CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Goddess movement - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a0f4af06-31be-40e0-baae-f10e7fa4fd7a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Goddess_movement","wgTitle":"Goddess movement","wgCurRevisionId":1260380061,"wgRevisionId":1260380061,"wgArticleId":1088368,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: postscript","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022","All articles lacking reliable references", "Articles lacking reliable references from July 2022","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from July 2022","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Feminist spirituality","Modern pagan traditions","Feminism and history","Matriarchy","1970s in modern paganism","Modern paganism and politics"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Goddess_movement","wgRelevantArticleId":1088368,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3866624","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg/1200px-Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2250"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg/800px-Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg/640px-Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Goddess movement - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess_movement"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess_movement"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Goddess_movement rootpage-Goddess_movement skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Goddess+movement" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Goddess+movement" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Goddess+movement" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Goddess+movement" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background_and_precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background and precursors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background_and_precursors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background and precursors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background_and_precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brotherhood_of_the_Golden_Arrow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brotherhood_of_the_Golden_Arrow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Brotherhood of the Golden Arrow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brotherhood_of_the_Golden_Arrow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_Aphrodite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Aphrodite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Church of Aphrodite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Aphrodite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_mythological_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_mythological_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use of mythological materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_mythological_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-One_or_many?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_or_many?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>One or many?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_or_many?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_or_without?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_or_without?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Within or without?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_or_without?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deity_versus_metaphor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deity_versus_metaphor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Deity versus metaphor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deity_versus_metaphor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prehistoric cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wicca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseph_Campbell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Campbell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Joseph Campbell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Campbell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth_as_Goddess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_as_Goddess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Earth as Goddess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_as_Goddess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reclaiming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reclaiming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Reclaiming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reclaiming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Goddess movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="حركة الربة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة الربة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="দেৱী আন্দোলন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দেৱী আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_de_la_Deessa" title="Moviment de la Deessa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment de la Deessa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnut%C3%AD_Bohyn%C4%9B" title="Hnutí Bohyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnutí Bohyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_de_la_Diosa" title="Movimiento de la Diosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento de la Diosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%87" title="جنبش الهه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش الهه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Աստվածուհու շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստվածուհու շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Dewi" title="Gerakan Dewi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Dewi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_della_Dea" title="Movimento della Dea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Movimento della Dea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Движењето на Божицата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Движењето на Божицата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godinnenbeweging" title="Godinnenbeweging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Godinnenbeweging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Движение Богини – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение Богини" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumalatar-liike" title="Jumalatar-liike – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jumalatar-liike" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanr%C4%B1%C3%A7a_hareketi" title="Tanrıça hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tanrıça hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Рух богині – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рух богині" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3866624#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Goddess_movement" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Goddess_movement" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Goddess_movement" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&oldid=1260380061" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Goddess_movement&id=1260380061&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGoddess_movement"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGoddess_movement"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Goddess_movement&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Goddess_movement_-_Thealogy_symbols" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3866624" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Modern revival of divine feminine or female-centered spirituality</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg/220px-Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg/330px-Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg/440px-Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>One version of the Spiral Goddess symbol of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">modern Paganism</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Goddess movement</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">revivalistic Neopagan</a> <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">religious movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rountree_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rountree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolae_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual