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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Earliest governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social-political_ambiguity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social-political_ambiguity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Social-political ambiguity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-political_ambiguity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_of_governing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_of_governing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Measurement of governing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement_of_governing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_basic_political_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_basic_political_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Modern basic political systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_basic_political_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Autocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Aristocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Federalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Party system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Government: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 169 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-169" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">169 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung" title="Regierung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Regierung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="መንግሥት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حكومة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكومة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubierno" title="Gubierno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gubierno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_(%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%90)" title="ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ (ܫܘܬܐܣܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ (ܫܘܬܐܣܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivernisi" title="Chivernisi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Chivernisi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="চৰকাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৰকাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobiernu" title="Gobiernu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gobiernu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3rerekua" title="Tetãrerekua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetãrerekua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="ХӀукумат – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀукумат" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6kum%C9%99t" title="Hökumət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hökumət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حؤکومت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حؤکومت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সরকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সরকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-h%C3%BA" title="Chèng-hú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-hú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerentahan" title="Pemerentahan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pemerentahan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82" title="Хөкүмәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хөкүмәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Урад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Урад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Урад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobyerno" title="Gobyerno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gobyerno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правителство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Правителство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada" title="Vlada – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vlada" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouarnamant" title="Gouarnamant – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouarnamant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Засаглал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Засаглал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern" title="Govern – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Govern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тӳре-шара – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тӳре-шара" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagamhanan" title="Kagamhanan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kagamhanan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_moc" title="Státní moc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Státní moc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobietnu" title="Gobietnu – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Gobietnu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma" title="Boma – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Boma" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurumende" title="Hurumende – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hurumende" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywodraeth" title="Llywodraeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llywodraeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gominanti" title="Gominanti – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gominanti" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حوكومة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حوكومة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1%C4%91%C4%91ehus" title="Ráđđehus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ráđđehus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung" title="Regierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valitsus" title="Valitsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valitsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κυβέρνηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυβέρνηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кондан – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кондан" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registaro" title="Registaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Registaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goviernu" title="Goviernu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Goviernu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobernu" title="Gobernu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gobernu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkar" title="Sarkar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sarkar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement" title="Gouvernement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regear" title="Regear – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Regear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialtas" title="Rialtas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rialtas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiltys" title="Reiltys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reiltys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riaghaltas" title="Riaghaltas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Riaghaltas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goberno" title="Goberno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Goberno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="정부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwamnati" title="Gwamnati – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gwamnati" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aupuni" title="Aupuni – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Aupuni" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կառավարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառավարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada" title="Vlada – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vlada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernerio" title="Guvernerio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Guvernerio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah" title="Pemerintah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governamento" title="Governamento – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Governamento" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernament" title="Guvernament – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Guvernament" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhulumente" title="Rhulumente – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Rhulumente" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHulumeni" title="UHulumeni – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UHulumeni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADkisstj%C3%B3rn" title="Ríkisstjórn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríkisstjórn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo" title="Governo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ממשלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papr%C3%A8ntahan" title="Paprèntahan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paprèntahan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naalakkersueriaaseq" title="Naalakkersueriaaseq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Naalakkersueriaaseq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸರಕಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರಕಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правительство – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Правительство" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მთავრობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთავრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Үкімет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үкімет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governans" title="Governans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Governans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikali" title="Serikali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Serikali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouv%C3%A8nman" title="Gouvènman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gouvènman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernman" title="Gouvernman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gouvernman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hik%C3%BBmet" title="Hikûmet – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hikûmet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Өкмөт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өкмөт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guviern" title="Guviern – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Guviern" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ລັດຖະບານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດຖະບານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectio" title="Rectio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rectio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vald%C4%ABba" title="Valdība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valdība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung" title="Regierung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Regierung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyriausyb%C4%97" title="Vyriausybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vyriausybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guv%C9%9Bn%C9%9Bm%C3%A1" title="Guvɛnɛmá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Guvɛnɛmá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo" title="Governo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Governo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerentahan" title="Pemerentahan – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Pemerentahan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Влада – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Влада" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governemanta" title="Governemanta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Governemanta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="സർക്കാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സർക്കാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81wanatanga" title="Kāwanatanga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāwanatanga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="თარობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თარობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="حكومه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حكومه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan" title="Pemerintahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamarentah" title="Pamarentah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pamarentah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Засаглал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Засаглал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B" title="အစိုးရ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစိုးရ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мехкан урхалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мехкан урхалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiarang" title="Regiarang – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Regiarang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regjering" title="Regjering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regjering" title="Regjering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouv%C3%A8rn%C3%A9ment" title="Gouvèrnément – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gouvèrnément" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn" title="Govèrn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Govèrn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mootummaa" title="Mootummaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mootummaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumat" title="Hukumat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hukumat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਰਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobament" title="Gobament – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gobament" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B" title="រដ្ឋាភិបាល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រដ្ឋាភិបាល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern" title="Govern – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Govern" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavman" title="Gavman – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Gavman" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeren" title="Regeren – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Regeren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_(prawo)" title="Rząd (prawo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rząd (prawo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo" title="Governo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvern" title="Guvern – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guvern" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Влада – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Влада" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правительство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правительство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дьаhалта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьаhалта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cen-hu" title="cen-hu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cen-hu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govrenment" title="Govrenment – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Govrenment" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeveria" title="Qeveria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qeveria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvernu" title="Cuvernu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cuvernu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ආණ්ඩුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආණ්ඩුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Government" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حڪومت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حڪومت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladavina" title="Vladavina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vladavina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA" title="حکوومەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حکوومەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Државна управа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државна управа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada" title="Vlada – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vlada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamar%C3%A9ntah" title="Pamaréntah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pamaréntah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamahalaan" title="Pamahalaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamahalaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசாங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசாங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%B6k%C3%BCm%C3%A4t" title="Xökümät – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Xökümät" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="လူင်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လူင်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రభుత్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రభుత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="รัฐบาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐบาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ҳукумат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳукумат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCk%C3%BBmet" title="Hükûmet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hükûmet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoafo%C9%94" title="Mansoafoɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mansoafoɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Уряд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уряд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwngfuj" title="Cwngfuj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cwngfuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goerno" title="Goerno – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Goerno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Chính phủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính phủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamunuan" title="Pamunuan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pamunuan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulumendhe" title="Hulumendhe – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Hulumendhe" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="רעגירונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעגירונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cj%E1%BB%8Dba" title="Ìjọba – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìjọba" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABriaus%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Vīriausībė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vīriausībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwernem%C3%A8n" title="Guwernemèn – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Guwernemèn" 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November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government&action=edit&oldid=1259413814" title="Government">view source</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-25T00:56:17Z"></span> </strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:DocWatson42" class="mw-userlink" title="User:DocWatson42" data-mw-revid="1259413814"><bdi>DocWatson42</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:DocWatson42" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:DocWatson42">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/DocWatson42" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/DocWatson42">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reviewing_pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Reviewing pending changes">Pending changes reviewers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>215,787</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Performed cleanup.