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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2.1 Black slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaii,_among_Japanese_immigrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii,_among_Japanese_immigrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Hawaii, among Japanese immigrants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii,_among_Japanese_immigrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Historic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Ancient Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Babylon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babylon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Babylon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babylon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 International theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Other cultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambiguous_and_related_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambiguous_and_related_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ambiguous and related reports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ambiguous_and_related_reports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ambiguous and related reports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ambiguous_and_related_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Medieval Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cultures_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cultures_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other cultures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cultures_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enemy_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a 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class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_Kaffirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_Kaffirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 South African Kaffirs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_Kaffirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ancient Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Ancient Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_bans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_bans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Partial bans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_bans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> 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data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%84" title="Կանանց վաճառք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանանց վաճառք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8D%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ການຂາຍເມຍໃນປະເທດອັງກິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຂາຍເມຍໃນປະເທດອັງກິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਤਨੀ ਵੇਚਣਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਤਨੀ ਵੇਚਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprzedawanie_%C5%BCon" title="Sprzedawanie żon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sprzedawanie żon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Продажа жены – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Продажа жены" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wife selling" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="การขายภรรยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การขายภรรยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zevce_sat%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Zevce satışı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zevce satışı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_v%E1%BB%A3" title="Bán vợ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bán vợ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A9%E5%A6%BB" title="販妻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="販妻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7999477#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about sales of wives regardless of whether marriage or sale was lawful or by whom sold, or for what purpose.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the selling of unmarried females to become wives, see <a href="/wiki/Bride-buying" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride-buying">bride-buying</a>. For transfers of property into or as part of marriage, see <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Practice of a husband selling his wife</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li>Wife selling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)">Marriage and other unions and status</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">Domestic partnership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Validity of marriages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage licence">Marriage licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_certificate" title="Marriage certificate">Marriage certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenuptial_agreement" title="Prenuptial agreement">Prenuptial agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_regime" title="Matrimonial regime">Matrimonial regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">Void</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voidable_marriage" title="Voidable marriage">Voidable marriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">Sham marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Dissolution of marriages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounds_for_divorce" title="Grounds for divorce">Grounds for divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">No-fault divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act" title="Matrimonial Causes Act">Matrimonial Causes Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">Alimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting_plan" title="Parenting plan">Parenting plan</a></li> <li>Residence [UK (EW and NI)]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custody_evaluation" title="Custody evaluation">Custody evaluator (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting_coordinator" title="Parenting coordinator">Parenting coordinator (US)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)">Children's issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_paternity_testing" title="DNA paternity testing">DNA paternity testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">Legal guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tender_years_doctrine" title="Tender years doctrine">Tender years doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_responsibility_laws" title="Filial responsibility laws">Filial responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_(law)" title="Contact (law)">Contact & visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_and_Family_Court_Advisory_and_Support_Service" title="Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service">CAFCASS [UK (EW)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent_visitation" title="Grandparent visitation">Grandparent visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">UN Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors" title="Emancipation of minors">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(law)" title="Ward (law)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_abortion" title="Paper abortion">Paper abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_abuse_cases_featuring_long-term_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention">List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)">Private international law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Private international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_divorce_laws" title="Conflict of divorce laws">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_marriage_laws" title="Conflict of marriage laws">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Adoption_Convention" title="Hague Adoption Convention">Hague Convention (adoption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_child_abduction" title="International child abduction">International child abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_Civil_Aspects_of_International_Child_Abduction" title="Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction">Hague Convention (child abduction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_International_Recovery_of_Child_Support_and_Other_Forms_of_Family_Maintenance" title="Hague Convention on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance">Hague Convention (maintenance)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)">Family and criminal code (or criminal law)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Protective_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Protective Services">CPS (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_selling" title="Child selling">Child selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Legality of incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_child_abduction" title="Parental child abduction">Parental child abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family_law" title="Template:Family law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family_law" title="Template talk:Family law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Women in society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus symbol"><img alt="Venus symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legal_rights_of_women_in_history" title="Legal rights of women in history">legal rights</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Animal advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_business" title="Women in business">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_entrepreneurs" title="Female entrepreneurs">Female entrepreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Gender representation on corporate boards of directors">Gender representation on corporate boards of directors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_explorers_and_travelers" title="List of women explorers and travelers">Explorers and travelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Conservatives in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">Heads of state or government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_female_members" title="List of legislatures by female members">Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of women monarchs">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_journalism" title="Women in journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement" title="Women in law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_positions_of_power" title="Women in positions of power">Positions of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_venture_capital" title="Women in venture capital">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange of women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li><li>Technology</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_geology" title="Women in geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry" title="Women in dentistry">dentistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Women in dentistry in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_for_women_in_science" title="List of organizations for women in science">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">Science, technology, engineering and mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy" title="Women in telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li><li>Humanities</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_architecture" title="Women in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_art_history_field" title="Women in the art history field">Art history field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">"Chick flicks"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_photographers" title="Women photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Punk rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Women in Shakespeare's works">In Shakespeare's works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_theological_figures" title="Women as theological figures">Theological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Women in the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Opus_Dei" title="Women in Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taoism" title="Women in Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Popular culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal in American comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy#Pirate_women_in_fiction" title="Women in piracy">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games" title="Gender representation in video games">Gender representation in video games</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_basketball" title="Women's basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cricket" title="Women's cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football / soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Women's major golf championships">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_mixed_martial_arts" title="Women's mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li>Rodeo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rowing">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_surfing" title="Women's surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_tennis" title="Women's tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track and field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Winter sports</a> </li></ul> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports" title="List of sports">List of sports</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_by_country" title="Category:Women by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Andorra" title="Women in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Angola" title="Women in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Argentina" title="Women in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Belgium" title="Women in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Benin" title="Women in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bulgaria" title="Women in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chad" title="Women in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Comoros" title="Women in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Women in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ecuador" title="Women in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_East_Timor" title="Women in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Women in the Federated States of Micronesia">FS Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Fiji" title="Women in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Finland" title="Women in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_France" title="Women in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guyana" title="Women in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Haiti" title="Women in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Women in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kiribati" title="Women in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Madagascar" title="Women in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Women in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritius" title="Women in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Morocco" title="Women in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niger" title="Women in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Palau" title="Women in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Panama" title="Women in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Paraguay" title="Women in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Peru" title="Women in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Poland" title="Women in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Seychelles" title="Women in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Sudan" title="Women in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Suriname" title="Women in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tonga" title="Women in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia" title="Women in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States" title="Women in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uruguay" title="Women in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela" title="Women in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_women" title="Kurdish women">Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template talk:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Auctions" title="Category:Auctions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">Auctions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room,_Christie%27s_(colour).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Auction Room, Christie's, circa 1808." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s_%28colour%29.jpg/150px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s_%28colour%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s_%28colour%29.jpg/225px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s_%28colour%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s_%28colour%29.jpg/300px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_006_-_Auction_Room%2C_Christie%27s_%28colour%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1334" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Auction#Types" title="Auction">Types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-pay_auction" title="All-pay auction">All-pay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_auction" title="Chinese auction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidding_fee_auction" title="Bidding fee auction">Bidding fee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_auction" title="Dollar auction">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam auction">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Dutch auction">Anglo-Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auction#Participants" title="Auction">Barter double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best/not_best_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Best/not best auction">Best/not best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_auction" title="Brazilian auction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_auction" title="Calcutta auction">Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle_auction" title="Candle auction">Candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_collusion#Tacit_collusion_in_auctions" title="Tacit collusion">Click-box bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_auction" title="Combinatorial auction">Combinatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_value_auction" title="Common value auction">Common value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred-acceptance_auction" title="Deferred-acceptance auction">Deferred-acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discriminatory_price_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Discriminatory price auction">Discriminatory price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_auction" title="Double auction">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_auction" title="Dutch auction">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_auction" title="English auction">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_auction" title="Forward auction">Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_auction" title="French auction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_first-price_auction" title="Generalized first-price auction">Generalized first-price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_second-price_auction" title="Generalized second-price auction">Generalized second-price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_auction" title="Japanese auction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapsack_auction" title="Knapsack auction">Knapsack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-attribute_auction" title="Multi-attribute auction">Multi-attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiunit_auction" title="Multiunit auction">Multiunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-reserve_auction" title="No-reserve auction">No-reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank auction">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_auction" title="Reverse auction">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish auction">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-price_sealed-bid_auction" title="First-price sealed-bid auction">Sealed first-price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_ascending_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Simultaneous ascending auction">Simultaneous ascending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-price_auction" title="Single-price auction">Single-price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic-light_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic-light auction">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_price_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform price auction">Uniform price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_bid_auction" title="Unique bid auction">Unique bid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_value_of_revenues_auction" title="Present value of revenues auction">Value of revenues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickrey_auction" title="Vickrey auction">Vickrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickrey%E2%80%93Clarke%E2%80%93Groves_auction" title="Vickrey–Clarke–Groves auction">Vickrey–Clarke–Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walrasian_auction" title="Walrasian auction">Walrasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_auction" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankee auction">Yankee</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Bidding" title="Bidding">Bidding</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bid_shading" title="Bid shading">Shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calor_licitantis" title="Calor licitantis">Calor licitantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auction_cancellation_hunter" title="Auction cancellation hunter">Cancellation hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_bidding" title="Jump bidding">Jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_rigging" title="Bid rigging">Rigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auction_sniping" title="Auction sniping">Sniping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bidding" title="Suicide bidding">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_collusion" title="Tacit collusion">Tacit collusion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Auction#Contexts" title="Auction">Contexts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Algorithm_Auction" title="The Algorithm Auction">Algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_auction" title="Auto auction">Autos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_auction" title="Charity auction">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_auction" title="Child auction">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_auction" title="Player