beliefs and practices</a> that emerged primarily in the United States in the late 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-Rountree_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rountree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Feraferia" title="Feraferia">Feraferia</a> is one of the earliest) and predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolae_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Adler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement grew as a reaction both against <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolae_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which exclusively have gods who are referred to using <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine grammatical articles and pronouns</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JSSR_2024_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSSR_2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociology_of_Religion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It revolves around <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a> worship and the veneration for the <a href="/wiki/Divine_feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine feminine">divine feminine</a>, and may include a focus on <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a> or on one or more understandings of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> or <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolae_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Goddess movement is a widespread non-centralized trend in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">modern Paganism</a>, and it therefore has no centralized tenets of belief.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beliefs and practices vary widely among Goddess worshippers, from the name and the number of goddesses worshipped to the specific rituals and rites that are used.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolae_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a>, exclusively worship female deities, but others do not. Belief systems range from <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a>, and encompass a range of theological variety similar to that in the broader Neopagan community.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolae_2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common pluralistic belief means that a self-identified Goddess worshipper could theoretically worship any number of different <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">female deities</a> from various cultures and religions all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-christ1997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christ1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-christ2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christ2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on its characteristics, the Goddess movement is also referred to as a form of cultural religiosity that is increasingly diverse, geographically widespread, <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">eclectic</a>, and more dynamic in process.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The estimated population of the movement is only in the U.S. 500,000 and in the U.K. 120,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_precursors">Background and precursors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Goddess_hypothesis" title="Great Goddess hypothesis">Great Goddess hypothesis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_prehistory" title="Women in prehistory">Women in prehistory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></div> <p>In the 19th century, some <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">first-wave feminists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> published their ideas describing a female deity,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst anthropologists such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Bachofen" title="Johann Jakob Bachofen">Johann Jakob Bachofen</a> examined the ideas of prehistoric matriarchal Goddess cultures in the Mediterranean region. There are also post-traditional Goddess feminists who claim that female theologies are more ancient, having emerged in and around <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> period or 30,000 years ago: the <a href="/wiki/Great_Goddess_hypothesis" title="Great Goddess hypothesis">Great Goddess hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that these theologies were suppressed in the west when Christianity outlawed all pre-Christian religions through a series of edicts by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ideas gained additional traction during the <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a> movement. In the 1960s and 1970s, feminists who became interested in the history of religion also refer to the work of <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Eckstein-Diener" title="Bertha Eckstein-Diener">Helen Diner</a> (1965),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose book <i>Mothers and Amazons: An Outline of Female Empires</i> was first published in German in 1932; <a href="/wiki/Mary_Esther_Harding" title="Mary Esther Harding">Mary Esther Harding</a> (1935),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first significant Jungian psychoanalyst in the United States; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gould_Davis" title="Elizabeth Gould Davis">Elizabeth Gould Davis</a> (1971); and <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Stone" title="Merlin Stone">Merlin Stone</a> (1976). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the series on the film trilogy</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Women_and_Spirituality:_The_Goddess_Trilogy" title="Women and Spirituality: The Goddess Trilogy"><i>Women and Spirituality</i></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e1d5ed; color:black;"> Films</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddess_Remembered" title="Goddess Remembered">Goddess Remembered</a></i> <small>(1989)</small></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_Times" title="The Burning Times">The Burning Times</a></i> <small>(1990)</small></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Full_Circle_(1993_film)" title="Full Circle (1993 film)">Full Circle</a></i> <small>(1993)</small></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e1d5ed; color:black;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Shinoda_Bolen" title="Jean Shinoda Bolen">Jean Shinoda Bolen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fox_(priest)" title="Matthew Fox (priest)">Matthew Fox</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donna_Read_(director)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donna Read (director) (page does not exist)">Donna Read</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Spretnak" title="Charlene Spretnak">Charlene Spretnak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luisah_Teish" title="Luisah Teish">Luisah Teish</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_and_Spirituality_Trilogy" title="Template:Women and Spirituality Trilogy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_and_Spirituality_Trilogy" title="Template talk:Women and Spirituality Trilogy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_and_Spirituality_Trilogy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women and Spirituality Trilogy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the 1970s, Goddess Spirituality has emerged as a recognizable international cultural movement.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978 <a href="/wiki/Carol_P._Christ" title="Carol P. Christ">Carol P. Christ</a>'s widely reprinted essay "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Why_Women_Need_the_Goddess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Why Women Need the Goddess (page does not exist)">Why Women Need the Goddess</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-Why_Women_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_Women-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which argues in favor of the concept of there having been an ancient religion of a supreme goddess, was presented as the <a href="/wiki/Keynote" title="Keynote">keynote</a> address to an audience of over 500 at the "Great Goddess Re-emerging" conference at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was first published in <i>The Great Goddess Issue</i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Heresies:_A_Feminist_Publication_on_Art_and_Politics" title="Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics">Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics</a></i> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carol P. Christ also co-edited the classic feminist religion anthologies <i>Weaving the Visions: New Patterns in Feminist Spirituality</i> (1989) and <i>Womanspirit Rising</i> (1979/1989); the latter included her essay "Why Women Need the Goddess."