</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government&diff=next&oldid=1259413814" title="Government" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Use British English|date=January 2016}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Use British English|date=January 2016}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Systems of government}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Systems of government}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Governance}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Governance}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 33:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>One reason that explains the emergence of governments includes agriculture. Since the [[Neolithic Revolution]], agriculture has been an efficient method to create food surplus. This enabled people to specialize in non-agricultural activities. Some of them included being able to rule over others as an external authority. Others included social experimentation with diverse governance models. Both these activities formed the basis of governments. <ref name="Eagly99">{{cite journal |author1=Eagly, Alice H. |author2=Wood, Wendy |date=June 1999 |title=The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly&wood.htm |url-status=dead |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=408–423 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817071347/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly&wood.htm |archive-date=17 August 2000}}</ref> These governments gradually became more complex as agriculture supported larger and denser populations, creating new [[Culture|interactions]] and [[Social issue|social pressures]] that the government needed to control. [[David Christian (historian)|David Christian]] explains</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>One reason that explains the emergence of governments includes agriculture. Since the [[Neolithic Revolution]], agriculture has been an efficient method to create food surplus. This enabled people to specialize in non-agricultural activities. Some of them included being able to rule over others as an external authority. Others included social experimentation with diverse governance models. Both these activities formed the basis of governments. <ref name="Eagly99">{{cite journal |author1=Eagly, Alice H. |author2=Wood, Wendy |date=June 1999 |title=The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly&wood.htm |url-status=dead |journal=American Psychologist |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=408–423 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817071347/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly&wood.htm |archive-date=17 August 2000}}</ref> These governments gradually became more complex as agriculture supported larger and denser populations, creating new [[Culture|interactions]] and [[Social issue|social pressures]] that the government needed to control. [[David Christian (historian)|David Christian]] explains</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{blockquote|As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between different groups increased and the social pressure rose until, in a striking parallel with star formation, new structures suddenly appeared, together with a new level of complexity. Like stars, cities and states reorganize and energize the smaller objects within their gravitational field.{{sfn|Christian|2004|p=245}}}}Another explanation includes the need to properly manage infrastructure projects such as water infrastructure. Historically, this required centralized administration and complex social organisation, as seen in regions like Mesopotamia.<ref name="Fukuyama-2012">{{Cite book |last=Fukuyama |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9xRAQAAMAAJ&q=origins+of+political+order+amazon |title=The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution |date=2012-03-27 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-53322-9 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> However, there is archaeological evidence that shows similar successes with more egalitarian and decentralized complex societies.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roosevelt, Anna C. |title=Cambridge history of the Native peoples of the Americas: South America, Volume 3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-63075-7 |editor=Salomon, Frank |pages=266–267 |chapter=The Maritime, Highland, Forest Dynamic and the Origins of Complex Culture |editor2=Schwartz, Stuart B. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxqgDcCrzjkC&pg=PA266 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624045250/https://books.google.com/books?id=hxqgDcCrzjkC&pg=PA266 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{blockquote|As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between different groups increased and the social pressure rose until, in a striking parallel with star formation, new structures suddenly appeared, together with a new level of complexity. Like stars, cities and states reorganize and energize the smaller objects within their gravitational field.{{sfn|Christian|2004|p=245}}}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Another explanation includes the need to properly manage infrastructure projects such as water infrastructure. Historically, this required centralized administration and complex social organisation, as seen in regions like Mesopotamia.<ref name="Fukuyama-2012">{{Cite book |last=Fukuyama |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9xRAQAAMAAJ&q=origins+of+political+order+amazon |title=The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution |date=2012-03-27 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-53322-9 |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> However, there is archaeological evidence that shows similar successes with more egalitarian and decentralized complex societies.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roosevelt, Anna C. |title=Cambridge history of the Native peoples of the Americas: South America, Volume 3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-63075-7 |editor=Salomon, Frank |pages=266–267 |chapter=The Maritime, Highland, Forest Dynamic and the Origins of Complex Culture |editor2=Schwartz, Stuart B. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxqgDcCrzjkC&pg=PA266 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624045250/https://books.google.com/books?id=hxqgDcCrzjkC&pg=PA266 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Modern governments ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Modern governments ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 53:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Identifying a form of government is also difficult because many [[political systems]] originate as socio-economic movements and are then carried into governments by parties naming themselves after those movements; all with competing political ideologies. Experience with those movements in power, and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government, can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Identifying a form of government is also difficult because many [[political systems]] originate as socio-economic movements and are then carried into governments by parties naming themselves after those movements; all with competing political ideologies. Experience with those movements in power, and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government, can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Other complications include general non-consensus or deliberate "[[Disinformation|distortion or bias]]" of reasonable technical definitions of political ideologies and associated forms of governing, due to the nature of politics in the modern era. For example: The meaning of "conservatism" in the United States has little in common with the way the word's definition is used elsewhere. As Ribuffo notes, "what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or [[neoliberalism]]"; a "conservative" in Finland would be labeled a "[[socialist]]" in the United States.{{sfn|Ribuffo|2011|pp=2–6|loc=quote on p. 6}} Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been chiefly associated with [[right-wing politics]] and the [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. However, during the era of [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]] many [[Southern Democrats]] were conservatives, and they played a key role in the [[conservative coalition]] that controlled Congress from 1937 to 1963.{{sfn|Frederickson|2000|p=12}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Frederickson|2000|p=12}}, quote:"...conservative southern Democrats viewed warily the potential of New Deal programs to threaten the region's economic dependence on cheap labor while stirring the democratic ambitions of the disfranchised and undermining white supremacy."}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Other complications include general non-consensus or deliberate "[[Disinformation|distortion or bias]]" of reasonable technical definitions of political ideologies and associated forms of governing, due to the nature of politics in the modern era. For example: The meaning of "conservatism" in the United States has little in common with the way the word's definition is used elsewhere. As Ribuffo notes, "what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or [[neoliberalism]]"; a "conservative" in Finland would be labeled a "[[socialist]]" in the United States.{{sfn|Ribuffo|2011|pp=2–6|loc=quote on p. 6}} Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been chiefly associated with [[right-wing politics]] and the [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. However, during the era of [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]] many [[Southern Democrats]] were conservatives, and they played a key role in the [[conservative coalition]] that controlled Congress from 1937 to 1963.{{sfn|Frederickson|2000|p=12}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Frederickson|2000|p=12}}, quote:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>"...conservative southern Democrats viewed warily the potential of New Deal programs to threaten the region's economic dependence on cheap labor while stirring the democratic ambitions of the disfranchised and undermining white supremacy."}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Social-political ambiguity===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Social-political ambiguity===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 101:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 102:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Main|Democracy|Types of democracy}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Democracy|Types of democracy}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Democracy claims.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|{{ubl|{{legend|green|National governments which self-identify as democracies}}|{{legend|red|National governments which do not self-identify as democracies}}}}]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Democracy claims.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|{{ubl|{{legend|green|National governments which self-identify as democracies}}|{{legend|red|National governments which do not self-identify as democracies}}}}]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Electoral democracies.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Governments recognised as "electoral democracies" {{as of|2022|lc=yes}} by the ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' survey{{efn|Conducted by American [[think tank]] [[Freedom House]], which is largely funded by the [[US government]].}}]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Electoral democracies.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Governments recognised as "electoral democracies" {{as of|2022|lc=yes}} by the ''[[Freedom in the World]]'' survey{{efn|Conducted by<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</ins> American [[think tank]] [[Freedom House]], which is largely funded by the [[US government]].}}]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Democracy is a system of government where [[citizen]]s exercise power by [[Vote|voting]] and [[Deliberative democracy|deliberation]]. In a [[direct democracy]], the citizenry as a whole directly forms a [[Participatory democracy|participatory]] governing body and vote directly on each issue. In [[indirect democracy]], the citizenry governs indirectly through the selection of [[Representative democracy|representatives]] or [[Delegated voting|delegates]] from among themselves, typically by [[election]] or, less commonly, by [[sortition]]. These select citizens then meet to form a governing body, such as a legislature or [[jury]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Democracy is a system of government where [[citizen]]s exercise power by [[Vote|voting]] and [[Deliberative democracy|deliberation]]. In a [[direct democracy]], the citizenry as a whole directly forms a [[Participatory democracy|participatory]] governing body and vote directly on each issue. In [[indirect democracy]], the citizenry governs indirectly through the selection of [[Representative democracy|representatives]] or [[Delegated voting|delegates]] from among themselves, typically by [[election]] or, less commonly, by [[sortition]]. These select citizens then meet to form a governing body, such as a legislature or [[jury]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Some governments combine both direct and indirect democratic governance, wherein the citizenry selects representatives to administer day-to-day governance, while also reserving the right to govern directly through [[popular initiative]]s, [[referendum]]s (plebiscites), and the [[Recall election|right of recall]]. In a [[constitutional democracy]] the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of representative democracy, but the constitution limits [[majority rule]], usually through the provision by all of certain [[universal right]]s, such as [[freedom of speech]] or [[freedom of association]].<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'': "democracy".</ref><ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">title</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Democracy</del> |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">encyclopedia</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Encyclopædia Britannica</del> |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">publisher</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">William Benton</del> |<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">date</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1970</del> |edition=Expo '70 hardcover |volume=7 |pages=215–223 |language=en |isbn=978-0-85229-135-1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |last1=Watkins |first1=Frederick</del>}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Some governments combine both direct and indirect democratic governance, wherein the citizenry selects representatives to administer day-to-day governance, while also reserving the right to govern directly through [[popular initiative]]s, [[referendum]]s (plebiscites), and the [[Recall election|right of recall]]. In a [[constitutional democracy]] the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of representative democracy, but the constitution limits [[majority rule]], usually through the provision by all of certain [[universal right]]s, such as [[freedom of speech]] or [[freedom of association]].<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'': "democracy".