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<li id="toc-Muslim_Historical_Narratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_Historical_Narratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Muslim Historical Narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_Historical_Narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th–19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th–19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>18th–19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th–19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbary_slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbary_slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Barbary slave trade</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Barbary_slave_trade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Barbary slave trade subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Barbary_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_quarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_quarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Slave quarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_quarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galley_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galley_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Galley slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galley_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_people_enslaved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_people_enslaved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Number of people enslaved</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_people_enslaved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barbary_corsairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbary_corsairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Barbary corsairs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Barbary_corsairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Barbary corsairs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Barbary_corsairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barbarossa_brothers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbarossa_brothers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Barbarossa brothers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbarossa_brothers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oruç_Barbarossa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oruç_Barbarossa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Oruç Barbarossa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oruç_Barbarossa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hızır_Hayreddin_Barbarossa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hızır_Hayreddin_Barbarossa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Hızır Hayreddin Barbarossa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hızır_Hayreddin_Barbarossa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captain_Jack_Ward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captain_Jack_Ward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Captain Jack Ward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captain_Jack_Ward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sayyida_al-Hurra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sayyida_al-Hurra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sayyida al-Hurra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sayyida_al-Hurra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raïs_Hamidou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raïs_Hamidou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Raïs Hamidou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raïs_Hamidou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Famous_Barbary_corsairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Famous_Barbary_corsairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other Famous Barbary corsairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Famous_Barbary_corsairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Barbary pirates</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaryse_seerowers" title="Barbaryse seerowers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Barbaryse seerowers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="جهاد بحري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاد بحري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirater%C3%ADa_berberisca" title="Piratería berberisca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Piratería berberisca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99rb%C9%99r_d%C9%99niz_quldurlar%C4%B1" title="Bərbər dəniz quldurları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bərbər dəniz quldurları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بربر دنیز قولدورلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بربر دنیز قولدورلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Берберскія карсары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берберскія карсары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Берберски пирати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Берберски пирати" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria_barbaresca" title="Pirateria barbaresca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pirateria barbaresca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r-ladron_Barbari" title="Môr-ladron Barbari – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr-ladron Barbari" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaresken-Korsaren" title="Barbaresken-Korsaren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barbaresken-Korsaren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Βερβερίνοι πειρατές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βερβερίνοι πειρατές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirater%C3%ADa_berberisca" title="Piratería berberisca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piratería berberisca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbereskaj_piratoj" title="Berbereskaj piratoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Berbereskaj piratoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirata_berbere" title="Pirata berbere – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pirata berbere" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="دزدان دریایی بربر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دزدان دریایی بربر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaresques" title="Barbaresques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barbaresques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC_%ED%95%B4%EC%A0%81" title="바르바리 해적 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바르바리 해적" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Barbary pirates" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberski_korsari" title="Berberski korsari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Berberski korsari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajak_laut_Barbaria" title="Bajak laut Barbaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bajak laut Barbaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3r%C3%A6ningjar_fr%C3%A1_Barbar%C3%ADinu" title="Sjóræningjar frá Barbaríinu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjóræningjar frá Barbaríinu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsari_barbareschi" title="Corsari barbareschi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corsari barbareschi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%93%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שודדי ים ברברים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שודדי ים ברברים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber%C5%B3_piratai" title="Berberų piratai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Berberų piratai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_kal%C3%B3zok" title="Berber kalózok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Berber kalózok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Берберски пирати – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Берберски пирати" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="قرصنة البربر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قرصنة البربر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanun_Barbar" title="Lanun Barbar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lanun Barbar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarijse_zeerovers" title="Barbarijse zeerovers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barbarijse zeerovers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A" title="バルバリア海賊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルバリア海賊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbareskpirater" title="Barbareskpirater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barbareskpirater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraci_berberyjscy" title="Piraci berberyjscy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piraci berberyjscy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratas_da_Barb%C3%A1ria" title="Piratas da Barbária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Piratas da Barbária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Берберские пираты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берберские пираты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirat%C3%ABt_barbar%C3%AB" title="Piratët barbarë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piratët barbarë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Берберски гусари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Берберски гусари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberski_korsari" title="Berberski korsari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Berberski korsari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbareskit" title="Barbareskit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Barbareskit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbareskpirater" title="Barbareskpirater – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barbareskpirater" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="โจรสลัดบาร์บารี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจรสลัดบาร์บารี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberi_korsanlar" title="Berberi korsanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Berberi korsanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Берберські корсари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Берберські корсари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%B4%BC" title="巴巴里海贼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴巴里海贼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A" title="巴巴里海賊 – Cantonese" 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pirates based in North Africa</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg/220px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg/330px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg/440px-Laureys_a_Castro_-_A_Sea_Fight_with_Barbary_Corsairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption><i>A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs</i> by <a href="/wiki/Laureys_a_Castro" title="Laureys a Castro">Laureys a Castro</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1681</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg/220px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg/330px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg/440px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B13_057-BARBARIA.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4748" /></a><figcaption><i>Barbaria</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Janssonius" title="Jan Janssonius">Jan Janssonius</a>, shows the coast of North Africa, an area known in the 17th century as Barbaria, c. 1650</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg/220px-British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg/330px-British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg/440px-British_sailors_boarding_an_Algerine_pirate_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An Algerine pirate ship</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costumes_de_Differents_Pays,_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg/170px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg/255px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg/340px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Homme_des_Etats_Barbaresques%27_LACMA_M.83.190.274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A man from the Barbary states</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg/170px-Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg/255px-Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg/340px-Pier_Francesco_Mola_-_Oriental_Warrior_-_WGA16087.