<sup id="cite_ref-Why_Women_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_Women-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1974 to 1984, <i><a href="/wiki/WomanSpirit" title="WomanSpirit">WomanSpirit</a></i>, a journal edited in Oregon by Jean and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mountaingrove" title="Ruth Mountaingrove">Ruth Mountaingrove</a>, published articles, poetry, and rituals by women, exploring ideas and feelings about female deity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journal <i>The Beltane Papers</i>, which started publication at about the same time, continued until mid-2011.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Goddess movement has found voice in various films and self-published media, such as the <a href="/wiki/Women_and_Spirituality:_The_Goddess_Trilogy" title="Women and Spirituality: The Goddess Trilogy"><i>Women and Spirituality</i></a> trilogy made by Donna Read for the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brotherhood_of_the_Golden_Arrow">Brotherhood of the Golden Arrow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Brotherhood of the Golden Arrow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maria_de_Naglowska" title="Maria de Naglowska">Maria de Naglowska</a>, a Russian émigré in France, established and led a short-living occult, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual magic">sexual magical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanic</a> society known as the Brotherhood of the Golden Arrow (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Confrerie de la Flèche d'Or</i>) in Paris from 1932 to 1935. Naglowska's occult teaching centered on what she called the "Third Term of the Trinity", in which the Holy Spirit of the classic Christian trinity is recognized as the <a href="/wiki/Divine_feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine feminine">divine feminine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_Aphrodite">Church of Aphrodite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Church of Aphrodite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Aphrodite" title="Church of Aphrodite">Church of Aphrodite</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/170px-Venus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/255px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/340px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Female symbol of the Church of Aphrodite</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest precursor to the contemporary Goddess movement was the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Aphrodite" title="Church of Aphrodite">Church of Aphrodite</a>, a religious organization founded and registered in 1938 by male feminist <a href="/wiki/Gleb_Botkin" title="Gleb Botkin">Gleb Botkin</a>, first in <a href="/wiki/West_Hempstead,_New_York" title="West Hempstead, New York">West Hempstead, New York</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>. The Monotheistic church believes in a singular female goddess, who is named after the ancient Greek goddess of love, <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. The relationship between the Goddess Aphrodite and the visible world may be illustrated by that between a mother and her child, and the creation of the world was like a woman giving birth. The church did not continue long after Botkin's death in 1969, some of his followers went on to join new neopagan movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Galtsin_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galtsin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clifton_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Inanna,_2350-2150_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/290px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/435px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg/580px-Seal_of_Inanna%2C_2350-2150_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1939" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> depicting the goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> resting her foot on the back of a lion while <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a> stands in front of her paying obeisance, c. 2334–2154 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Associated terms sometimes used within the movement include the following: </p> <ul><li><b>Goddesses</b> refers to a local or specific deity linked clearly to a particular culture and often to particular aspects, attributes and powers (for example: the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> goddesses like <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a>, the goddess of learning, poetry, music, inspiration and wisdom; and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> goddess of wealth and sovereignty).</li> <li><b>The Goddess</b> or <b>the Great Goddess</b> is a female deity that is regarded as primary. Such a religious system existed historically in many cultures, though not under the same names and not necessarily with the same traits. If there is a male god, he is often seen as her equal, or his powers may be seen as deriving from her.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms are <i>not</i> usually understood to refer a single deity that is identical across cultures but rather a concept common in many ancient cultures, which those in the Goddess movement want to restore.<sup id="cite_ref-christ1997_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christ1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Goddess is spoken of as a personal guardian, as in 'my Goddess' it means 'my worldview in Goddess spirituality.'</li> <li><b>Goddess Spirituality</b> is sometimes used as a synonym for Goddess Movement and sometimes as the spiritual practice that is part of the Goddess movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could also refer to the Goddess Movement's ethos, particularly when used to construct Christianity as the diametrical opposite of the Goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, the term becomes a distinguishing concept that sets the movement apart from Christianity with little room for overlap.</li> <li><b>Goddessing</b> is a recent contribution to Goddess vocabulary, possibly derived from the British journal of the same name, following from <a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Mary Daly</a>'s suggestion that deity is too dynamic, too much in process and changing continually, to be a noun, and should better be spoken as a verb (Daly 1973). Goddessing may also mean Goddess culture, Goddess way of life, Goddess practice, or 'my goddessing' as in my individual interpretation and experience of Goddess.</li> <li><b>Priestess</b> refers to women who dedicate themselves to one or more goddesses. It may or may not include leadership of a group, and it may or may not include legal ordination. The analogous term for men is "priest." However, not everyone who dedicates themselves to the Goddess or goddesses calls themselves a priestess (or priest).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></b> is a term whose first use in the context of feminist analysis of religion and discussion of Goddess is usually credited to <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Goldenberg" title="Naomi Goldenberg">Naomi Goldenberg</a>, who used the term in her book <i><a href="/wiki/Changing_of_the_Gods" title="Changing of the Gods">Changing of the Gods</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It substitutes the Greek feminine prefix "thea-" for the supposedly generic use of the Greek masculine prefix "theo-". It refers to the activity of determining the meaning of Goddess as opposed to theology, which reflects on the meaning of God.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequently used to mean analysis of Goddess thought and mysticism, it can also be used more liberally to mean any kind of divine, not just deity divine, as in meditation, ethics, ritual pragmatics.