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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fall of the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militarization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militarization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Militarization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militarization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recruitment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recruitment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recruitment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Child trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevalence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Europe_countries_map_ee.png/330px-Europe_countries_map_ee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Europe_countries_map_ee.png/440px-Europe_countries_map_ee.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> after 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>Sex trafficking is defined as the transportation of persons by means of coercion, deception and/or forced into exploitative and slavery-like conditions<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>. </p><p>Germany has become a "center for the sexual exploitation of young women from Eastern Europe, as well as a sphere of activity for organized crime groups from around the world".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The selling of young women into <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a> has become one of the fastest-growing criminal enterprises in the European Union. While human trafficking has existed for centuries all over the world, it has become an increasing concern for countries in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> since the fall of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>. In 1997 alone as many as 175,000 young women from the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe were sold as commodities in the sex markets of the developed countries in Europe and the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic hardship and promises of prosperity have left many individuals vulnerable to trafficking within their countries and to destinations in other parts of Europe and the world. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> reports that 4 million people a year are traded against their will to work in one or another form of servitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodey2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodey2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The measures against the trafficking of women focus on harsher criminal legislation and punishments and improving international police cooperation. There are vast media campaigns that are designed to be informative to the public, as well as policymakers and potential victims. In various countries where legislative measures against trafficking are still in their infancy, these media campaigns are important in preventing trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrijasevic2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrijasevic2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifman2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifman2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_trafficking">History of trafficking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since antiquity, conquered people were forced into slavery and were taken to the victor nation. These people were given new lives of servitude, as servants or <a href="/wiki/Sex_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex slaves">sex slaves</a>. Prior to 4000 BC, there is no evidence of sexual servitude and slavery in human culture. <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> were notorious for capturing people and making slaves out of them. In the height of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, one in every three persons was thought to have been a slave. Men were used as laborers, while women and girls were used for enjoyment purposes in brothels as well as in private homes. </p><p>From the Middle Ages onward, both male and female <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">saqaliba</a> slaves were trafficked from Northern or Eastern Europe to the Islamic Middle East and the al-Andalus; while male saqaliba could be given work in a number of tasks such as offices in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of harem guards, they were castrated), female saqaliba were placed in the <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the other side of the Muslim world, the East, when <a href="/wiki/African_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="African slave trade">African slave trade</a> to the Middle East was in full swing, women slaves garnered a higher price than men both because of their reproductive value, but also because they were sex objects as well as servants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegello2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegello2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the exposure of the <a href="/wiki/White_slave_trade_affair" title="White slave trade affair">White slave trade affair</a> in the 1880s, the <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">sex trafficking</a> of women was noted and fought in both Europe and North America. In Europe at the time, governments had been part of sex slavery schemes for over a century. International treaties were adopted in 1904, 1910, and 1925 outlawing the trading of women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegello2007_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegello2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, the problem of sex trade and <a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">sex tourism</a> was increasing and caught international attention when nonprofit groups started making noise about the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegello2007_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegello2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A company called Big Apple Oriental Tours, out of New York, specialized in sex tours for men who wished to go to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, among other destinations, to engage in sex with <a href="/wiki/Prostitutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitutes">prostitutes</a> and later would share their experiences with other customers. In Japan, corporations began offering all expenses paid sex tourism excursions to Taiwan as a perk to their executive personnel. After the Soviet Union fell, the demand for sex slaves boomed. It was fueled by economic austerity. This was the first time since the white slave trade of the 19th century that huge numbers of Caucasian women were bought and sold for the purpose of sex. <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> took advantage of the demand for European women that brothels were big money makers. The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dateline_NBC" title="Dateline NBC">Dateline NBC</a></i> both did stories on Israel's sex trafficking