Chaeronea, astride the main road.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk146*-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the left flank, the allied line lay across the foothills of Mount Thurion, blocking the side-road that led to <a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Lebedea</a>, while on the right, the line rested against the Kephisos River, near a projecting spur of Mount Aktion.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk146*-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allied line, which was about 2.5 miles in length, was thus secure on both flanks. Moreover, the allied line seems to have slanted north-eastwards across the plain in between, so that it did not face the direction of Macedonian advance full-square.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk146*-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This prevented Philip from attempting to concentrate his force on the allied right wing, since the advanced position of the left wing would then threaten Philip's right. Although Philip could attempt to concentrate his force against the southern Greek left, the troops there occupied high ground, and any attack would be difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk146*-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the southern Greeks could remain on the defensive, having only to prevent Philip's advance, their position was therefore strategically and tactically very strong.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk146*-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Chaeronea,_338_BC_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Chaeronea%2C_338_BC_en.svg/300px-Battle_of_Chaeronea%2C_338_BC_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Chaeronea%2C_338_BC_en.svg/450px-Battle_of_Chaeronea%2C_338_BC_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Battle_of_Chaeronea%2C_338_BC_en.svg/600px-Battle_of_Chaeronea%2C_338_BC_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>The battle-plan of Chaeronea</figcaption></figure> <p>Details of the battle itself are scarce, with Diodorus providing the only formal account. He says that "once joined, the battle was hotly contested for a long time and many fell on both sides, so that for a while the struggle permitted hopes of victory to both."<sup id="cite_ref-DSXVI86_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSXVI86-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then recounts that the young Alexander, "his heart set on showing his father his prowess" succeeded in rupturing the allied line aided by his companions, and eventually put the right wing to flight; meanwhile, Philip advanced in person against the left wing and also put it to flight.<sup id="cite_ref-DSXVI86_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSXVI86-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This brief account can be filled out, if <a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a>'s account of the battle is to be believed. Polyaenus collected many snippets of information on warfare in his <i>Strategems</i>; some are known from other sources to be reliable, while others are demonstrably false.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk147_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk147-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of other evidence, it is unclear whether his passage regarding Chaeronea is to be accepted or rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk147_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk147-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyaenus suggests that Philip engaged the allied left, but then withdrew his troops; the Athenians on the left followed and, when Philip held the high ground, he stopped retreating and attacked the Athenians, eventually routing them.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk147_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk147-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another 'stratagem', Polyaenus suggests that Philip deliberately prolonged the battle, to take advantage of the rawness of the Athenian troops (his own veterans being more used to fatigue) and delayed his main attack until the Athenians were exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latter anecdote also appears in the earlier <i>Stratagems</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Frontinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Julius Frontinus">Frontinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polyaenus's accounts have led some modern historians to tentatively propose the following synthesis of the battle. After the general engagement had been in progress for some time, Philip had his army perform a wheeling manoeuver, with the right wing withdrawing, and the whole line pivoting around its centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk148_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk148-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, wheeling forward, the Macedonian left wing attacked the Thebans on their right and punched a hole in the allied line.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk148_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk148-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the allied left, the Athenians followed Philip, their line becoming stretched and disordered;<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk148_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk148-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Macedonians then turned, attacked and routed the tired and inexperienced Athenians. The southern Greek right wing, under the assault of the Macedonian troops under Alexander's command, then attacked, ending the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk148_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk148-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many historians, including Hammond and Cawkwell, place Alexander in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Companion_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion Cavalry">Companion Cavalry</a> during the battle, perhaps because of Diodorus's use of the word "companions".<sup id="cite_ref-Gae155_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gae155-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no mention of cavalry in any ancient account of the battle, nor does there seem to have been space for it to operate against the flank of the southern Greek army.<sup id="cite_ref-Gae155_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gae155-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Macedonian cavalry squadrons in wedged formation, a tactical deployment Philip designed for his cavalry for just such a purpose, could have penetrated the gaps which opened amid the Greek lines, gaps which are mentioned by Diodorus in his brief account. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> says that Alexander was the "first to break the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of the Thebans</a>", the elite of the Theban infantry, who were stationed on the extreme right of the battle line.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he also says that the Sacred Band had "met the spears of [the Macedonian] phalanx face to face".<sup id="cite_ref-PP18_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP18-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, together with the improbability that a head-on <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalry charge">cavalry charge</a> against the spear-armed Thebans could have succeeded, has led Gaebel and others to suggest that Alexander must have been commanding a portion of the Macedonian phalanx at Chaeronea.<sup id="cite_ref-Gae155_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gae155-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diodorus says that more than 1,000 Athenians died in the battle, with another 2,000 taken prisoner, and that the Thebans fared similarly.<sup id="cite_ref-DSXVI86_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSXVI86-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch suggests that all 300 of the Sacred Band were killed at the battle, having previously been seen as invincible.<sup id="cite_ref-PP18_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PP18-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Roman period, the 'Lion of Chaeronea', an enigmatic monument on the site of the battle, was believed to mark the resting place of the Sacred Band.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern excavations found the remains of 254 soldiers underneath the monument; it is therefore generally accepted that this was indeed the grave of the Sacred Band, since it is unlikely that every member was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk148_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk148-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg/350px-Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg/525px-Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg/700px-Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>The Hellenic world in 336 BC, after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cawkwell suggests that this was one of the most decisive battles in ancient history.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk148_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk148-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since there was now no army which could prevent Philip's advance, the war effectively ended.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk148_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk148-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Athens and Corinth, records show desperate attempts to re-build the city walls, as they prepared for siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk166_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk166-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Philip had no intention of besieging any city, nor indeed of conquering it. He wanted the southern Greeks as his allies for his planned campaign against the Persians, and he wanted to leave a stable Greece in his rear when he went on campaign; further fighting was therefore contrary to his aims.