</li></ul> <p>Capitalization of terms such as "Goddess" and "Goddesses" usually vary with author or with the style guides of publications or publishers. Within the Goddess community, members generally consider it proper to capitalize the word "Goddess", but not necessary when generic references are made, as in the word "goddesses". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_mythological_materials">Use of mythological materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use of mythological materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Participants in the Goddess movement often invoke ancient religion and mythology. Some skeptics argue that these have been reconstructed from ancient sources and others are modern inventions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, these myths are not interpreted literally,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but rather figuratively or metaphorically as reflecting ancient understandings and worldviews. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myths</a> are not seen as conflicting with scientific understanding but rather as being poetic, metaphoric statements that are compatible with, for example, the theory of evolution, modern <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, and physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Starhawk1999_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starhawk1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budapest1980_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budapest1980-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mythological sources of the Goddess movement are often considered modern reconstructions of ancient myths that predated a "<a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> period," the <a href="/wiki/Great_Goddess_hypothesis" title="Great Goddess hypothesis">Great Goddess hypothesis</a>, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a>, and therefore very little would have been written about them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the reflection of ancient understanding of these, there are adherents who also turn to contemporary scholarship and literature such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Goddess" title="The White Goddess">The White Goddess</a></i>. Some of this work's interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> (based mainly on <a href="/wiki/James_Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="James Frazer">James Frazer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a>,</i> such as the annual sacrifice of a king that represents a god) were adopted as the basis to describe the goddess' aging and rejuvenation with the seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The myth of <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> is one that has often been reinterpreted.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pollack1997_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollack1997-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common claim within the Goddess movement is that myths from supposed ancient matriarchal societies were behind key elements in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, particularly in the beliefs that "matriarchies fostering goddess worship influenced the attitudes of early Christians toward Mary" and that "the Catholic Church was originally matriarchal with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, as its head."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Goddess movement views devotion to female Christian figures such as the female <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> as a continuation of ancient Goddess worship.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter,_1706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter%2C_1706.jpg/290px-Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter%2C_1706.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter%2C_1706.jpg/435px-Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter%2C_1706.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter%2C_1706.jpg/580px-Rene_Antoine_Houasse_-_Minerva_and_the_Triumph_of_Jupiter%2C_1706.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> and the Triumph of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse" title="René-Antoine Houasse">René-Antoine Houasse</a> (1706), showing the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> sitting at the right hand of her father <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> while the goddess <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> sits in the background holding a <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Goddess Spirituality characteristically shows diversity: no central body defines its dogma. Yet there is evolving consensus on some issues such as: the Goddess in relation to <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendence</a>, and other ways to understand the nature of the Goddess. There is also the emerging agreement that the Goddess fulfills the basic functions of <a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">empowering</a> women and fostering ethical and harmonious relationships among different peoples as well as between humans, animals, and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_or_many?"><span id="One_or_many.3F"></span>One or many?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: One or many?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One question often asked is whether Goddess adherents believe in one Goddess or many goddesses: Is Goddess spirituality monotheistic or polytheistic?<sup id="cite_ref-Eller_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eller-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not an issue for many of those in the Goddess movement, whose conceptualization of divinity is more all-encompassing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms "the Goddess", or "Great Goddess" may appear monotheistic because the singular noun is used. However, these terms are most commonly used as code or shorthand for one or all of the following: to refer to certain types of prehistoric goddesses; to encompass all goddesses (a form of <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>); to refer to a modern metaphoric concept of female deity; to describe a form of energy, or a process.<sup id="cite_ref-christ1997_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christ1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-christ2003_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christ2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Long1996_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long1996-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a singular divine being with many expressions is not a new development in thought: it has been a major theme in India for many centuries, at the very least as far back as the 5th century, though hymns in the early <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a> too speak of a one-Goddess-many-goddesses concept.<sup id="cite_ref-Jayran2000_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayran2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_or_without?"><span id="Within_or_without.3F"></span>Within or without?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Within or without?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another point of discussion is whether the Goddess is immanent, or transcendent, or both, or something else. Starhawk speaks of the Goddess as immanent (infusing all of nature) but sometimes also simultaneously transcendent (existing independently of the material world).<sup id="cite_ref-Starhawk1987_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starhawk1987-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Goddess authors agree and also describe Goddess as, at one and the same time, immanently pantheistic and <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheistic</a>. The former means that Goddess flows into and through each individual aspect of nature—each tree, blade of grass, human, animal, planet; the latter means that all exist within the Goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-christ1997_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christ1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Starhawk1999_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starhawk1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starhawk also speaks of the Goddess as both a psychological symbol and "manifest reality. She exists <i>and</i> we create Her" (italics hers).