business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegello2007_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegello2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to all the press that sex trafficking was receiving, the United States and the Netherlands jointly funded a media campaign to warn women about scams of employment offers and other debt bondage schemes that were being employed by traffickers to lure these women into what is essentially slavery. In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention against Transnational Organized Crime">Convention against Transnational Organized Crime</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Palermo_Protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo Protocols">Palermo Protocols</a>, was adopted. About 80 nations signed and ratified the new treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegello2007_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegello2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Palermo Protocols, prostitution scandals involving <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> peacekeeping troops and defense contractors have been plentiful. In one case, in Liberia, U.N. administrators were implicated in a scam where food aid was used to force girls and women into servicing peacekeeping troops and local businessmen. Another issue arose in 2002, when a DynCorp employee testified to Congress that fellow workers stationed in Bosnia had bought girls to keep in their homes as sex slaves. Today, sex trafficking is still prevalent and booming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegello2007_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegello2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of trafficking victims in Europe are young adult women and the most common reason for human trafficking is sexual exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes,_2004_221–272_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes,_2004_221–272-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, trafficking for forced labor makes up one third of all trafficking occurrences; victims go to the agriculture, construction, fishery, manufacturing, and textile industries. There are also women and men being trafficked for the purposes of domestic servitude. Children in this region are trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation, forced marriage and forced begging.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodey2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodey2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union">Fall of the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fall of the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> has been identified as one of the main contributing factors in explaining the recent increase in human trafficking. It provided both <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> and new regional opportunities to fuel the expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKligmanLimoncelli2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKligmanLimoncelli2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this period, trafficking victims, primarily women, expanded to include more diverse forms, aided by the rise of organized crime, corruption, and the decline of borders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porous borders and close proximity to Western Europe have made it easier and cheaper to transport victims within the region and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKligmanLimoncelli2005_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKligmanLimoncelli2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women and girls are particularly vulnerable to trafficking in poverty status. Because people in <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> have few means of supporting themselves, they often have to go to extremes to keep their families afloat. Children are also vulnerable to trafficking when their families' socio-economic situation is dire. Girls are more likely to be sold into bondage because in many societies, parents often choose to invest in their sons because sons are seen as more valuable. Girls are not educated and are sent away to work. Human trafficking helps perpetuate the forced labor participation and global poverty. Lower income countries are often the sources for the girls and higher incomes countries is where they are bought. There are many origin countries and many destination countries for sex trafficking. The largest number comes from Russia and Ukraine. The main destinations outside Europe for these victims include the Middle East, Japan, Thailand, and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militarization">Militarization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Militarization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another factor contributing to the rise in trafficking of women has been the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>. The presence of a large number of foreign men in the region after the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> led to the trafficking of thousands of women and girls for commercial sex exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDottridge2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDottridge2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection between military bases and sex work is a well-known phenomenon and soldiers have helped drive the demand for brothels in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKligmanLimoncelli2005_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKligmanLimoncelli2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recruitment">Recruitment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recruitment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The selling of economically and socially vulnerable young women has become one of the fastest growing criminal enterprises in the global economy. </p><p>Young women must often leave their homes to find work in the cities because of poor economic conditions. Enterprising girls that travel alone make easy targets for traffickers. Often, young women who are attempting to find legitimate work are tricked by agents with promises of a job. Once they have reached their destination, the girls' papers and documentations are taken and they are forced to work as sex slaves and prostitutes. Another way women become vulnerable is by entering a country illegally, or overstaying their visas. They turn to criminals to help them stay. One of the common methods used by traffickers is debt-bondage in which the traffickers tell their victims that they owe money relating to their travel and living expenses and that they will not be released until the debt has been repaid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodey2004_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodey2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifman2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifman2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haynes,_2004_221–272_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes,_2004_221–272-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organised crime groups in Southeast Europe and the former Soviet Union have achieved success by being flexible and alternating their routes and methods to suit the rapidly changing global market.