</ref><ref name="britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Watkins</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Frederick</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">date</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1970</ins> |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">title</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Democracy</ins> |edition=Expo '70 hardcover |volume=7<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=William Benton</ins> |pages=215–223 |language=en |isbn=978-0-85229-135-1}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==== Republics ====</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==== Republics ====</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 143:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 144:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{see also|List of countries by system of government}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{see also|List of countries by system of government}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Democracy is the most popular form of government. More than half of the nations in the world are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">democracies - 97</del> of 167, as of 2021.<ref name=IDEA/> However, the world is becoming more authoritarian with a quarter of the world's population under [[Democratic backsliding|democratically backsliding]] governments.<ref name="IDEA">[https://www.idea.int/gsod/sites/default/files/2021-11/the-global-state-of-democracy-2021_0.pdf The Global State of Democracy 2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809193024/https://www.idea.int/gsod/sites/default/files/2021-11/the-global-state-of-democracy-2021_0.pdf |date=9 August 2022 }}, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Democracy is the most popular form of government. More than half of the nations in the world are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">democracies—97</ins> of 167, as of 2021.<ref name=IDEA/> However, the world is becoming more authoritarian with a quarter of the world's population under [[Democratic backsliding|democratically backsliding]] governments.<ref name="IDEA">[https://www.idea.int/gsod/sites/default/files/2021-11/the-global-state-of-democracy-2021_0.pdf The Global State of Democracy 2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809193024/https://www.idea.int/gsod/sites/default/files/2021-11/the-global-state-of-democracy-2021_0.pdf |date=9 August 2022 }}, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:EIU Democracy Index 2017.svg|left|upright=2.75|thumb|[[Democracy Index]] by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2017 – Economist Intelligence Unit |url=http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221004840/http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2020 |access-date=17 February 2018 |website=EIU.com}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:EIU Democracy Index 2017.svg|left|upright=2.75|thumb|[[Democracy Index]] by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]], 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2017 – Economist Intelligence Unit |url=http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221004840/http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2020 |access-date=17 February 2018 |website=EIU.com}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>----</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>----</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 175:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 177:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{legend|#0000b0|[[Unitary state]]s}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{legend|#0000b0|[[Unitary state]]s}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{legend|#00e000|[[Federations]]}}]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{legend|#00e000|[[Federations]]}}]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_16_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_14_0_rhs"></a>{{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Clear</ins>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_14_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_16_0_lhs"></a>{{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clear</del>}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==See also==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==See also==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Portal|Politics}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{columnslist|colwidth=20em|</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{columnslist|colwidth=20em|</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[List of forms of government]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[List of forms of government]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 230:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 232:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Further reading ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Further reading ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{Cite book |last1=de Mesquita |first1=Bruce Bueno |title=The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</del> Almost Always Good Politics |last2=Smith |first2=Alastair |date=2012 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |isbn=978-1610390446 |location=New York |oclc=1026803822 |author-link=Bruce Bueno de Mesquita}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* {{Cite book |last1=de Mesquita |first1=Bruce Bueno |title=The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Is</ins> Almost Always Good Politics |last2=Smith |first2=Alastair |date=2012 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |isbn=978-1610390446 |location=New York |oclc=1026803822 |author-link=Bruce Bueno de Mesquita}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{Cite book |last1=de Mesquita |first1=Bruce Bueno |title=The Logic of Political Survival |title-link=The Logic of Political Survival |last2=Smith |first2=Alastair |last3=Siverson |first3=Randolph M. |last4=Morrow |first4=James D. |date=2003 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0262025461 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |oclc=475265120 |author-link=Bruce Bueno de Mesquita |author-link4=James D. Morrow}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{Cite book |last1=de Mesquita |first1=Bruce Bueno |title=The Logic of Political Survival |title-link=The Logic of Political Survival |last2=Smith |first2=Alastair |last3=Siverson |first3=Randolph M. |last4=Morrow |first4=James D. |date=2003 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0262025461 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |oclc=475265120 |author-link=Bruce Bueno de Mesquita |author-link4=James D. Morrow}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{Cite book |last=Dobson |first=William J. |title=The Dictator's Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy |date=2013 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0307477552 |location=New York |oclc=849820048 |author-link=William J. Dobson}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{Cite book |last=Dobson |first=William J. |title=The Dictator's Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy |date=2013 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0307477552 |location=New York |oclc=849820048 |author-link=William J. Dobson}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 248:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 250:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Political spectrum}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Political spectrum}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Subject bar |auto=yes |book=Government<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |portal=Politics</del> |commons=yes |wikt=yes |wikt-search=government |n=yes |q=yes |s=yes |s-search=Portal:Government |b=yes |b-search=Subject:Government |v=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q7188}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Subject bar |auto=yes |book=Government |commons=yes |wikt=yes |wikt-search=government |n=yes |q=yes |s=yes |s-search=Portal:Government |b=yes |b-search=Subject:Government |v=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q7188}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Authority control}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Authority control}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 00:56, 25 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System or group governing an organized community</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the executive power referred to as "the government", see <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive (government)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Government_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Government (disambiguation)">Government (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gov" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gov_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gov (disambiguation)">Gov (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forms_of_government.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/370px-Forms_of_government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/555px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/740px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><b>World's states coloured by systems of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">government</a></b>: <hr /> <b><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary systems</a>:</b> Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#db060b; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> with a ceremonial monarch</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f4a637; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> with a ceremonial president</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4db264; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Parliamentary_republics_with_an_executive_president" title="List of countries by system of government">Parliamentary republic with an executive president</a></div> <hr /> <b><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a>:</b> Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1965b0; color:white;"> </span> Presidential republic</div> <hr /> <b>Hybrid systems:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7f057; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential republic</a>: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7bb0df; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republics" title="List of countries by system of government">Assembly-independent republic</a>: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it</div> <hr /> <b>Other systems:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#177817; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocratic</a> republic: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> holds significant executive and legislative power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ae76a3; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Semi-constitutional monarchy</a>: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#882e72; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a>: Monarch has unlimited power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#71190e; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a>: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cae1ac; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">Military junta</a>: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#777777; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Provisional government</a>: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;"> </span> Dependent territories or places without governments</div> <hr /> <b>Note:</b> this chart represents the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i></span> systems of government, not the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i></span> degree of democracy. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Governance" title="Category:Governance">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Models</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Algorithmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad governance">Bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_governance" title="Collaborative governance">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Governance">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multistakeholder_governance_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Multistakeholder governance model">Multistakeholder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Private governance">Private</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By level</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Local governance">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By field</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_governance" title="Clinical governance">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_governance" title="Cultural governance">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_governance" title="Environmental governance">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_in_higher_education" title="Governance in higher education">Higher education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_governance" title="Information governance">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_governance" title="Network governance">Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_governance" title="Ocean governance">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political party governance">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_sector_governance_and_reform" title="Security sector governance and reform">Security sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_governance" title="Simulation governance">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_governance" title="Soil governance">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_governance" title="Technology governance">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_governance" title="Transnational governance">Transnational</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Measures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Governance_Index" title="World Governance Index">World Governance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Governance_Indicators" title="Sustainable Governance Indicators">Sustainable Governance Indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Transformation_Index" title="Bertelsmann Transformation Index">Bertelsmann Transformation Index</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_governance_officer" title="Chief governance officer">Chief governance officer</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governance,_risk_management,_and_compliance" title="Governance, risk management, and compliance">Governance, risk management<br />and compliance</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and<br />corporate governance</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_governance_mechanism" title="Market governance mechanism">Market governance mechanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governance" title="Template:Governance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governance" title="Template talk:Governance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>government</b> is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. </p><p>In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>. Government is a means by which organizational <a href="/wiki/Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Policies">policies</a> are enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining policy. In many countries, the government has a kind of <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy. </p><p>While all types of organizations have <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>, the term <i>government</i> is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">independent national governments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">subsidiary organizations</a>. </p><p>The main types of modern <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political systems</a> recognized are <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian regime">totalitarian regimes</a>, and, sitting between these two, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian regimes</a> with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobratz_2015_p._47_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobratz_2015_p._47-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinzLinz2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern classification systems also include <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a> as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia-AlexanderWooCarlson2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-AlexanderWooCarlson2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically prevalent forms of government include monarchy, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timocracy" title="Timocracy">timocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyranny</a>. These forms are not always mutually exclusive, and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">mixed governments</a> are common. The main aspect of any philosophy of government is how political power is obtained, with the two main forms being <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">electoral contest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">hereditary succession</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_etymology">Definitions and etymology</h2></div> <p>A government is the <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a> to <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">govern</a> a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> or community. The <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i> defines government as "a system of social control under which the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them, is vested in a particular group in society".