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption><i>A Barbary pirate</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pier_Francesco_Mola" title="Pier Francesco Mola">Pier Francesco Mola</a>, 1650</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Barbary pirates</b>, <b>Barbary corsairs</b>, <b>Ottoman corsairs</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_F._Gresh,_Tugrul_Keskin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_F._Gresh,_Tugrul_Keskin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>naval mujahideen</b> (in Muslim sources)<sup id="cite_ref-tdu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were mainly Muslim <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> who operated from the largely independent <a href="/wiki/Barbary_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary states">Barbary states</a>. This area was known in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a>, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves in Barbary could be of many ethnicities, and of many different religions, such as Christian, Jewish, or Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their predation extended throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, south along <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> seaboard and into the North Atlantic as far north as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Iceland</a>, but they primarily operated in the western Mediterranean. In addition to seizing <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a>, they engaged in <i><a href="/wiki/Razzia_(military)" title="Razzia (military)">razzias</a></i>, raids on European coastal towns and villages, mainly in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, but also in the British Isles,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-Toll_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toll-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While such raids began after the Muslim conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in the 710s, the terms "Barbary pirates" and "Barbary corsairs" are normally applied to the raiders active from the 16th century onwards, when the frequency and range of the slavers' attacks increased. In that period, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripoli</a> came under the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, either as directly administered provinces or as autonomous dependencies known as the Barbary states. Similar raids were undertaken from <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Salé</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers" title="Salé Rovers">Salé Rovers</a>) and other ports in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. </p><p>Barbary corsairs captured thousands of merchant ships and repeatedly raided coastal towns in Europe. As a result, residents abandoned their former villages on long stretches of coast in Spain and Italy. </p><p>The raids were such a problem that coastal settlements were seldom undertaken until the 19th century. Between 1580 and 1680, corsairs were said to have captured about 850,000 people as slaves and from 1530 to 1780 as many as 1.25 million people were enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these numbers are estimated and provided by only one historian, Robert Davis, and have been questioned by others like David Earle.<sup id="cite_ref-Earle_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these corsairs were European outcasts and <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converts</a> (renegade) such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">John Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zymen_Danseker" title="Zymen Danseker">Zymen Danseker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toll_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toll-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Oruç Reis</a>, the Turkish Barbarossa brothers, who took control of Algiers on behalf of the Ottomans in the early 16th century, were also notorious corsairs. The European pirates brought advanced sailing and shipbuilding techniques to the Barbary Coast around 1600, which enabled the corsairs to extend their activities into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toll_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toll-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of the Barbary raids peaked in the early-to-mid-17th century. </p><p>Long after Europeans had abandoned <a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">oar</a>-driven vessels in favor of sailing ships carrying tons of powerful cannon, many Barbary warships were <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> carrying a hundred or more fighting men armed with <a href="/wiki/Cutlass" title="Cutlass">cutlasses</a> and small arms. The Barbary navies were not battle fleets. When they sighted a European <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a>, they fled.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scope of corsair activity began to diminish in the latter part of the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Chaney_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaney-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the more powerful European navies started to compel the Barbary states to make peace and cease attacking their shipping. However, the ships and coasts of Christian states without such effective protection continued to suffer until the early 19th century. Between 1801 and 1815, occasional incidents occurred, including two <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Wars" title="Barbary Wars">Barbary Wars</a> waged by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> against the Barbary states. Following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1814–15, European powers agreed upon the need to suppress the Barbary corsairs entirely. The remainder of the threat was finally subdued for Europeans by the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> in 1830 and <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">so-called "pacification"</a> by the French during the mid-to-late 19th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Barbary corsairs were active from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval times">medieval times</a> to the 1800s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_Historical_Narratives">Muslim Historical Narratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Muslim Historical Narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Europeans (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Dum_Diversas" title="Dum Diversas">Dum Diversas</a>) and Muslims considered themselves to be waging holy wars against each other during this era. European and American historical sources bluntly consider these operations to be a form of piracy and that their goal was mostly to seize ships to obtain spoils, money and slaves. Muslim sources, however, sometimes refer to the "Islamic naval jihad"—casting the conflicts as part of a sacred mission of war under Allah, differing from the more familiar form of jihad only in being waged at sea. Accounts of Andalusian Muslims being persecuted by the notoriously ruthless <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>—willingly abetted by the so-called <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">"Catholic Monarchs"</a>, who (though inaugurating what would later become Spain's "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a>") were initially faced with the post-<a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> necessity of binding their (hitherto-divided) territories together, and hence adopted a militantly Christian national identity<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—provided more than enough justification, in Muslim eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-tdau_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdau-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/220px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/330px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg/440px-Captain_walter_croker_horror_stricken_at_algiers_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>British captain witnessing the miseries of Christian slaves in Algiers, 1815</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1198 the problem of Barbary piracy and slave-taking was so great that the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a>, a religious order, were founded to collect ransoms and even to exchange themselves as ransom for those captured and pressed into slavery in North Africa. In the 14th century, Tunisian corsairs became enough of a threat to provoke a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Franco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> attack on <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> in 1390 (also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Barbary_Crusade" title="Barbary Crusade">Barbary Crusade</a>"). <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a> exiles of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> pirates added to the numbers, but it was not until the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the arrival of the privateer and admiral <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a> in 1487 that the Barbary corsairs became a true menace to shipping from European Christian nations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Preveza_(1538).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Preveza_%281538%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Battle of Preveza</a>, 1538</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1559, the North African cities of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, were in fact autonomous military republics that chose their own rulers and lived by war booty captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. There are several cases of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a>, who upon <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">fleeing Iberia</a> turned to attacking the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>'s shipping under the Ottoman flag.<sup id="cite_ref-kritzler59_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kritzler59-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plaut_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plaut-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first period (1518–1587), the <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbeys</a> were admirals of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">sultan</a>, commanding great fleets and conducting war operations for political ends. They were slave-hunters and their methods were ferocious. After 1587, the sole object of their successors became plunder, on land and sea. The maritime operations were conducted by the captains, or <i>reises</i>, who formed a class or even a corporation. <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruisers</a> were fitted out by investors and commanded by the <i>reises</i>. Ten percent of the value of the prizes was paid to the <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a> or his successors, who bore the titles of <i>agha</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">dey</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg/220px-Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg/330px-Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg/440px-Genoise_tower_in_corsica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Barbary pirates frequently attacked Corsica, resulting in many <a href="/wiki/Genoese_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoese tower">Genoese towers</a> being erected.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1544 Hayreddin captured the island of <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 2,000–7,000 inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PLZ_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLZ-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1551 <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman Tripolitania</a>. In 1554 corsairs under Turgut Reis sacked <a href="/wiki/Vieste" title="Vieste">Vieste</a>, beheaded 5,000 of its inhabitants, and abducted another 6,000.<sup id="cite_ref-PTZ_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTZ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/220px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/330px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg/440px-Fathers_of_the_Redemption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>The work of the <a href="/wiki/Mercedarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedarians">Mercedarians</a> was in ransoming Christian slaves held in Muslim hands, <i>Histoire de Barbarie et de ses Corsaires</i>, 1637</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early years of the 17th century, the Barbary states attracted English pirates, many of whom had previously operated as privateers under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>, but found themselves unwanted by her successor <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a>. Where in England these pirates were reviled, in the Barbary states they were respected, and had access to safe markets in which to resupply and repair their ships. Many of these pirates converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable Christian action against the Barbary states occurred in 1607, when the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Knights of Saint Stephen</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Inghirami" title="Jacopo Inghirami">Jacopo Inghirami</a>) sacked <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Bona</a> in Algeria, killing 470 and taking 1,464 captives.