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carol P. Christ (2003), describes what she sees as similarities between Goddess theology and <a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">process theology</a>, and suggests that Goddess theologians adopt more of the process viewpoint. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deity_versus_metaphor">Deity versus metaphor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deity versus metaphor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theological variations that characterize the Goddess movement can also be classified into two: the views that describe the Goddess as a metaphor and those that consider the Goddess as a deity. The former emerged from among Jewish and Christian adherents and maintains that the Goddess serves as the means of talking about, imagining, or relating to the divine and this is demonstrated in the push to recover the feminine face of God based on scriptural and historical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the other hand, the theology that the Goddess is a deity, with importantly and unchangeably female persona, emerged out of the feminists who came from polytheistic faiths such as Hinduism, Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional African religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goddesses in this theology are rarely understood as metaphors or images since they have distinct individual features and that worshippers can interact with their suprahuman personages or symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliposter1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliposter1940s.jpg/220px-Kaliposter1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliposter1940s.jpg/330px-Kaliposter1940s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kaliposter1940s.jpg/440px-Kaliposter1940s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Modern depiction of the Hindu goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, shown standing atop <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, wearing a necklace of severed heads, in front of a fiery background</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Goddess movement has no specific code of behavior, there are commonly held tenets and concepts within the movement that form a basis for ethical behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those participants in Goddess spirituality who define themselves as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccan</a>, usually follow what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a>: " 'An it harm none, do what ye will", ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/an#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:an">an</a>" being an archaic English word understood to mean "if", or "as long as"). Many also believe in the <a href="/wiki/Threefold_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Threefold Law">Threefold Law</a>, which states that "what you send (or do), returns three times over".<sup id="cite_ref-Starhawk1999_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starhawk1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some traditions believe that this means it will be returned to the sender three times, or in a portion three times in volume, while others say it will instead be returned to the sender on three levels of being—physical, mental, and spiritual. Still others postulate that the number "<a href="/wiki/3" title="3">three</a>" is symbolic, meant to indicate a magnified karmic result for one's actions. </p><p>Some people in the Goddess movement honor the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a> of Maiden, Mother, and Crone. The Maiden aspect of the Goddess is the <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> of a young woman or a child, representing independence and strength; the Mother aspect is the archetype of a nurturing mature woman; and the <a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a> aspect is the archetype of an old woman that represents wisdom, change, and transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Starhawk1999_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starhawk1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the Crone aspect of the Goddess is understood by some to be destructive at times, some consider it to contain both positive and negative imagery and to present an ethical quandary. The Hindu Goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, or Kali Ma, is often seen as an example of the Crone aspect. The concept is that the corrective force in a Dark Age must be a righteously directed dark force. Thus, to combat the <a href="/wiki/Demons" class="mw-redirect" title="Demons">demons</a> of ignorance, ego, anger, etc., the darker aspect manifests. Later on, even her fierce image softens in the love of her devotees. Her duality is easily reconciled with the <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> of Hinduism, which claims to understand the fundamental unity of truth as being impersonal and stratified in an ego-knotted existence (such as the human condition), and thus to the evil or unrighteous she is destruction personified and to the loving and moral devotee she is nothing but the love of the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Jayran2000_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayran2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Goddess ethical beliefs are that one should not harm the interconnected web of life, and that peace and partnership should be the goals, rather than war and domination. According to Goddess theologian <a href="/wiki/Carol_P._Christ" title="Carol P. Christ">Carol P. Christ</a> the following are ethical touchstones: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Nurture life; Walk in love and beauty; Trust the knowledge that comes through the body; Speak the truth about conflict, pain, and suffering; Take only what you need; Think about the consequences of your actions for seven generations; Approach the taking of life with great restraint; Practice great generosity; Repair the web."<sup id="cite_ref-christ1997_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christ1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_cultures">Prehistoric cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prehistoric cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willendorf-Venus-1468.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Willendorf-Venus-1468.jpg/220px-Willendorf-Venus-1468.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Willendorf-Venus-1468.jpg/330px-Willendorf-Venus-1468.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Willendorf-Venus-1468.jpg/440px-Willendorf-Venus-1468.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="3177" /></a><figcaption>The famous <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf" title="Venus of Willendorf">Venus of Willendorf</a> (circa 28,000-25,000 B.C.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Goddess movement draws some of its inspiration from the work of archaeologists such as <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas1982_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas1982-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas2001_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas2001-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas1993_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas1993-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mellaart_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellaart-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose interpretation of artifacts excavated from "<a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old Europe</a>" points to societies of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a> that were "matristic" or "goddess-centered" worshipping a female deity of three primary aspects,<sup id="cite_ref-Hayden_1987_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayden_1987-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has inspired some neopagan worshippers of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heide_G%C3%B6ttner-Abendroth" title="Heide Göttner-Abendroth">Heide Göttner-Abendroth</a>, working in the 1970s to mid-1980s, called these cultures "matriarchies", introducing a feminist field of "<a href="/wiki/Modern_Matriarchal_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Matriarchal Studies">Modern Matriarchal Studies</a>". She presented a theory of the transformation of prehistoric cultures in which the local goddess was primary and the male god, if any, derived his power from the goddess. In what she terms the "Downfall", which occurred at varying times throughout a multitude of cultures, the gods overcame and subjugated the goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Göttner-Abendroth's terminology is <a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">idiosyncratic</a>. The term "<a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchy</a>" to describe these cultures has been rejected by many Goddess-movement scholars, especially those in North America, because it implies female domination as the reverse of male domination in patriarchy. These scholars deny such a reversal, asserting these prehistoric cultures were egalitarian, though <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a> - inherited assets and parentage traced through the maternal line.