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk166_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk166-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip marched first to Thebes, which surrendered to him; he expelled the Theban leaders who had opposed him, recalled those pro-Macedonian Thebans who had previously been exiled, and installed a Macedonian garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk167*_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk167*-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also ordered that the Boeotian cities of <a href="/wiki/Plataea" title="Plataea">Plataea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thespiae" title="Thespiae">Thespiae</a>, which Thebes had destroyed in previous conflicts, be re-founded. Generally, Philip treated the Thebans severely, making them pay for the return of their prisoners, and even to bury their dead; he did not, however, dissolve the Boeotian Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk167*_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk167*-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, Philip treated Athens very leniently. Although the <a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> was dissolved, the Athenians were allowed to keep their colony on <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, and their prisoners were freed without ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk167_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk167-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip's motives are not entirely clear, but one likely explanation is that he hoped to use the Athenian navy in his campaign against Persia, since Macedon did not possess a substantial fleet; he therefore needed to remain on good terms with the Athenians.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk167_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk167-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip also made peace with the other combatants, Corinth and Chalcis, which controlled important strategic locations both received Macedonian garrisons.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk168_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk168-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then turned to deal with Sparta, which had not taken part in the conflict, but was likely to take advantage of the weakened state of the other Greek cities to try to attack its neighbours in the Peloponnese.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk169_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk169-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spartans refused Philip's invitation to engage in discussions, so Philip ravaged <a href="/wiki/Laconia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laconia (ancient region)">Lacedaemonia</a>, but did not attack Sparta itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk169_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk169-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip seems to have moved around in the months after the battle, making peace with the states that opposed him, dealing with the Spartans, and installing garrisons. His movements also probably served as a demonstration of force to the other cities, that they should not try to oppose him.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk167_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk167-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid 337 BC, he seems to have camped near Corinth, and began the work to establish a league of the city-states, which would guarantee peace in Greece, and provide Philip with military assistance against Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk167_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk167-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a>, was formed in the latter half of 337 BC at a congress organised by Philip. All states signed up to the league, with the exception of Sparta.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk170_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk170-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal terms of the concord were that all members became allied to each other, and to Macedon, and that all members were guaranteed freedom from attack, freedom of navigation, and freedom from interference in internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk171_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk171-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip, and the Macedonian garrisons installed, would act as the 'keepers of the peace'.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk171_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk171-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Philip's behest, the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> of the league then declared war on Persia, and voted Philip as <i>Strategos</i> for the forthcoming campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk170_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk170-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An advance Macedonian force was sent to Persia in early 336 BC, with Philip due to follow later in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk170_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk170-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, before he could depart, Philip was assassinated by one of his bodyguards.<sup id="cite_ref-Cawk179_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawk179-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander therefore became King of Macedon, and in a <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">series of campaigns</a> lasting from 334 to 323 BC, he conquered the whole Persian Empire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaironeia_lion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chaironeia_lion.JPG/170px-Chaironeia_lion.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chaironeia_lion.JPG/255px-Chaironeia_lion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chaironeia_lion.JPG/340px-Chaironeia_lion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="2367" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Chaeronea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion of Chaeronea">Lion of Chaeronea</a>, probably a Theban memorial.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demosthenes. <i>Letters</i>, 4.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demosthenes. <i>De Corona</i>, 18.237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, pp. 29–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk69*-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk69*_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk69*_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, pp. 69–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buck470-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buck470_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley1996">Buckley 1996</a>, p. 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horn272-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horn272_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornblower2002">Hornblower 2002</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckler63-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckler63_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckler1989">Buckler 1989</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckler1989">Buckler 1989</a>, pp. 64–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, pp. 60–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckler78-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckler78_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckler1989">Buckler 1989</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk62-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk62_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk102-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk102_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk102_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk106-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk106_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk107-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk107_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk91-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk91_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk95-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk95_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckler81-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckler81_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckler81_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckler1989">Buckler 1989</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk96-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk96_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk96*-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk96*_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, pp. 