<sup id="cite_ref-PPZ_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPZ-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This victory is commemorated by a series of frescoes painted by <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Poccetti" title="Bernardino Poccetti">Bernardino Poccetti</a> in the <i>"Sala di Bona"</i> of <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1611 Spanish galleys from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, accompanied by the galleys of the <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Knights of Malta</a>, raided the <a href="/wiki/Kerkennah_Islands" title="Kerkennah Islands">Kerkennah Islands</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and took away almost 500 Muslim captives.<sup id="cite_ref-PKZ_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKZ-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1568 and 1634 the Knights of Saint Stephen may have captured about 14,000 Muslims, with perhaps one-third taken in land raids and two-thirds taken on captured ships.<sup id="cite_ref-PKZ_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PKZ-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> was subject to a similar attack. In June 1631 Murat Reis, with corsairs from Algiers and armed troops of the Ottoman Empire, stormed ashore at the little harbor village of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_County_Cork" title="Baltimore, County Cork">Baltimore, County Cork</a>. They <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">captured almost all the villagers</a> and took them away to a life of slavery in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prisoners were destined for a variety of fates—some lived out their days chained to the oars as galley slaves, while women spent long years as <a href="/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">concubines</a> in harems or within the walls of the sultan's palace. Only two of these captives ever returned to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> was also subject to pirate raids; in 1640 sixty men, women and children were enslaved by Algerian pirates who raided <a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 20,000 captives were said to be imprisoned in Algiers alone. The rich were often able to secure release through ransom, but the poor were condemned to slavery. Their masters would on occasion allow them to secure freedom by professing Islam. A long list might be given of people of good social position, not only Italians or Spaniards, but German or English travelers in the south, who were captives for a time.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1675 a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> squadron led by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Narborough" title="John Narborough">John Narborough</a> negotiated a lasting peace with Tunis and, after bombarding the city to induce compliance, with Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_(c_1615)_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A French Ship and Barbary Pirates by Aert Anthonisz, c. 1615"><img alt="A French Ship and Barbary Pirates by Aert Anthonisz, c. 1615" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg/397px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg/595px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg/793px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="909" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A French Ship and Barbary Pirates</i> by <a href="/wiki/Aert_Anthoniszoon" title="Aert Anthoniszoon">Aert Anthonisz</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1615</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of a French ship of the line and two galleys of the Barbary corsairs"><img alt="Battle of a French ship of the line and two galleys of the Barbary corsairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg/383px-Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg/574px-Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg/765px-Th%C3%A9odore_Gudin-Combat_d%27un_vaisseau_fran%C3%A7ais_et_de_deux_gal%C3%A8res_barbaresques_mg_5061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3374" data-file-height="1588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Battle of a French ship of the line and two galleys of the Barbary corsairs</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An action between an English ship and vessels of the Barbary Corsairs"><img alt="An action between an English ship and vessels of the Barbary Corsairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg/234px-Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg/351px-Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg/468px-Willem_van_de_Velde_de_Jonge_-_Een_actie_van_een_Engels_schip_en_schepen_van_de_Barbarijse_zeerovers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>An action between an English ship and vessels of the Barbary Corsairs</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieve Pietersz Verschuier, Dutch ships bomb Tripoli in a punitive expedition against the Barbary pirates, c. 1670"><img alt="Lieve Pietersz Verschuier, Dutch ships bomb Tripoli in a punitive expedition against the Barbary pirates, c. 1670" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff/lossy-page1-268px-Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff/lossy-page1-402px-Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff/lossy-page1-536px-Action_Between_the_Dutch_Fleet_and_Barbary_Pirates_RMG_BHC0849.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lieve_Pietersz_Verschuier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieve Pietersz Verschuier">Lieve Pietersz Verschuier</a>, <i>Dutch ships bomb Tripoli in a punitive expedition against the Barbary pirates</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1670</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th–19th_centuries"><span id="18th.E2.80.9319th_centuries"></span><span class="anchor" id="18th-19th_centuries"></span><span class="anchor" id="Barbary_Coast_Wars"></span><span class="anchor" id="Barbary_Wars"></span> 18th–19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th–19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BainbridgeTribute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BainbridgeTribute.jpg/170px-BainbridgeTribute.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BainbridgeTribute.jpg/255px-BainbridgeTribute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BainbridgeTribute.jpg/340px-BainbridgeTribute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Bainbridge" title="William Bainbridge">William Bainbridge</a> paying tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a> of Algiers, c. 1800</figcaption></figure> <p>Piracy was enough of a problem that some states entered into the redemption business. In Denmark: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the beginning of the 18th century money was collected systematically in all churches, and a so called 'slave fund' (slavekasse) was established by the state in 1715. Funds were brought in through a compulsory insurance sum for seafarers. 165 slaves were ransomed by this institution between 1716 and 1736.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Between 1716 and 1754 nineteen ships from Denmark-Norway were captured with 208 men; piracy was thus a serious problem for the Danish merchant fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-madsen_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madsen-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the pirates attacked American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean. However, on December 20, 1777, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_III_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed III of Morocco">Mohammed III of Morocco</a> issued a declaration recognizing America as an independent country, and stating that American merchant ships could enjoy safe passage into the Mediterranean and along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relations were formalized with the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship</a> signed in 1786, which stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a foreign power. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers,_August_1816-Luny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg/220px-Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg/330px-Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg/440px-Sm_Bombardment_of_Algiers%2C_August_1816-Luny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption><i>Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth in August 1816</i>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luny" title="Thomas Luny">Thomas Luny</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the <a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American Declaration of Independence">American Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> treaties with the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">North African</a> states protected American ships from the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary</a> corsairs. <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, which in 1777 was <a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">the first independent nation to publicly recognize the United States</a>, in 1784 became the first Barbary power to seize an American vessel after the nation achieved independence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="need reliable reference, and explanations on why Morocco was a Barbary power, or what does seize mean. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Barbary threat led directly to the United States founding the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> in March 1794. While the United States did secure peace treaties with the Barbary states, it was obliged to pay tribute for protection from attack. The burden was substantial: from 1795, the annual tribute paid to the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> amounted to 20% of <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States federal government</a>'s annual expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Brion_Davis,_Steven_Mintz_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Brion_Davis,_Steven_Mintz-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1798, an islet near <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Tunisians</a>, and more than 900 inhabitants were taken away as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/220px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/330px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg/440px-Bombardementd_alger-1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6019" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>French bombardment of Algiers by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Dupper%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Dupperé">Dupperé</a>, 13 June 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>The Barbary states had difficulty securing uniform compliance with a total prohibition of slave-raiding, as this had been traditionally of central importance to the North African economy. Slavers continued to take captives by preying on less well-protected peoples. Algiers subsequently renewed its slave-raiding, though on a smaller scale. Europeans at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1818)" title="Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)">Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> in 1818 discussed possible retaliation. In 1824 a British fleet under Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burrard_Neale" title="Harry Burrard Neale">Harry Burrard Neale</a> bombarded Algiers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Corsair activity based in Algiers did not entirely cease until France <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria#French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French Algeria">conquered the state in 1830</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barbary_slave_trade">Barbary slave trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Barbary slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></div> <p>From bases on the Barbary Coast, North Africa, the Barbary pirates raided ships traveling through the Mediterranean and along the northern and western coasts of Africa, plundering their cargo and enslaving the people they captured. From at least 1500, the pirates also conducted raids along seaside towns of Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, England and as far away as Iceland, capturing men, women and children. On some occasions, settlements such as <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_County_Cork" title="Baltimore, County Cork">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> were abandoned following the raid, only being resettled many years later. Between 1609 and 1616, England alone had 466 merchant ships lost to Barbary pirates.