<sup id="cite_ref-christ1997_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christ1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas2001_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas2001-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eisler_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisler-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Riane_Eisler" title="Riane Eisler">Riane Eisler</a>, cultures in which women and men shared power, and which worshiped female deities, were more peaceful than the patriarchal societies that followed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hodder" title="Ian Hodder">Ian Hodder</a>'s reinterpretation of <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Gimbutas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas1982_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas1982-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/James_Mellaart" title="James Mellaart">Mellaart</a>'s works<sup id="cite_ref-Mellaart_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellaart-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disputes the existence of "matriarchal" or "<a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">matrifocal</a>" cultures, as do some other archaeologists and historians in this field.<sup id="cite_ref-Eller_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eller-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, mythologist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a> compared the importance of Gimbutas' output to the historical importance of the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> in deciphering <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>. Marija Gimbutas, often dubbed "Grandmother of the Goddess Movement" in the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continues to be cited by many feminist writers, including <a href="/wiki/Max_Dashu" title="Max Dashu">Max Dashu</a>. Many other scholars, including Joan Marler and Marguerite Rigoglioso, support her work.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, Gimbutas' theories had been widely criticized as mistaken in their dating, archaeological context, and <a href="/wiki/Typology_(archaeology)" title="Typology (archaeology)">typologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilchrist_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilchrist-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some archaeologists consider her goddess hypothesis implausible,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others dismissing her work as pseudo-scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wicca">Wicca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wicca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AN00969955_001_l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AN00969955_001_l.jpg/220px-AN00969955_001_l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AN00969955_001_l.jpg/330px-AN00969955_001_l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AN00969955_001_l.jpg/440px-AN00969955_001_l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>Early nineteenth-century drawing depicting a <a href="/wiki/Statuette" class="mw-redirect" title="Statuette">statuette</a> of a triple-bodied <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> regards "the Goddess", along with her consort the <a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">Horned God</a>, as a deity of prime importance. The earliest Wiccan publications described the Goddess as a tribal goddess of the witch community, neither omnipotent nor universal.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many forms of Wicca have come to regard the Goddess as a universal deity, more in line with her description in the <i><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Goddess" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a></i>, a key Wiccan text. In this guise she is the "Queen of Heaven", similar to Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>; she also encompasses and conceives all life, much like the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>. Much like Isis,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she is held to be the summation of all other goddesses, who represent her different names and aspects across the different cultures. The Goddess is often portrayed with strong lunar symbolism, drawing on various deities such as <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, and is often depicted as the Maiden, Mother, and Crone triad popularized by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> (see <a href="#Triple_Goddess">Triple Goddess</a> below). Many depictions of her also draw strongly on <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic</a> goddesses. Some Wiccans believe there are many goddesses, and in some forms of Wicca, notably <a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a>, the Goddess alone is worshipped. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg/212px-Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="212" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg/318px-Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg/424px-Triple_Goddess_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The lunar <a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a> symbol</figcaption></figure> <p>Some, but not all, participants in the Goddess movement self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a> or 'witches'. Other participants of the Goddess movement call themselves goddessians<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others identify as the more generic "pagans". </p><p>Some Wiccans, especially <a href="/wiki/Dianic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dianic">Dianics</a>, attempt to trace the historical origins of their beliefs to Neolithic pre-Christian cultures, seeing <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccanism</a> as a distillation of a religion found at the beginning of most, if not all, cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They regard wise women and midwives as the first Wiccan witches. Dianic Wicca first became visible in the 1970s, alongside the writings of <a href="/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Budapest" title="Zsuzsanna Budapest">Zsuzsanna Budapest</a>. Her feminist interpretation of witchcraft followed a few decades after the founding of Wicca by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a> in the 1940s. Today, there are at least 800,000 individuals who consider themselves Wiccan followers or witches in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gardner and Valiente advocated a proto-feminist ideal of priestess authority in service to the Wiccan God and Goddess. Covens in "traditional" Wicca (i.e., those run along the lines described by Gardner and Valiente) had and have pretty much equal <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> both of a priest and of a priestess; but often consider the priestess "<a href="/wiki/Prima_inter_pares" class="mw-redirect" title="Prima inter pares">prima inter pares</a>" (first among equals) - according to the book <i>A Witches' Bible</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Farrar" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a> became known in Britain as the 'Mother of the Craft' and contributed extensively to Wicca's written tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is the author of The Witches' Creed, which lays out the basics of Wiccan religious belief and philosophy; including the polarity of the God and the Goddess as the two great "powers of Nature" and the two "mystical pillars" of the religion. One way to characterize the central male-female divine dyad in Wicca is to say that it's a duotheistic religion with a theology based on the divine gender polarity of male and female. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">idea of witchcraft</a> as the remnants of an old pagan religion was first suggested to a wide readership by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a>'s books, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch-Cult_in_Western_Europe" title="The Witch-Cult in Western Europe">The Witch-Cult in Western Europe</a></i>, <i>The God of the Witches</i> (1933) and <i>The Divine King in England</i>. Her works have since been discredited by other scholars but have left a feminist legacy upon Wiccan culture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diana_of_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diana_of_Versailles.jpg/220px-Diana_of_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diana_of_Versailles.jpg/330px-Diana_of_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diana_of_Versailles.jpg/440px-Diana_of_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="5699" /></a><figcaption>Roman copy of a Greek statue by <a href="/wiki/Leochares" title="Leochares">Leochares</a> of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, who was known to the Romans as <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wicca and <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a>, and to some extent the Goddess movement, were influenced by 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultism</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a> in which both male and female were valued and honored as sacred, in contrast to and perhaps in reaction to mainstream Christian spirituality,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Goddess_movement#Dubious" title="Talk:Goddess movement">discuss</a></i>]</sup> especially if <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of Mary">veneration of Mary</a> by most Christians is not considered. Such views are described, for example, in the work of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>, especially <i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Goddess" title="The White Goddess">The White Goddess</a></i> (the origin of the neopagan 'Triple Goddess' concept) and <i>Mammon and the Black Goddess</i>. </p><p>Wicca was also heavily influenced by the ideas of alchemic symbolism,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which emphasized the essential complementary polarity of male and female, and that characterized that basic duality or gender polarity as a partnership of the solar (male) and the lunar (female). In Wicca the Moon is the symbol of the Goddess and the Sun is the symbol of the God; and the central liturgical mystery and ritual act is "The Great Rite" or Hieros Gamos, which is a symbolic union of the God and the Goddess, as the primal male and female powers of the cosmos. In alchemy this was known as "the <a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Chymical Wedding">Chymical Wedding</a>" of the Sun and the Moon. In a parallel vein, traditional Wicca also draws heavily upon the Western <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermetic Tradition</a> and its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(Kabbalah)" title="Tree of life (Kabbalah)">Kabbalistic Tree of Life</a>; where the twin pillars of masculine and feminine divine forces are joined by a Middle Pillar that encompasses and transcends both male and female. These "twin pillars" as they are shown in tarot decks are analogous to Valiente's depiction of the God and the Goddess as the two "mystical pillars." In this emphasis on the feminine as the equal and complementary polar opposite of the masculine, Wicca echoes not only Kabbalistic sources but also the polarity of yin and yang—feminine and masculine—in Taoism. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Dianic view is that separatism, in a world where gender roles were once strictly defined, is sometimes considered dangerous because it challenges what they see as patriarchal assumptions of Western culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Budapest1980_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budapest1980-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There are, however, Wiccan groups that do not subscribe to the male-female dualism of the divine. For instance, there is the case of the Budapest Dianics. Although these retained many Wiccan rituals and symbols, they only used female imagery and created a creation myth that eliminated the need for the male.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Wiccans also accept male members,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Dianics called themselves a "wimmin's religion" and, thus, rejected males from their ranks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joseph_Campbell">Joseph Campbell</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Joseph Campbell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt.IsisHorus.01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Egypt.IsisHorus.01.png/170px-Egypt.IsisHorus.01.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Egypt.IsisHorus.01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Egyptian depiction of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> nursing <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, wearing the headdress of <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>First broadcast on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> in 1988 as a documentary interview with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Bill Moyers</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Myth" title="The Power of Myth">The Power of Myth</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a>, was also released in the same year as a book created under the direction of the late <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Power of Myth</i> links the image of the Earth or Mother Goddess to symbols of fertility and reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Campbell states that, "There have been systems of religion where the mother is the prime parent, the source... We talk of Mother Earth. And in Egypt you have the Mother Heavens, the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a>, who is represented as the whole heavenly sphere".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campbell continues by stating that the correlation between fertility and the Goddess found its roots in agriculture: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Bill Moyers</b>: But what happened along the way to this reverence that in primitive societies was directed to the Goddess figure, the Great Goddess, the mother earth- what happened to that?</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Joseph Campbell</b>: Well that was associated primarily with <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and the agricultural societies. It has to do with the earth. The human woman gives birth just as the earth gives birth to the plants...so woman magic and earth magic are the same. They are related. And the personification of the energy that gives birth to forms and nourishes forms is properly female. It is in the agricultural world of ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, and in the earlier planting-culture systems that the Goddess is the dominant mythic form.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Campbell also argues that the image of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> was derived from the image of Isis and her child Horus: "The antique model for <a href="/wiki/The_Madonna" class="mw-redirect" title="The Madonna">the Madonna</a>, actually, is Isis with Horus at her breast",<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see <a href="/wiki/Isis#Possible_influence_on_Christianity" title="Isis">Isis#Possible influence on Christianity</a>. </p><p>According to Joseph Campbell, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...half the people in the world think that the metaphors of their religious traditions, for example, are facts. And the other half contends that they are not facts at all. As a result we have people who consider themselves believers because they accept metaphors as facts, and we have others who classify themselves as atheists because they think religious metaphors are lies.