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous work experience and high education levels have enabled traffickers to "produce fraudulent documents, utilize advanced communications technology, and operate successfully across borders."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2010_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their personal connections and ability to utilize advanced technology has been a challenge for many governments and law enforcement agencies seeking to investigate and prosecute traffickers. Also unique is the advanced education of many of the trafficked victims. Although well qualified for employment in their home countries, victims often seek better opportunities or pay abroad. Many ploys have been used to recruit more educated victims including marriage and employment agencies, fake modeling agencies, film production studios, and work and study abroad opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2010_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because legitimate opportunities exist in these areas, it is often difficult to separate the fraudulent advertisements from the credible opportunities. These printed advertisements are rarely vetted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_trafficking">Child trafficking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Child trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Child trafficking in Europe is mostly likely to occur in children younger than twelve (for begging, theft, and other street crimes) and older than 15 (for commercial sexual exploitation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDottridge2006_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDottridge2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural taboos generally prevent the trafficking of young boys for sexual exploitation, however, some cases have been noted among Romanian children trafficked abroad. Susceptible to trafficking are children with disabilities and children belonging to specific ethnic minorities, such as the Jevgjit in Albania and the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in other parts of the region. A UNICEF report conducted in 2006 by Dr. Gilly McKenzie, (UN Trafficking expert), noted that children meeting these criteria were not generally the victims of outside traffickers, but members of their own community, who sought to generate an income from their sale abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDottridge2006_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDottridge2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This report also highlighted five common characteristics of children at risk for trafficking. These included:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDottridge2006_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDottridge2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>children who suffer domestic violence</li> <li>children who lack family support and protection (e.g. children living in institutions)</li> <li>children who have dropped out of school</li> <li>children belonging to ethnic minorities (e.g. Roma)</li> <li>children who have been previously trafficked</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences">Consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dr. Gilly McKenzie, a leading expert in the U.N. on Trafficking and Organized Crime, stated in 2010 study: "Once a girl is forced into the life of sexual bondage, she has little means of getting out. Fear is the most effective motivator the traffickers use. The girls are imprisoned and kept under guard. They are given little food and water. Often they are raped by their captors, and then given over to clients. Physical abuse, beatings, and verbal abuse are used to keep the girls in line and under control. To prevent escape attempts, the traffickers take all forms of documentation. They also threaten the girls with threats of violence and murder of their families back home. Because many girls are transported into new countries, they do not speak the language nor do they have any network to assist them. Because they are illegal aliens, they fear law enforcement and public services."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifman2003_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifman2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerCasePolicicchio1991_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerCasePolicicchio1991-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haynes,_2004_221–272_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes,_2004_221–272-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many costs thrust upon the victims of sex trafficking. Health risks are the most easily observed and can be the most expensive. Young sex workers, both female and male, are at high risk of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> infection and other <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted diseases">sexually transmitted diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerCasePolicicchio1991_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerCasePolicicchio1991-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have little or no negotiating power to insist on <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a> use for prevention. They receive the diseases from clients and pass them along to new clients. There have been reports of sex workers having respiratory problems included <a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">allergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinus_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus infections">sinus infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colds" class="mw-redirect" title="Colds">colds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Drug use</a> is very common among sex workers, which has its own batch of health problems including over-doses, <a href="/wiki/Strokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Strokes">strokes</a>, and death. Other health conditions identified were dental problems, lip burns caused by hot crack pipes, facial rashes and sores, herpes, frostbite, swollen legs, bleeding ulcers, and abscesses on legs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerCasePolicicchio1991_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerCasePolicicchio1991-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the beating these women endure, which result in fractured bones, burns, cuts, concussions, bruises, dislocations, and possible death. Forced <a href="/wiki/Abortions" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortions">abortions</a> with unsterilized instruments can also have health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifman2003_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifman2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerCasePolicicchio1991_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerCasePolicicchio1991-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haynes,_2004_221–272_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes,_2004_221–272-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychological problems are also identified when talking to victims