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all types of organizations have <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>, the word <i>government</i> is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">independent national governments</a> on Earth, as well as their subsidiary organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/State_government" title="State government">state and provincial governments</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local governments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>government</i> derives from the Greek verb <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κυβερνάω</span></span> [<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kubernáo</i></span>] meaning <i>to steer</i> with a <a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">gubernaculum</a> (rudder), the metaphorical sense being attested in the literature of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_State" title="Ship of State">Ship of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock201353–62_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock201353–62-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, "government" sometimes refers to what's also known as a "<a href="/wiki/Ministry_(collective_executive)" title="Ministry (collective executive)">ministry</a>" or an "<a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administration</a>", i.e., the policies and government officials of a particular executive or governing <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a>. Finally, <i>government</i> is also sometimes used in English as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for rule or governance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other languages, <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> may have a narrower scope, such as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">government of Portugal</a>, which is actually more similar to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">"administration"</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_governments">Earliest governments</h3></div> <p>The moment and place that the phenomenon of human government developed is lost in time; however, history does record the formations of early governments. About 5,000 years ago, the first small city-states appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the third to second millenniums BC, some of these had developed into larger governed areas: <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Yellow River civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004294_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004294-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One reason that explains the emergence of governments includes agriculture. Since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, agriculture has been an efficient method to create food surplus. This enabled people to specialize in non-agricultural activities. Some of them included being able to rule over others as an external authority. Others included social experimentation with diverse governance models. Both these activities formed the basis of governments. <sup id="cite_ref-Eagly99_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagly99-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These governments gradually became more complex as agriculture supported larger and denser populations, creating new <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">interactions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">social pressures</a> that the government needed to control. <a href="/wiki/David_Christian_(historian)" title="David Christian (historian)">David Christian</a> explains </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between different groups increased and the social pressure rose until, in a striking parallel with star formation, new structures suddenly appeared, together with a new level of complexity. Like stars, cities and states reorganize and energize the smaller objects within their gravitational field.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another explanation includes the need to properly manage infrastructure projects such as water infrastructure. Historically, this required centralized administration and complex social organisation, as seen in regions like Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukuyama-2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukuyama-2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is archaeological evidence that shows similar successes with more egalitarian and decentralized complex societies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_governments">Modern governments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_Government_systems_world_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_Government_systems_world_map.jpg/310px-The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_Government_systems_world_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_Government_systems_world_map.jpg/465px-The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_Government_systems_world_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_Government_systems_world_map.jpg/620px-The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_Government_systems_world_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2603" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>Forms of government in 1908 from <i>The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Starting at the end of the 17th century, the prevalence of republican forms of government grew. The <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in England, the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> contributed to the growth of representative forms of government. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was the first large country to have a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> has become an even more prevalent form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there was a significant increase in the size and scale of government at the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider-Markel2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider-Markel2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included the regulation of corporations and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_science">Political science</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a 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mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <p>In political science, it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a>, as typologies of political systems are not obvious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewellen2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewellen2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is especially important in the <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> fields of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>. Like all categories discerned within forms of government, the boundaries of government classifications are either fluid or ill-defined. </p><p>Superficially, all governments have an official <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> or ideal form. The United States is a federal constitutional republic, while the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was a federal <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a>. However self-identification is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, defining regimes can be tricky, especially <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>, when both its government and its economy deviate in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopsteinLichbach20054_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopsteinLichbach20054-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> argued that "the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> is neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenna2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenna2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the Soviet Union was a centralized autocratic one-party state under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. </p><p>Identifying a form of government is also difficult because many <a href="/wiki/Political_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Political systems">political systems</a> originate as socio-economic movements and are then carried into governments by parties naming themselves after those movements; all with competing political ideologies. Experience with those movements in power, and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government, can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves. </p><p>Other complications include general non-consensus or deliberate "<a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">distortion or bias</a>" of reasonable technical definitions of political ideologies and associated forms of governing, due to the nature of politics in the modern era. For example: The meaning of "conservatism" in the United States has little in common with the way the word's definition is used elsewhere. As Ribuffo notes, "what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>"; a "conservative" in Finland would be labeled a "<a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>" in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERibuffo20112–6quote_on_p._6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERibuffo20112–6quote_on_p._6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been chiefly associated with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. However, during the era of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> many <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> were conservatives, and they played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a> that controlled Congress from 1937 to 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrederickson200012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrederickson200012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social-political_ambiguity">Social-political ambiguity</h3></div> <p>Opinions vary by individuals concerning the types and properties of governments that exist. "Shades of gray" are commonplace in any government and its corresponding classification. Even the most liberal democracies limit rival political activity to one extent or another while the most tyrannical dictatorships must organize a broad base of support thereby creating difficulties for "<a href="/wiki/Pigeonholing" title="Pigeonholing">pigeonholing</a>" governments into narrow categories. Examples include the claims of the <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy#United_States" title="Plutocracy">United States as being a plutocracy</a> rather than a democracy since some American voters believe elections are being manipulated by wealthy <a href="/wiki/Super_PACs" class="mw-redirect" title="Super PACs">Super PACs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeland2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeland2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some consider that government is to be reconceptualised where in times of climatic change the needs and desires of the individual are reshaped to generate sufficiency for all.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement_of_governing">Measurement of governing</h2></div> <p>The quality of a government can be measured by <a href="/wiki/Government_effectiveness_index" title="Government effectiveness index">Government effectiveness index</a>, which relates to <a href="/wiki/Political_efficacy" title="Political efficacy">political efficacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_capacity" title="State capacity">state capacity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guisan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guisan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i> (375 BC) divided governments into five basic types (four being existing forms and one being Plato's ideal form, which exists "only in speech"):<sup id="cite_ref-Abjorensen2019_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abjorensen2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a> (rule by <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>, like ideal traditional "benevolent" kingdoms that are not tyrannical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> (rule by pure <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a>, like a <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">free</a> citizen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> (rule by wealth and market-based-ethics, like a <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> capitalist state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocracy" title="Timocracy">Timocracy</a> (rule by honor and duty, like a "benevolent" military; Sparta as an example)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyranny</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_fear" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule by fear">rule by fear</a>, like a <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despot</a>)</li></ul> <p>These five regimes progressively degenerate starting with aristocracy at the top and tyranny at the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrill2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrill2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>, Aristotle elaborates on Plato's five regimes discussing them in relation to the government of one, of the few, and of the many.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordović2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordović2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this follows the classification of forms of government according to which people have the authority to rule: either one person (an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, such as monarchy), a select group of people (an aristocracy), or the people as a whole (a democracy, such as a republic). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> stated on their classification: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The difference of <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealths</a> consisteth in the difference of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a>, or the person representative of all and every one of the multitude. And because the sovereignty is either in one man, or in an assembly of more than one; and into that assembly either every man hath right to enter, or not everyone, but certain men distinguished from the rest; it is manifest there can be but three kinds of Commonwealth. For the representative must need to be one man or more; and if more, then it is the assembly of all, or but of a part. When the representative is one man, then is the Commonwealth a monarchy; when an assembly of all that will come together, then it is a democracy or popular Commonwealth; when an assembly of a part only, then it is called an aristocracy. In other kinds of Commonwealth there can be none: for either one, or more, or all, must have the sovereign power (which I have shown to be indivisible) entire.<sup id="cite_ref-Leviathan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leviathan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_basic_political_systems">Modern basic political systems</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Juan José Linz</a>, there a three main types of <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political systems</a> today: <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian regime">totalitarian regimes</a> and, sitting between these two, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian regimes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinzLinz2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michie2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michie2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another modern classification system includes <a href="/wiki/Monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchies">monarchies</a> as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia-AlexanderWooCarlson2017_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-AlexanderWooCarlson2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars generally refer to a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> as either a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-ToddWaller2015_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToddWaller2015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinzLinz2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sondrol_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sondrol-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autocracy">Autocracy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></div> <p>An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> or mass <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> is a historically prevalent form of autocracy, wherein a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> governs as a singular <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> with no limitation on <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>. Most absolute monarchies are <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary</a>, however some, notably the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elected</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/College_of_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="College of cardinals">college of cardinals</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a>). Other forms of autocracy include <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></div> <p>Aristocracy<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OED_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">privileged</a> <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>. This class exercises <a href="/wiki/Minority_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority rule">minority rule</a>, often as a <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">landed</a> <a href="/wiki/Timocracy" title="Timocracy">timocracy</a>, wealthy <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>. </p><p>Many monarchies were aristocracies, although in modern constitutional monarchies, the monarch may have little effective power. The term <i>aristocracy</i> could also refer to the non-<a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a>, non-servant, and non-<a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">city</a> classes in the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy">Democracy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democracy_claims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/330px-Democracy_claims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/495px-Democracy_claims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Democracy_claims.svg/660px-Democracy_claims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> National