auction">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_name_auction" title="Domain name auction">Domain names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aalsmeer_Flower_Auction" title="Aalsmeer Flower Auction">Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_auction_facility" title="Term auction facility">Loans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_auction" title="Mock auction">Scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_(slave_auction)" title="Scramble (slave auction)">Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_auction" title="Spectrum auction">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philatelic_auction" title="Philatelic auction">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginity_auction" title="Virginity auction">Virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_auction" title="Wine auction">Wine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wives</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Auction_theory" title="Auction theory">Theory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_goods_auction" title="Digital goods auction">Digital goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_anarchy_in_auctions" title="Price of anarchy in auctions">Price of anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_equivalence" title="Revenue equivalence">Revenue equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winner%27s_curse" title="Winner's curse">Winner's curse</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Online_auction" title="Online auction">Online</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebidding" title="Ebidding">Ebidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_electronic_market" title="Private electronic market">Private electronic market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auction_software" title="Auction software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Auction" title="Template:Auction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Auction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Auction (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Auction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Auction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Wife selling is the practice of a husband selling his wife and may include the sale of a female by a party outside a marriage. Wife selling has had numerous purposes throughout the practice's history; and the term "wife sale" is not defined in all sources relating to the topic. Sometimes, a wife was sold by a husband to a new husband as a means of divorce, in which case sometimes the wife was able to choose who would be her new husband, provided she chose within a certain time period, and especially if the wife was young and sexually attractive. In some societies, the wife could buy her own way out of a marriage or either spouse could have initiated this form of divorce. Reducing a husband's liability for family support and prenuptial debts was another reason for wife sale. Taxes were sometimes paid by selling a wife and children and paying the value as the required amount, especially when taxes were too high to permit basic survival. Famine leading to starvation was a reason for some sales. Gambling debts could be paid by selling a free or slave wife. A society might not allow a woman the rights reserved to men regarding spouse sale and a society might deny her any rights if her husband chose to sell her, even a right of refusal. A divorce that was by mutual consent but was without good faith by the wife at times caused the divorce to be void, allowing her to then be sold. A husband might sell his wife and then go to court seeking compensation for the new man's adultery with the wife. By one law, adultery was given as a justification for a husband selling his wife into concubinage. A free wife might be sold into <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">slavery</a>, such as if she had married a <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serf</a> or her husband had been murdered. Sometimes, a slave-master sold an enslaved wife. Enslaved families were often broken up and wives, husbands, and children sold to separate buyers, often never to see each other again, and a threat to sell a wife was used to keep an enslaved husband under a master's discipline. In wartime, one side might, possibly falsely, accuse the other of wife sale as a method of spying. A wife could also be treated as revenue and seized by the local government because a man had died leaving no heirs. Wife sale was sometimes the description for the sale of a wife's services; it might be for a term of years followed by freedom. If a sale was temporary, in some cases wife sale was considered temporary only in that the sold-and-remarried wife would, upon her death, be reunited with her first husband. Constraints existed in law and practice and there were criticisms. Some societies specifically forbade wife sales, even imposing death upon husbands violating the law, but a legal proscription was sometimes avoided or evaded, such as by arranging an adoption with a payment and an outcome similar to that of a sale. A society might tax or fine a wife sale without banning it. The nearness of a foreign military sometimes constrained a master in a slave sale that otherwise would have divided a family. Among criticisms, some of the sales (not of services alone but entirely of wives) have been likened to sales of horses. Wives for sale were <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">treated like capital assets or commodities</a>. One law made wives into husbands' chattels. Other sales were described as brutal, patriarchal, and feudalistic. Wife sales were equated with slavery. One debate about the whole of Africa was whether Africans viewed the practice as no crime at all or as against what Africans thought valuable and dear. Some modern popular songs against wife sale are vehicles for urban antipoverty and feminist organizing for rights. A story in a popular collection written by a feminist was about a suggestion for wife sale and the wife's objection to discussing it followed by no wife sale occurring. Another story is about a feminist advocate for justice in which a husband is censored or censured for selling his wife in a gamble. Wife selling has been found in many societies over many centuries and occasionally into modern times,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> including the United States (including in Hawaii among the Japanese, among Indians in the Gallinomero, Yurok, Carolina, and Florida tribes and in the Pacific Northwest, and among natives on Kodiak Island in what is now Alaska), Colombia, England, Australia (among aborigines), Denmark (possibly), Hungary, France, Germany, India, Japan, Malaya (among Chinese laborers), Thailand (at least permitted), Northern Asia (among the Samoyads), Asia Minor (among the Yourouk), Kafiristan, Indonesia (albeit not outright), Tanganyika, Congo, Bamum, Central Africa (among the Baluba), Zambia, South Africa (among Chinese laborers), Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Nigeria (possibly), Abyssinia, Egypt, Lombardy, ancient Rome (sometimes as a legal fiction and sometimes as actual), ancient Greece, and ancient Emar (of Syria). In Rwanda, it was the subject of a wartime accusation. Specific bans existed in Thailand, Indonesia, ancient Rome, and ancient Israel and partial bans existed in England and Japan. Wife sale was a topic of popular culture in India, the U.S., China, Scandinavia, Nepal, Guatemala, and the Dutch Indies. It has been found in Christianity and Judaism. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_practice">History and practice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and practice">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: England">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wife_selling_(English_custom)" title="Wife selling (English custom)">Wife selling (English custom)</a></div> The English custom of wife selling largely began in the late 17th century when divorce was a practical impossibility for all but the very wealthy. In the ritualized form, after parading his wife with a <a href="/wiki/Halter" title="Halter">halter</a> around her neck, arm, or waist, a husband would publicly <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">auction</a> her to the highest bidder. Although the custom had no basis in law and frequently resulted in prosecution, particularly from the mid-19th century onwards, the attitude of the authorities was equivocal. At least one early-19th-century magistrate is on record as stating that he did not believe he had the right to prevent wife sales, and there were cases of local <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="English Poor Law">Poor Law Commissioners</a> forcing husbands to sell their wives, rather than having to maintain the family in <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouses</a>. The English custom of wife selling spread to Wales, Scotland, Australia,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and the United States before dying out in the early 20th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For divorce-based instances from the colonies before they became the U.S., see <a href="/wiki/Wife_selling_(English_custom)" title="Wife selling (English custom)">wife selling (English custom)</a>.</div> In 1781, in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, a "Bill of Sale"<a href="#cite_note-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p191-3">[3]</a> of a "Wife and Property"<a href="#cite_note-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p191-3">[3]</a> for "Two Dollars and half Dozen Bowls of Grogg",<a href="#cite_note-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p191-3">[3]</a> the buyer "to have my said Wife for ever and a Day",<a href="#cite_note-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p191-3">[3]</a> is, according to Richard B. Morris, "unique of its kind".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> According to Morris, "although the administration of the law was in a somewhat unsettled state during this ["British"] military occupation [of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>], neither at common law nor under the marriage laws then in force in South Carolina would the sale of a wife have been valid".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> The document likely was a way, wrote Morris, for "dissolving the marriage bond"<a href="#cite_note-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p192-7">[6]</a> since the state forbade divorce<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> "and the marriage laws of the Church of England were widely disregarded among the poorer whites and in the back country",<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> but it could also have been intended to reduce the husband's liability for debts for support of the wife and her children and for her pre-wedding debts,<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> while it was unlikely to have been for the sale of a Black <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Indenture" title="Indenture">indentured</a> servant,<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> though being for the sale of an Indian woman or a <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>, while unlikely, was not impossible.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_Americans_and_other_natives">Native Americans and other natives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Native Americans and other natives">edit</a>]</div> The Carolina tribe of Native Americans,<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> according to William Christie MacLeod, as reported in 1925, engaged in <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debtor slavery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> where slave is defined by the Carolinas as "that which is obsequiously to depend on the master for subsistence".<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> According to MacLeod quoting J. Lawson, "if a man takes a widow ... laden with her husband's debts, she seems to have some of the attributes of a chattel, although also a wife. Her husband may .... '... take her for his money paid to her deceased husband's creditors, and sell her to another for his wife'".<a href="#cite_note-DebtChattelSlaveAborigNAm-p372-n7-quotLawson-p114-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> "[Lawson had] seen several of these bargains driven in a day",<a href="#cite_note-DebtChattelSlaveAborigNAm-p372-n7-quotLawson-p114-17">[15]</a> and "[Lawson said] you may see men selling their wives as men do horses at a fair, a man being allowed not only to change as often as he pleases but likewise to have as many wives as he is able to maintain."<a href="#cite_note-DebtChattelSlaveAborigNAm-p372-n7-quotLawson-p114-17">[15]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/George_Elliott_Howard" title="George Elliott Howard">George Elliott Howard</a>, as published in 1904, "if dissatisfied with his wife, the young Gallinomero of [California] ... may 'strike a bargain with another man' and sell her 'for a few strings of shell-money.'"<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[d]</a> Also according to Howard, as published in 1904, "among the California Yurok 'divorce is very easily accomplished at the will of the husband, the only indispensable formality being that he must receive back from his father-in-law the money which he paid for his spouse.'<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[e]</a> In the late 17th–mid 18th centuries, among some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest</a>, according to Elsie Frances Dennis, two Indians of unspecified tribe or tribes had been killed and "the widow and two daughters of one were wailing, for they were to be sold as slaves."<a href="#cite_note-23">[18]</a> Not all tribes of the region and time sold wives; according to Dennis, "Ross said that he never knew a single instance in which a Chinook or one of the neighboring tribes ever sold his wife".<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> In 1802–1803, among native people on <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak (Kad'iak) Island</a>, in present-day Alaska and that was then part of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, according to Gavriil Ivanovich Davydov,<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> "marital fidelity is not always considered a virtue by the islanders ["Koniagas"], and in many cases a husband will sell his wife for a small present."<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, apparently c. in the 16th century, according to an unnamed "eye-witness",<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Cline|1962|p=105-27">[22]</a> among <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Florida Indians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[f]</a> "the ruler has power to give or rather to sell wives to those desirous of marriage."<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Cline|1962|p=105-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[g]</a> In Canada the buying and selling of wives was common practice among Chiefs and wealthier “commoners” in the West Coast tribes.<a href="#cite_note-31">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="People_of_African_descent">People of African descent</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: People of African descent">edit</a>]</div> According to W. R. Riddell, "a ... man with some Negro blood .... had a ... daughter ... showing little trace of Negro origin. It was understood that she would marry no one but a white man, and that the father was willing to give her a handsome dowry on such a marriage. A person of pure Caucasian stock from the Southern States came to Toronto, wooed and won her. They were married and the husband took his bride to his home in the South. Not long afterwards the father was horrified to learn that the plausible scoundrel had sold his wife as a slave. He at once went South and after great exertion and much expense, he succeeded in bringing back to his house the unhappy woman, the victim of brutal treachery."<a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a> Not all people of African descent in the New York City area in 1776–1783 were slaves.<a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a> In some cases, records may not reveal their status.<a href="#cite_note-35">[h]</a> A "group of black men ... [were being "court martial[led]" for] killing a white slaveowner (who had just sold the wife of one of the accused in New York City)".<a href="#cite_note-36">[28]</a> In 1863,<a href="#cite_note-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306-37">[29]</a> William W. Ryan, II,<a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a> who had opposed slavery and <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> and had enlisted into <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> military service,<a href="#cite_note-39">[31]</a> was discharged from the military.<a href="#cite_note-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306-37">[29]</a> According to his daughter, Margaret Ryan Kelley, he came home and "brought with him a negro named August",<a href="#cite_note-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306-37">[29]</a> whom he paid.<a href="#cite_note-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306-37">[29]</a> According to her, August said, "his white folks ... had sold his wife 'down the river.' It was a source of constant grief for him.... When he had $200, he intended to return to Virginia and find his people."<a href="#cite_note-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306-37">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Black_slavery">Black slavery</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Black slavery">edit</a>]</div> Cases were reported from different states. A slave born in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> who moved 50 miles recalled that, while she was between 5 and 8 years old, "'[w]hile here, he [unspecified who] sold my mother to New Orleans, leaving my father at home.' .... Her master moved to Alabama, and died ..., leaving behind unpaid bills and seven slaves, all of whom a sheriff sold, save for her father", according to Daniel Meaders.<a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[i]</a> According to Isaac Johnson, in childhood a slave, his "mother was stolen ... from ... Madagascar",<a href="#cite_note-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8-42">[33]</a> "given" to Johnson's grandfather,<a href="#cite_note-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8-42">[33]</a> evaluated as a "servant",<a href="#cite_note-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8-42">[33]</a> and "bequeathed" to Johnson's father<a href="#cite_note-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8-42">[33]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[34]</a> and Johnson's father "used Jane in all respects as a wife and she, in her innocence, supposed she was such".<a href="#cite_note-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8-42">[33]</a> In c. 1851,<a href="#cite_note-44">[35]</a> Johnson's father, who had decided to move and therefore to sell his "farm and stock",<a href="#cite_note-45">[36]</a> ordered the sale of Johnson's mother and her children.<a href="#cite_note-46">[37]</a> No bids were offered for the mother with a 2-year-old child,<a href="#cite_note-47">[38]</a> but when they were separated she was sold for $1,100.<a href="#cite_note-48">[39]</a> Thomas Hughes, according to Meaders and Hopper, was a slave "who had apparently taken a large sum of money" from his <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> master and left,<a href="#cite_note-49">[40]</a> after which he was tried and sentenced.<a href="#cite_note-KidnapPhila-JNegroHist-p63-50">[41]</a> During his imprisonment, the master visited him, brought Hughes' wife, and promised that if Thomas Hughes went south the master "'would manumit her' and would not 'attempt to make a slave of him.'"<a href="#cite_note-KidnapPhila-JNegroHist-p63-50">[41]</a> But, according to Meaders and Hopper, [w]hen they reached Baltimore, ... [the master] had sold his wife, and intended to make a slave of him' ... [however,] Hughes left".<a href="#cite_note-KidnapPhila-JNegroHist-p63-50">[41]</a> An "old slave"<a href="#cite_note-51">[42]</a> from "near Memphis"<a href="#cite_note-LtrsBadgerBoyBlu-WiscMagHistory-p329-52">[43]</a> told a soldier (Chauncey H. Cooke) that "his master sold his wife and children to a cotton planter in Alabama to pay his gambling debts, and when he told his master he couldn't stand it, he was tied to the whipping post stripped and given 40 lashes. The next night he ran to the swamps. The bloodhounds were put on his track and caught him .... This happened in sight of Nashville, the capital of Tennessee. I told this to some of the boys and they said it was all bosh, that the niggers were lying to me. But this story was just like the ones in Uncle Tom's Cabin and I believe them. And father knows of things very much like this that are true."<a href="#cite_note-LtrsBadgerBoyBlu-WiscMagHistory-p329-52">[43]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_P._Leone" title="Mark P. Leone">Mark P. Leone</a>, reviewing a modern-day historical exhibition in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carter%27s_Grove" title="Carter's Grove">Carter's Grove</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantation</a>, a "slave overseer was kept in place with threats to sell his wife".<a href="#cite_note-53">[44]</a> On the other hand, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[45]</a> "blacks who remained with their owners found that with the British army so near, they had leverage with their masters they had never before enjoyed."<a href="#cite_note-55">[46]</a> An "advertisement announced the sale of a young Negro woman with four children. 'They are not sold for any fault,' claimed the seller, but because the woman had a husband in town and the mistress did not want to part them. While it is entirely possible that the owner acted out of humanitarian motivation, her liberality may have been influenced by her slave's enhanced chances for successful flight."<a href="#cite_note-56">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawaii,_among_Japanese_immigrants">Hawaii, among Japanese immigrants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hawaii, among Japanese immigrants">edit</a>]</div> Japanese immigration to Hawaii was promoted during the late 19th century, but their number included a low proportion of women.<a href="#cite_note-hori-57">[48]</a> The first generation of Japanese immigrants to the islands (<a href="/wiki/Issei" title="Issei">issei</a>) lived at a distance from their original communities. According to Eileen Tamura, this isolation, combined with failure of the expectation of earning enough to return, resulted in a temporary disintegration of social norms, and the disintegration led to wife-selling.<a href="#cite_note-tamura-58">[49]</a> The sheriff of the island of Hawaii, E. G. Hitchcock, wrote in 1892 that "I wish to call your attention to the fact, more or less prevalent on this island, of the Japanese selling their wives or mistresses to each other."<a href="#cite_note-hori-57">[48]</a> In 1901 and 1904, the sheriff of <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a> wrote that "In connection with Japanese the custom they have of trafficing [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] in their women, buying and selling their wives is an evil that should be looked into," and proposed that laws explicitly prohibiting wife-selling be enacted.