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_quarters">Slave quarters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slave quarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At night the slaves were put into prisons called '<b><a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">bagnios</a></b>' (derived from the Italian word <i>"bagno"</i> for <i>public bath</i>, inspired by the Turks' use of Roman baths at Constantinople as prisons),<sup id="cite_ref-BAGNO_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAGNO-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were often hot and overcrowded. Bagnios had chapels, hospitals, shops and bars run by captives.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnby1966_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnby1966-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galley_slaves">Galley slaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Galley slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg/220px-Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg/330px-Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg/440px-Frans_Hogenberg_battle_of_Tunis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> and liberation of Christian <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">galley slaves</a> in 1535</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the conditions in bagnios were harsh, they were better than those endured by <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a> slaves. Most Barbary galleys were at sea for around eighty to a hundred days a year, but when the slaves assigned to them were on land, they were forced to do hard manual labor. There were exceptions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>galley slaves of the Ottoman Sultan in Constantinople would be permanently confined to their galleys, and often served extremely long terms, averaging around nineteen years in the late seventeenth-century and early eighteenth-century periods. These slaves rarely got off the galley but lived there for years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During this time, rowers were shackled and chained where they sat, and never allowed to leave. Sleeping (which was limited), eating, defecation and urination took place at the seat to which they were shackled. There were usually five or six rowers on each oar. Overseers would walk back and forth and whip slaves considered not to be working hard enough. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_people_enslaved">Number of people enslaved</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Number of people enslaved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of slaves captured by Barbary pirates are difficult to quantify. According to Robert Davis, between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between the 16th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-researchnews.osu.edu_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-researchnews.osu.edu-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, to extrapolate his numbers, Davis assumes the number of European slaves captured by Barbary pirates were constant for a 250-year period, stating: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are no records of how many men, women and children were enslaved, but it is possible to calculate roughly the number of fresh captives that would have been needed to keep populations steady and replace those slaves who died, escaped, were ransomed, or converted to Islam. On this basis it is thought that around 8,500 new slaves were needed annually to replenish numbers—about 850,000 captives over the century from 1580 to 1680. By extension, for the 250 years between 1530 and 1780, the figure could easily have been as high as 1,250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Earle_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/220px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/330px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg/440px-Marche_aux_esclaves_d_alger_gravure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6392" data-file-height="3728" /></a><figcaption>Slave market in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a>, 1684</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians welcomed Davis's attempt to quantify the number of European slaves, but were divided as to the accuracy of the unorthodox methodology which he relied on in the absence of written records. The historian David Earle, author of <i>The Corsairs of Malta</i> and <i>Barbary and The Pirate Wars</i>, questioned Davis, saying "His figures sound a bit dodgy and I think he may be exaggerating." He cautioned that the true picture of European slaves is clouded by the fact that the corsairs also seized non-Christian whites from eastern Europe and black people from west Africa. He wouldn't "hazard a guess about their total". Professor Ian Blanchard, an expert on African trade and economic history at the University of Edinburgh, said that Davis's work was solid and that a number over a million was in line with his expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-Earle_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davis notes that his calculations were based on observers reports of approximately 35,000 European Christian slaves on the Barbary Coast at any one time during the late 1500s and early 1600s, held in Tripoli, Tunis and, mostly, Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of Muslim enslavement of white Europeans has been cited by some as contextualising the importance of subsequent European and American enslavement of blacks. Scholar Robert Davis noted that the larger picture isn't so one-sided: during a "clash of empires... taking slaves was part of the conflict," and at the same time 2 million Europeans were enslaved by Muslims in North Africa and the Near East, 1 million Muslim slaves in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Dr. John Callow at University of Suffolk notes, the experience of enslavement by the Barbary pirates preceded the Atlantic slave trade and "the memory of slavery, and the methodology of slaving, that was burned into the British consciousness was first and foremost rooted in a North African context, where Britons were more likely to be slaves than slave masters."<sup id="cite_ref-Callow_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callow-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_(Granada)_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg/160px-Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg/240px-Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg/320px-Escudo_de_Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car_%28Granada%29_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the town of <a href="/wiki/Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car" title="Almuñécar">Almuñécar</a>, granted by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> in 1526, showing the turbaned heads of three Barbary pirates floating in the sea</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barbary_corsairs">Barbary corsairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Barbary corsairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historian, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Tinniswood" title="Adrian Tinniswood">Adrian Tinniswood</a>, the most notorious corsairs were European renegades who had learned their trade as <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>, and who moved to the Barbary Coast during peacetime to pursue their trade. These outcasts, who had converted to Islam, brought up-to-date naval expertise to the piracy business, and enabled the corsairs to make long-distance slave-catching raids as far away as <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Toll_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toll-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infamous corsair <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mainwaring" title="Henry Mainwaring">Henry Mainwaring</a>, who was initially a lawyer and pirate-hunter, later returned home to a royal pardon. Mainwaring later wrote a book about the practise of piracy in the Mediterranean, aptly titled the <i>Discourse of Pirates</i>. In the book, Mainwaring outlined potential methods to hunt down and eliminate piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Toll_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toll-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbarossa_brothers">Barbarossa brothers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Barbarossa brothers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oruç_Barbarossa"><span id="Oru.C3.A7_Barbarossa"></span>Oruç Barbarossa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oruç Barbarossa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Oruç Reis</a></div> <p>The most famous of the corsairs in North Africa were the Barbarossa brothers, <a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Aruj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Khayr al-Din</a>. They, and two less well-known brothers all became Barbary corsairs in the service of the Ottoman Empire who later became "Kings" when they established a new state in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> known as the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were called the Barbarossas (Italian for Redbeards) after the red beard of Oruç, the eldest. Oruç captured the island of <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> in 1502 or 1503. He often attacked Spanish coasts and their territories on the coast of North Africa; during one failed attempt in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaia</a> in 1512 he lost his left arm to a cannonball. The eldest Barbarossa also went to capture Algiers in 1516. Well aided by his Berber allies from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a>, he vanquished a <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Spanish expedition</a> intended to replace the Spanish vassal ruler of Algiers that he executed with his son along with everybody he suspected would oppose him in favor of his Spanish foes, including local <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Zayyanid</a> rulers. He was finally captured and killed by the Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Tlemcen in 1518</a>, and put on display. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hızır_Hayreddin_Barbarossa"><span id="H.C4.B1z.C4.B1r_Hayreddin_Barbarossa"></span>Hızır Hayreddin Barbarossa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hızır Hayreddin Barbarossa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/170px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/255px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg/340px-Hayreddin_Barbarossa_-_Fine_Art_Museum_Algiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman admiral <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Oruç, based mainly on land, was not the best-known of the Barbarossas. His youngest brother Hızır (later called Hayreddin or Kheir ed-Din) was a more traditional corsair. After capturing many crucial coastal areas, Hayreddin was appointed admiral-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman navy">Ottoman sultan's fleet</a>. Under his command the Ottoman Empire was able to gain and keep control of the Mediterranean for over thirty years. Barbaros Hızır Hayreddin Pasha died in 1546 of a fever, possibly the <a href="/wiki/Black_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Black death">plague</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captain_Jack_Ward">Captain Jack Ward</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Captain Jack Ward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">Jack Ward</a></div> <p>English corsair Jack, or John, Ward was once called "beyond doubt the greatest scoundrel that ever sailed from England" by the English ambassador to Venice. Ward was a privateer for Queen Elizabeth during her war with Spain; after the end of the war, he became a corsair. With some associates he captured a ship in about 1603 and sailed it to Tunis; he and his crew converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. He was successful and became rich. He introduced heavily armed <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square-rigged ships</a>, used instead of galleys, to the North African area, a major reason for the Barbary's future dominance of the Mediterranean. He died of plague in 1622. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sayyida_al-Hurra">Sayyida al-Hurra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sayyida al-Hurra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></div> <p>Sayyida al-Hurra was a female <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> cleric, merchant, governor of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a>, and later the wife of the sultan of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mernissi_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mernissi-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dict_Morocco_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict_Morocco-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was born around 1485 in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>, but was forced to flee to Morocco when she was very young to escape the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>. In Morocco, she gathered a crew largely of exiled <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, and launched pirate expeditions against Spain and Portugal to avenge the Reconquista, protect Morocco from Christian pirates, and seek riches and glory. Sayyida al-Hurra became wealthy and renowned enough for the Sultan of Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad">Ahmad al-Wattasi</a> to make her his queen. Notably, however, she refused to marry in his capital of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, and would not get married but in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a>, of which she was governor. This was the first and only time in history that a Moroccan monarch married away from their capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raïs_Hamidou"><span id="Ra.C3.AFs_Hamidou"></span>Raïs Hamidou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Raïs Hamidou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou" title="Raïs Hamidou">Raïs Hamidou</a></div> <p><b>Hamidou ben Ali</b>, known as <b>Raïs Hamidou</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرايس حميدو</span>), or <b>Amidon</b> in American literature, born around 1770, and died on June 17, 1815, near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Gata" title="Cape Gata">Cape Gata</a> off the coast of southern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, was an Algerian <a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsair" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsair">corsair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Courcy_1974_pp._187–196_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Courcy_1974_pp._187–196-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He captured up to 200 ships during his career.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamidou ensured the prosperity of the <a href="/wiki/Deylik_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Deylik of Algiers">Deylik of Algiers</a>, and gave it its last glory before the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">French invasion</a>. His biography is relatively well known because the French archivist Albert Devoulx has found important documents, including a precious <i>register of prizes</i> opened by the authorities of the Deylik in 1765.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevoulx1859_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevoulx1859-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Songs and legends have also taken hold of this charismatic character. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Famous_Barbary_corsairs">Other Famous Barbary corsairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other Famous Barbary corsairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1451</span>–1511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ben_Hassan" title="Mohamed Ben Hassan">Mohamed Ben Hassan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1688</span> – 1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhammad I Pasha</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1688</span>–1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1517</span>–1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Gedik Ahmed Pasha</a> (died 1482)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a> (died 1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a> (died 1554 or 1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> (1485–1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_(Ottoman_admiral)" title="Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)">Sinan Pasha</a> (died 1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_Muslihiddin_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis">Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis</a> (1487–<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1535</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_H%C4%B1z%C4%B1r_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis">Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Salih Reis">Salih Reis</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1488</span>–1568)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seydi_Ali_Reis" title="Seydi Ali Reis">Seydi Ali Reis</a> (1498–1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyale_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Piyale Pasha">Piyale Pasha</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1515</span>–1578)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou" title="Raïs Hamidou">Raïs Hamidou</a> (1773–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluç Ali Reis">Uluç Ali Reis</a> (1519–1587)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1560</span>–1645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Danser" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Danser">Simon de Danser</a> or <i>Simon Reis</i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1579</span>–<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1611</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomo_de_Veenboer" class="mw-redirect" title="Salomo de Veenboer">Ivan-Dirkie de Veenboer</a> or <i>Sulayman Reis</i> (died 1620)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis the Elder</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1534</span>–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a> or Murat Reis the Younger (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1570</span>–after 1641)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livorno,_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_(1626)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_13-4-2006_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg/220px-Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg/330px-Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg/440px-Livorno%2C_Monumento_dei_quattro_mori_a_Ferdinando_II_%281626%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_13-4-2006_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Livorno#Monumento_dei_quattro_mori" title="Livorno">Quattro Mori</a></i> ("Four Moors") by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Tacca" title="Pietro Tacca">Pietro Tacca</a>; Livorno, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Barbary corsairs are protagonists in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_pantere_di_Algeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le pantere di Algeri (page does not exist)">Le pantere di Algeri</a> (the panthers of Algiers)</i> by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Salgari" title="Emilio Salgari">Emilio Salgari</a>. They were featured in a number of other noted novels, including <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grahame" title="Kenneth Grahame">Kenneth Grahame</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Hawk" title="The Sea Hawk">The Sea Hawk</a></i> and the <i>Sword of Islam</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Sabatini" title="Rafael Sabatini">Rafael Sabatini</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Algerine_Captive" title="The Algerine Captive">The Algerine Captive</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Royall_Tyler" title="Royall Tyler">Royall Tyler</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aubrey%E2%80%93Maturin_series#Master_and_Commander" title="Aubrey–Maturin series">Master and Commander</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Cycle">Baroque Cycle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Drum" title="The Walking Drum">The Walking Drum</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lamour" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Lamour">Louis Lamour</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle" title="Doctor Dolittle">Doctor Dolittle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lofting" title="Hugh Lofting">Hugh Lofting</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Corsair_(Cussler_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsair (Cussler novel)">Corsair</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tanar_of_Pellucidar" title="Tanar of Pellucidar">Tanar of Pellucidar</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Angelique_(French_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelique (French series)">Angélique in Barbary</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Golon" title="Anne Golon">Anne Golon</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, the Spanish author, was captive for five years as a slave in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">bagnio</a></i> of Algiers, and reflected his experience in some of his fictional (but not directly autobiographical) writings, including the Captive's tale in <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, his two plays set in Algiers, <i>El Trato de Argel</i> (The Treaty of Algiers) and <i>Los Baños de Argel</i> (The Baths of Algiers), and episodes in a number of other works. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail" title="Die Entführung aus dem Serail">Die Entführung aus dem Serail</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a>), two European ladies are discovered in a Turkish harem, presumably captured by Barbary corsairs. <a href="/wiki/Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossini">Rossini</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/L%27italiana_in_Algeri" title="L'italiana in Algeri">L'italiana in Algeri</a></i> is based on the capture of several slaves by Barbary corsairs led by the <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_treaties" title="Barbary treaties">Barbary treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_beauty" title="Circassian beauty">Circassian beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Corsairs of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi (warrior)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">History of slavery in the Muslim world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islamic views on slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_conquests,_sieges_and_landings" title="List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings">List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathurin_Romegas" title="Mathurin Romegas">Mathurin Romegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Scotland" title="Piracy in Scotland">Piracy in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery in the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Geoffrey_F._Gresh,_Tugrul_Keskin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_F._Gresh,_Tugrul_Keskin_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_F._Gresh,_Tugrul_Keskin2018" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey F. Gresh, Tugrul Keskin (2018). <i>US Foreign Policy in the Middle East From American Missionaries to the Islamic State</i>. Routledge. p. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-16962-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-16962-2"><bdi>978-1-351-16962-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Middle+East+From+American+Missionaries+to+the+Islamic+State&rft.pages=1985&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-16962-2&rft.au=Geoffrey+F.+Gresh%2C+Tugrul+Keskin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tdu_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFسرهنك1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">سرهنك, المير ألاي إسماعيل (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-1mcAAACAAJ&q=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9"><i>تاريخ الدولة العثمانية</i></a> (in Arabic). دار الفكر الحديث للطبع والنشر.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%D9%83&rft.aufirst=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-1mcAAACAAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AB%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1841" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Hugh (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gvpLAQAAMAAJ&dq=barbary+coast+berber&pg=PA5"><i>The Encyclopædia of Geography: Comprising a Complete Description of the Earth, Physical, Statistical, Civil, and Political</i></a>. Lea and Blanchard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Geography%3A+Comprising+a+Complete+Description+of+the+Earth%2C+Physical%2C+Statistical%2C+Civil%2C+and+Political&rft.pub=Lea+and+Blanchard&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgvpLAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dbarbary%2Bcoast%2Bberber%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Davis2011" class="citation web cs1">Robert Davis (2011-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.au=Robert+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toll-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toll_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toll_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toll_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toll_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toll_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/books/review/Toll-t.html">Review of <i>Pirates of Barbary</i></a> by Ian W. Toll, <i>The New York Times,</i> 12 Dec. 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earle-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrollcorrespondent2004" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory; correspondent, Africa (2004-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/11/highereducation.books">"New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+book+reopens+old+arguments+about+slave+raids+on+Europe&rft.date=2004-03-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft.au=correspondent%2C+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2004%2Fmar%2F11%2Fhighereducation.