96–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk118-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk118_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk119-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk119_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk133-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk133_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk120-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk120_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk131-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk131_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk137-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk137_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk139*-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk139*_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk140-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk140_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk141-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk141_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk141_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk141_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk141_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk141_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk142-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk142_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk142_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk142_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk142_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk142_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk144-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk144_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk144_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk144_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk143-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk143_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk143_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk143_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk143_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk145-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk145_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk145_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk145_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk145_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk145_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk145_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSXVI85-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSXVI85_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSXVI85_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus. <i>Bibliotheca Historica</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084%3Abook%3D16%3Achapter%3D83">16.85</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin. <i>Epitome of Pompeius Trogus's Philippic History</i>, 9.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk146*-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk146*_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSXVI86-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSXVI86_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSXVI86_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSXVI86_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diodorus Siculus. <i>Bibliotheca Historica</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+16.86&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084">16.86</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk147-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk147_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk147_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk147_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polyaenus. <i>Stratagems in War</i>, 4.2.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polyaenus. <i>Stratagems in War</i>, 4.2.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Julius Frontinus. <i>Stratagems</i>, 2.1.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk148-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk148_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk148_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk148_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk148_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk148_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk148_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk148_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gae155-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gae155_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gae155_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gae155_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaebel2004">Gaebel 2004</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. <i>Parallel Lives</i>, "Alexander", 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PP18-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PP18_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PP18_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. <i>Parallel Lives</i>, "Pelopidas", 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias. <i>Description of Greece</i>, 9.40.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk166-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk166_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk166_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk167*-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk167*_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk167*_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk167-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk167_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk167_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk167_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk167_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk168-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk168_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk169-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk169_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk169_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk170-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk170_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk170_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk170_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk171-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk171_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cawk171_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cawk179-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawk179_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuckler1989" class="citation book cs1">Buckler, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkNCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Philip II and the Sacred War</i></a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09095-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09095-9"><bdi>90-04-09095-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+II+and+the+Sacred+War&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=90-04-09095-9&rft.aulast=Buckler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkNCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Chaeronea+%28338+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1996" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Terry (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FwgOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Aspects of Greek History, 750–323 BC: A Source-based Approach</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09957-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09957-9"><bdi>0-415-09957-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Greek+History%2C+750%E2%80%93323+BC%3A+A+Source-based+Approach&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-415-09957-9&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFwgOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Chaeronea+%28338+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawkwell1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Cawkwell" title="George Cawkwell">Cawkwell, George</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-mUQgAACAAJ"><i>Philip II of Macedon</i></a>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-10958-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-10958-6"><bdi>0-571-10958-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+II+of+Macedon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-571-10958-6&rft.aulast=Cawkwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-mUQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Chaeronea+%28338+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Paul K. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nv73QlQs9ocC"><i>100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514366-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514366-3"><bdi>0-19-514366-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Decisive+Battles+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present%3A+The+World%27s+Major+Battles+and+How+They+Shaped+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-514366-3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnv73QlQs9ocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Chaeronea+%28338+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaebel2004" class="citation book cs1">Gaebel, Robert E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6z6foPWT3_oC"><i>Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World</i></a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3444-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3444-5"><bdi>0-8061-3444-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cavalry+Operations+in+the+Ancient+Greek+World&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8061-3444-5&rft.aulast=Gaebel&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6z6foPWT3_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Chaeronea+%28338+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblower2002" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtyijSRcKUC"><i>The Greek World, 479–323 BC</i></a> (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16326-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16326-9"><bdi>0-415-16326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World%2C+479%E2%80%93323+BC&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-16326-9&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwvtyijSRcKUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Chaeronea+%28338+BC%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200716#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85022297">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284802305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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