<a href="#cite_note-hori-57">[48]</a> In a personal narrative related by Joan Hori, the question "Why would anyone want a second-hand wife?" was posed; the response was that the prospect of a wife already present in the islands was more certain than that of a <a href="/wiki/Picture_bride" title="Picture bride">picture bride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hori-57">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> The Chinese custom of wife selling<a href="#cite_note-59">[50]</a> or 'selling a divorce' (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 以财买休) has a long history, spanning both the Imperial and Modern eras. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historic">Historic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historic">edit</a>]</div> According to 14th-century scholar Wei Su quoted by Paul J. Smith, "early in the dynasty, ... the system for assessing taxes and labor services was based ... on household size. As a result ... the poor got even poorer. Poor folk sold their wives and children to meet their payments to the state".<a href="#cite_note-60">[51]</a> The earliest documented ban of the practice appears in <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a> law dating to the 14th century. At that time, two types of wife selling were recognized, both considered illegal. The first type was when a husband sold his wife to a man with whom she had been committing <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. The second type was when a husband sold his wife because she had betrayed him or because they were no longer able to get along. During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>, it was gradually established that only wife selling motivated by adultery should be punished. By 1568, wife selling was explicitly authorized by the law in several circumstances. Authorized wife selling was preserved by <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> lawmakers, as was the prohibition against selling a wife to her lover.<a href="#cite_note-Sommer-61">[52]</a> Famines are related to wife sale. In 1834, about <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Kiang-si</a> province, the missionary Mathieu-Ly said of "starvation .... [that] [a]ll crops have been swept away by the inundation of the rivers.... [Some] people ... eat .... [expensive] earth .... The people first sold their wives, then sons and daughters, then their utensils and furniture; finally they demolished their houses in order to dispose of the timber."<a href="#cite_note-62">[53]</a> A 19th-century source characterized the practice as conventional among the lower classes in China: "The poorer people take their wives for an agreed term, and buy and sell them at pleasure."<a href="#cite_note-63">[54]</a> According to Howard, as published in 1904, "by Chinese law ... when the wife is guilty of adultery .... [if] the woman not be slain, ... the husband may ... sell her as a concubine, provided he has not pandered to the crime or does not sell her to the guilty man."<a href="#cite_note-64">[55]</a> Also according to Howard, as published in 1904, in China,<a href="#cite_note-65">[56]</a> "a marriage may be dissolved by mutual agreement"<a href="#cite_note-66">[57]</a> "but the agreement ... must be in good faith. Should the wife plan the divorce so as to form a punishable relation with another man, it is void, and the husband may ... sell her to another as in the case of unfaithfulness".<a href="#cite_note-67">[58]</a> In 1928–1930, in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, there was a famine and, according to a local newspaper and Leonard T. K. Wu, peasants who "had already mortgaged and sold all their lands on which they formerly made a living"<a href="#cite_note-RuralBankruptChina-FarEastnSurvey-p213-68">[59]</a> then sold their wives.<a href="#cite_note-RuralBankruptChina-FarEastnSurvey-p213-68">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary">edit</a>]</div> As the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communist Party</a> came to power in 1949,<a href="#cite_note-ChinasStolenWives-USNWR-69">[60]</a> wife selling was prohibited and the government took measures to eradicate the practice.<a href="#cite_note-70">[61]</a> During the famines caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>, wife selling occurred in many of the poorer areas.<a href="#cite_note-71">[62]</a> As of 1997, the custom was still occasionally reported in some rural areas of the country.<a href="#cite_note-72">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Tokugawa Japan</a> (1600–1868), according to <a href="/wiki/J._Mark_Ramseyer" title="J. Mark Ramseyer">J. Mark Ramseyer</a> and Takeyoshi Kawashima, "men routinely sold their wives and children or rented them long-term .... [and this] was endemic to the brutality of Asiatic patriarchal feudalism".<a href="#cite_note-73">[64]</a> Ramseyer continued, "sales and adoptions were transfers in perpetuity",<a href="#cite_note-MktChild-JLEO-p132-74">[65]</a> the difference being that sales were sometimes legally banned<a href="#cite_note-MktChild-JLEO-p131-n8-p132-75">[66]</a> so that adoptions were likely used as an alternative to like effect, with payment in a like direction.<a href="#cite_note-MktChild-JLEO-p132-74">[65]</a> Sales were essentially into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-76">[67]</a> Published sales and adoptions known to Ramseyer totalled 52 contracts in 1601–1860,<a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a> of the 52 35 being of females and 17 being of males,<a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a> transfers including children, depending on each contract. After 1740, sale "contracts ... largely disappeared",<a href="#cite_note-MktChild-JLEO-p132-74">[65]</a> largely because of a growing demand for nonagricultural labor,<a href="#cite_note-MktChild-JLEO-p132-74">[65]</a> making absconding<a href="#cite_note-MktChild-JLEO-p128-79">[70]</a> or running away<a href="#cite_note-MktChild-JLEO-p132-74">[65]</a> easier and more profitable.<a href="#cite_note-MktChild-JLEO-p128-79">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> In 16th–17th-century <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal India</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a>, although imperial regulations limited state revenue demands to approximately that which would permit the peasantry to survive,<a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a> the local collectors often lacked willingness to comply,<a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> "violated or evaded" the regulations,<a href="#cite_note-AgrarianSysMughalIndia63-p322-82">[73]</a> and overestimated peasants' ability to pay.<a href="#cite_note-AgrarianSysMughalIndia63-p322-82">[73]</a> Despite at least one order that "prohibit[ed] ... the seizure and sale of the women and children of the combatants",<a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a> "frequently ... peasants were compelled to sell their women, children and cattle in order to meet the revenue demand.... But the enslavement was not generally so voluntary as even this. 'Villages', we are told, 'which owing to some shortage of produce, are unable to pay the full amount of the revenue-farm, are made prize, so to speak, by their masters and governors, and wives and children sold on the pretext of a charge of rebellion'.... 'They (the peasants) are carried off, attached to heavy iron chains, to various markets and fairs (to be sold), with their poor, unhappy wives behind them carrying their small children in their arms, all crying and lamenting their evil plight.'"<a href="#cite_note-84">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[j]</a> Also, in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, in approximately the same time period, according to Habib, "if any peasant or stranger died without leaving a son [or "died without heirs"] ... his wife and daughters were seized [as a "source of revenue"] for the benefit, depending upon the locality, of the ... ["imperial treasury"], the ... [local "potentate"] or the 'dominant ... ["vassal chief", "landlord", or "chief"]'."<a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a> This practice, called ankora, may have been abolished.<a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a> As reported in 1897 by <a href="/wiki/William_Lee-Warner" title="William Lee-Warner">William Lee-Warner</a>, "husbands sold their wives from motives of enmity as well as gain. The selling price of girls and women was at all times from four to ten times greater than that of males."<a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a> In the Western <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, in or before 1911, according to <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_J._O%27Brien" title="Aubrey J. O'Brien">A. J. O'Brien</a>, among <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[80]</a> a man "proceeded to sell his wife" to a member of another tribe<a href="#cite_note-MatProblemWBorderIndia-p432-91">[81]</a> and a dispute developed on other grounds and was resolved in which "the right of disposal by relatives was freely admitted".<a href="#cite_note-MatProblemWBorderIndia-p432-91">[81]</a> In 2009, there were reports of impoverished farmers in the <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a> region of India selling their wives to settle debts;<a href="#cite_note-FarmersSellWivesPayDebtsRuralIndia-CNN-92">[82]</a> the frequency of such cases is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FarmersSellWivesPayDebtsRuralIndia-CNN-92">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Money_marriage" title="Money marriage">Money marriage</a></div> In Africa generally, according to Parker Shipton in 1990, "husbands sometimes sell wives [during famines or food shortages], but not vice versa".<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> On the other hand, responding to a charge by <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> that Africans "think it no crime to sell one another",<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> African philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ottobah_Cugoano" title="Ottobah Cugoano">Ottobah Cugoano</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a> wrote, "nothing could be more opposite to everything that they hold dear and valuable".<a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> In <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa#Niger_Delta_and_Igbo" title="History of West Africa">West Africa</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a>, "a man who simply disliked his wife and was in need of brass rods could always come up with some reason to sell her, and the village elders—who received a share of the profits—would almost invariably concur."<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a> In northern <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a>, in the Masai district, in 1955, according to Robert F. Gray, the <a href="/wiki/Sonjo_people" title="Sonjo people">Sonjo</a> transfer "wives—that is to say, wife rights".<a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a> Among the Sonjo, wrote Gray, "a lively system of economic exchange .... also encompasses the sale and purchase of rights in women, who in their economic aspects are dealt with much like other commodities."<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a> According to Gray, "when a husband dies, his wife rights are inherited by his eldest surviving brother. In this respect wives are dealt with in a different manner from other forms of property .... A brother may take the widow as his wife .... A brother may also sell the wife rights in the widow to another man, but in order to understand this transaction we must consider a mystical aspect of Sonjo marriage. It is believed that when a married person dies he will ultimately be reunited with his spouse in the spirit world. This belief is expressed in a myth: In former times the dead sometimes returned to earth to help their relatives here, but the last spirit to so materialize on earth was insulted and vowed that thereafter the dead would remain forever in the spirit world; she explained before departing that the spirits of dead husband and wives waited in the spirit world for their spouses to die, and were then reunited with them there. This belief has a practical bearing on bride-price transactions. Thus when a husband dies, the brother who inherits the widow may sell his rights in her to another man for the fixed price of thirty goats. This relatively small sum of less than half the woman's normal bride-price is explained by the belief in spirit marriage, for the new husband only acquires full wife rights in the woman in this world; after she dies she will rejoin her original husband in the spirit world. A second husband loses possession of her ghost. [¶] This reduced bride-price for a widow cannot be explained as resulting from a deterioration in her value as a wife."<a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a> In case of divorce, stated Gray, a "husband exchanges his wife rights with another man for a sum of goats. It is convenient to say that he 'sells' his wife, because the form of the transaction is basically the same as those in which he exchanges or sells other goods. Thus a young wife is treated economically as a commodity. Later in life she outgrows this status, partly because her sexual attractions wane, but of more importance is the fact that her children grow up and are betrothed .... This stabilizes her position in the community".<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> Gray continued, a "young woman's value as a wife is not generally thought to be depreciated just because she was previously married, and a husband in selling a wife attempts to regain the same bride-price that he paid for her, which was originally based mainly on the social status of her parental family ... [with the price subject to] supply and demand .... [Some] restrictions limit the probability of finding a buyer in the same village .... After a buyer has been found, the wife is always given a grace period for finding a more desirable second husband before she is required to marry the man found by her husband. No physical coercion on the part of the husband is involved in the sale of a wife. The compulsive factor resides in the social structure, in which there is no regular position except as a wife for a young woman who was once married. However, a Sonjo husband has a special power, sanctioned by the community, over a wife whom he wishes to sell: if no acceptable buyer can be found within the tribe, he can sell her to the Masai, whose demands for Sonjo women and children seem to provide an unfailing market."<a href="#cite_note-102">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[k]</a> Gray wrote, "if a woman .... behaves so as to make herself unsatisfactory as a wife she may induce her husband to sell her to another man of her choice, and thus has some means of protecting her own interest. This system of wife purchase is quite flexible in operation and seems to allow a woman as much freedom of choice—admittedly little—as is found in most other African societies."<a href="#cite_note-SonjoBridePriceQuestionAfricanWifePurchase-p43-104">[93]</a> According to Gray, "children ... stay with their mother ... when she is sold and are adopted by her new husband."<a href="#cite_note-SonjoBridePriceQuestionAfricanWifePurchase-p43-104">[93]</a> Gray wrote, "only young wives, childless or with young children, are normally considered saleable, and the price paid usually equals or is near the original bride-price, though that is never exceeded. In at least one case an older woman ["of about forty"] was sold by her husband for a considerably reduced price."<a href="#cite_note-SonjoBridePriceQuestionAfricanWifePurchase-p43-104">[93]</a> Gray continued, "in these divorces ... payment is made ... only to her original husband [not to her father]. The village council, however, levies a tax of seven goats on these transactions .... This fee or tax is no doubt indicative of some underlying disapproval of the selling of wives. Most of these goats, like those collected in fines, are sacrificed .... When wives are exchanged rather than sold, the tax is only four goats ..., which accords with the general opinion that exchanging wives is preferable to selling them."<a href="#cite_note-105">[94]</a> In East Congo, among the Baguha, as reported in 1926 by Melville J. Herskovitz, if a <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride-price</a> is given at marriage and, for a reason, returnable but "is not returned, the man may sell his wife to recover the amount he gave for her, a custom distinctly not East African".<a href="#cite_note-106">[95]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bamum" title="Kingdom of Bamum">Bamum</a>, a kingdom, in what is now Cameroon, in the 19th–20th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-SlaveBamum1920-p227-107">[96]</a> according to Aboubakar Njiasse Njoya, "in rare cases, ... when a husband was no longer on good terms with his freeborn wife, for whom he had paid a very high brideprice, he simply sold her without informing his parents-in-law."<a href="#cite_note-SlaveBamum1920-p230-108">[97]</a> According to Njiasse Njoya, a minority of slaves "were a product of ... disgruntled or dissatisfied husbands."<a href="#cite_note-SlaveBamum1920-p230-108">[97]</a> Thus, a freeborn wife was sold into slavery when her husband was no longer on good terms with her. A slave is defined by Njiasse Njoya as "a human being who has been deprived of his freedom and is totally in the possession of his master or state, who uses him at will."<a href="#cite_note-SlaveBamum1920-p227-107">[96]</a> A French administrator in 1919 "explained to ["the king"] the French decree ... which prohibited slavery.... [and] demanded [of the king] that husbands cease selling their wives when they no longer satisfy them".<a href="#cite_note-SlaveBamum1920-p235-109">[98]</a> "The Baluba [from the south-east in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> in the 1880s] ... do not understand that there is any wrong in selling their wives and children; as these are property they consider themselves entitled to dispose of them at their pleasure", according to Ludwig Wolf, whose expedition met the Baluba c. or after November, 1884, and in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-110">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[l]</a> Wolf continued, "since the Baluba have come into contact with the Kioque and Bangala, trading tribes from the Lunda country and from Kuango, they are getting provided with guns and powder, for which they barter children, girls, and even their own wives."<a href="#cite_note-ExplorUpKassaiSankuru-ProceedRoyalGeographSocMoRcdGeography-p646-112">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[m]</a> Wolf argued to a Baluba chief "how wrong it was to sell their own wives, ... [and the chief said], rather in confidence, that they only sold their troublesome wives out of the country, never the good ones."<a href="#cite_note-114">[101]</a> (The Baluba, said Wolf, distinguished "between domestic slaves and slaves for export .... [by which] [t]he latter are usually troublesome individuals whom they want to get rid of".)<a href="#cite_note-ExplorUpKassaiSankuru-ProceedRoyalGeographSocMoRcdGeography-p646-112">[100]</a> In Southern <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[102]</a> among the Toka,<a href="#cite_note-116">[103]</a> in the early 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-117">[104]</a> according to Gisela Geisler, "often women were ... hired out or even 'sold' against payment of cash to interested men by their own husbands."<a href="#cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p441-118">[105]</a> Geisler continued, "migrant labourers and African public servants ... had a particular interest in 'temporary marriages ....' ... [which] granted them unlimited access to the domestic and sexual services ... [and they] must have been ... fairly common in Livingstone".<a href="#cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p441-118">[105]</a> Geisler continued, "while these practices offered single women some possibilities of survival in town, ... they also meant that women could take on the character of moveable capital assets in the hands of men."<a href="#cite_note-119">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[n]</a> In the British colonial court established in 1906, "men who claimed to be 'legal' husbands accused 'temporary' husbands of adultery and demanded compensation, particularly if the bartered woman refused to return to her original husband. In one such case, a 'husband' demanded compensation from a 'temporary' husband because the latter had extended the agreed upon time with the former's wife without paying further monies.... Another man, who had sold his wife temporarily to a Lozi, demanded a court order for the return of his wife as well as outstanding payments.... Other husbands accused their wives in court of having misappropriated payments from their 'temporary' husbands."<a href="#cite_note-121">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[p]</a> In a 1910 case, Geisler reported, a man objected that his daughter's husband "had sold her to another man",<a href="#cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p442-124">[108]</a> not because the father, who was a headman, was "concerned about the moral issue",<a href="#cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p442-124">[108]</a> but because "he had not been paid bridewealth from the new husband."<a href="#cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p442-124">[108]</a> Geisler also reported, in 1912 a rural Toka man's brother had died and the man had inherited his brother's wife and "he had passed the wife on to another man against payment ..., [which was] the exact sum his late brother had paid .... [and] [t]he new husband had sold the woman to yet another man" and a fresh payment was demanded.<a href="#cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p442-124">[108]</a> Geisler found another complication: After the court revised how it dealt with adultery, partly by forcing a divorce on the husband who was suing,<a href="#cite_note-125">[109]</a> and until "the enactment of the Native Court Ordinance of 1929",<a href="#cite_note-126">[110]</a> "husbands, who had previously tried to profit financially from in effect selling their wives to other men and then charging them for adultery compensation before the urban court, now had to fear that bringing such charges might well imply that they lost their wife, the main asset for further deals of the kind."<a href="#cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p450-127">[111]</a> Geisler wrote, "women .... never had access to the money and goods that passed among the hands of men for rights over them, and ... they were not concerned about morality, [so] women could [until the passage of the 1929 law] to a certain extent move between men on their own accord and in their own right."<a href="#cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p450-127">[111]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, among Chinese laborers in 1904–1910, according to Gary Kynoch, gambling was "prolific"<a href="#cite_note-PetitionersMortalTerror-JSouthnAfrican-p543-128">[112]</a> and unpaid debts often led to suicide and sales of wives and children.