governments which self-identify as democracies</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> National governments which do not self-identify as democracies</div></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_democracies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Electoral_democracies.svg/330px-Electoral_democracies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Electoral_democracies.svg/495px-Electoral_democracies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Electoral_democracies.svg/660px-Electoral_democracies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Governments recognised as "electoral democracies" as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> by the <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a></i> survey<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Democracy is a system of government where <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a> exercise power by <a href="/wiki/Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote">voting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberation</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, the citizenry as a whole directly forms a <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory</a> governing body and vote directly on each issue. In <a href="/wiki/Indirect_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect democracy">indirect democracy</a>, the citizenry governs indirectly through the selection of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representatives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Delegated_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegated voting">delegates</a> from among themselves, typically by <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> or, less commonly, by <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a>. These select citizens then meet to form a governing body, such as a legislature or <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a>. </p><p>Some governments combine both direct and indirect democratic governance, wherein the citizenry selects representatives to administer day-to-day governance, while also reserving the right to govern directly through <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">popular initiatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a> (plebiscites), and the <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">right of recall</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional democracy">constitutional democracy</a> the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of representative democracy, but the constitution limits <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a>, usually through the provision by all of certain <a href="/wiki/Universal_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal right">universal rights</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republics">Republics</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></div> <p>A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">res publica</i>), not the private concern or property of the rulers, and where offices of states are subsequently directly or indirectly elected or appointed rather than inherited. The people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1748book_2,_chapters_1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1748book_2,_chapters_1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-WordNet_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WordNet-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M-W_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> included both <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, where all the people have a share in rule, and <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchies</a>, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1748book_2,_chapters_2–3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1748book_2,_chapters_2–3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other terms used to describe different republics include <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">people's republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federalism">Federalism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></div> <p>Federalism is a political concept in which a <i>group</i> of members are bound together by <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">covenant</a> with a governing <a href="/wiki/Federal_headship" title="Federal headship">representative head</a>. The term "federalism" is also used to describe a system of government in which <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units, variously called states, provinces or otherwise. Federalism is a system based upon democratic principles and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents are often called <a href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">federalists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Separation_of_powers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Separation_of_powers.png/330px-Separation_of_powers.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Separation_of_powers.png/495px-Separation_of_powers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Separation_of_powers.png/660px-Separation_of_powers.png 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Separation of powers in the <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">US government</a>, demonstrating the <i>trias politica</i> model</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">Fusion of powers</a></div> <p>Governments are typically organised into distinct institutions constituting branches of government each with particular <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">powers</a>, functions, duties, and responsibilities. The distribution of powers between these institutions differs between governments, as do the functions and number of branches. An independent, parallel distribution of powers between branches of government is the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. A shared, intersecting, or overlapping distribution of powers is the <a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">fusion of powers</a>. </p><p>Governments are often organised into three branches with separate powers: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary; this is sometimes called the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">trias politica</i></span> model. However, in <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliamentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential systems</a>, branches of government often intersect, having shared membership and overlapping functions. Many governments have fewer or additional branches, such as an independent <a href="/wiki/Electoral_commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral commission">electoral commission</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">auditory</a> branch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedler1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFcssj8yigS4CpgPA116_116]–118_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedler1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFcssj8yigS4CpgPA116_116]–118-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_system">Party system</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"One-party government" redirects here. For a state in which a single political party controls the ruling system, see <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party system</a></div> <p>Presently, most governments are administered by members of an explicitly constituted <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> which coordinates the activities of associated government <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">officials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidates</a> for office. In a <a href="/wiki/Multiparty_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiparty system">multiparty system</a> of government, multiple political parties have the capacity to gain control of government offices, typically by competing in <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/Effective_number_of_parties" title="Effective number of parties">effective number of parties</a> may be limited. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a> is a government by one or more <a href="/wiki/Governing_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Governing party">governing parties</a> together holding an absolute majority of seats in the parliament, in contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> in which they have only a plurality of seats and often depend on a <a href="/wiki/Confidence-and-supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence-and-supply">confidence-and-supply</a> arrangement with other parties. A <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> is one in which multiple parties cooperate to form a government as part of a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition agreement">coalition agreement</a>. In a single-party government, a single party forms a government without the support of a coalition, as is typically the case with majority governments,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherLaverMair2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherLaverMair2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettle2015_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettle2015-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but even a minority government may consist of just one party unable to find a willing coalition partner at the moment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuxbury2021_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuxbury2021-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A state that continuously maintains a single-party government within a (nominally) multiparty system possesses a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party system</a>. In a (nondemocratic) <a href="/wiki/One-party_system" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party system">one-party system</a> a single <a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">ruling party</a> has the (more-or-less) exclusive right to form the government, and the formation of other parties may be obstructed or illegal. In some cases, a government may have a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">non-partisan system</a>, as is the case with <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">non-partisan democracy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps">Maps</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></div> <p>Democracy is the most popular form of government. More than half of the nations in the world are democracies—97 of 167, as of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the world is becoming more authoritarian with a quarter of the world's population under <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratically backsliding</a> governments.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg/610px-EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg/915px-EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg/1220px-EIU_Democracy_Index_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <b>Full Democracies</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006837; color:white;"> </span> 9–10</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1a9850; color:black;"> </span> 8–9</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <b>Flawed Democracies</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66bd63; color:black;"> </span> 7–8</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a6d96a; color:black;"> </span> 6–7</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <b>Hybrid Regimes</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fee08b; color:black;"> </span> 5–6</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fdae61; color:black;"> </span> 4–5</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <b>Authoritarian Regimes</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f46d43; color:black;"> </span> 3–4</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d73027; color:white;"> </span> 2–3</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a50026; color:white;"> </span> 0–2</div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_Map_World_Secondary_Political_Divisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Blank_Map_World_Secondary_Political_Divisions.svg/610px-Blank_Map_World_Secondary_Political_Divisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Blank_Map_World_Secondary_Political_Divisions.svg/915px-Blank_Map_World_Secondary_Political_Divisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Blank_Map_World_Secondary_Political_Divisions.svg/1220px-Blank_Map_World_Secondary_Political_Divisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>World first-and-second degree administrative levels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/610px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="610" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/915px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/1220px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>A world map distinguishing countries of the world as federations (<span style="color:#00e000"><b>green</b></span>) from <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary states</a> (<span style="color: #0000b0"><b>blue</b></span>) <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000b0; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary states</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00e000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="Federations">Federations</a></div></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">Central government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">Civics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative government">Comparative government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">Deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital democracy">Digital democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Government" class="mw-redirect" title="E-Government">E-Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal rights">Legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_political_system" title="List of European Union member states by political system">List of European Union member states by political system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(collective_executive)" title="Ministry (collective executive)">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_ministerial_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime ministerial government">Prime ministerial government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State (polity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">Voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrederickson2000">Frederickson 2000</a>, p. 12, quote: "...conservative southern Democrats viewed warily the potential of New Deal programs to threaten the region's economic dependence on cheap labor while stirring the democratic ambitions of the disfranchised and undermining white supremacy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἀριστοκρατία</span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">aristokratía</i></span>, from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄριστος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aristocrat#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:aristocrat">aristos</a></i></span> "excellent", and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κράτος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kratos" class="extiw" title="wikt:kratos">kratos</a></i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conducted by the American <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, which is largely funded by the <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">US government</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dobratz_2015_p._47-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dobratz_2015_p._47_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDobratz2015" class="citation book cs1">Dobratz, B.A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoK9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34529-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34529-9"><bdi>978-1-317-34529-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430083243/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoK9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society%3A+An+Introduction+to+Political+Sociology&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-34529-9&rft.aulast=Dobratz&rft.aufirst=B.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoK9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LinzLinz2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinz2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Linz, Juan José</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA143"><i>Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publisher. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-890-0"><bdi>978-1-55587-890-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1172052725">1172052725</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422130238/https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. pp. 137–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64950-4"><bdi>978-3-319-64950-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1013825392">1013825392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Foundations+of+Behavior+for+the+Health+Sciences&rft.pages=137-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1013825392&rft.isbn=978-3-319-64950-4&rft.aulast=Garcia-Alexander&rft.aufirst=Ginny&rft.au=Woo%2C+Hyeyoung&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Matthew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-M8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022061920/https://opentextbooks.uregina.ca/sociology/chapter/14-2-types-of-political-systems/#:~:text=The%20major%20types%20of%20political,and%20instead%20rule%20through%20fear">"14.2 Types of Political Systems"</a>. 