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlin" class="citation book cs1">Conlin, Joseph R. <i>The American Past: A Survey of American History, Volume I: To 1877</i>. p. 206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Past%3A+A+Survey+of+American+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1877&rft.pages=206&rft.aulast=Conlin&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaney-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chaney_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaney2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chaney, Eric (2015-10-01). "Measuring the military decline of the Western Islamic World: Evidence from Barbary ransoms". <i>Explorations in Economic History</i>. <b>58</b>: 107–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2015.03.002">10.1016/j.eeh.2015.03.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+military+decline+of+the+Western+Islamic+World%3A+Evidence+from+Barbary+ransoms&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=107-124&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2015.03.002&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeller2024" class="citation web cs1">Weller, Thomas (2024-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/the-spanish-century">"The Spanish Century"</a>. <i>Europäische Geschichte Online (EGO) / European History Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527001128/https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/the-spanish-century">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europ%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+Online+%28EGO%29+%2F+European+History+Online&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Century&rft.date=2024-09-11&rft.aulast=Weller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieg-ego.eu%2Fen%2Fthreads%2Fmodels-and-stereotypes%2Fthe-spanish-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdau-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tdau_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFareed" class="citation book cs1">Fareed, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6150666"><i>تاريخ الدولة العلية العثمانية</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.aulast=Fareed&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F6150666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pryor (1988), p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kritzler59-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kritzler59_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKritzler,_Edward2009" class="citation book cs1">Kritzler, Edward (November 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3M6xn93xYEC&q=%E2%96%A0Neil+Grant+-+Barbarossa,+the+Pirate+King&pg=PT177"><i>Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean</i></a>. Anchor. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1952-4"><bdi>978-0-7679-1952-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Pirates+of+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1952-4&rft.au=Kritzler%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3M6xn93xYEC%26q%3D%25E2%2596%25A0Neil%2BGrant%2B-%2BBarbarossa%2C%2Bthe%2BPirate%2BKing%26pg%3DPT177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plaut-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plaut_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaut,_Steven2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Plaut" title="Steven Plaut">Plaut, Steven</a> (October 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishpress.com/printArticle.cfm?contentid=36634">"Putting the Oy Back into 'Ahoy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putting+the+Oy+Back+into+%27Ahoy%27&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft.au=Plaut%2C+Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishpress.com%2FprintArticle.cfm%3Fcontentid%3D36634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jackwhite.net/iberia/caribbean.html">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/55658.html">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bechollashon.org/database/index.php?/article/2312">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110142636/http://bechollashon.org/database/index.php?%2Farticle%2F2312">Archived</a> 2013-11-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barbary Pirates"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barbary_Pirates">"Barbary Pirates" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 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Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789382573470" title="Special:BookSources/9789382573470"><bdi>9789382573470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.isbn=9789382573470&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar+Husain&rft.au=Akhtar%2C+Syed+Saud&rft.au=Usmani%2C+B.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeACqCQAAQBAJ%26q%3DBattle%2Bof%2BA%25C3%25AFn-el-Turk%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLZ-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PLZ_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHer_Majesty's_Commission1849" class="citation book cs1">Her Majesty's Commission, State Papers (1849). <i>King Henry the Eighth Volume 10 Part V Foreign Correspondence 1544-45</i>. 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The British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curator%27s+comments+on+a+draft+study+by+Bernardino+Poccetti&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D715690%26partId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.florenceholidays.com/florence-vacation-museums-palazzo-pitti.html">"Palazzo Pitti"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palazzo+Pitti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.florenceholidays.com%2Fflorence-vacation-museums-palazzo-pitti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PKZ-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PKZ_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PKZ_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson2012" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, Alan (2012). <i>Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Sea%3A+A+History+of+the+Barbary+Corsairs&rft.place=London&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Ekin, Des (2006). <i>The Stolen Village – Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates</i>. OBrien. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-955-8"><bdi>978-0-86278-955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stolen+Village+%E2%80%93+Baltimore+and+the+Barbary+Pirates&rft.pub=OBrien&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86278-955-8&rft.aulast=Ekin&rft.aufirst=Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUv3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">British Captives from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic</a>, 1563-1760. Nabil Matar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xqxoZvOJekQC&pg=PA188">Pirates of Barbary</a>. Adrian Tinniswood. Random House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A32172.0001.001/1:2?rgn=div1;view=fulltext"><i>Articles of peace & commerce between ... Charles II ... and the ... Lords the Bashaw, Dey, Aga, Divan, and governours of the ... kingdom of Tripoli concluded by Sir John Narbrough ... the first day of May, 1676</i></a>. University of Michigan. 6 August 1677.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Articles+of+peace+%26+commerce+between+...+Charles+II+...+and+the+...+Lords+the+Bashaw%2C+Dey%2C+Aga%2C+Divan%2C+and+governours+of+the+...+kingdom+of+Tripoli+concluded+by+Sir+John+Narbrough+...+the+first+day+of+May%2C+1676&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1677-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo2%2FA32172.0001.001%2F1%3A2%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madsen-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-madsen_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-madsen_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://complit.ku.dk/islamineuropeanliterature/workingpapers/dokument4/">Peter Madsen, "Danish slaves in Barbary"</a>, <i>Islam in European Literature Conference,</i> Denmark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110054744/http://complit.ku.dk/islamineuropeanliterature/workingpapers/dokument4/">Archived</a> November 10, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2014" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2014-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sApvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA613"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598841572" title="Special:BookSources/9781598841572"><bdi>9781598841572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Wars+of+the+Early+American+Republic%2C+1783%E2%80%931812%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History+%26%2391%3B3+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=9781598841572&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsApvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts, <i>Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary</i>, Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm">"Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Milestones+of+American+Diplomacy%2C+Interesting+Historical+Notes%2C+and+Department+of+State+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fs%2Fd%2Frm%2Frls%2Fperfrpt%2F2002%2Fhtml%2F18995.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Brion_Davis,_Steven_Mintz-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_Brion_Davis,_Steven_Mintz_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Brion_Davis,_Steven_Mintz2000" class="citation book cs1">David Brion Davis, Steven Mintz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGFMCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>The Boisterous Sea of Liberty A Documentary History of America from Discovery through the Civil War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511669-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511669-4"><bdi>978-0-19-511669-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boisterous+Sea+of+Liberty+A+Documentary+History+of+America+from+Discovery+through+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511669-4&rft.au=David+Brion+Davis%2C+Steven+Mintz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGFMCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PA45">Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800</a></i>. Robert Davis (2004). p.45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9">1-4039-4551-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees Davies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1 July 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAGNO-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BAGNO_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bagnio"><i>Definition of "bagnio" from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i></a>. Accessed 23 February 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnby1966-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnby1966_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._G._Barnby1966" class="citation book cs1">H. G. Barnby (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLsiAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Prisoners of Algiers: An Account of the Forgotten American-Algerian War 1785-1797</i></a>. Oxford U.P. pp. 45–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prisoners+of+Algiers%3A+An+Account+of+the+Forgotten+American-Algerian+War+1785-1797&rft.pages=45-52&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=1966&rft.au=H.+G.+Barnby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLsiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Ekin, Des (2006). <i>The Stolen Village – Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates</i>. OBrien. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-955-8"><bdi>978-0-86278-955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stolen+Village+%E2%80%93+Baltimore+and+the+Barbary+Pirates&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=OBrien&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86278-955-8&rft.aulast=Ekin&rft.aufirst=Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Robert. <i>Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800</i>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1403945519">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-researchnews.osu.edu-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-researchnews.osu.edu_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">"When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Research News</i>, Ohio State University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Robert (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabmeier2020" class="citation news cs1">Grabmeier, Jeff (2020-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.osu.edu/why-is-a-16-year-old-book-on-slavery-so-popular-now/">"Why is a 16-year-old book on slavery so popular now?"