<a href="#cite_note-PetitionersMortalTerror-JSouthnAfrican-p543-128">[112]</a> In what is now western <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, in Souroudougou,<a href="#cite_note-129">[113]</a> in the 1890s,<a href="#cite_note-130">[114]</a> "household heads often resorted to selling their wives and children to passing merchants for cowries or millett, with no option for re-purchase.... [K]in became actual commodities that were bartered (not loaned) away."<a href="#cite_note-131">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[q]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[r]</a> In addition, if a family ("a man, his wife and children")<a href="#cite_note-ViewSlaveTradeSouroudougou-JAfricanHist-p39-n58-134">[116]</a> went to the countryside, "bandits who ["often"] hid .... would trap the family, and perhaps kill the man. The mother and her children would be sold as slaves."<a href="#cite_note-ViewSlaveTradeSouroudougou-JAfricanHist-p39-n58-134">[116]</a> In Eastern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, wives were sold,<a href="#cite_note-135">[117]</a> a practice apart from that of <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[118]</a> In southeast <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> before it was <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">colonized</a>, according to David Northrup, "goods brought by visiting traders proved irresistible to many. Yet there was little that could be given in exchange for such goods: ivory, salt, fancy textiles, metalware, and, of course, slaves.... For many people slaves were the only real possibility. The more venturesome or powerful might hope to ... sell an adulterous wife .... But ... [this] would not have been within the range of possibilities open to the average person."<a href="#cite_note-137">[119]</a> In southeast Nigeria, in a practice referred to as <a href="/wiki/Money_marriage" title="Money marriage">money marriage</a>, a girl, usually, is married off to a man to settle debts owed by her parents.<a href="#cite_note-138">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> under Spanish colonial rule,<a href="#cite_note-141">[123]</a> particularly in 1750–1826,<a href="#cite_note-142">[124]</a> according to David L. Chandler, Spanish law "allowed slaves to marry and establish a family even against the master's wishes ... and prohibited ... [the family's] separation through sale.... [S]eparation of the slave family was not very common."<a href="#cite_note-143">[125]</a> If a slave couple was broken up by the sale of one spouse out of an area, Chandler wrote, the other spouse, even after 10 years, could petition a court to allow the latter slave to find a buyer so the couple could reunite;<a href="#cite_note-FamilyBondsBondsman-LatAmRsrchRvw-p126-144">[126]</a> such cases, in which the wife was sold first and the husband second, were litigated in 1802 and 1806.<a href="#cite_note-FamilyBondsBondsman-LatAmRsrchRvw-p126-144">[126]</a> In 1808, reported Chandler, a master had sold a slave husband to another master; after a dispute between the slaves and the selling master, the master who sold the husband was subsequently ordered by a court to sell the slave's wife to the other master as well, so the slave family would be able to live together and not merely have visits; and the court order was complied with.<a href="#cite_note-FamilyBondsBondsman-LatAmRsrchRvw-p126-144">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, the 'power of life and killing' (vitae necisque potestas, more commonly 'power of life and death')<a href="#cite_note-145">[127]</a> was vested in the husband over his wife in some circumstances,<a href="#cite_note-146">[128]</a> the husband being the pater familias or 'head of the household'.<a href="#cite_note-147">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[s]</a> According to Keith Bradley, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> wrote that "there was a man (a Christian at that) who had sold his wife into slavery because he preferred to have the cash".<a href="#cite_note-151">[132]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, in the earlier period of Eastern Roman society, a husband could sell his wife, because she was counted among his children and he could sell them.<a href="#cite_note-153">[t]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[134]</a> According to Bruce W. Frier and Thomas A. J. McGinn, "it was apparently illegal for a husband to sell his wife [if in manus], to give her in adoption, or to execute her even for serious misconduct without first consulting a consilium of relatives,"<a href="#cite_note-CasebkRomanFamL-FrierMcGinn-p90-155">[135]</a> thus possibly lawful after the consilium.<a href="#cite_note-157">[u]</a> However, according to Paul du Plessis, "the husband did not have the power of life and death over his wife; nor could he sell her into slavery...."<a href="#cite_note-158">[137]</a> According to Frier and McGinn, a wife had a socially respected position as mater familias,<a href="#cite_note-CasebkRomanFamL-FrierMcGinn-p90-155">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[v]</a> "although ... her position was weak in law".<a href="#cite_note-CasebkRomanFamL-FrierMcGinn-p90-155">[135]</a> According to Jane F. Gardner, "over a wife in free marriage ... ["her husband"] had no potestas [power] at all."<a href="#cite_note-163">[141]</a> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Mireille_Corbier" title="Mireille Corbier">Mireille Corbier</a>, "in the framework of free marriage, a practice that became frequent in the late republican period, the wife ... remained in her father's familia."<a href="#cite_note-164">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Babylon">Babylon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Babylon">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, around the 1700s BC, the law that applied was <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">King Hammurabi's Code</a>. According to Étan Levine, "Hammurabi law ... permitted a wife to be sold to pay her husband's debts",<a href="#cite_note-165">[143]</a> although an earlier view (possibly outdated or not agreed with by all scholars) was that the law may have been relatively limited, providing only that the wife sale was limited to the sale of her services, <a href="/wiki/Theophile_Meek" title="Theophile Meek">Theophile J. Meek</a> arguing in 1948 that the law should be "translated somewhat as follows: .... § 117: 'If an obligation came due against a seignior and he accordingly sold (the services of) his wife ... they [e.g., "his wife"] shall work (in) the house of their purchaser or obligee for three years, with their freedom re-established in the fourth year'"<a href="#cite_note-166">[144]</a> and another view was that the law created an indenture, not a sale, being for a limited duration.<a href="#cite_note-167">[145]</a> Specifically, according to Ernst J. Cohn in 1938, "if a man contracted a debt and sold his wife, son or daughter or gave them to work it off, 'for three years they work in the house of their buyer or exploiter and in the fourth year he shall restore them to their former condition.'"<a href="#cite_note-168">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_theology">International theology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: International theology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christinity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christinity (page does not exist)">Christinity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ChristianSlaveMidAge-AmHistRvw-p676-passim-171">[149]</a> according to Frederik Pijper in 1909, "one way [to "become a slave"] was by selling oneself because of poverty. It might so happen that a married pair sank into such need that the husband was compelled to sell himself, and did so with his wife's consent. In this way he secured sustenance for himself, and with the purchase-money he was in a position to keep his wife from starving. Sometimes the conditions were reversed, and the wife sold herself with the same intentions and with her husband's consent. In such cases the marriage was usually dissolved; to be sure the Church opposed this, but could not prevent and therefore yielded to it.... A synod at Paris early in the seventh century ordained that freemen who had sold ... themselves should if they repaid the money at once be restored to their former status. To demand back a greater sum than what had been paid for them, was not allowed."<a href="#cite_note-172">[150]</a> Contrasting women by rank or class and noting which wives were sold and which were not, Pijper wrote of the medieval Church, a "woman of noble rank who had deserted her husband three times was to be put under penance, and was to be prohibited from marrying again; but if she was a woman from the people she must be sold without hope of regaining her freedom".<a href="#cite_note-173">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[w]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_unforgiving_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Parable of the unforgiving servant">parable of the unforgiving servant</a>, attributed to Jesus, according to <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a>, told of a creditor ordering the sale of a man who is both his debtor and his servant along with the sale of the man's wife, children, and property.<a href="#cite_note-175">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cultures">Other cultures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other cultures">edit</a>]</div> Wife selling occurred in Europe in addition to that in Britain:<a href="#cite_note-176">[153]</a> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, in 1114, the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a> of Gran said, "When a wife of noble birth or aristocracy has left her husband for the third time, she receives mercy, but when she is from the common people, she is sold."<a href="#cite_note-177">[154]</a></li> <li>As to France, "scattered records of wife sales in western France do exist", many of the locations being rural, notwithstanding the tendency of many French to criticize the English for the latter's custom.<a href="#cite_note-178">[155]</a></li> <li>Germans "considered the wife as negotiable property ... [and] sold them to the conquering Romans".<a href="#cite_note-179">[156]</a> According to E. J. Schuster in 1910, "under the original Germanic law .... the husband was entitled to dismiss and even to sell his wife on the ground of her adultery .... [and] [t]he introduction of Christianity into Germany did not immediately put an end to this state of things."<a href="#cite_note-180">[157]</a> According to Paul G. Gleis in 1930, in early Teutonic society, regarding fathers, "selling a wife and child was a measure only of last resort."<a href="#cite_note-181">[158]</a></li> <li>"A Lombard [according to Gleis] ... killed a man serf once who ventured to marry a free woman, and sold the serf's wife into slavery."<a href="#cite_note-182">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[x]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">N. G. L. Hammond</a>, "the Thebans [of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>] proceeded to annihilate the Orchomenians and sell their wives and children into slavery";<a href="#cite_note-184">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[y]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[z]</a> this "and similar acts ... led Polybius to criticize 'the mob' ... as Thebes as 'having been schooled in violence and passion'".<a href="#cite_note-188">[162]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, c. 1030, according to Gleis, Canute made a law that "neither woman nor maid shall be forced to marry one that is disliked by her nor shall be sold for money unless the bridegroom gives something of his own free will",<a href="#cite_note-189">[163]</a> although "whether buying and selling was originally really involved is [in 1930] still disputed."<a href="#cite_note-190">[164]</a></li></ul> In <a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a>, which was east of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-191">[165]</a> in the 19th century, a divorce was "easy"<a href="#cite_note-Kafiristan-GeogJ-p216-192">[166]</a> and was done by the husband selling a wife.<a href="#cite_note-Kafiristan-GeogJ-p216-192">[166]</a> If a husband died, when the wife or wives "revert[ed]" to the husband's family,<a href="#cite_note-Kafiristan-GeogJ-p216-192">[166]</a> surviving brothers either "sold or retained" the wives.<a href="#cite_note-Kafiristan-GeogJ-p216-192">[166]</a> In <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, Chinese laborers in the 1880s–1890s, according to Kynoch, "were said to have been prolific gamblers .... [and] 'many of those who failed to pay off their gambling debts ... either committed suicide or sold their wives and children to pay off their debts'".<a href="#cite_note-PetitionersMortalTerror-JSouthnAfrican-p543-128">[112]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, from the mid-13th century until 1932, according to Darunee Tantiwiramanond and Shashi Pandey, because "traditional Thai law ... decreed that women were mere chattels of men"<a href="#cite_note-StatusRoleThaiWomenPreMod-Sojourn-p133-193">[167]</a> and thus "women were considered part of a man's assets ... and hence were subjected to male overlordship",<a href="#cite_note-StatusRoleThaiWomenPreMod-Sojourn-p133-193">[167]</a> "a husband or a father could sell his wife or daughter without her consent.... The logic of the law, however, did not operate in reverse and did not apply in the case of the wife because she was not a legal entity and had no identity in her own right."<a href="#cite_note-StatusRoleThaiWomenPreMod-Sojourn-p133-193">[167]</a> In <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern Asia</a>, according to an 1895 report by Arthur Montefiore, among <a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Samoyads</a> (or Samoyedi) (who are part of the <a href="/wiki/Turanid_race" title="Turanid race">Ural-Altaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloids</a>), "[the husband] may commerce with his wife, for marriage is not considered a binding tie. It is not uncommon for a Samoyad to sell his wife to another for the consideration of a few teams of deer, and he sometimes barters her for a lady whose husband may be willing to accept the view that exchange is no robbery."<a href="#cite_note-194">[168]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)</a>, Tuân Sắc in 1969 "argued, '[t]here are those who sell their wives and children for money, even women who sell their husbands for a little spending money (it's all in the newspapers)'"<a href="#cite_note-SVNIDAmIntervenNewsp-JVietStudy-p190-n96-195">[169]</a> and posited that such people are not, or are no longer, Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-SVNIDAmIntervenNewsp-JVietStudy-p190-n96-195">[169]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p16-196">[170]</a> among the Nias, according to E. M. Loeb citing J. B. Neumann from 1886, a husband was allowed to "pawn ... [his wife] as a pledge for his debts",<a href="#cite_note-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p47-HetPane-p463-197">[171]</a> but not to sell her "outright".<a href="#cite_note-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p47-HetPane-p463-197">[171]</a> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>, Syria, in the late 14th- to early 12th-centuries B.C.E., in the Late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[172]</a> "debtors sold their wives"<a href="#cite_note-199">[173]</a> "into slavery".<a href="#cite_note-200">[174]</a> In or near ancient Emar, according to <a href="/wiki/Gary_Beckman" title="Gary Beckman">Gary Beckman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablet<a href="#cite_note-201">[175]</a> documented an instance of a husband selling his wife "into the service of" another man,<a href="#cite_note-202">[176]</a> for whom she was to be "the servant",<a href="#cite_note-3Tabs-p62-203">[177]</a> "dead or living",<a href="#cite_note-3Tabs-p62-203">[177]</a> with a provision that if she be redeemed the redeemer was to provide "one healthy woman ... in compensation".<a href="#cite_note-3Tabs-p62-203">[177]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> passage describes an event in Egypt as an instance of wife selling.<a href="#cite_note-204">[178]</a> According to Theodore Y. Blumoff, Genesis describes "some pretty deplorable characters who do dreadful things to each other ... [including a] candidate for future sanctification selling his wife—not once but twice—to save his own skin and make a buck".<a href="#cite_note-205">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ambiguous_and_related_reports">Ambiguous and related reports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ambiguous and related reports">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome_2">Ancient Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome">edit</a>]</div> In ancient Rome, in two situations, a "fictitious" sale was an actual procedure. In one, to get rid of a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tutor" class="extiw" title="wikt:tutor">tutor</a> (a person responsible for approving of a female's decisions that might, e.g., reduce her assets),<a href="#cite_note-206">[180]</a> as a way of getting a replacement tutor, "the woman [including a wife] undergoes a formal and entirely fictitious 'sale' (coemptio) in which she sells herself to [a] third party, who then remancipates her to another person, who 'manumits' her and thereafter becomes her "fiduciary guardian" (tutor fiduciarius); that is, he replaces her original tutor."<a href="#cite_note-207">[181]</a> The procedure was also used for the making of a will when a wife wanted some of her property upon her demise to go not to her birth family but to her husband (and perhaps to her children).<a href="#cite_note-CasebkRomanFamL-FrierMcGinn-p455-208">[182]</a> "How frequently women made use of ... ["this ["contrived"] ceremony"] we have no way of telling, but we often hear of women's wills from [the years of] the late Republic on."<a href="#cite_note-CasebkRomanFamL-FrierMcGinn-p455-208">[182]</a> "Hadrian (reign: A.D. 117–138) had enacted a decree of the Senate that abolished the need for the 'sale'".<a href="#cite_note-CasebkRomanFamL-FrierMcGinn-p455-208">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[aa]</a> "Classical law ... usually treat[ed]... the sale of free persons as void".<a href="#cite_note-210">[183]</a> One of three forms of <a href="/wiki/Manus_marriage" title="Manus marriage">manus marriage</a> was <a href="/wiki/Coemptio" class="mw-redirect" title="Coemptio">coemptio</a>, which, according to Gary Forsythe, seems to have existed in the mid-5th century BC<a href="#cite_note-211">[184]</a> and into the CE 2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-WomenRomanLSoc-12-212">[185]</a> According to Gardner and <a href="/wiki/Marcia_L._Colish" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcia L. Colish">Marcia L. Colish</a>, coemptio was in essence a <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">fictitious</a> notional sale of the woman to the husband<a href="#cite_note-WomenRomanLSoc-12-212">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[186]</a> that could occur at any time during their marriage,<a href="#cite_note-214">[187]</a> thus, if after marriage, a fictitious notional sale of the wife to her own husband. According to du Plessis, "a ceremonial resale of the wife terminated marriage by coemptio (and probably by usus, too)",<a href="#cite_note-BorkowskiTextRomanL-4ed-p125-215">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[ab]</a> as a reversal of the marriage procedure.<a href="#cite_note-BorkowskiTextRomanL-4ed-p125-215">[188]</a> Theophanes claimed that in the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, may have been managed or tricked into signing unread a contract "selling" his wife <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" title="Aelia Eudocia">Aelia Eudocia</a> into slavery or giving her to Pulcheria so Pulcheria could sell his wife; after the signing, Pulcheria "gave ... [Theodosius] a mighty scolding"<a href="#cite_note-217">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[191]</a> and the sale or gift is not known to have occurred. In ancient Rome, according to <a href="/wiki/Mary_Abigail_Dodge" title="Mary Abigail Dodge">Gail Hamilton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[192]</a> Cato gave his wife to <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius" title="Quintus Hortensius">Hortensius</a>, who married her, after which, when Hortensius was dying, he left all his property to her and, when she was widowed, Cato remarried her;<a href="#cite_note-221">[193]</a> and Caesar "["taunt[ed]"] Cato .... [for] having sold his wife for Hortensius's gold."<a href="#cite_note-222">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Christians">Medieval Christians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Medieval Christians">edit</a>]</div> Regarding a married man's <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_consortium" title="Loss of consortium">consortium</a> with a slave who may have thereby borne sons, Pijper wrote of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity of the Middle Ages">medieval Christians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ChristianSlaveMidAge-AmHistRvw-p676-passim-171">[149]</a> "according to Vinniaus the married freeman who had consorted with a slave should be compelled to sell the woman; [but] if he had one or several sons by her he must set her free, and was not allowed to sell her."<a href="#cite_note-223">[195]</a> Women consorting with churchmen were to be sold by bishops; Pijper reported, "some churchmen, not living in honorable wedlock, consorted with strange women or their own slaves. Bishops were instructed to secure such women and sell them. This hard law was promulgated in Spain, at the beginning of the seventh century."<a href="#cite_note-224">[196]</a> A subdeacon's wife was to be enslaved by a prince, according to Pijper; "if a subdeacon refused to give up his wife, he was to be removed from his ecclesiastical office and benefice. If, however, after being warned by his bishop, he still failed to yield, his wife was to be made a slave by the prince."<a href="#cite_note-225">[197]</a> The buying the freedom of a slave being from another party's perspective the selling the slave into freedom, the medieval church permitted the selling into freedom of a slave who was a spouse; according to Pijper, "if ... two slaves were joined in wedlock by their common master, and one of them was thereafter freed, that one was permitted to marry again, if the freedom of the other could not be bought."<a href="#cite_note-226">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cultures_2">Other cultures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other cultures">edit</a>]</div> In Asia Minor, administered by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, among the <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yourouks</a>, as reported in 1891 by <a href="/wiki/James_Theodore_Bent" title="James Theodore Bent">Theodore Bent</a>, "on marriage the husband generally pays something to the father, and this has given rise to the idea that the nomads ["Yourouks"] are in the habit of selling their wives for the harems of Constantinople, whereas they are only carrying out their legitimate idea of the marriage contract."