8 April 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbooks.uregina.ca/sociology/chapter/14-2-types-of-political-systems/#:~:text=The%20major%20types%20of%20political,and%20instead%20rule%20through%20fear">the original</a> on 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=14.2+Types+of+Political+Systems&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentextbooks.uregina.ca%2Fsociology%2Fchapter%2F14-2-types-of-political-systems%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520major%2520types%2520of%2520political%2Cand%2520instead%2520rule%2520through%2520fear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia"><i>Columbia Encyclopedia</i></a> (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserBaltes2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmelserBaltes2001">Smelser & Baltes 2001</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock201353–62-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock201353–62_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrock2013">Brock 2013</a>, p. 53–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717193211/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/government">"Government English Definition and Meaning"</a>. <i>Lexico</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/government">the original</a> on 17 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=Government+English+Definition+and+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fgovernment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004245_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristian2004">Christian 2004</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian2004294-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian2004294_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristian2004">Christian 2004</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eagly99-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eagly99_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagly,_Alice_H.Wood,_Wendy1999" class="citation journal cs1">Eagly, Alice H.; Wood, Wendy (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000817071347/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly&wood.htm">"The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles"</a>. <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>54</b> (6): 408–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066x.54.6.408">10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly&wood.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Sex+Differences+in+Human+Behavior%3A+Evolved+Dispositions+Versus+Social+Roles&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=408-423&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066x.54.6.408&rft.au=Eagly%2C+Alice+H.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fanthro%2Ffaculty%2Ffiske%2Ffacets%2Feagly%26wood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukuyama-2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fukuyama-2012_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2012" class="citation book cs1">Fukuyama, Francis (27 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9xRAQAAMAAJ&q=origins+of+political+order+amazon"><i>The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53322-9"><bdi>978-0-374-53322-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Political+Order%3A+From+Prehuman+Times+to+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2012-03-27&rft.isbn=978-0-374-53322-9&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9xRAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dorigins%2Bof%2Bpolitical%2Border%2Bamazon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt,_Anna_C.1999" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Anna C. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63075-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63075-7"><bdi>978-0-521-63075-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624045250/https://books.google.com/books?id=hxqgDcCrzjkC&pg=PA266">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maritime%2C+Highland%2C+Forest+Dynamic+and+the+Origins+of+Complex+Culture&rft.btitle=Cambridge+history+of+the+Native+peoples+of+the+Americas%3A+South+America%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=266-267&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63075-7&rft.au=Roosevelt%2C+Anna+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhxqgDcCrzjkC%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuperKuper2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuperKuper2008">Kuper & Kuper 2008</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider-Markel2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider-Markel2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider-Markel2014">Haider-Markel 2014</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewellen2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewellen2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewellen2003">Lewellen 2003</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopsteinLichbach20054-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopsteinLichbach20054_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKopsteinLichbach2005">Kopstein & Lichbach 2005</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenna2015-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenna2015_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenna2015">Renna 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERibuffo20112–6quote_on_p._6-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERibuffo20112–6quote_on_p._6_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRibuffo2011">Ribuffo 2011</a>, pp. 2–6, quote on p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrederickson200012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrederickson200012_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrederickson2000">Frederickson 2000</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeland2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeland2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeland2012">Freeland 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:839526/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Governing the "Enough" in a Warming World The Discourse of "Sufficiency" from a Climate Governmentality Perspective</a>". Deflorian, Michel (2015). Retrieved 2 October 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guisan-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guisan_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuisan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Guisan, Maria-Carmen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.es/economet/reviews/aeid914.pdf">"Government effectiveness, education, economic development and well-being: analysis of European countries in comparison with the United States and Canada, 2000-2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Applied Econometrics and International Development</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Econometrics+and+International+Development&rft.atitle=Government+effectiveness%2C+education%2C+economic+development+and+well-being%3A+analysis+of+European+countries+in+comparison+with+the+United+States+and+Canada%2C+2000-2007&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Guisan&rft.aufirst=Maria-Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.es%2Feconomet%2Freviews%2Faeid914.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abjorensen2019-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abjorensen2019_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbjorensen2019" class="citation book cs1">Abjorensen, Norman (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cNSSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288"><i>Historical Dictionary of Democracy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 288–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2074-3"><bdi>978-1-5381-2074-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1081354236">1081354236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Democracy&rft.pages=288-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1081354236&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2074-3&rft.aulast=Abjorensen&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNSSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrill2016-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrill2016_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrill2016">Brill 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordović2019-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jordović2019_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordović2019" class="citation book cs1">Jordović, Ivan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=if7vxwEACAAJ"><i>Taming Politics: Plato and the Democratic Roots of Tyrannical Man</i></a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. intro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-12457-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-12457-7"><bdi>978-3-515-12457-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107421360">1107421360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taming+Politics%3A+Plato+and+the+Democratic+Roots+of+Tyrannical+Man&rft.pages=intro&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107421360&rft.isbn=978-3-515-12457-7&rft.aulast=Jordovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dif7vxwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leviathan-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leviathan_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbes" class="citation cs1">Hobbes, Thomas. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Leviathan/The Second Part"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Leviathan/The_Second_Part"><i>Leviathan</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leviathan&rft.aulast=Hobbes&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michie2014-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michie2014_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Michie2014" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Michie, ed. (3 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ip_IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95"><i>Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences</i></a>. Routledge. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93226-8"><bdi>978-1-135-93226-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422130238/https://books.google.com/books?id=ip_IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93226-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dip_IAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToddWaller2015-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ToddWaller2015_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToddWaller2015" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Allan; Waller, Sally (10 September 2015). Todd, Allan; Waller, Sally (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_pfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>History for the IB Diploma Paper 2 AuthoritariaAuthoritarian States (20th Century)</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-55889-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-55889-2"><bdi>978-1-107-55889-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422130238/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_pfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+for+the+IB+Diploma+Paper+2+AuthoritariaAuthoritarian+States+%2820th+Century%29&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-107-55889-2&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Waller%2C+Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_pfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sondrol-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sondrol_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondrol2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sondrol, P. C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/157386">"Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner"</a>. <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 599–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022216X00015868">10.1017/S0022216X00015868</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-216X">0022-216X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/157386">157386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144333167">144333167</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308100323/https://www.jstor.org/stable/157386">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Totalitarian+and+Authoritarian+Dictators%3A+A+Comparison+of+Fidel+Castro+and+Alfredo+Stroessner&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=599-620&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0022-216X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144333167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F157386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022216X00015868&rft.aulast=Sondrol&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F157386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Paul M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/autocracy">"Autocracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms"</a>. Auburn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226063927/http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/autocracy%20">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autocracy%3A+A+Glossary+of+Political+Economy+Terms&rft.pub=Auburn.edu&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auburn.edu%2F~johnspm%2Fgloss%2Fautocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-aristocracy" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=aristocracy">"aristocracy"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=aristocracy&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Daristocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>: "democracy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Watkins, Frederick (1970). "Democracy". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (Expo '70 hardcover ed.). William Benton. pp. 215–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-135-1"><bdi>978-0-85229-135-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democracy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=215-223&rft.edition=Expo+%2770+hardcover&rft.pub=William+Benton&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-135-1&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1748book_2,_chapters_1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1748book_2,_chapters_1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontesquieu1748">Montesquieu 1748</a>, book 2, chapters 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Republic". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WordNet-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WordNet_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/republic">"republic"</a>. <i>WordNet 3.0</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312065659/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/republic">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WordNet+3.0&rft.atitle=republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-W_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic">"Republic"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162708/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Frepublic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1748book_2,_chapters_2–3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontesquieu1748book_2,_chapters_2–3_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontesquieu1748">Montesquieu 1748</a>, book 2, chapters 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaneConaghan2008" class="citation book cs1">Cane, Peter; Conaghan, Joanne (2008). "Federalism". <i>The new Oxford companion to law</i>. Oxford: Oxford university press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929054-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929054-3"><bdi>978-0-19-929054-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Federalism&rft.btitle=The+new+Oxford+companion+to+law&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+university+press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929054-3&rft.aulast=Cane&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Conaghan%2C+Joanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedler1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFcssj8yigS4CpgPA116_116]–118-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedler1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFcssj8yigS4CpgPA116_116]–118_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedler1991">Needler 1991</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fcssj8yigS4C&pg=PA116">116</a>–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherLaverMair2006-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherLaverMair2006_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagherLaverMair2006">Gallagher, Laver & Mair 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKettle2015-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKettle2015_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKettle2015">Kettle 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuxbury2021-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuxbury2021_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuxbury2021">Duxbury 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDEA-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idea.int/gsod/sites/default/files/2021-11/the-global-state-of-democracy-2021_0.pdf">The Global State of Democracy 2021</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809193024/https://www.idea.int/gsod/sites/default/files/2021-11/the-global-state-of-democracy-2021_0.pdf">Archived</a> 9 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf">"Democracy Index 2017 – Economist Intelligence Unit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>EIU.