</a>. <i>Ohio State University News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+University+News&rft.atitle=Why+is+a+16-year-old+book+on+slavery+so+popular+now%3F&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft.aulast=Grabmeier&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.osu.edu%2Fwhy-is-a-16-year-old-book-on-slavery-so-popular-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callow-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Callow_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallow2017" class="citation journal cs1">Callow, John (2017-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0268117X.2016.1250227">"British captives and slaves in North Africa"</a>. <i>The Seventeenth Century</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 103–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0268117X.2016.1250227">10.1080/0268117X.2016.1250227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-117X">0268-117X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164633295">164633295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seventeenth+Century&rft.atitle=British+captives+and+slaves+in+North+Africa&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-107&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164633295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-117X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0268117X.2016.1250227&rft.aulast=Callow&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F0268117X.2016.1250227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2012" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael H. (2012-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewMoAn4cNqMC&dq=barbarossa+established+a+state+algiers&pg=PA180"><i>Causes and Consequences of Human Migration: An Evolutionary Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01286-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01286-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01286-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causes+and+Consequences+of+Human+Migration%3A+An+Evolutionary+Perspective&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01286-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewMoAn4cNqMC%26dq%3Dbarbarossa%2Bestablished%2Ba%2Bstate%2Balgiers%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mernissi-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mernissi_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMernissi1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Mernissi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima Mernissi">Mernissi, Fatima</a> (July 30, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8toAmyqmN0C"><i>The Forgotten Queens of Islam</i></a>. Univ of Minnesota Press. pp. 18–19, 115, 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2439-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-2439-3"><bdi>978-0-8166-2439-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Queens+of+Islam&rft.pages=18-19%2C+115%2C+193&rft.pub=Univ+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1997-07-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-2439-3&rft.aulast=Mernissi&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8toAmyqmN0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dict_Morocco-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dict_Morocco_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkBoum2006" class="citation book cs1">Park, Thomas Kerlin; Boum, Aomar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KiCl5-MxMMC&pg=PA316"><i>Historical dictionary of Morocco</i></a>. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5341-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5341-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-5341-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Morocco&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5341-6&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kerlin&rft.au=Boum%2C+Aomar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KiCl5-MxMMC%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Courcy_1974_pp._187–196-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-de_Courcy_1974_pp._187–196_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Courcy1974" class="citation journal cs1">de Courcy, J. (1974). "RAÏS HAMIDOU: THE LAST OF THE GREAT ALGERIAN CORSAIRS". <i>The Mariner's Mirror</i>. <b>60</b> (2). Informa UK Limited: 187–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.1974.10657964">10.1080/00253359.1974.10657964</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-3359">0025-3359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=RA%C3%8FS+HAMIDOU%3A+THE+LAST+OF+THE+GREAT+ALGERIAN+CORSAIRS&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-196&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.1974.10657964&rft.issn=0025-3359&rft.aulast=de+Courcy&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBEAUCARNOTDUMOULIN2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">BEAUCARNOT, Jean-Louis; DUMOULIN, Frédéric (2015-06-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bw68CQAAQBAJ&q=rais+hamidou+200+voiliers&pg=PT106"><i>Dictionnaire étonnant des célébrités</i></a> (in French). edi8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7540-7767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7540-7767-5"><bdi>978-2-7540-7767-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+%C3%A9tonnant+des+c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brit%C3%A9s&rft.pub=edi8&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.isbn=978-2-7540-7767-5&rft.aulast=BEAUCARNOT&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=DUMOULIN%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbw68CQAAQBAJ%26q%3Drais%2Bhamidou%2B200%2Bvoiliers%26pg%3DPT106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevoulx1859-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevoulx1859_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDevoulx1859">Devoulx 1859</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Clissold, Stephen. 1976. "Christian Renegades and Barbary Corsairs." <i>History Today</i> 26, no. 8: 508–515. Historical Abstracts.</li> <li>Davis, Robert C., <i>Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800.</i> Palgrave Macmillan, New York. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-71966-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-71966-2">0-333-71966-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevoulx1859" class="citation book cs1">Devoulx, Albert (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tamelaht.unblog.fr/files/2007/08/raishamidou.pdf"><i>Le raïs Hamidou: notice biographique sur le plus célèbre corsaire algérien du XIIIe siècle de l'hégire</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dubos Frères.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+ra%C3%AFs+Hamidou%3A+notice+biographique+sur+le+plus+c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre+corsaire+alg%C3%A9rien+du+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+de+l%27h%C3%A9gire&rft.pub=Dubos+Fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Devoulx&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftamelaht.unblog.fr%2Ffiles%2F2007%2F08%2Fraishamidou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Earle, Peter. <i>The Pirate Wars</i>. Thomas Dunne. 2003. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Forester, C. S. <i>The Barbary Pirates</i>. Random House. 1953. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Heers, Jacques. <i>The Barbary Corsairs: Warfare in the Mediterranean, 1480–1580</i>. Greenhill Books. 2003. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Konstam, Angus. <i>A History of Pirates</i>. Lyons Press. 1999. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Kristensen, Jens Riise. <i>Barbary To and Fro</i> Ørby Publishing. 2005. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Leiner, Frederick C. <i>The End of Barbary Terror: America's 1815 War against the Pirates of North Africa.</i> Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2006. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Lambert, Frank. <i>The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic World</i>. Hill & Wang, 2005. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Lloyd, Christopher. 1979. "Captain John Ward: Pirate." <i>History Today</i> 29, no. 11; p. 751.</li> <li>Matar, Nabil. 2001. "The Barbary Corsairs, King Charles I and the Civil War." <i>Seventeenth Century</i> 16, no. 2; pp. 239–258.</li> <li>Pryor, John H., <i>Geography, Technology, and WarStudies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571.</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34424-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34424-7">0-521-34424-7</a></li> <li>Severn, Derek. "The Bombardment of Algiers, 1816." <i>History Today</i> 28, no. 1 (1978); pp. 31–39.</li> <li>Silverstein, Paul A. 2005. "The New Barbarians: Piracy and Terrorism on the North African Frontier." CR: <i>The New Centennial Review</i> 5, no. 1; pp. 179–212.</li> <li>Travers, Tim, <i>Pirates: A History.</i> Tempus Publishing, Gloucestershire. 2007. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007115647/http://worldnavies.glt.pl/">World Navies</a></li> <li><i>To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the U.S. Navy and Marines.</i> Annapolis, MD : Naval Institute Press, 2001 [1991] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Clark, G. N. "The Barbary Corsairs in the Seventeenth Century." <i>Cambridge Historical Journal</i> 8#1 (1944): 22–35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020800">online</a>.</li> <li>Gawalt, Gerard W. "America and the Barbary pirates: An international battle against an unconventional foe." (Library of Congress, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125639/http://solaleworks.com/islam/America_and_the_Barbary_Pirates.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>London, Joshua E. <i>Victory in Tripoli: How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation.</i> New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44415-2">978-0-471-44415-2</a></li> <li>Sofka, James R. "The Jeffersonian idea of national security: commerce, the Atlantic balance of power, and the Barbary war, 1786–1805." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 21.4 (1997): 519–544. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24913335">online</a></li> <li>Turner, Robert F. "President Thomas Jefferson and the Barbary Pirates." in Bruce A Elleman, et al. eds. <i>Piracy and Maritime Crime: Historical and Modern Case Studies</i> (2010): 157–172. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528074506/https://cnsl.virginia.edu/sites/cnsl.virginia.edu/files/Turner-Jefferson-Barbary-Pirates-NWC-2010.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Tinniswood" title="Adrian Tinniswood">Adrian Tinniswood</a>, <i>Pirates of Barbary: Corsairs, Conquests and Captivity in the Seventeenth-Century Mediterranean,</i> 343 pp. Riverhead Books, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-774-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-774-3">978-1-59448-774-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/books/review/Toll-t.html">NY Times review</a></li> <li>White, Joshua M.<i>Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean</i> (Stanford University Press, 2017). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-50360-252-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-50360-252-6">978-1-50360-252-6</a>.</li> <li><i>White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa's One Million European Slaves</i> by Giles Milton (Sceptre, 2005)</li> <li>Zacks, Richard. <i>The pirate coast : Thomas Jefferson, the first marines and the secret mission of 1805</i> Hyperion, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4013-0849-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4013-0849-X">1-4013-0849-X</a></li> <li><i>Christian slaves, Muslim masters : white slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800</i> by Robert C. Davis. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-71966-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-71966-4">978-0-333-71966-4</a></li> <li><i>Piracy, Slavery and Redemption: Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England</i> by D. J. Vikus (Columbia University Press, 2001)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obrien.ie/Book632.cfm">The Stolen Village: Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates by Des Ekin</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-955-8">978-0-86278-955-8</a></li> <li><i>Skeletons on the Zahara: A True Story of Survival</i> by Dean King, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-15935-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-15935-2">0-316-15935-2</a></li> <li>Oren, Michael. "Early American Encounters in the Middle East", in <i>Power, Faith, and Fantasy.</i> New York: Norton, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoot2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Boot, Max</a> (2002). <i>The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00720-2"><bdi>978-0-465-00720-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Savage+Wars+of+Peace%3A+Small+Wars+and+the+Rise+of+American+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00720-2&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbary+pirates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lambert, Frank. <i>The Barbary Wars</i>. New York: Hill and Wang, 2005.