<a href="#cite_note-Bent_274-227">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[ac]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[ad]</a> On the other hand, wives are often slaves; according to Bent, "poor though he is, a man will often have seven wives, or more properly speaking, seven slaves."<a href="#cite_note-Bent_274-227">[199]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)#Classical_antiquity" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine of the 1st century</a>, according to Graeber, it was not "normal" "for a man ... to be able to sell his wife".<a href="#cite_note-230">[200]</a> On an Abyssinian couple met<a href="#cite_note-JourneyZeilaRudolf-GeographicalJ-p265-231">[201]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">northeast Africa</a>, in 1899–1900,<a href="#cite_note-232">[202]</a> according to James J. Harrison, "we [the first white men ever seen in the country] ... encountered an Abyssinian gentleman, who, having nothing else to sell us, tried to sell his wife. After repeated attempts, he and the good lady, looking crestfallen at not even raising a bid, proceeded on their journey."<a href="#cite_note-JourneyZeilaRudolf-GeographicalJ-p265-231">[201]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, in 1880–1884, among <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">aborigines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sofus_Lumholtz" title="Carl Sofus Lumholtz">Carl Lumholtz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-233">[203]</a> "at Herbert River the blacks did not know, before the arrival of the whites, of any stimulants at all. The tobacco served me instead of money, and for it they would do anything, even to selling their wives."<a href="#cite_note-234">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[ae]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Szabolcs_County" title="Szabolcs County">Szabolcs</a>, in the 11th century, a substitute for a wife could be sold, with the gain going to religious leadership. "According to the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Szabolcs" title="Synod of Szabolcs">synod of Szabolcs</a> (1092), if a priest instead of taking a wife had chosen a servant or a slave as a companion, she was to be sold and the proceeds were to be given to the bishop."<a href="#cite_note-236">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enemy_claims">Enemy claims</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Enemy claims">edit</a>]</div> These are claims by enemies in war (including civil war) and which may not have been true even to a small degree, but which were widely made. In <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Baines_485-237">[206]</a> up to 1994,<a href="#cite_note-238">[207]</a> according to Erin K Baines, <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutus</a> accused <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsis</a>, identified as enemies,<a href="#cite_note-239">[208]</a> by saying, "Tutsi sold their wives ... to the Hutu authorities. Tutsis tried to marry their wives to Hutu elite in order to have spies in the inner circle."<a href="#cite_note-Baines_485-237">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bans_of_wife_sale">Bans of wife sale</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bans of wife sale">edit</a>]</div> Most bans are implied in bans against sales of human beings that by definition include sales of wives, and such more general bans are too numerous to list here. Some bans, however, are explicitly against wife sale. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> In Thailand, "only in 1935, under pressure from the West, were ... men forbidden from selling their wives into prostitution".<a href="#cite_note-240">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> In Indonesia,<a href="#cite_note-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p16-196">[170]</a> among the Nias, according to Loeb citing Neumann from 1886, "the only restriction which the husband had to observe is that he was not allowed to sell his wife outright",<a href="#cite_note-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p47-HetPane-p463-197">[171]</a> but was allowed to "pawn her as a pledge for his debts".<a href="#cite_note-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p47-HetPane-p463-197">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_African_Kaffirs">South African Kaffirs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: South African Kaffirs">edit</a>]</div> Among the <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">Kaffirs</a>, as studied in the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> by the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> government in 1883,<a href="#cite_note-241">[210]</a> "the husband cannot sell his wife nor ill-treat her";<a href="#cite_note-NativeRacesSAfrica-p266-242">[211]</a> divorce exists but is rare.<a href="#cite_note-NativeRacesSAfrica-p266-242">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome_3">Ancient Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome">edit</a>]</div> In ancient Rome, according to <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_R%C3%BCpke" title="Jörg Rüpke">Jörg Rüpke</a>, "a husband selling his wife"<a href="#cite_note-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67-243">[212]</a> was a "crime ... that [would have] affect[ed] fundamental social relationships,"<a href="#cite_note-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67-243">[212]</a> in which the wife as "the harmed one is in an inferior position".<a href="#cite_note-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67-243">[212]</a> Thus, according to Rüpke, "by the sacer-esto-formula, a curse declaring someone outlawed[,].... the delinquent"<a href="#cite_note-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67-243">[212]</a> may be killed by anyone.<a href="#cite_note-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67-243">[212]</a> Specifically, according to Rüpke, "if somebody has sold his wife, he shall be sacrificed to the lower gods".<a href="#cite_note-244">[213]</a> The enactment of "the law that whoever sold his wife should be given over to the infernal gods"<a href="#cite_note-Couch_46-245">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[215]</a> was, according to John Andrew Couch in 1894, credited to Romulus.<a href="#cite_note-Couch_46-245">[214]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watson_(legal_scholar)" title="Alan Watson (legal scholar)">Alan Watson</a> in 1972, "anyone who sold his wife was to be dedicated [apparently 'sacrificed'] to the gods of the underworld."<a href="#cite_note-247">[216]</a> "The husband who sold his wife was to be sacrificed (if we may so translate Plutarch ...) to the infernal deities", according to Fowler in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-248">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[218]</a> According to Rüpke, this judgment and punishment reflected and was legitimized by religion.<a href="#cite_note-250">[219]</a> However, after a while, the offense was no longer punished; according to Mary Emily Case, "this very primitive kind of justice [in which "one who violated these rules ["of the fas,—that is, of religious duty"] was pronounced accursed, and might be killed by any who met him"] soon fell into disuse, and offences which were merely nefas—such, for example, as selling a wife—ceased to be punished. Thus, fas early lost the force of law."<a href="#cite_note-251">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Israel">Ancient Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ancient Israel">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">ancient Israel</a>, according to Levine, a man "could never sell a wife, even if she had originally been a war captive";<a href="#cite_note-252">[221]</a> at least he could not sell her to an "outsider",<a href="#cite_note-BiblWomenMarRt=p93-253">[222]</a> although redemption was possible.<a href="#cite_note-BiblWomenMarRt=p93-253">[222]</a> However, ambivalently, N. P. Lemche argued that "either there are no rules for a Hebrew's selling his wife ..., or ... [this category is] incorporated in the law ... in the way that it was considered impossible that a man should be able to sell his wife and remain free himself".<a href="#cite_note-254">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_bans">Partial bans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Partial bans">edit</a>]</div> Bans, whether against wife sales specifically or against all sales of human beings, that were only in effect part of the time or that were substantially violated and unenforced are too numerous to list. Examples include bans in England, often violated and generally unenforced for a time,<a href="#cite_note-255">[224]</a> and Japan, by law having no ban for a time.<a href="#cite_note-MktChild-JLEO-p131-n8-p132-75">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> An undated<a href="#cite_note-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p321-256">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doggerel" title="Doggerel">doggerel</a><a href="#cite_note-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p313-257">[226]</a> from Western <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a><a href="#cite_note-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p321-256">[225]</a> was reported by H. Carrington Bolton as "Pontius Pilate, King of the Jews",/"Sold his wife for a pair of shoes."/"When the shoes began to wear"/"Pontius Pilate began to swear."<a href="#cite_note-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p321-256">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[af]</a> Bolton received it after publishing other rhymes used by children for "counting-out".<a href="#cite_note-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p313-257">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[ag]</a> Variants on the rhyme have also been reported,<a href="#cite_note-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140-261">[228]</a> including from <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> c. 1920<a href="#cite_note-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140-261">[228]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> c. 1935,<a href="#cite_note-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140-261">[228]</a> the variants naming "Holy Moses"<a href="#cite_note-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140-261">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[ah]</a> instead of "Pontius Pilate",<a href="#cite_note-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140-261">[228]</a> and some women reported their use "as rope-skipping and ball-bouncing rhymes".<a href="#cite_note-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140-261">[228]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>, a folktale titled The Man Who Sold His Wife For Beef,<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Dorson|1956b|p=95-263">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[230]</a> narrated by two informants,<a href="#cite_note-265">[231]</a> and that possibly was true<a href="#cite_note-266">[232]</a> although "suspect[ed]" to be only a folktale,<a href="#cite_note-267">[233]</a> was told in 1952<a href="#cite_note-268">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[235]</a> by Mrs. Mary Richardson,<a href="#cite_note-270">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-harvp|Dorson|1956a|pp=5–6-271">[237]</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Township,_Michigan" title="Calvin Township, Michigan">Calvin Township</a>, southwestern Michigan, which town was a destination for slaves travelling through the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[238]</a> and in which town most residents and local government officials were Black.<a href="#cite_note-273">[239]</a> As told to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dorson" title="Richard Dorson">Richard M. Dorson</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Clarksdale,_Mississippi" title="Clarksdale, Mississippi">Clarksdale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[ai]</a> Cohoma [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] County,<a href="#cite_note-276">[aj]</a> northern<a href="#cite_note-277">[241]</a> Mississippi,<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Dorson|1956b|p=95-263">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[ak]</a> c. 1890 or c. 1897–1898,<a href="#cite_note-281">[al]</a> a husband killed his wife and sold some parts to people to eat as beef, and the husband was caught and executed.<a href="#cite_note-282">[244]</a> The plot of the 1969 western-musical film "<a href="/wiki/Paint_Your_Wagon_(film)" title="Paint Your Wagon (film)">Paint Your Wagon</a>" treats the subject satirically.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The ride <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean" title="Pirates of the Caribbean">Pirates of the Caribbean</a> at <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a> originally contained a "Wife Auction". This was recently removed.<a href="#cite_note-283">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_2">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Sane" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Sane">Sane Guruji</a><a href="#cite_note-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p95col2-284">[246]</a> (born as Pandurang Sadashiv Sane),<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-285">[247]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India, authored Shyamchi Ai,<a href="#cite_note-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p95col2-284">[246]</a> a collection of "stories",<a href="#cite_note-286">[248]</a> which, according to Guruji, were "true ... [but with] ... a possibility of a character, an incident or a remark being fictitious."<a href="#cite_note-287">[249]</a> One of the stories was Karja Mhanje Jiwantapanicha Narak (Indebtedness is Hell on Earth), in which, according to <a href="/wiki/Shanta_Gokhale" title="Shanta Gokhale">Shanta Gokhale</a>, a man borrowed money from a moneylender, had not paid principal or interest, and was visited by the moneylender's representative who demanded full payment and "shamelessly suggested",<a href="#cite_note-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p98col3-288">[250]</a> "if you sold you[r] wife's bangles to build a house, you can sell your wife now to repay your debts",<a href="#cite_note-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p98col3-288">[250]</a> his wife, hearing this, came to where her husband and the moneylender's representative were talking and said, "aren't you ashamed to talk about selling wives? Have you no control over your tongue?",<a href="#cite_note-289">[251]</a> no wife sale occurred, and a partial monetary payment was made to the moneylender's representative.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-285">[247]</a> According to Gokhale, in 1935–1985 ("55 years") ( [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]),<a href="#cite_note-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p95col3-290">[252]</a> "every middle-class home in Maharashtra is said to have possessed a copy of Shyamti Ai and every member of every such household may be assumed to have read it.... [and it] was also made into a film which instantly received the same kind of adoring viewership."<a href="#cite_note-291">[253]</a> According to Sudha Varde or Sadanand Varde, Guruji was one of "only two men ["even in the Seva Dal"] who could be called feminists in the real sense",<a href="#cite_note-InterviewSudhaVardeSadanandVardePresent-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-EconPolWk-pWS102col1-292">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[am]</a> because "Guruji ... respected women in every way .... [and] had a real awareness of the lives, of women and the hardships they had to bear";<a href="#cite_note-InterviewSudhaVardeSadanandVardePresent-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-EconPolWk-pWS102col1-292">[254]</a> these statements were, according to Gokhale, published as part of "some indication of the widespread influence Shyamchi Ai has had in Maharashtra."<a href="#cite_note-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p95col3-290">[252]</a> In southeastern India, in the <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Tanjavur region</a>, often described as the main part of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil society</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Subrahmanyam" title="Sanjay Subrahmanyam">Sanjay Subrahmanyam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-294">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahaji" title="Shahaji">Shahaji Bhonsle</a>, who ruled Tanjavur 1684–1712,<a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam_84-295">[256]</a> in the early 18th century<a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam_90-296">[257]</a> wrote Satidânashûramu ('The Gifting of the Virtuous Wife'), a play in the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a>, for an annual festival at a temple.<a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam_84-295">[256]</a> Subrahmanyam says that, in the play, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Untouchable (Dalit) caste</a> offers to "donate"<a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam_89-297">[258]</a> his wife to a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a><a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam_89-297">[258]</a> and asks whether <a href="/wiki/Harishchandra" title="Harishchandra">Harishchandra</a> "didn't ... sell his wife for truth",<a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam_89-297">[258]</a> although the Brahmin announces that he must refuse the gift<a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam_89-297">[258]</a> and ultimately the wife's "virtue remains unsullied".<a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam_90-296">[257]</a> In Indian literature, Mahabharata, a story of Gandhari, according to Jayanti Alam, includes the "censor[ing] [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]"<a href="#cite_note-GandhariReb-EconPolWk-p1517-298">[259]</a> (or censuring) of "Yudhishtira ... for 'selling' his wife in the gamble".<a href="#cite_note-GandhariReb-EconPolWk-p1517-298">[259]</a> According to Alam, "Rabindranath's Gandhari is ... a feminist"<a href="#cite_note-GandhariReb-EconPolWk-p1518-299">[260]</a> and "Gandhari's feminism reaches its sublime height and she emerges the apostle of justice".<a href="#cite_note-GandhariReb-EconPolWk-p1518-299">[260]</a> According to Jonathan Parry in 1980, "in the famous legend of Raja Harish Chandra, it was in order to provide a dakshina that, having been tricked into giving away all his material possessions in a dream, the righteous king was forced to sell his wife and son into slavery and himself become the servant of the cremation ghat Dom in Benares."<a href="#cite_note-300">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[an]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[ao]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> In China, according to Smith, a "possibly well-known tale"<a href="#cite_note-FearGynarchyAgeChaos-JSocEconHistOrient-p62-303">[262]</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song dynastic era</a><a href="#cite_note-FearGynarchyAgeChaos-JSocEconHistOrient-p62-303">[262]</a> (A.D. 960–1279)<a href="#cite_note-304">[263]</a> told of a wife invited to a <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a>'s party for wives of subordinate officials, from which she "was kidnapped by a brothel-master",<a href="#cite_note-FearGynarchyAgeChaos-JSocEconHistOrient-p62-303">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[ap]</a> who later "sold her ... [to] her husband's new employer ... who reunite[d] ... the couple".<a href="#cite_note-FearGynarchyAgeChaos-JSocEconHistOrient-p62-303">[262]</a> In 1990, in <a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Region, Nepal">Central Nepal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-306">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[265]</a> mainly in rural areas,<a href="#cite_note-SingsTij-AsFolkStu-p261-308">[266]</a> one song, a "dukha",<a href="#cite_note-ContestRitualContestFemininity-p284-309">[267]</a> which is a "suffering/hardship" song<a href="#cite_note-ContestRitualContestFemininity-p284-309">[267]</a> that "provide[s] ... an interpretation of women's hardships",<a href="#cite_note-310">[268]</a> "underscore[d] ... the limited resources and rights of a wife caught in a bad marriage".<a href="#cite_note-ContestRitualContestFemininity-p284-309">[267]</a> Sung from a daughter's perspective,<a href="#cite_note-ContestRitualContestFemininity-p284-309">[267]</a> the song in part said, "[The wife says] You don't need to return home after drinking there in the evening."/"In Pokhara bazaar, [there is] an electricity line,"/"The household property is not mine."/"The housewife is an outsider,"/"All the household property is needed [for <a href="/wiki/Raksi" title="Raksi">raksi</a>]."/"If this wife is not enough, you can get another,"/"The head of the cock will be caught [i.e., with two wives he'll have problems]."/"Why do you hold your head [looking worried]? Go sell the buffalo and pigs."/"If you don't have enough money [for raksi], you will even sell your wife."/"After selling his wife, he'll become a jogT [here: a beggar without a wife]."<a href="#cite_note-311">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[aq]</a> A "woman ... became visibly agitated while listening to [this song]".<a href="#cite_note-313">[270]</a> This was part of a genre sung at the annual <a href="/wiki/Tij_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tij Festival">Tij Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SingsTij-AsFolkStu-p260-314">[271]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> women in the mid to late 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-SingsTij-AsFolkStu-p261-308">[266]</a> but mostly not between the festivals.<a href="#cite_note-315">[272]</a> According to Debra Skinner and co-authors, "this genre ... has been recognized by urban-based political and feminist groups as a promising medium for demanding equal rights for women and the poor."<a href="#cite_note-SingsTij-AsFolkStu-p261-308">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[ar]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[as]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, according to Robert G. Mead, Jr., a "legend [that is] popular ... [is] the story of the poor man who becomes rich by selling his wife to the Devil."<a href="#cite_note-318">[273]</a> This legend, according to Mead, is also one basis of the 1963 novel <a href="/wiki/Mulata_de_tal" title="Mulata de tal">Mulata de tal</a>, by Miguel Angel Asturias,<a href="#cite_note-319">[274]</a> a winner in 1967 of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[275]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch Indies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-321">[276]</a> fiction by <a href="/wiki/Tirto_Adhi_Soerjo" title="Tirto Adhi Soerjo">Tirto Adhi Soerjo</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> and writing in a language that "was a form of resistance to Dutch",<a href="#cite_note-322">[277]</a> according to Laurie J. Sears, included in 1909 Membeli Bini Orang: Sebuah Cerita Yang Sungguh Sudah Terjadi Di Periangan (Buying Another Man's Wife: A Story that Really Happened in the Priangan),<a href="#cite_note-323">[278]</a> in which "a religious Muslim ... tries to get rid of his wife, whom a dukun said was not good for him .... [noting that since his marriage after his prior widowhood] all his business efforts have turned into failures .... [and] he agrees to give or sell his wife to a greedy Eurasian (=Indo) moneylender who has fallen in love with her.... [She, as the first man's wife,] is a very promiscuous woman, easily impressed with money and fashionable clothing, and the Eurasian ends up feeling more than punished for his pursuit and purchase of another man's wife."