of trafficking. <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a> to drugs or alcohol was very prevalent, though some rescued victims do not wish to enter a rehabilitation program. <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a>, thoughts of <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, and grief can be attributed to almost all trafficked victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes,_2004_221–272_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes,_2004_221–272-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human and economic costs calculated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> reach over $20 billion. This included underpayment of wages and recruiting fees. Though, the cost of human capital is nearly impossible to calculate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actual number of those who are being trafficked is nearly impossible to calculate. One reason is the covert nature of the dealings; it is illegal, so gaining hard evidence is not an easy feat. Internationally there are about 2.45 million people trafficked between 1995 and 2004, according to the ILO. </p><p>Some of the data collection problems identified in this region are:<sup id="cite_ref-ICMPD_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICMPD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the percentage of crimes committed versus those identified, investigated, and prosecuted is not well understood</li> <li>cooperation is needed by a wide variety of actors and reported statistics need to be standardized across organizations and agencies</li> <li>a lack of trust between NGOs and the government may prohibit the open sharing of information, especially if NGOs feel that sharing information about their clients will put either the victim or the organization at risk</li> <li>there may be linguistic, cultural, and inter-personal barriers that lead victims to underreport occurrences</li> <li>some incidents of trafficking are investigated as smuggling, prostitution, etc., which keeps them from being captured in databases</li> <li>incidents investigated as trafficking may continue to remain classified as such, even if they are reclassified as a lesser charge</li></ul> <p>To address these issues, efforts are under way to make consistent global data available. According to the International Labor Organization, several initiatives have been suggested and are currently underway by the ILO, IOM, and the EU. Also The International Centre for Migration Policy Development, in cooperation with national governments and NGOs, has begun the process of forming a standardized approach to data collection and reporting. </p><p>Although the numbers vary, there are commonalities that begin to show a picture. Women make up the majority of trafficked victims, who are mostly forced into sexual exploitation. Children are also being trafficked in high numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though because some countries only have legislation criminalizing trafficking for sexual exploitation or trafficking in women<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, trafficking in men and boys might have been largely under-reported because it is not properly recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShifman2003_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShifman2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although all forms of trafficking exist in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">sex trafficking</a> has received the most attention and exploitation of women in this area has been widely publicized in the media.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2010_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2003 and 2004, 85% of the victims that were assisted were victims of sexual exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The distinctiveness of post-Soviet and Eastern European trafficking is the speed with which it grew and globalized. There was no long-existing trade in human beings or established networks to facilitate this business. Instead, the conditions of the transitional societies created the ideal conditions conducive to trade in human beings. Now, years after initial transition, all forms of human trafficking are endemic in the region, a result of poverty, ineffective counter-measures, the frequent collusion of government officials in this trade, and the rise of criminal entrepreneurship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShelley2010_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShelley2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although anti-trafficking campaigns over the past few years have led to improvements in some forms of trafficking, data collection and management has continued to be a problem for countries in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-ICMPD_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICMPD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data collection is an important tool for monitoring country and regional trends and its analysis is often used to shape anti-trafficking policies. Data on both the victims and their traffickers is important, and information on investigation and prosecution rates are often utilized when assessing a country's performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trafficking_typologies">Trafficking typologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trafficking typologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table details trafficking typologies unique to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-IOM_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOM-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three typologies, developed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> and Professor <a href="/wiki/Louise_Shelley" title="Louise Shelley">Louise Shelley</a> are useful in developing law enforcement strategies to combat trafficking. Because Europe encompasses many countries with diverse political histories, three typologies apply to this region. Similarities exist between these three categories and when compared with typologies of other regions and countries, it is evident that trafficking in Eastern Europe is more likely to involve women, violence, and be connected with other forms of organized crime. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Europe in general</th> <th>Post-Soviet</th> <th>Southeast Europe </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li>Single leader</li> <li>Clear hierarchy</li> <li>Internal discipline</li> <li>Named group</li> <li>Social/ethnic identity</li> <li>Violence integral</li> <li>Influence/control over a particular territory</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Participate primarily in the trafficking of women</li> <li>Use victims like a natural and expendable resource</li> <li>Sell to nearby trading partners</li> <li>High violence and human rights abuses</li> <li>Often "break" women before they leave the country of origin</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>Almost all trafficking in women</li> <li>Middlemen for Russian organized crime</li> <li>Increasingly integrated as take over sex businesses in destination countries</li> <li>Involvement of top level law enforcement in home countries</li> <li>Use profits to finance other illegal activities, and invest in property and business elsewhere</li> <li>Considerable violence</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profits">Profits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Profits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human trafficking is the second most profitable illegal activity in the world, after drug trafficking. There is ample supply and demand for the goods, which are young women. There is little risk because in countries with laws criminalizing trafficking, criminals often escape prosecution and convictions. Economic revenues are the largest motivator behind human trafficking. The ILO's Global Report, A Global Alliance Against Forced Labor (2005), estimated the global annual profits generated by human trafficking to be around $31.6 billion. This figure represents an average of about $13,000 per year or $1,100 per month per trafficking victim. Half of this profit is made in industrialized countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocates">Advocates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Advocates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many people who want to see an end to trafficking. Some of the most prominent are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakisaka2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrijasevic2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrijasevic2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Vidyamali_2007_51–64_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidyamali_2007_51–64-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Governments: Each country has taken efforts to combat human trafficking. Some have ratified the Palermo Protocols. Others have developed strategies to deal with domestic trafficking and others have increased the law to prosecute traffickers. Integrating law enforcement, immigration offices and judiciary branches into making the victims feel safe and possibly giving temporary visas or repatriate the victims to their own country.</li> <li>Health and public services: Once victims are rescued from traffickers, victims need access to basic services, such as shelter, legal assistance, transportation, medical exams, and psychological counseling.</li> <li>NGOs and CSOs: NGOs and CSOs have a long history in trying to combat traffickers, even before the international community became aware of the intensity of the problem. Their main focus is getting attention for their anti-trafficking causes, increasing research and information, helping law enforcement with victim identification and other basic needs of the victims.</li> <li>Media: The media plays an indispensable role in educating the public about the reality of human trafficking and illuminating the problems through films, photographs, newspapers, magazine articles and other mediums. The media is used as one of the most effective ways to inform communities around the world about different aspects of human trafficking.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_NGOs">The role of NGOs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The role of NGOs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there are a multitude of factors that limit the ability of NGOs to respond to trafficking, such as lack of funding, extensive mandates, and lack of government support, NGOs play a critical supporting role for victims.<sup id="cite_ref-La_Strada_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Strada-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most NGOs, which emerged during the 1990s, initially struggled to hold their ground against increasingly predatory traffickers.<sup id="cite_ref-Tzvetkova_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tzvetkova-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While their success varies from country to country, NGOs are often credited with stepping in and taking initiative where governments have failed. Victims are often more likely to trust NGOs because "many trafficked persons fear and distrust state-based organizations as they frequently enter destination countries illegally, or have had their documentation removed on arrival."<sup id="cite_ref-Tzvetkova_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tzvetkova-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fear of deportation, being forced to testify, or retaliation by their traffickers also contribute to their reluctance to approach statutory agencies for support. NGOs have risen to fill this gap and provide services to victims. Services they offer include:<sup id="cite_ref-La_Strada_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-La_Strada-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>legal, social, and psychological counseling and reintegration support</li> <li>education and awareness about the risks of trafficking</li> <li>informational and statistical support and research</li> <li>lobbying for victims' rights<sup id="cite_ref-Tzvetkova_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tzvetkova-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-trafficking_media_campaigns">Anti-trafficking media campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anti-trafficking media campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the late 1990s, media campaigns have been warning about the dangers of human trafficking across most of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrijasevic2007_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrijasevic2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-trafficking campaigns aim at raising awareness about trafficking in women by addressing both the general population and then those who are most likely to be targeted, policy makers, law enforcement officers and relevant public officials. The formats used varied greatly, including indoor and outdoor posters, leaflets, flyers, postcards, stickers, shopping bags and pocket-calendars. There were also advertisements on buses, billboards radio, and television. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is one of the main European organizations that are interested in developing counter-trafficking programs, consulting governments on anti- trafficking policies and conducting research on trafficking for the sex industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrijasevic2007_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrijasevic2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Vidyamali_2007_51–64_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidyamali_2007_51–64-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IOM is one of the groups heading up this media campaign to end trafficking. It is collaborating with European governments, the European Commission (EC), the Organization for the Security and Cooperation in Europe and the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrijasevic2007_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrijasevic2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country_snapshot">Country snapshot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Country snapshot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Countries</th> <th>Source/Transit/Destination Country</th> <th>Tier </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>source, transit, destination</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia-Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>source, transit, destination</td> <td>2 WL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>source, transit, destination</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>source, transit, destination</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>source, destination</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>source, transit, destination</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>source</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>source, transit, destination</td> <td>2 WL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>source, transit, destination</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>source, transit, destination</td> <td>2 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>TIERS</b> <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>TIER 1</i> Countries whose governments fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act's (TVPA) minimum standards </p><p><i>TIER 2</i> Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA's minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards </p><p><i>TIER 2 WATCH LIST</i> Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA's minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards, AND: a) the absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; b) there is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or, c) the determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year </p><p><i>TIER 3</i> Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_trafficking_by_country">Human trafficking by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Human trafficking by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Albania" title="Human trafficking in Albania">Human trafficking in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bulgaria" title="Human trafficking in Bulgaria">Human trafficking in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Croatia" title="Human trafficking in Croatia">Human trafficking in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Kosovo" title="Human trafficking in Kosovo">Human trafficking in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human trafficking in Macedonia">Human trafficking in Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Human trafficking in Moldova">Human trafficking in Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Montenegro" title="Human trafficking in Montenegro">Human trafficking in Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Romania" title="Human trafficking in Romania">Human trafficking in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Serbia" title="Human trafficking in Serbia">Human trafficking in Serbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nij.gov/topics/crime/human-trafficking/pages/welcome.aspx">"Human Trafficking - National Institute of Justice"</a>. <i>National Institute of Justice</i>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trafficking+in+Persons+Report+2010&rft.pub=The+U.S.+State+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2F2010%2F142755.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrijasevic2007" class="citation journal cs1">Andrijasevic, Rutvica (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fr/journal/v86/n1/full/9400355a.html">"Beautiful Dead Bodies: Gender, Migration and Representation in Anti-Trafficking Campaigns"</a>. <i>Feminist Review</i>. Palgrave Journals. <b>86</b>: 24–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fr.9400355">10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400355</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Review&rft.atitle=Beautiful+Dead+Bodies%3A+Gender%2C+Migration+and+Representation+in+Anti-Trafficking+Campaigns&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=24-44&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fr.9400355&rft.aulast=Andrijasevic&rft.aufirst=Rutvica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave-journals.com%2Ffr%2Fjournal%2Fv86%2Fn1%2Ffull%2F9400355a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerCasePolicicchio1991" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Lynda M; Case, Patricia; Policicchio, Deena L. 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UNICEF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Assessment_report_June_06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Action+to+Prevent+Child+Trafficking+in+South+Eastern+Europe%3A+A+Preliminary+Assessment&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Dottridge&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fceecis%2FAssessment_report_June_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodey2004" class="citation journal cs1">Goodey, Jo (2004). "Sex Trafficking in Women from Central and East European Countries: Promoting a 'Victim-Centred' and 'Woman-Centred' Approach to Criminal Justice Intervention". <i>Feminist Review</i>. 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"Trafficking Women after Socialism: To, Through, and From Eastern Europe". <i>Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 118–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxi006">10.1093/sp/jxi006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Politics%3A+International+Studies+in+Gender%2C+State+and+Society&rft.atitle=Trafficking+Women+after+Socialism%3A+To%2C+Through%2C+and+From+Eastern+Europe&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=118-140&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsp%2Fjxi006&rft.aulast=Kligman&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft.au=Limoncelli%2C+Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakisaka2009" class="citation journal cs1">Makisaka, Megumi (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1239390842422/6012763-1239905793229/Human_Trafficking.pdf">"Human Trafficking: A Brief Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Development Notes</i>. World Bank. <b>122</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Development+Notes&rft.atitle=Human+Trafficking%3A+A+Brief+Overview&rft.volume=122&rft.date=2009-12&rft.aulast=Makisaka&rft.aufirst=Megumi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FEXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT%2FResources%2F244362-1239390842422%2F6012763-1239905793229%2FHuman_Trafficking.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> Includes information on the profits of sex trafficking.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegello2007" class="citation journal cs1">Regello, Rosemary (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecityedition.com/Pages/Archive/February/HistorySlavery.pdf">"A Short History of Sexual Slavery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The City Edition</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+City+Edition&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+Sexual+Slavery&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.aulast=Regello&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecityedition.com%2FPages%2FArchive%2FFebruary%2FHistorySlavery.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Shelley" title="Louise Shelley">Shelley, Louise I.