</li> <li>Whipple, A. B. C. <i>To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the U.S. Navy and Marines</i>. Bluejacket Books, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-966-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-966-2">1-55750-966-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webpages.free-online.co.uk/ksj/malta.html">Knights Hospitaller of St. John – Order of St John of Jerusalem Malta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/bp/bar-pir.html">The Barbary Pirates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/mar/11/highereducation.books">New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121021536/http://www.barbarywarfare.com/">Barbary Warfare</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clements.umich.edu/exhibits/online/barbary/barbary-introduction.php">The Barbary Wars at the Clements Library</a>:An online exhibit on the Barbary Wars with images and transcriptions of primary documents from the period.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/bp/bp-abw.html">American Barbary Wars</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary coast">Barbary coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiya">Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oran#Ottoman_period_(1708–1732,_1792–1831)" title="Oran">Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Regency of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Regency of Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Commanders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commanders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_Muslihiddin_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis">Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Occhiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Reis" title="Aydın Reis">Aydın Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhammad I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hasan Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kurdogli" title="Muhammad Kurdogli">Muhammad Kurdogli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Mami" title="Arnaut Mami">Arnaut Mami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers" title="Salé Rovers">Salé Rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Reis_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayman Reis (pirate)">Sulayman Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el_Inglizi" title="Ahmed el Inglizi">Ahmed el Inglizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymen_Danseker" title="Zymen Danseker">Simon Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">Yusuf Reis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Karamanli" title="Ahmed Karamanli">Ahmed Karamanli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli" title="Yusuf Karamanli">Yusuf Karamanli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali Khodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kharnadji" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Kharnadji">Mohamed Kharnadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_(Dey_of_Algiers)" title="Haji Ali (Dey of Algiers)">Haji Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Baba Mohammed ben-Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1797)">US Treaty with Tunis (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tripoli_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty with Tripoli (1805)">US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815)" title="Treaty with Algiers (1815)">US Treaty with Algiers (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1824)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1824)">US Treaty with Tunis (1824)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Morocco_(1836)" title="Treaty with Morocco (1836)">US Treaty with Morocco (1836)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Capture of Algiers</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Fall of Tlemcen</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a> (1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Siege of Rhodes</a> (1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera_(1529)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Formentera (1529)">Battle of Formentera</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Capture of Peñón of Algiers</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mah%C3%B3n" title="Sack of Mahón">Sack of Mahón</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">Siege of Corfu</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1538)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Preveza (1538)">Battle of Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alboran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alboran">Battle of Alboran</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice_(1543)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Nice (1543)">Siege of Nice</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wintering_in_Toulon" title="Ottoman wintering in Toulon">Ottoman wintering in Toulon</a> (1543-1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdiye_(1550)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Mahdiye (1550)">Capture of Mahdiye</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Siege of Tripoli</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Battle of Ponza</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Invasion of Corsica</a> (1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bougie" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Bougie">Capture of Bougie</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Siege of Oran</a> (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Laban" title="Battle of Wadi al-Laban">Battle of Wadi al-Laban</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Expedition to Mostaganem</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a> (1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)">Rebellion of the Alpujarras</a> (1568–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Conquest of Tunis </a>(1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Sori" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Sori">Sack of Sori</a> (1584)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Algerian_war_(1609%E2%80%931628)" title="Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)">Franco-Algerian War</a> (1609–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Raid on Żejtun</a> (1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Corvo" title="Battle of Cape Corvo">Battle of Cape Corvo</a> (1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Barbary_war" title="Dutch–Barbary war">Dutch–Barbary War</a> (1618–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_Algiers_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="English expedition to Algiers (1620–1621)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1620–1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_October_1624" title="Action of 3 October 1624">Action of 3 October 1624</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Algiers_(1624)" title="Dutch expedition to Algiers (1624)">Dutch expedition to Algiers</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a> (1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Ceriale_and_Borghetto" title="Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto">Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto</a> (1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a> (1645–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_March_1665" title="Action of March 1665">Action of March 1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Algerian_War_(1677%E2%80%931682)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Algerian War (1677–1682)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1677–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-Tripolitania_War_(1681-1685)" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)">French-Tripolitania War</a> (1681–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a> (1684–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Sieges of Ceuta</a> (1694–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oinousses_Islands_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695)">Battle of the Oinousses Islands</a> (1695)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1715%E2%80%931726)" title="Dutch–Algerian War (1715–1726)">Dutch–Algerian War</a> (1715–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Spanish conquest of Oran</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_November_1751" title="Action of 28 November 1751">Action of 28 November 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1758)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1758)">Battle of Cape Palos</a> (1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Algerian War">Danish–Algerian War</a> (1769–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774%E2%80%931775)" title="Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)">Siege of Melilla</a> (1774–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Moroccan_War_(1775%E2%80%931777)" title="Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777)">Dutch–Moroccan War</a> (1775–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_bombardments_of_the_Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Venetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis">Bombardments of Tunisia</a> (1784–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_seizure_of_the_Betsey" title="Moroccan seizure of the Betsey">Moroccan seizure of the Betsey</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-Algerian_War_(1785-1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Algerian War (1785-1795)">American-Algerian War</a> (1785–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1790%E2%80%931813)" title="Portuguese–Algerian War (1790–1813)">Portuguese Algerian War</a> (1790–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1790%E2%80%931792)" title="Siege of Oran (1790–1792)">Siege of Oran</a> (1790–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tangier_(1791)" title="Bombardment of Tangier (1791)">Bombardment of Tangier</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Algerian_War_(1791%E2%80%931792)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Algerian War (1791–1792)">1st Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1791–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Tripolitanian_War_(1796-1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Tripolitanian War (1796-1802)">2nd Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1796-1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1797" title="Action of 16 May 1797">Action of 16 May 1797</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> (1801–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(1825)" title="Battle of Tripoli (1825)">Battle of Tripoli</a> (1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tripoli_(1828)" title="Bombardment of Tripoli (1828)">Bombardment of Tripoli</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_expedition_against_Morocco_(1829)" title="Austrian expedition against Morocco (1829)">Austrian expedition against Morocco</a> (1829–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1830)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Slavery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Slavery</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Slavery on the Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">Bagnio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Lazarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_della_Redenzione_degli_Schiavi" title="Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi">Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a><br />and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate<br />hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident"><i>Beluga Nomination</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the <i>Ambrose Light</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner <i>Bravo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner <i>Fancy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop <i>Anne</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident"><i>Carré d'As IV</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident"><i>Dai Hong Dan</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident"><i>Irene</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking"><i>Maersk Alabama</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT <i>Zafirah</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT <i>Orkim Harmony</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV <i>Moscow University</i> hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair"><i>North Star</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident"><i>Quest</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad"><i>Amistad</i> Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the <i>Veloz Passagera</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig <i>Brillante</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in<br />popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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