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221004840/http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EIU.com&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2017+%E2%80%93+Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.eiu.com%2Frs%2F753-RIQ-438%2Fimages%2FDemocracy_Index_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrill2016" class="citation journal cs1">Brill, Sara (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/apeiron-2015-0003/html">"Political Pathology in Plato's Republic"</a>. <i>Apeiron</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 127–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fapeiron-2015-0003">10.1515/apeiron-2015-0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-7093">2156-7093</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148505083">148505083</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027215252/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/apeiron-2015-0003/html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apeiron&rft.atitle=Political+Pathology+in+Plato%27s+Republic&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-161&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148505083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2156-7093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fapeiron-2015-0003&rft.aulast=Brill&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fapeiron-2015-0003%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2013" class="citation book cs1">Brock, Roger (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCSGircE9WwC"><i>Greek Political Imagery from Homer to Aristotle</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-0218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-0218-6"><bdi>978-1-4725-0218-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1040413173">1040413173</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109175722/https://books.google.com/books?id=QCSGircE9WwC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Political+Imagery+from+Homer+to+Aristotle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1040413173&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-0218-6&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQCSGircE9WwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian2004" class="citation book cs1">Christian, David (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mapsoftimeintrod00chri"><i>Maps of Time: an Introduction to Big History</i></a></span>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24476-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24476-4"><bdi>978-0-520-24476-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966003275">966003275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maps+of+Time%3A+an+Introduction+to+Big+History&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966003275&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24476-4&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmapsoftimeintrod00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuxbury2021" class="citation news cs1">Duxbury, Charlie (29 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/magdalena-andersson-sweden-prime-minister-again-resignation">"Magdalena Andersson named Swedish prime minister (again)"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415130747/https://www.politico.eu/article/magdalena-andersson-sweden-prime-minister-again-resignation/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Magdalena+Andersson+named+Swedish+prime+minister+%28again%29&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft.aulast=Duxbury&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fmagdalena-andersson-sweden-prime-minister-again-resignation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederickson2000" class="citation book cs1">Frederickson, Kari (2000). <i>The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4910-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4910-1"><bdi>978-0-8078-4910-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475254808">475254808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dixiecrat+Revolt+and+the+End+of+the+Solid+South%2C+1932%E2%80%931968&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475254808&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4910-1&rft.aulast=Frederickson&rft.aufirst=Kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeland2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland, Chrystia</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/Plutocrats_(book)" title="Plutocrats (book)"><i>Plutocrats: the Rise of the New Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else</i></a>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-252-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-252-9"><bdi>978-1-84614-252-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795857028">795857028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutocrats%3A+the+Rise+of+the+New+Global+Super-Rich+and+the+Fall+of+Everyone+Else&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795857028&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-252-9&rft.aulast=Freeland&rft.aufirst=Chrystia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherLaverMair2006" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Michael; Laver, M.; Mair, P. (2006). <i>Representative Government in Western Europe</i> (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0070366848" title="Special:BookSources/978-0070366848"><bdi>978-0070366848</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906939909">906939909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representative+Government+in+Western+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906939909&rft.isbn=978-0070366848&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Laver%2C+M.&rft.au=Mair%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider-Markel2014" class="citation book cs1">Haider-Markel, Donald P. (2014). <i>The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957967-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957967-9"><bdi>978-0-19-957967-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904484428">904484428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+State+and+Local+Government&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904484428&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957967-9&rft.aulast=Haider-Markel&rft.aufirst=Donald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettle2015" class="citation news cs1">Kettle, Martin (17 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A410102999/ITOF?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=fe0349d5">"Coalition and minority governments are not so unusual in UK elections; The first-past-the-post system has led to fewer one-party majority governments in Britain than might be expected -- only half of all those in the 20th century"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730081416/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CA410102999&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-ITOF&asid=fe0349d5">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2022</span> – via Gale General OneFile.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=Coalition+and+minority+governments+are+not+so+unusual+in+UK+elections%3B+The+first-past-the-post+system+has+led+to+fewer+one-party+majority+governments+in+Britain+than+might+be+expected+--+only+half+of+all+those+in+the+20th+century&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft.aulast=Kettle&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA410102999%2FITOF%3Fu%3Dwikipedia%26sid%3Dbookmark-ITOF%26xid%3Dfe0349d5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopsteinLichbach2005" class="citation book cs1">Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark, eds. (2005). <i>Comparative politics: interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521708400" title="Special:BookSources/0521708400"><bdi>0521708400</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1293165230">1293165230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+politics%3A+interests%2C+identities%2C+and+institutions+in+a+changing+global+order&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1293165230&rft.isbn=0521708400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuperKuper2008" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Adam; Kuper, Jessica, eds. (2008). <i>The Social Science Encyclopedia</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47635-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47635-5"><bdi>978-0-415-47635-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/789658928">789658928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Science+Encyclopedia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F789658928&rft.isbn=978-0-415-47635-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewellen2003" class="citation book cs1">Lewellen, Ted C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwJBNWbrXeIC"><i>Political Anthropology: An Introduction</i></a> (3rd ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-891-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-891-1"><bdi>978-0-89789-891-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936497371">936497371</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109175725/https://books.google.com/books?id=gwJBNWbrXeIC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Anthropology%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936497371&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-891-1&rft.aulast=Lewellen&rft.aufirst=Ted+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwJBNWbrXeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontesquieu1748" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> (1748). <a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law"><i>The Spirit of the Laws</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+the+Laws&rft.date=1748&rft.au=Montesquieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedler1991" class="citation book cs1">Needler, Martin C. (1991). <i>The Concepts of Comparative Politics</i>. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93653-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93653-2"><bdi>978-0-275-93653-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925042067">925042067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concepts+of+Comparative+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925042067&rft.isbn=978-0-275-93653-2&rft.aulast=Needler&rft.aufirst=Martin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenna2015" class="citation journal cs1">Renna, Thomas (September 2015). "The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire". <i>Michigan Academician</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 60–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7245%2F0026-2005-42.1.60">10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Academician&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Roman+Empire+was+neither+holy%2C+nor+Roman%2C+nor+an+empire&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-75&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7245%2F0026-2005-42.1.60&rft.aulast=Renna&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibuffo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ribuffo, Leo P. (2011). "20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy". <i>Historically Speaking</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 2–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhsp.2011.0013">10.1353/hsp.2011.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144367661">144367661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historically+Speaking&rft.atitle=20+Suggestions+for+Studying+the+Right+now+that+Studying+the+Right+is+Trendy&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-6&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhsp.2011.0013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144367661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ribuffo&rft.aufirst=Leo+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmelserBaltes2001" class="citation book cs1">Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B. (2001). <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i>. New York: Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043076-8"><bdi>978-0-08-043076-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43548228">43548228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43548228&rft.isbn=978-0-08-043076-8&rft.aulast=Smelser&rft.aufirst=Neil+J.&rft.au=Baltes%2C+Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_MesquitaSmith2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita" title="Bruce Bueno de Mesquita">de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno</a>; Smith, Alastair (2012). <i>The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior Is Almost Always Good Politics</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610390446" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610390446"><bdi>978-1610390446</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026803822">1026803822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictator%27s+Handbook%3A+Why+Bad+Behavior+Is+Almost+Always+Good+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026803822&rft.isbn=978-1610390446&rft.aulast=de+Mesquita&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Bueno&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita" title="Bruce Bueno de Mesquita">de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno</a>; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.; <a href="/wiki/James_D._Morrow" title="James D. Morrow">Morrow, James D.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Political_Survival" title="The Logic of Political Survival"><i>The Logic of Political Survival</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262025461" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262025461"><bdi>978-0262025461</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/475265120">475265120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Political+Survival&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F475265120&rft.isbn=978-0262025461&rft.aulast=de+Mesquita&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Bueno&rft.au=Smith%2C+Alastair&rft.au=Siverson%2C+Randolph+M.&rft.au=Morrow%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Dobson" title="William J. Dobson">Dobson, William J.</a> (2013). <i>The Dictator's Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy</i>. New York: Anchor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307477552" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307477552"><bdi>978-0307477552</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849820048">849820048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictator%27s+Learning+Curve%3A+Inside+the+Global+Battle+for+Democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F849820048&rft.isbn=978-0307477552&rft.aulast=Dobson&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrichBrzezinski1966" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich, Carl J.; <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.</a> (1966) [1965]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalitariandict0000frie"><i>Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York: Frederick A. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674895652" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674895652"><bdi>978-0674895652</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/826626632">826626632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarian+Dictatorship+and+Autocracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F826626632&rft.isbn=978-0674895652&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rft.au=Brzezinski%2C+Zbigniew+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftotalitariandict0000frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrader1968" class="citation book cs1">Krader, Lawrence (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rIyZAAAAIAAJ"><i>Formation of the State</i></a>. Foundations of Modern Anthropology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0133294900" title="Special:BookSources/0133294900"><bdi>0133294900</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/266086412">266086412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formation+of+the+State&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=Foundations+of+Modern+Anthropology&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F266086412&rft.isbn=0133294900&rft.aulast=Krader&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrIyZAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGovernment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_and_government" title="Template talk:Politics and government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_and_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">Central government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><i>Levels:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_government" class="mw-redirect" title="County government">County government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">Govt systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">Countries by system</a></li> <li><i>Systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electocracy" title="Electocracy">Electocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergatocracy">Ergatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_e-democracy" title="Collaborative e-democracy">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><i>Theoreticians:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="National healthcare">National healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><i>Regulation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">Environmental regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking regulation">Banking regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Food inspection">Food inspection</a></li> <li><i>Municipal:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">Traffic lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Street cleaning">Street cleaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Documents</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">Uncodified constitution</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><i>Bodies:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><i>Legislative bodies</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">Legislative council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance <br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Process:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li> <li><i>Outcomes:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">Elections</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Campaigns</a></li> <li><i>Groups:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">Advocacy groups</a></li> <li><i>Issues:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Fields of