</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humantrafficking00shel"><i>Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humantrafficking00shel/page/n189">174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13087-5"><bdi>978-0-521-13087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Trafficking%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13087-5&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Louise+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumantrafficking00shel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShifman2003" class="citation journal cs1">Shifman, Pamela (May 2003). "Trafficking and Women's Human Rights in a Globalised World". <i>Gender and Development</i>. Women Reinventing Globalisation. <b>11</b> (1): 125–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F741954262">10.1080/741954262</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030704">4030704</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153852259">153852259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+and+Development&rft.atitle=Trafficking+and+Women%27s+Human+Rights+in+a+Globalised+World&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-132&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153852259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4030704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F741954262&rft.aulast=Shifman&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurtees" class="citation web cs1">Surtees, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/Second_Annual_Report2005.pdf">"Second Annual Report on Victims of Trafficking in South-Eastern Europe 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IOM International Organization for Migration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Annual+Report+on+Victims+of+Trafficking+in+South-Eastern+Europe+2005&rft.pub=IOM+International+Organization+for+Migration&rft.aulast=Surtees&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.iom.int%2Fbookstore%2Ffree%2FSecond_Annual_Report2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span> Includes a list of NGOs working to combat human trafficking.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/Global_Report_on_TIP.pdf">"UN Global Report on Trafficking in Persons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Global+Report+on+Trafficking+in+Persons&rft.pub=UN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2FGlobal_Report_on_TIP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224022048/http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Trafficking.Report.2005.pdf">"Trafficking in Human Being in South Eastern Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Trafficking.Report.2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trafficking+in+Human+Being+in+South+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fceecis%2FTrafficking.Report.2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sex_trafficking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_trafficking" title="Template:Sex trafficking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_trafficking" title="Template talk:Sex trafficking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_trafficking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex trafficking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sex_trafficking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Brunei" title="Sex trafficking in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Sex trafficking in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_East_Timor" title="Sex trafficking in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_El_Salvador" title="Sex trafficking in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Guatemala" title="Sex trafficking in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Sex trafficking in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sex trafficking in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Sex trafficking in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Laos" title="Sex trafficking in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Macau" title="Sex trafficking in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Sex trafficking in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mexico" title="Sex trafficking in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mongolia" title="Sex trafficking in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Sex trafficking in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Sex trafficking in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Sex trafficking in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_South_Korea" title="Sex trafficking in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Taiwan" title="Sex trafficking in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Sex trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Vietnam" title="Sex trafficking in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_A21_Campaign" title="The A21 Campaign">The A21 Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_International_Missions" title="Agape International Missions">Agape International Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness_Against_Human_Trafficking_(HAART)" title="Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART)">Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dragon_Children%27s_Foundation" title="Blue Dragon Children's Foundation">Blue Dragon Children's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Heart_Campaign" title="Blue Heart Campaign">Blue Heart Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Against_Slavery" title="California Against Slavery">California Against Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Against_Trafficking_in_Women" title="Coalition Against Trafficking in Women">Coalition Against Trafficking in Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_to_Abolish_Slavery_and_Trafficking" title="Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking">Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbar_Mahila_Samanwaya_Committee" title="Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee">Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECPAT_International" class="mw-redirect" title="ECPAT International">ECPAT International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Human_Trafficking_Now" title="End Human Trafficking Now">End Human Trafficking Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus_Road" title="The Exodus Road">The Exodus Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_to_Face_Bulgaria" title="Face to Face Bulgaria">Face to Face Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Alliance_Against_Traffic_in_Women" title="Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women">Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Centurion" title="Global Centurion">Global Centurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_International" title="Hagar International">Hagar International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_for_Justice" title="Hope for Justice">Hope for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdepartmental_Working_Group_on_Trafficking_in_Persons" title="Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons">Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children" title="International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children">International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Justice_Mission" title="International