<a href="#cite_note-324">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[at]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mulder_31-326">[280]</a> in c. 1850s–1870s,<a href="#cite_note-327">[281]</a> where there were many critics of the <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon</a> religion, "ballad mongers hawked 'the latest new verse about the Copenhagen apprentice masons' who sold their wives to the Mormons for two thousand kroner and riotously drowned their sorrows in the taverns".<a href="#cite_note-Mulder_31-326">[280]</a> In English author <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>'s 1886 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a>, the mayor's selling of his wife when he'd been a young, drunken labourer is the key plot element.<a href="#cite_note-328">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> A wife being subject to sale was a consequence of her being a man's property, according to sociologist Alvin John Schmidt.<a href="#cite_note-329">[283]</a> The religious <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">commandment</a> in the Hebrew Bible against coveting one's neighbor's wife has as part of its basis that "the wife is definitely seen as property", wrote Schmidt.<a href="#cite_note-VeilSilence-p126-330">[284]</a> Christians and earlier <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a> were, according to Schmidt, influenced by the belief that "woman [was] ... unequal to man",<a href="#cite_note-331">[285]</a> producing "sexist theology".<a href="#cite_note-332">[286]</a> Schmidt argued that teachers of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> tradition who teach on this commandment "without drawing attention to the property concept of woman"<a href="#cite_note-VeilSilence-p126-330">[284]</a> "might [be] ... unknowingly contributing to sexual inequality".<a href="#cite_note-VeilSilence-p126-330">[284]</a> Inequality and inferiority are, according to Schmidt, "negative".<a href="#cite_note-333">[287]</a> Wife selling was criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> in the 11th century,<a href="#cite_note-334">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[289]</a> and the Catholic church over time objected to it, apparently because it objected to divorce,<a href="#cite_note-336">[290]</a> while the non-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian church</a> sometimes did not oppose it.<a href="#cite_note-337">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[293]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Robert G. Ingersoll</a>, writing in 1881, "to sell wives ... is slavery. This is what Jehovah 'authorized in Judea.'"<a href="#cite_note-340">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[295]</a> argued that machinery adds so many women and children to the workforce that men are displaced and thus, according to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Michael Burawoy</a>, "all that the father can do is sell his wife and children."<a href="#cite_note-MarxSatanicMillBurawoy-p256n5-342">[296]</a> Then, according to Marx, "he has become a slave dealer."<a href="#cite_note-MarxSatanicMillBurawoy-p256n5-342">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylonian_Marriage_Market" title="The Babylonian Marriage Market">The Babylonian Marriage Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a>, 1866 comic opera by <a href="/wiki/Smetana" class="mw-redirect" title="Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-selling">Child-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">Coverture</a>, where, on marriage, a woman's rights are subsumed by her husband's</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">Husband-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_trade" title="Organ trade">Organ trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">Widow inheritance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a>, a system of law based on precedent and prevalent in England and in the colonial U.S. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, the church that is official for England by decision of Parliament and that is Christian </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Chattel</a>, private movable property, thus not real estate </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shell money</a>, money made of shells or shell pieces </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yurok_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurok people">Yurok people</a>, an Indian tribe in northwest California </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> That the people described are Florida Indians is not explicitly by the "eye-witness" but is by Cline.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> If the quoted description is inexact and the sale is not of wives but of wives-to-be, this may describe bride-buying. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> They are not revealed in all cases according to Van Buskirk.<a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Whether, after a 50-mile journey, the first sale occurred in North Carolina or near the state is unknown. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Prize_(law)" title="Prize (law)">Prizes</a>, in admiralty law, during armed international conflict, the property (such as a ship) which may be captured and kept </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Masai people</a>, an ethnic group in parts of Africa </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Baluba</a>, one of the Bantu-speaking ethnic groups and living in Central Africa </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lunda_Empire" title="Lunda Empire">Lunda country</a>, in Africa </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_asset" title="Capital asset">Capital assets</a>, economic resources used to earn money without being sold themselves, thus not including inventory </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a>, economic exchange without money or other medium of exchange </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a>, an ethnic group in Africa </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowry">Cowries</a>, sea snails or their shells </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millett</a> (or millet), a kind of grass used as food </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> According to Richard P. Saller, pater familias more frequently meant 'owner of an estate' regardless of family relations.<a href="#cite_note-148">[130]</a> Thus, a pater familias could be female.<a href="#cite_note-149">[131]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> "In the first ages the father of a family might sell his children, and his wife was reckoned in the number of his children: the domestic judge might pronounce the death of the offender, or his mercy might expel her from his bed and house; but the slavery of the wretched female was hopeless and perpetual, unless he asserted for his own convenience the manly prerogative of divorce."<a href="#cite_note-152">[133]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> A consilium is, apparently most relevantly, a "private meeting" when it is of a small group of people; if it is of many people, it is a "popular assembly" or a "public meeting or gathering"; or it may be a "hearing in council", "debate", or "deliberation".<a href="#cite_note-156">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> A mater familias is a 'respectable married woman', 'matron', or 'mistress of a household'.<a href="#cite_note-159">[138]</a> The term is not semantically identical with uxor or matrona but may represent a subset<a href="#cite_note-160">[139]</a> or may not require wifehood or being free or freed.<a href="#cite_note-161">[140]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a>, a repenting of sins (violations of God's will) or a religious sacrament for the repenting </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombard</a>, a person of Lombardy, northern Italy </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus</a>, an archaeological site and municipality in Boeotia, Greece </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Although not directly disagreeing with Hammond on the word "wives", another view is that the word was "women", according to Diodorus.<a href="#cite_note-186">[161]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, Roman emperor </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Usus" class="mw-redirect" title="Usus">Usus</a>, long-established rule, practice, or custom </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harems</a>, forbidden places for females only </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, capital of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a>, psychoactive drugs meant to improve physical or mental functioning </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, Roman Judean prefect in AD 26–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Counting-out_game" title="Counting-out game">Counting-out</a>, part of a simple game and often used to designate one person as "it" </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, a religious leader said to have authored the Torah </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Alternatively, it happened in <a href="/wiki/Itta_Bena,_Mississippi" title="Itta Bena, Mississippi">Itta Bena, Mississippi</a>, according to a similar folktale as told by James D. Suggs to Dorson.<a href="#cite_note-274">[240]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Perhaps should be spelled as <a href="/wiki/Coahoma_County,_Mississippi" title="Coahoma County, Mississippi">Coahoma County</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Richardson was raised partly in Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Dorson|1956a|pp=5–6-271">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[242]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Richardson told story when she was age 70, 71, or 79 and said event occurred when she was "about" 16.<a href="#cite_note-280">[243]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a>, a grassroots political organization in India and related to the Congress Party </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">Dakshina</a>, compensation for priestly service </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Benares (or Varanasi)</a>, a city on the Ganges river, India </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">Brothel-master</a>, the manager of a place where prostitution is provided </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a>, a major city in Nepal </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Political</a>, related to the governing of people </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminist</a>, related to equal rights for women </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> A <a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">dukun</a>, a shaman, one who interacts with the spirit world </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson1993">Thompson (1993)</a>, p. 408 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValenze2006">Valenze (2006)</a>, p. 249 and probably n. 83 (n. omitted), n. 83 citing <a href="#CITEREFIhde1998">Ihde (1998)</a>, pp. 26–27 and <a href="#CITEREFHughes1986">Hughes (1986)</a>, pp. 244–264 </li> <li id="cite_note-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p191-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p191_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p191_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p191_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p191_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1948">Morris (1948)</a>, p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1948">Morris (1948)</a>, p. 191 and see p. 194 ("not ... an example of normal marriage relations" in the state) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1948">Morris (1948)</a>, pp. 191–192 (bracketed insertions per p. 191) </li> <li id="cite_note-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p192-7"><a href="#cite_ref-WhtBondageAnteBellumSCar-SCHistGeneaMag-p192_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1948">Morris (1948)</a>, p. 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1948">Morris (1948)</a>, p. 192 and n. 3 (n. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1948">Morris (1948)</a>, p. 192 and n. 4 (n. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1948">Morris (1948)</a>, p. 193 and nn. 7–8 (nn. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1948">Morris (1948)</a>, p. 193, but see p. 194 n. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1948">Morris (1948)</a>, p. 193 and n. 10 (n. omitted), but see p. 194 n. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1925">MacLeod (1925)</a>, p. 371 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1925">MacLeod (1925)</a>, p. 370 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1925">MacLeod (1925)</a>, p. 375 n. 15, quoting Lawson, J., History of Carolina (1714), p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-DebtChattelSlaveAborigNAm-p372-n7-quotLawson-p114-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DebtChattelSlaveAborigNAm-p372-n7-quotLawson-p114_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DebtChattelSlaveAborigNAm-p372-n7-quotLawson-p114_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DebtChattelSlaveAborigNAm-p372-n7-quotLawson-p114_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1925">MacLeod (1925)</a>, p. 372 and n. 7, quoting Lawson, J., History of Carolina, (1714), p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1904">Howard (1904)</a>, vol. I, p. 232 and n. 2 (n. omitted), (vol. referenced "for the early medieval employment of wife sales as a technique of divorce" (but with apparently erroneous reference to p. 249) in <a href="#CITEREFMorris1948">Morris (1948)</a>, p. 192 n. 3, citing, at n., Powers, Tribes of California, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1904">Howard (1904)</a>, vol. I, pp. 231–232 and n. 1 (n. omitted), citing, at n., Powers, Tribes of California, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDennis1930">Dennis (1930)</a>, p. 188 and n. 43 (n. omitted), citing, at n., White, Ten Years in Oregon, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDennis1930">Dennis (1930)</a>, p. 185 and n. 32 (n. omitted), citing, at n., Ross, Adventures of the First Settlers, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPierce1976">Pierce (1976)</a>, p. 1, col. 1 and see col. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPierce1976">Pierce (1976)</a>, p. 19, col. 2 (in [§] XIII, Marriage Customs) </li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Cline|1962|p=105-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Cline|1962|p=105_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Cline|1962|p=105_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCline1962">Cline (1962)</a>, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCline1962">Cline (1962)</a>, p. 104 and n. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Eugene E. Ruyle, Slavery, Surplus, and Stratification on the Northwest Coast: The Ethnoenergetics of an Incipient Stratification System, Current Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 5 (Dec., 1973), p. 612 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiddell1919">Riddell (1919)</a>, p. 388 n. 28 (story attributed to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moss_(judge)" title="Charles Moss (judge)">Charles Moss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada) (other but unverified stories to like effect, but "unfortunately not ending so well", were alluded to). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Buskirk1998">Van Buskirk (1998)</a>, pp. 75, 76, 78, and passim </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Buskirk1998">Van Buskirk (1998)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Buskirk1998">Van Buskirk (1998)</a>, p. 93 and see p. 93 n. 57, citing, at n. 57, "PRO, wo 71-154". </li> <li id="cite_note-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoldierIronBrigade-WiscMagHist-p306_37-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelley1939">Kelley (1939)</a>, p. 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelley1939">Kelley (1939)</a>, p. 286 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelley1939">Kelley (1939)</a>, p. 294 &, that it was the Union or Federal side, passim </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeaders1995">Meaders (1995)</a>, p. 52 and nn. 23–24 (nn. omitted), quoting Hopper, Isaac, Patriarchal System (Tale No. LXVII), Tales of Oppression (column) (1840–), National Anti-Slavery Standard, December 27, 1842, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SlaveDayOldKy-elect-p8_42-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2004">Johnson (2004)</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2004">Johnson (2004)</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2004">Johnson (2004)</a>, pp. 7 (Johnson born 1844) and 9 (Johnson was sold at age 7) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2004">Johnson (2004)</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2004">Johnson (2004)</a>, pp. 13–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2004">Johnson (2004)</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2004">Johnson (2004)</a>, p. 10 (the mother was sold to an unnamed buyer) and see p. 11 (the child was sold for $200 to a named buyer) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeaders1995">Meaders (1995)</a>, p. 62, citing Hopper, Isaac, Thomas Hughes (Tale No. XVI), Tales of Oppression (column) (1840–), National Anti-Slavery Standard. </li> <li id="cite_note-KidnapPhila-JNegroHist-p63-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KidnapPhila-JNegroHist-p63_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KidnapPhila-JNegroHist-p63_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KidnapPhila-JNegroHist-p63_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeaders1995">Meaders (1995)</a>, p. 63, citing Hopper, Isaac, Thomas Hughes (Tale No. XVI), Tales of Oppression (column) (1840–), National Anti-Slavery Standard. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke1921">Cooke (1921)</a>, p. 329 (letter of March 21, 1863, from Chauncey (H. Cooke), 25th Regt. Wisc. Volunteers, Columbus, Ky., to Mother, [§] March 21st). </li> <li id="cite_note-LtrsBadgerBoyBlu-WiscMagHistory-p329-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LtrsBadgerBoyBlu-WiscMagHistory-p329_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LtrsBadgerBoyBlu-WiscMagHistory-p329_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke1921">Cooke (1921)</a>, p. 329 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeone1992">Leone (1992)</a>, p. 1083 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Buskirk1998">Van Buskirk (1998)</a>, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Buskirk1998">Van Buskirk (1998)</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Buskirk1998">Van Buskirk (1998)</a>, p. 90 and n. 51 (n. omitted), citing, at n., Royal Gazette, February 10, 1779, and March 10, 1779 (probably latter and only possibly former). </li> <li id="cite_note-hori-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hori_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hori_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hori_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hori_57-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori1981">Hori (1981)</a>, pp. 115–116 </li> <li id="cite_note-tamura-58"><a href="#cite_ref-tamura_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTamura1994">Tamura (1994)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanizationa0000tamu/page/13">13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMenefee1981">Menefee (1981)</a>, p. 1 and n. 2, citing Wood, E. J., The Marriage Day in all Ages and Countries (London: Richard Bentley, 1869), vol. 1, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith (1998)</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sommer-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Sommer_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSommer2002">Sommer (2002)</a>, pp. 57–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaufer1930">Laufer (1930)</a>, p. 122, quoting the missionary </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood1869">Wood (1869)</a>, vol. [I], pp. [71]–72; briefly discussed in <a href="#CITEREFMenefee1981">Menefee (1981)</a>, p. 1 and n. 2, citing at n. 2 <a href="#CITEREFWood1869">Wood (1869)</a>, vol. 1, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1904">Howard (1904)</a>, vol. I, pp. 235–236 and n. 1 (n. omitted), citing, at n., Paul Georg von Möllendorff (1985) Das chinesische Familienrecht, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1904">Howard (1904)</a>, vol. I, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1904">Howard (1904)</a>, vol. I, p. 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1904">Howard (1904)</a>, vol. I, p. 236 n. 2, citing Kohler, Aus dem chin. Civilrecht, ZVR., vol. VI, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-RuralBankruptChina-FarEastnSurvey-p213-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RuralBankruptChina-FarEastnSurvey-p213_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuralBankruptChina-FarEastnSurvey-p213_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWu1936">Wu (1936)</a>, p. 213, col. 1, citing Ta Kung Pao (Tientsin, also known as <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>) (Chinese daily). </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinasStolenWives-USNWR-69"><a href="#cite_ref-ChinasStolenWives-USNWR_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFangLeong1998">Fang & Leong (1998)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHessler2001">Hessler (2001)</a>, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedmanPickowiczSeldenJohnson1993">Friedman et al. 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Ind., 1873–1887), vol. II, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabib1963">Habib (1963)</a>, pp. 322–323 and nn. 19–21 (nn. omitted), citing Badauni, vol. II, p. 189; Manucci (probably Manuchy, Nicolao, Storia do Mogor, 1656–1712, trans. <a href="/wiki/William_Irvine_(historian)" title="William Irvine (historian)">W. Irvine</a> (London: Gov't of India, 1907–1908)), vol. II, p. 451; Mazhar-i Shahjahani, p. 21; Pelsaert (probably Pelsaert, Francisco, trans. Moreland and Geyl, "Remonstrantie" (c. 1626), Jahangir's India (Cambridge, 1925)), p. 47; Manrique (probably Manrique, Fray Sebastian, Travels (1629–1643), trans. C. E. Luard, assisted by Hosten (Hakluyt Society, 1927)), vol. II, p. 272; and cf. Bernier (probably Bernier, Francois, Travels in the Mogul Empire 1656–68, trans. A. Constable, rev. V. A. Smith (London, 2d ed. with nn. 1916) (trans. based on version by Brock, Irving)), p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIslam1965">Islam (1965)</a>, p. 173, col. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabib1963">Habib (1963)</a>, p. 246 (encompassing quotation) and nn. 27–28, p. 246 ("died without heirs") and n. 27, p. 259 ("imperial treasury") and n. 7, p. 112 ("potentate") and n. 7, p. [136] ("vassal chief" and "landlord"), and p. [136] n. 1 ("chief") (nn. omitted), citing, at nn. 27–28, Dastur-al 'Amal-i 'Alamgiri (probably Dastūr-al 'Amal-i 'Ālamgīrī (c. 1659), Add. 6598 (probably of British Museum, Additional Collections), ff. 1a–128b, and Add. 6599), folio 23b, and Fathiya-i 'Ibriya, folio 131b; citing, at p. 259 n. 7, Mirat-al Istilah, folio 26a; citing, mainly at p. 112 n. 7, probably Saran, P., The Provincial Government of the Mughals (1526–1658) (Allahabad, 1941), pp. 330–331 and 333 (and see p. 111 and n.); and citing, at n. 1, probably Moreland, W. H., The Agrarian System of Moslem India (Cambridge, 1929) (Allahabad, reprint), pp. 122 and 279 and see pp. 123 and 191–194, probably 'Abdu-r Rashīd al-Tattawaī, Farhang-i Rashīdī (1653–1654), Abu Tahir Zulfiqar 'Ali Murshidabadi, ed. (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1872) (s.v. marzbän or marzbān (unclear which) (in "al-Tattawaī", "T" has accent on top and up to left)), and probably Munshī Tek Chand 'Bahār', Bahār-i 'Ajam ((1739–1740) (Nawal Kishor, lithographed ed. 1916)) (s.v. zamīndār). </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabib1963">Habib (1963)</a>, p. 246 and n. 28 (n. omitted), citing Fathiya-i 'Ibriya, folio 131b. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee-Warner1897">Lee-Warner (1897)</a>, p. 167, col. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien1911">O'Brien (1911)</a>, p. 426 </li> <li id="cite_note-MatProblemWBorderIndia-p432-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MatProblemWBorderIndia-p432_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MatProblemWBorderIndia-p432_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien1911">O'Brien (1911)</a>, p. 432 and see p. 431 </li> <li id="cite_note-FarmersSellWivesPayDebtsRuralIndia-CNN-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FarmersSellWivesPayDebtsRuralIndia-CNN_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FarmersSellWivesPayDebtsRuralIndia-CNN_92-1">b</a> Sidner, Sara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-22/world/india.farmers.selling.wives_1_lender-farmer-s-wife-village-leaders?_s=PM:WORLD">"Farmers Sell Wives to Pay Debts in Rural India"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326180309/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-22/world/india.farmers.selling.wives_1_lender-farmer-s-wife-village-leaders?_s=PM:WORLD">Archived</a> March 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNN, October 22, 2009, accessed October 8, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShipton1990">Shipton (1990)</a>, p. 372 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenry2004">Henry (2004)</a>, p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenry2004">Henry (2004)</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenry2004">Henry (2004)</a>, p. 142, quoting either Cugoano, Ottobah, Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic and Commerce of the Human Species (1787), p. 27, or Cugoano, Ottobah, Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery (New York: Penguin Books, 1999), p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraeber2011">Graeber (2011)</a>, pp. 152–153 and see p. 153 n. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1960">Gray (1960)</a>, p. 36 ("Sonjo material ... was obtained in the field in the last half of 1955", per p. 36 n. 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1960">Gray (1960)</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1960">Gray (1960)</a>, pp. 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1960">Gray (1960)</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1960">Gray (1960)</a>, pp. 42–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-SonjoBridePriceQuestionAfricanWifePurchase-p43-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SonjoBridePriceQuestionAfricanWifePurchase-p43_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SonjoBridePriceQuestionAfricanWifePurchase-p43_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SonjoBridePriceQuestionAfricanWifePurchase-p43_104-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1960">Gray (1960)</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGray1960">Gray (1960)</a>, pp. 43–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerskovitz1926">Herskovitz (1926)</a>, p. 643 and n. 445 (n. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-SlaveBamum1920-p227-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SlaveBamum1920-p227_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SlaveBamum1920-p227_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNjiasse_Njoya1995">Njiasse Njoya (1995)</a>, p. 227 </li> <li id="cite_note-SlaveBamum1920-p230-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SlaveBamum1920-p230_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SlaveBamum1920-p230_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNjiasse_Njoya1995">Njiasse Njoya (1995)</a>, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-SlaveBamum1920-p235-109"><a href="#cite_ref-SlaveBamum1920-p235_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNjiasse_Njoya1995">Njiasse Njoya (1995)</a>, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf1887">Wolf (1887)</a>, p. 646 (bracketed insertion per p. 645 and date within expedition per pp. 640–641) </li> <li id="cite_note-ExplorUpKassaiSankuru-ProceedRoyalGeographSocMoRcdGeography-p646-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ExplorUpKassaiSankuru-ProceedRoyalGeographSocMoRcdGeography-p646_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ExplorUpKassaiSankuru-ProceedRoyalGeographSocMoRcdGeography-p646_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf1887">Wolf (1887)</a>, p. 646 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolf1887">Wolf (1887)</a>, p. 647 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1992">Geisler (1992)</a>, p. 439 (field research December, 1981–June, 1983, per p. 437) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1992">Geisler (1992)</a>, p. 440 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1992">Geisler (1992)</a>, pp. 440–441 </li> <li id="cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p441-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p441_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p441_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1992">Geisler (1992)</a>, p. 441 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1992">Geisler (1992)</a>, p. 441 (n. 9 omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1992">Geisler (1992)</a>, pp. 441–442 and nn. 10–11 (nn. omitted) (the court being "colonial": e.g., pp. 443–444 and 446–447) </li> <li id="cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p442-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p442_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p442_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p442_124-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p442_124-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1992">Geisler (1992)</a>, p. 442 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1992">Geisler (1992)</a>, pp. 449–450 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1992">Geisler (1992)</a>, p. 451 </li> <li id="cite_note-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p450-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p450_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MovingTradition-CdnJAfrican-p450_127-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeisler1992">Geisler (1992)</a>, p. 450 </li> <li id="cite_note-PetitionersMortalTerror-JSouthnAfrican-p543-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PetitionersMortalTerror-JSouthnAfrican-p543_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PetitionersMortalTerror-JSouthnAfrican-p543_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PetitionersMortalTerror-JSouthnAfrican-p543_128-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKynoch2005">Kynoch (2005)</a>, p. 543 and n. 57 (n. omitted), citing, in n. 57, Yen, A Social History of the Chinese. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHubbell2001">Hubbell (2001)</a>, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHubbell2001">Hubbell (2001)</a>, pp. 29 ("French conquest during the 1890s") and 40 ("the first years of French rule") </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHubbell2001">Hubbell (2001)</a>, p. 40 and n. 63 (n. omitted), citing a source dated 1899. </li> <li id="cite_note-ViewSlaveTradeSouroudougou-JAfricanHist-p39-n58-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ViewSlaveTradeSouroudougou-JAfricanHist-p39-n58_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ViewSlaveTradeSouroudougou-JAfricanHist-p39-n58_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHubbell2001">Hubbell (2001)</a>, p. 39 and n. 58 (n. omitted), citing a 1992 interview. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood1869">Wood (1869)</a>, vol. [I], p. 108, analyzed in <a href="#CITEREFMenefee1981">Menefee (1981)</a>, p. 1 and n. 2, citing <a href="#CITEREFWood1869">Wood (1869)</a>, vol. I, p. 174 apparently in error and p. 108 probably intended. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMenefee1981">Menefee (1981)</a>, p. 1 and n. 2, citing <a href="#CITEREFWood1869">Wood (1869)</a>, vol. 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Hammurabi, rule 117, and 3 sources from 1903. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Information without quotation and with other differences: <a href="#CITEREFGiesebrecht1907">Giesebrecht (1907)</a>, p. 41 and see p. 40, citing Codex Hammurabi, § 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLemche1979">Lemche (1979)</a>, p. 20, n. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristianSlaveMidAge-AmHistRvw-p676-passim-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChristianSlaveMidAge-AmHistRvw-p676-passim_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChristianSlaveMidAge-AmHistRvw-p676-passim_171-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPijper1909">Pijper (1909)</a>, p. 676 and passim </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPijper1909">Pijper (1909)</a>, p. 679, nn. 20–21 (nn. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPijper1909">Pijper (1909)</a>, p. 690 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraeber2011">Graeber (2011)</a>, pp. 128, 82–83, p. 83 n. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValenze2006">Valenze (2006)</a>, p. 250 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1989">Schmidt (1989)</a>, p. 127, n. 28 (n. omitted), n. 28 citing the Synod's 53rd canon and von Hefele, Carl Joseph, Conciliengeschichte, vol. 5 (Freiburg: Herder'sche Verlagshandlung, 1886), p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMenefee1981">Menefee (1981)</a>, p. 34, n. 9, citing Thompson, E. P., "'Rough Music': le charivari anglais", Annales (Paris), vol. 27, no. 2, March–April, 1972, pp. 285–312, and Menefee, S. P., "The 'Merry Maidens' and 'Noce de Pierre'", Folklore (London), vol. 85, Spring, 1974, pp. 23–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1989">Schmidt (1989)</a>, p. 127 and n. 29, citing Bruder, Reinhold, Die Germanische Frau im Lichte der Runeninschriften und der Antiken Historiographie (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1974). </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuster1910">Schuster (1910)</a>, p. 229 and n. 1 (n. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGleis1930">Gleis (1930)</a>, p. 41 (quotation is of law, presumably as translated) </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGleis1930">Gleis (1930)</a>, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond2000">Hammond (2000)</a>, p. 92 and, on being part of Greece, see pp. 82, 83, 84 n. 17, 87, 90, 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+15.79.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084">"Diodorus Siculus, Library or Historical Library"</a> (Bibliotheca Historica), book 15, chapter 79, section 6, accessed August 4, 2013 (not all of the original books still existing, limiting contextualization) (from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Oldfather" title="Charles Henry Oldfather">Oldfather, Charles Henry</a>, trans., Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes with an English Translation (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1970), vol. 4–8) (some bibliographical information per anon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.perseus.org/catalog/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-eng1">"Record Canonical URI"</a>, accessed the same day). </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond2000">Hammond (2000)</a>, p. 92, n. 44 (criticism by Polybius disputed, per n.). </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGleis1930">Gleis (1930)</a>, p. 34 (quotation is of law, presumably as translated). </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGleis1930">Gleis (1930)</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertson1894">Robertson (1894)</a>, p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kafiristan-GeogJ-p216-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kafiristan-GeogJ-p216_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafiristan-GeogJ-p216_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafiristan-GeogJ-p216_192-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafiristan-GeogJ-p216_192-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertson1894">Robertson (1894)</a>, p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-StatusRoleThaiWomenPreMod-Sojourn-p133-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatusRoleThaiWomenPreMod-Sojourn-p133_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatusRoleThaiWomenPreMod-Sojourn-p133_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatusRoleThaiWomenPreMod-Sojourn-p133_193-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTantiwiramanondPandey1987">Tantiwiramanond & Pandey (1987)</a>, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontefiore1895">Montefiore (1895)</a>, p. 405 </li> <li id="cite_note-SVNIDAmIntervenNewsp-JVietStudy-p190-n96-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SVNIDAmIntervenNewsp-JVietStudy-p190-n96_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SVNIDAmIntervenNewsp-JVietStudy-p190-n96_195-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTran2006">Tran (2006)</a>, p. 190 and n. 96 (n. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p16-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p16_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p16_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoeb1933">Loeb (1933)</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p47-HetPane-p463-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p47-HetPane-p463_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p47-HetPane-p463_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p47-HetPane-p463_197-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PatMatOrgnSumatra-p47-HetPane-p463_197-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoeb1933">Loeb (1933)</a>, p. 47, citing Neumann, J. B., Het Pane en Bila-Stroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra (Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap: Studien over Bataks en Bataksche landen, 1886), p. 463. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestbrook2001">Westbrook (2001)</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestbrook2001">Westbrook (2001)</a>, p. 32 n. 18, citing ASJ 13:18 (Tsukimoto, A., "Akkadian Tablets in the Hirayama Collection (II)", Acta Sumerologica, vol. 13, pp. 275–333 (1991)). </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestbrook2001">Westbrook (2001)</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckman1988">Beckman (1988)</a>, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckman1988">Beckman (1988)</a>, p. 62, and see p. 63 (citing "for the sale of family members by the head of an Emarite household" Arnaud, Mélanges Cazelles, pp. 5–6 (possibly Caquot, A., and M. Delcor, eds., Mélanges Bibliques et Orientaux en l'Honneur de M. Henri Cazelles (Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1981), per "Three Tablets From the Vicinity of Emar", id., p. 62 n. 4)). </li> <li id="cite_note-3Tabs-p62-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3Tabs-p62_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3Tabs-p62_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3Tabs-p62_203-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckman1988">Beckman (1988)</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 12:11–20, in The Holy Bible: King James Version (New York: Ivy Books (Ballantine Books (Random House)), 1st Ballantine Books ed., September, 1991 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8041-0906-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8041-0906-0">0-8041-0906-0</a>)) (Old Testament). </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlumoff2000">Blumoff (2000)</a>, pp. 247 and n. 35, 263 n. 72 (p. 247 quoting whole and latter n. quoting only "candidate ... buck"). </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrierMcGinn2004">Frier & McGinn (2004)</a>, pp. 448–453 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrierMcGinn2004">Frier & McGinn (2004)</a>, p. 454 ("to third party" so in original and probably should be "to a third party") and see p. 455 ("this archaic form of 'sale'") </li> <li id="cite_note-CasebkRomanFamL-FrierMcGinn-p455-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CasebkRomanFamL-FrierMcGinn-p455_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasebkRomanFamL-FrierMcGinn-p455_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CasebkRomanFamL-FrierMcGinn-p455_208-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrierMcGinn2004">Frier & McGinn (2004)</a>, p. 455 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrierMcGinn2004">Frier & McGinn (2004)</a>, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForsythe1996">Forsythe (1996)</a>, p. 240, citing Watson, A., Rome of the Twelve Tables (Princeton, 1975), p. 9 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-WomenRomanLSoc-12-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WomenRomanLSoc-12_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WomenRomanLSoc-12_212-1">b</a> Gardner, Jane F., Women in Roman Law and Society (1st Midland Book ed., 1991), 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColish1990">Colish (1990)</a>, p. 383 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreggiari1993">Treggiari (1993)</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-BorkowskiTextRomanL-4ed-p125-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BorkowskiTextRomanL-4ed-p125_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BorkowskiTextRomanL-4ed-p125_215-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFdu_Plessis2010">du Plessis (2010)</a>, p. 125 ("the law is stated as at 14 November AD 565", per p. [x]). </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Managed; and sale apparently directly into slavery: <a href="#CITEREFPazdernik1994">Pazdernik (1994)</a>, p. 268 n. 52, attributing the claim to Theophanes, A.M. 5941. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Tricked; that the gift was to be to Pulcheria who would sell the wife; the scolding; and the claim as apocryphal and possibly traceable to gossip: <a href="#CITEREFHolum1982">Holum (1982)</a>, p. 177 n. 9, p. 130, n. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreisenbruch2010">Freisenbruch (2010)</a>, p. 258, n. 71, citing <a href="#CITEREFHolum1982">Holum (1982)</a>, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1890">Hamilton (1890)</a>, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1890">Hamilton (1890)</a>, pp. 154–155 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1890">Hamilton (1890)</a>, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPijper1909">Pijper (1909)</a>, p. 680, n. 26 (n. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPijper1909">Pijper (1909)</a>, p. 690, n. 108 (n. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPijper1909">Pijper (1909)</a>, p. 690, n. 109 (n. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPijper1909">Pijper (1909)</a>, p. 695, n. 157 (n. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bent_274-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bent_274_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bent_274_227-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBent1891">Bent (1891)</a>, p. 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Both quotations: <a href="#CITEREFGraeber2011">Graeber (2011)</a>, p. 128 and see p. 128 n. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-JourneyZeilaRudolf-GeographicalJ-p265-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JourneyZeilaRudolf-GeographicalJ-p265_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JourneyZeilaRudolf-GeographicalJ-p265_231-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison1901">Harrison (1901)</a>, p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison1901">Harrison (1901)</a>, p. 352 or 352 ff. (map) </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLumholtz1889">Lumholtz (1889)</a>, p. [1] </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLumholtz1889">Lumholtz (1889)</a>, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPijper1909">Pijper (1909)</a>, p. 681, n. 37 (n. omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-Baines_485-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baines_485_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baines_485_237-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaines2003">Baines (2003)</a>, p. 485 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaines2003">Baines (2003)</a>, p. 483 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaines2003">Baines (2003)</a>, pp. 480, 485, 486–488 </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelkØstergaardGroves1998">Belk, Østergaard & Groves (1998)</a>, p. 199, col. 1, citing Meyer, Walter, Beyond the Mask: Toward a Transdisciplinary Approach on Selected Social Problems Related to the Evolution and Context of International Tourism in Thailand (Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.: Verlag Breitenbach, 1988), p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright1903">Wright (1903)</a>, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-NativeRacesSAfrica-p266-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NativeRacesSAfrica-p266_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NativeRacesSAfrica-p266_242-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright1903">Wright (1903)</a>, p. 266 </li> <li id="cite_note-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67_243-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67_243-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67_243-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShallNotKillNormsRome-p67_243-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRüpke1992">Rüpke (1992)</a>, p. 67, n. 50 and see p. 61 n. 7, citing "Plut. Rom. 22". </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRüpke1992">Rüpke (1992)</a>, p. 61, citing "Plut. Rom. 22.4". </li> <li id="cite_note-Couch_46-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Couch_46_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couch_46_245-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCouch1894">Couch (1894)</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> To similar effect and attributing enactment to Romulus: <a href="#CITEREFPound1916">Pound (1916)</a>, p. 180 n. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatson1972">Watson (1972)</a>, p. 102, n. 25 (n. omitted) (dedicated in sense of 'sacrificed' per pp. 100, 102, 103), citing, at n. 25, Plutarch, Romulus. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Fowler, W. Warde, The Original Meaning of the Word Sacer, p. 60, n. 4 (n. omitted). </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> To similar effect ("Plutarch tells us that a law of Romulus ordained that he who sold his wife should be sacrificed"): <a href="#CITEREFBennett1930">Bennett (1930)</a>, p. 6, n. 10 (n. omitted) ("one would expect the killing of the offender to be represented as the sacrifice of a victim to the god" in same paragraph). </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRüpke1992">Rüpke (1992)</a>, pp. 66–67, [58] (Summary) </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCase1893">Case (1893)</a>, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2001">Levine (2001)</a>, pp. 89–90, citing "Dt. 21:14" (trans. perhaps by Levine). </li> <li id="cite_note-BiblWomenMarRt=p93-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BiblWomenMarRt=p93_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BiblWomenMarRt=p93_253-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2001">Levine (2001)</a>, p. 93, citing "v.8" (trans. perhaps by Levine). </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLemche1975">Lemche (1975)</a>, p. 143, citing as "the law" that of "vv2-6". </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansellMeteyard2004">Mansell & Meteyard (2004)</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p321-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p321_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p321_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p321_256-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolton1897">Bolton (1897)</a>, p. 321 </li> <li id="cite_note-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p313-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p313_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoreCountingRhyme-JAmFolk-p313_257-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolton1897">Bolton (1897)</a>, p. 313 </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Quotation and attribution to Bolton: <a href="#CITEREFHurvitz1954">Hurvitz (1954)</a>, p. 140, n. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140_261-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140_261-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140_261-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140_261-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewsJewishnessStRhymeAmChild-p140_261-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurvitz1954">Hurvitz (1954)</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Dorson|1956b|p=95-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Dorson|1956b|p=95_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Dorson|1956b|p=95_263-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956a">Dorson (1956a)</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, pp. 95 (by Mary Richardson) and 96 n. 59 (by James D. Suggs) </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, p. 85 (the "grim incidents are all told for true, and could have happened"). </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956a">Dorson (1956a)</a>, p. 5 ("first met her ... in June, 1952") </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, [. [1] (folktale collector-editor visited the town "in early March 1952") and 3 (about collector-editor's "fifth day") (both pp. in ch. I, The Communities and the Storytellers, subch. Calvin) </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, pp. 5–6 and unnumbered p. facing p. 17 (last p. having photograph of Richardson) (all pp. in ch. I, The Communities and the Storytellers, subch. Calvin) and p. 23 (Richardson) </li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Dorson|1956a|pp=5–6-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Dorson|1956a|pp=5–6_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Dorson|1956a|pp=5–6_271-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956a">Dorson (1956a)</a>, pp. 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, pp. [1]–2 (ch. I, The Communities and the Storytellers, subch. Calvin) </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, p. [1] (ch. I, The Communities and the Storytellers, subch. Calvin) </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, p. 96 n. 59 (about Suggs see passim). </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956a">Dorson (1956a)</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, p. 5 (ch. I, The Communities and the Storytellers, subch. Calvin) </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, pp. 95 (ages 71 and about 16), 238 (age 70) and <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956a">Dorson (1956a)</a>, p. 5 (age 79). </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorson1956b">Dorson (1956b)</a>, pp. 95–96, n. 59 and see pp. [vii] (Acknowledgments, 2d paragraph), 5–6 (ch. I, The Communities and the Storytellers, subch. Calvin (about collector-editor's tape recorder)), 85 ("stew beef"), and 244–245 (motifs) </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/pirates-of-the-caribbean-ride-auction-disney/">"Disney Removing Wife Auction Scene From 'Pirates Of The Caribbean' Ride"</a>. www.cbsnews.com. June 30, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Disney+Removing+Wife+Auction+Scene+From+%27Pirates+Of+The+Caribbean%27+Ride&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fboston%2Fnews%2Fpirates-of-the-caribbean-ride-auction-disney%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWife+selling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p95col2-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p95col2_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p95col2_284-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGokhale1990">Gokhale (1990)</a>, p. WS-95, col. 2, citing Guruji, Sane, Shyamchi Ai: A Sad and Sweet Narrative Picture of a Mother's Sublime and Loving Teaching and of a Simple and Beautiful Culture (Pune Vidyarthi Griha, 1935, 2d ed. 1940, 3d ed. 1954, 3d ed. reprinted 21 times through 1985) (subtitle per p. WS-101, col. 1, and presumably translated, possibly by Gokhale). </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_285-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGokhale1990">Gokhale (1990)</a>, p. WS-95, col. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGokhale1990">Gokhale (1990)</a>, p. WS-95, col. 2, quoting Guruji, Sane, Preface, in id., Shyamchi Ai. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGokhale1990">Gokhale (1990)</a>, p. WS-95, col. 3, quoting Guruji, Sane, Introduction, in id., Shyamchi Ai. </li> <li id="cite_note-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p98col3-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p98col3_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p98col3_288-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGokhale1990">Gokhale (1990)</a>, p. WS-98, col. 3 (quoting story), and see p. WS-99, col. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGokhale1990">Gokhale (1990)</a>, p. WS-95, col. 1 (quoting story) </li> <li id="cite_note-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p95col3-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p95col3_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-p95col3_290-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGokhale1990">Gokhale (1990)</a>, p. WS-95, col. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGokhale1990">Gokhale (1990)</a>, p. WS-95, col. 3, and see Nhagwat, Kamal, Interview with Kamal Nhagwat as appx. I, in <a href="#CITEREFGokhale1990">Gokhale (1990)</a>, p. WS-101, col. 3 ("film Shyamchi Ai ... shown on television") </li> <li id="cite_note-InterviewSudhaVardeSadanandVardePresent-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-EconPolWk-pWS102col1-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InterviewSudhaVardeSadanandVardePresent-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-EconPolWk-pWS102col1_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-InterviewSudhaVardeSadanandVardePresent-MotherSaneGurujiShyamchiAi-EconPolWk-pWS102col1_292-1">b</a> "Interview about Sane Guruji with Sudha Varde (with Sadanand Varde Present)", as appendix II in <a href="#CITEREFGokhale1990">Gokhale (1990)</a>, p. WS-102, col. 1 (which of the two Vardes is quoted is unknown) </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSubrahmanyam1998">Subrahmanyam (1998)</a>, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-Subrahmanyam_84-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam_84_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam_84_295-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSubrahmanyam1998">Subrahmanyam (1998)</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-Subrahmanyam_90-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam_90_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam_90_296-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSubrahmanyam1998">Subrahmanyam (1998)</a>, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-Subrahmanyam_89-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam_89_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam_89_297-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam_89_297-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam_89_297-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSubrahmanyam1998">Subrahmanyam (1998)</a>, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-GandhariReb-EconPolWk-p1517-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GandhariReb-EconPolWk-p1517_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GandhariReb-EconPolWk-p1517_298-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlam1994">Alam (1994)</a>, [§] Perspectives, p. 1517, col. 1, citing Rabindranath or Vyasa, Sri, Mahabharata, per "Gandhari, the Rebel", id., p. 1519, col. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-GandhariReb-EconPolWk-p1518-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GandhariReb-EconPolWk-p1518_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GandhariReb-EconPolWk-p1518_299-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlam1994">Alam (1994)</a>, p. 1518, col. 1, and see p. 1519, col. 3, last sentence </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParry1980">Parry (1980)</a>, p. 102 n. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-FearGynarchyAgeChaos-JSocEconHistOrient-p62-303">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FearGynarchyAgeChaos-JSocEconHistOrient-p62_303-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FearGynarchyAgeChaos-JSocEconHistOrient-p62_303-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FearGynarchyAgeChaos-JSocEconHistOrient-p62_303-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FearGynarchyAgeChaos-JSocEconHistOrient-p62_303-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith (1998)</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Dates: The Columbia Encyclopedia (Columbia University Press, 5th ed. 1993 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-62438-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-62438-X">0-395-62438-X</a>)), entry for Sung. That "Sung" and "Song" name the same dynasty: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/song/">China in 1000 CE: The Most Advanced Society in the World</a>, in Ebrey, Patricia, and Conrad Schirokauer, consultants, The Song Dynasty in China (960–1279): Life in the Song Seen through a 12th-century Scroll ([§] Asian Topics on Asia for Educators) (Asia for Educators, Columbia University), accessed October 6, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandSkinner1995">Holland & Skinner (1995)</a>, p. 284 (year per p. 283 and Central Nepal per p. 279) </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkinnerHollandAdhikari1994">Skinner, Holland & Adhikari (1994)</a>, pp. 260, 262 </li> <li id="cite_note-SingsTij-AsFolkStu-p261-308">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SingsTij-AsFolkStu-p261_308-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingsTij-AsFolkStu-p261_308-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SingsTij-AsFolkStu-p261_308-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkinnerHollandAdhikari1994">Skinner, Holland & Adhikari (1994)</a>, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-ContestRitualContestFemininity-p284-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ContestRitualContestFemininity-p284_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ContestRitualContestFemininity-p284_309-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ContestRitualContestFemininity-p284_309-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ContestRitualContestFemininity-p284_309-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandSkinner1995">Holland & Skinner (1995)</a>, p. 284 </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollandSkinner1995">Holland & Skinner (1995)</a>, p. 283 </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Series of quotations: <a href="#CITEREFHollandSkinner1995">Holland & Skinner (1995)</a>, p. 284 and see p. 284 n. 12 ("marriage, as girls and women described it ..., meant being sent to a household where one was a stranger and placed in a lowly social position, vulnerable to the whims of many, possibly without emotional support, expected to work from before dawn to late at night, and threatened by the potential of having an abusive husband or one who would bring in a co-wife.", per p. 283) (bracketed insertions so in original) (raksi is "distilled liquor", per p. 283) (spellings of raksi and jogT approximate for last letter of each). Series of quotations except comma not period after "pigs", last letter of 1st "raksi" superscored with horizontal line instead of dot, last letter of 2d "raksi" superscored with an unclear diacritic instead of dot, and last letter of "jogT" "i" instead of "T": <a href="#CITEREFSkinnerHollandAdhikari1994">Skinner, Holland & Adhikari (1994)</a>, pp. 298 (song no. 15) (English) and 299 (non-English) </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkinnerHollandAdhikari1994">Skinner, Holland & Adhikari (1994)</a>, p. 265 and see p. 276 (re song no. 15) </li> <li id="cite_note-SingsTij-AsFolkStu-p260-314"><a href="#cite_ref-SingsTij-AsFolkStu-p260_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkinnerHollandAdhikari1994">Skinner, Holland & Adhikari (1994)</a>, p. 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkinnerHollandAdhikari1994">Skinner, Holland & Adhikari (1994)</a>, p. 285 </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMead1968">Mead (1968)</a>, p. 329, col. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMead1968">Mead (1968)</a>, p. 329, col. 2, except "1963" and author's full name both per col. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMead1968">Mead (1968)</a>, p. 326, col. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSears2010">Sears (2010)</a>, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSears2010">Sears (2010)</a>, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSears2010">Sears (2010)</a>, p. 105 n. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSears2010">Sears (2010)</a>, pp. 107–108 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulder_31-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mulder_31_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulder_31_326-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulder1956">Mulder (1956)</a>, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulder1956">Mulder (1956)</a>, passim and esp. pp. 30–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/hardy/pva283.html">"The Wife Sale in "The Mayor of Casterbridge""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wife+Sale+in+%22The+Mayor+of+Casterbridge%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fhardy%2Fpva283.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWife+selling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1989">Schmidt (1989)</a>, p. 124 and see pp. 124–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-VeilSilence-p126-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VeilSilence-p126_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VeilSilence-p126_330-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VeilSilence-p126_330-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1989">Schmidt (1989)</a>, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1989">Schmidt (1989)</a>, pp. 128–129 (quoting p. 129) </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1989">Schmidt (1989)</a>, p. 129 (sexism defined by author as "an attitude, belief, or practice that subordinates an individual or group on the basis of sex", per p. xvii (Introduction)). </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1989">Schmidt (1989)</a>, pp. xiv–xv </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1989">Schmidt (1989)</a>, p. 128, n. 34, citing von Hefele, Carl Joseph, Conciliengeschichte, vol. 5 (Freiburg: Herder'sche Verlagshandlung, 1886), p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMenefee1981">Menefee (1981)</a>, p. 211, citing Anderson, A. O., Early Sources of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1922), vol. 2, p. 74, n. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMenefee1981">Menefee (1981)</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmidt1989">Schmidt (1989)</a>, p. 128, nn. 35–36, citing <a href="#CITEREFMenefee1981">Menefee (1981)</a>, pp. 56, 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMenefee1981">Menefee (1981)</a>, p. 56, n. 20, citing Jackson's Oxford Journal (Oxford, Oxfordshire), February 1, 1800, p. 4, and July 15, 1809, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMenefee1981">Menefee (1981)</a>, pp. 139–140 </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngersoll1881">Ingersoll (1881)</a>, p. 485 </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurawoy1984">Burawoy (1984)</a>, p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-MarxSatanicMillBurawoy-p256n5-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarxSatanicMillBurawoy-p256n5_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarxSatanicMillBurawoy-p256n5_342-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurawoy1984">Burawoy (1984)</a>, p. 256 n. 5 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wife_selling&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam1994" class="citation journal cs1">Alam, Jayanti (1994). "Gandhari, the Rebel". Economic and Political Weekly. 29 (25): 1517–1519. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4401360">4401360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Gandhari%2C+the+Rebel&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=1517-1519&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4401360%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Jayanti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWife+selling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakhtiar1996" class="citation book cs1">Bakhtiar, Laleh (1996). Encyclopedia of Islamic Law: A Compendium of the Views of the Major Schools. 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Third World Quarterly. 24 (3): 479–493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0143659032000084429">10.1080/0143659032000084429</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993381">3993381</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143785679">143785679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Body+Politics+and+the+Rwandan+Crisis&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=479-493&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143785679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3993381%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0143659032000084429&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Erin+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWife+selling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman1988" class="citation journal cs1">Beckman, Gary (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/77492/1/3%20Emar%20Tablets.pdf">"Three Tablets From the Vicinity of Emar"</a> (PDF). Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 40 (1): 61–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1359708">10.2307/1359708</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F77492">2027.42/77492</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1359708">1359708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162073903">162073903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cuneiform+Studies&rft.atitle=Three+Tablets+From+the+Vicinity+of+Emar&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-68&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F77492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162073903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1359708%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1359708&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F77492%2F1%2F3%2520Emar%2520Tablets.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWife+selling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelkØstergaardGroves1998" class="citation journal cs1">Belk, Russell W.; Østergaard, Per; Groves, Ronald (1998). 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Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 1 (1–2): 169–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fvs.2006.1.1-2.169">10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vietnamese+Studies&rft.atitle=South+Vietnamese+Identity%2C+American+Intervention%2C+and+the+Newspaper+Ch%C3%ADnh+Lu%E1%BA%ADn+%26%2391%3BPolitical+Discussion%26%2393%3B%2C+1965%E2%80%931969&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=169-209&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fvs.2006.1.1-2.169&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Nu-Anh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWife+selling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreggiari1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Treggiari" title="Susan Treggiari">Treggiari, Susan</a> (1993). 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title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Property" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_navbox" title="Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_navbox" title="Template talk:Property navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Property" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia">Acequia (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido">Ejido (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">Right of way (transit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (property access)">Right of way (property access)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li> <li>spousal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars (key work)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)" title="The Law (Bastiat book)">The Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Property" title="Category:Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law" title="Category:Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law_by_country" title="Category:Property law by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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