study</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Overviews:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><i>Reforms</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><i>Documents:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>World:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="World Government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="World Court">World Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><i>Templates:</i></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies">Political ideologies</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_culture" title="Template:Political culture">Political culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Social and political philosophy">Social and political philosophy</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism">liberalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox">Conservatism navbox</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Aspects of capitalism">aspects of capitalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Western culture">Western culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous types of first-tier administration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:World_government" title="Template:World government">World government</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_government" title="Category:Forms of government">Forms of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_democracy" title="Category:Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties" title="Category:Political parties">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template talk:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common types of government <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">Deputy prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deputy First Minister (disambiguation)">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Office of the President (disambiguation)">Office of the president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_department" title="Cabinet department">Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker / President of the assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of state">Minister of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_minister" title="Deputy minister">Deputy minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence / <br /> foreign affairs /<br />public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Ministry of defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Ministry of foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_minister" title="Immigration minister">Immigration minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">Interior ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development_minister" title="International development minister">International development minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_European_Affairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for European Affairs (disambiguation)">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics/<br />infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_minister" title="Commerce minister">Commerce minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_economy" title="Ministry of the economy">Ministry of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_finance" title="Ministry of finance">Ministry of finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry minister">Industry minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of infrastructure">Ministry of infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_trade_and_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of trade and industry">Ministry of trade and industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of transport">Ministry of transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment / <br />natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_minister" title="Energy minister">Energy minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_energy" title="Ministry of energy">Ministry of energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_minister" title="Environment minister">Environment minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of electricity">Ministry of electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_petroleum" title="Ministry of petroleum">Ministry of petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_water_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of water resources">Ministry of water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of culture">Ministry of culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_minister" title="Education minister">Education minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_education_and_culture" title="Ministry of education and culture">Ministry of education and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health minister">Health minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_department" title="Health department">Ministry of health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_minister" title="Information minister">Information minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_minister" title="Housing minister">Housing minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_authority" title="Housing authority">Ministry of housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_justice" title="Ministry of justice">Ministry of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_labour" title="Minister of labour">Minister of labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of labour">Ministry of labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_minister" title="Regional minister">Regional minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministry of sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">Ministry of home affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_religious_affairs" title="Ministry of religious affairs">Ministry of religious affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_science" title="Ministry of science">Ministry of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social affairs">Ministry of social affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social security">Ministry of social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Veterans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Veterans (disambiguation)">Minister for Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of women">Ministry of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Women (disambiguation)">Minister for women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_vice_presidents_and_designated_acting_presidents" title="List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_deputy_prime_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current deputy prime ministers">Deputy prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_legislatures" title="List of current presidents of legislatures">Presidents of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Agriculture ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_climate_change" title="List of ministers of climate change">Climate change ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_communications" title="List of ministries of communications">Communications ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_defence_ministers" title="List of current defence ministers">Defence ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_ministries" title="List of education ministries">Education ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_environment" title="List of ministers of the environment">Environment ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environment ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_finance_ministers" title="List of current finance ministers">Finance ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_foreign_ministers" title="List of current foreign ministers">Foreign ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Forest ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_departments_and_ministries" title="List of health departments and ministries">Health ministries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">mental health</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_interior_ministers" title="List of current interior ministers">Interior ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_works_ministries" title="List of public works ministries">Public works ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_by_portfolio" title="Category:Government ministers by portfolio">Government ministers by portfolio</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ministries_by_portfolio" title="Category:Ministries by portfolio">Ministries by portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_services" title="Template:Public services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services" title="Template talk:Public services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_services" title="Category:Public services">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public services">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template talk:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Autonomous types of first-tier <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subdivision</a> administration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_governance_and_identity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_government" title="Template:World government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="World federalism">World federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_taxation_system" title="World taxation system">World taxation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Earth" title="Flag of Earth">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic mundialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">Global apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_governance" title="Transnational governance">Transnational governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_currency" title="World currency">World currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizens_movement" title="Global citizens movement">Global citizens movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federalist_Movement/Institute_for_Global_Policy" title="World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy">World Federalist Movement/Institute for Global Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Service_Authority" title="World Service Authority">World Service Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_World_Government" title="Campaign for World Government">Campaign for World Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Constitution_and_Parliament_Association" title="World Constitution and Parliament Association">World Constitution and Parliament Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provisional government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_World_Parliament" title="Provisional World Parliament">Provisional Earth Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_culture" title="Template:Political culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_culture" title="Template talk:Political culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic political culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_political_culture" title="Parochial political culture">Parochial political culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country-specific articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Political culture of Canada">Political culture of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Germany" title="Political culture of Germany">Political culture of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political culture of the United Kingdom">Political culture of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_States" title="Political culture of the United States">Political culture of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_spectrum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim left">Muslim left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 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.sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Government</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/government" class="extiw" title="wikt:government">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Government" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Government">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Government" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Government">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Government" class="extiw" title="q:Government">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Government" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Government">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Government" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:Government">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Government" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Government">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7188" class="extiw" title="d:Q7188">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7188#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4049012-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Government"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00005941">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gouvernement (science politique)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133191462">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gouvernement (science politique)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133191462">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vláda"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135355&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998006494">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293766805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-669b4ddb54-cbjgq","wgBackendResponseTime":1943,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.388","walltime":"1.748","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11611,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":636024,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":180705,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":452073,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1366.292 1 -total"," 18.64% 254.712 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.22% 194.353 22 Template:Sfn"," 13.83% 188.997 2 Template:Navboxes"," 12.91% 176.327 28 Template:Cite_book"," 11.49% 156.920 1 Template:Systems_of_government"," 7.47% 102.092 9 Template:Fix"," 7.23% 98.759 4 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.13% 97.397 6 Template:Page_needed"," 6.88% 94.056 8 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.784","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18400247,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbjorensen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrill2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrock2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaneConaghan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobratz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuxbury2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEagly,_Alice_H.Wood,_Wendy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederickson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeland2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrichBrzezinski1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFukuyama2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagherLaverMair2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia-AlexanderWooCarlson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuisan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaider-Markel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobbes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Michie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordović2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKettle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopsteinLichbach2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrader1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuperKuper2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewellen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontesquieu1748\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedler1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenna2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRibuffo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt,_Anna_C.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmelserBaltes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSondrol2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToddWaller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_MesquitaSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_MesquitaSmithSiversonMorrow2003\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Autonomous types of first-tier administration\"] = 1,\n [\"Basic forms of government\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 4,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Columnslist\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Government, Forms of\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Governance\"] = 1,\n [\"Government\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend\"] = 13,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Party politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Political culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Political ideologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Political spectrum\"] = 1,\n [\"Politics sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Systems of government\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"World government\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-669b4ddb54-cbjgq","timestamp":"20241127105105","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Government","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7188","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7188","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-10T20:22:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T00:56:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/04\/Forms_of_government.svg","headline":"system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state"}</script> </body> </html>