Justice Mission">International Justice Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_for_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation for Migration">International Organisation for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Strada_International_Association" title="La Strada International Association">La Strada International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse:_Center_for_Human_Trafficking_Victims" title="Lighthouse: Center for Human Trafficking Victims">Lighthouse: Center for Human Trafficking Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Gender_Equality_Center" title="Mongolian Gender Equality Center">Mongolian Gender Equality Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashi_(Canadian_organisation)" title="Nashi (Canadian organisation)">Nashi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_for_Sale_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Not for Sale (organization) (page does not exist)">Not for Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvader" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvader">Nvader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis_Charitable_Trust" title="Oasis Charitable Trust">Oasis Charitable Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_to_Combat_Trafficking_in_Persons" title="Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons">Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Underground_Railroad" title="Operation Underground Railroad">Operation Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Project" title="Polaris Project">Polaris Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prerana" title="Prerana">Prerana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaching_Out_Romania" title="Reaching Out Romania">Reaching Out Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlight_Children_Campaign" title="Redlight Children Campaign">Redlight Children Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_Foundation" title="Renew Foundation">Renew Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Courage" class="mw-redirect" title="Run for Courage">Run for Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Hope_International" title="Shared Hope International">Shared Hope International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Child_Trafficking_Now" title="Stop Child Trafficking Now">Stop Child Trafficking Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Traffik" title="Stop the Traffik">Stop the Traffik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(organization)" title="Thorn (organization)">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truckers_Against_Trafficking" title="Truckers Against Trafficking">Truckers Against Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlikely_Heroes" title="Unlikely Heroes">Unlikely Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_Free" title="Walk Free">Walk Free</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols and<br />conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_the_Traffic_in_Persons_and_of_the_Exploitation_of_the_Prostitution_of_Others" title="Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others">Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_the_Traffic_in_Women_and_Children" title="International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children">International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_Especially_Women_and_Children" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Walk_Across_the_Sun" title="A Walk Across the Sun">A Walk Across the Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_Ones_(2015_film)" title="The Chosen Ones (2015 film)">The Chosen Ones</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Promises" title="Eastern Promises">Eastern Promises</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eden_(2012_film)" title="Eden (2012 film)">Eden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holly_(2006_film)" title="Holly (2006 film)">Holly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hope_Lost" title="Hope Lost">Hope Lost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Trafficking_(miniseries)" title="Human Trafficking (miniseries)">Human Trafficking</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jammed" title="The Jammed">The Jammed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinjite:_Forbidden_Subjects" title="Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects">Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilya_4-ever" title="Lilya 4-ever">Lilya 4-ever</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meena_(film)" title="Meena (film)">Meens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefarious:_Merchant_of_Souls" title="Nefarious: Merchant of Souls">Nefarious: Merchant of Souls</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Not_My_Life" title="Not My Life">Not My Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pakhi_(film)" title="Pakhi (film)">Pakhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Paradise_Suite_(film)" title="The Paradise Suite (film)">The Paradise Suite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rambo:_Last_Blood" title="Rambo: Last Blood">Rambo: Last Blood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redlight_(film)" title="Redlight (film)">Redlight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Dolls:_Sex_Trade" title="Russian Dolls: Sex Trade">Russian Dolls: Sex Trade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Save_Me_(British_TV_series)" title="Save Me (British TV series)">Save Me</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_Slaves_(film)" title="Sex Slaves (film)">Sex Slaves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_Traffic" title="Sex Traffic">Sex Traffic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_Makers" title="The Storm Makers">The Storm Makers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taken_(film)" title="Taken (film)">Taken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade_(film)" title="Trade (film)">Trade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade_of_Innocents" title="Trade of Innocents">Trade of Innocents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trafficked" title="Trafficked">Trafficked</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Traffickers_(2016_TV_series)" title="The Traffickers (2016 TV series)">The Traffickers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tricked_(film)" title="Tricked (film)">Tricked</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Have_They_Done_to_Your_Daughters%3F" title="What Have They Done to Your Daughters?">What Have They Done to Your Daughters?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Your_Name_Is_Justine" title="Your Name Is Justine">Your Name Is Justine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Commercial sexual exploitation of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&oldid=1242195928">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&oldid=1242195928</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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