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One of these metaphors is <i>Eve</i>. Campbell argues that Christianity, originally a denomination of Judaism, embraced part of the Jewish pagan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> culture and the <i>rib metaphor</i> is an example of how distant the Jewish religion was from the prehistoric religion—the <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earth_as_Goddess">Earth as Goddess</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Earth as Goddess"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Earth_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth goddess">Earth goddess</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aion_mosaic_Glyptothek_Munich_W504.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aion_mosaic_Glyptothek_Munich_W504.jpg/220px-Aion_mosaic_Glyptothek_Munich_W504.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aion_mosaic_Glyptothek_Munich_W504.jpg/330px-Aion_mosaic_Glyptothek_Munich_W504.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aion_mosaic_Glyptothek_Munich_W504.jpg/440px-Aion_mosaic_Glyptothek_Munich_W504.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Roman mosaic depicting the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> (Roman: <a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a>), lying on the ground with her four children, the personifications of the four seasons</figcaption></figure> <p>Many people involved in the Goddess movement regard the Earth as a living Goddess. For some this may be figurative, for others literal. This literal belief is similar to that proposed by <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a>, and the Goddess-name <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> is sometimes used as a synonym for the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Goddess-movement practitioners, Gaia personifies the entire earthly ecosystem and is the means to achieve harmonic symbiosis or the wholeness and balance within the natural worlds and physical environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of those in the Goddess movement become involved in <a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">ecofeminism</a>, and are concerned with environmental and ecological issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Starhawk1987_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starhawk1987-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goddess-movement adherents claim the hierarchical scheme giving humans dominion over the Earth (and nature) has led to lack of respect and concern for the Earth, and thus to what scientists identify as environmental crises,<sup id="cite_ref-Eisler_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisler-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. Rather than having dominion over the Earth, Goddess-movement theorists see humans living as part of the Earth environment, and also refer to Earth as "Mother".<sup id="cite_ref-Starhawk1999_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starhawk1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Budapest1980_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budapest1980-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, humans are considered on equal level with non-human inhabitants since all must be accorded the same moral and religious consideration, respect, and reverence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some such as <a href="/wiki/Monica_Sj%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Monica Sjöö">Monica Sjöö</a> cite that this focus on the environment is one of the aspects that distinguishes the goddess movement with the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> movement. The former is sometimes mistaken as a subcategory of the latter due to the way the goddess movement draw from many resources that are New Age in character, including <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoterica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divinatory techniques</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are also concerned with valuing one's self as inherently sacred. The goddess movement, on the other hand, is equally concerned with valuing the environment, including its human and non-human inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attitude towards the environment is reflected in the way the movement view the concepts of femaleness, the <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>. In comparison with the traditional theology where God is placed at the top of the hierarchical system, ruling over man and nature, the movement maintains that humanity and divinity must not be distinguished from nature or that earth is the body of the goddess and all beings are interconnected in the web of life.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reclaiming">Reclaiming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reclaiming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming (Neopaganism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilith_(John_Collier_painting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg/220px-Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg/330px-Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg/440px-Lilith_%28John_Collier_painting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(painting)" title="Lilith (painting)">Lilith</a></i> (1887) by <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(painter)" title="John Collier (painter)">John Collier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atkinson_Art_Gallery_and_Library" title="Atkinson Art Gallery and Library">Atkinson Art Gallery</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Reclaiming Witchcraft is an organization of <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">modern Witchcraft</a>, aiming to combine the Goddess movement with <a href="/wiki/Political_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activism">political activism</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">anti-nuclear movements</a>). "Reclaiming" was founded in 1979, in the context of the <i>Reclaiming Collective</i> (1978–1997), by two Neopagan women of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> descent, <a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a> (Miriam Simos) and Diane Baker, in order to explore and develop feminist Neopagan emancipatory rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Salomonsen_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salomonsen-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific period of its founding can be traced back to the civil action during the <a href="/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant#Public_participation_and_protest" title="Diablo Canyon Power Plant">1970s' Diablo Canyon protest</a>, which opposed the construction of a nuclear plant. </p><p>Today, the organization focuses on progressive social, political, environmental, and economic activism.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reclaiming integrates magic rituals and instruction to its political activism. For instance, followers performed the <a href="/wiki/Spiral_dance" title="Spiral dance">spiral dances</a> during its protest meetings against the World Trade Organization and other agencies of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reclaiming also encourages its members to seek knowledge and enlightenment outside of the movement since it does not claim a monopoly of the so-called Wiccan truth.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_denominations">Notable denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_Goddess" title="Covenant of the Goddess">Covenant of the Goddess</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006101_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006101-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006Chapter_8._Women,_Feminism,_and_the_Craft_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006Chapter_8._Women,_Feminism,_and_the_Craft-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2003916_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2003916-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClifton2006_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton2006-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Isis" title="Fellowship of Isis">Fellowship of Isis</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006Chapter_9._Religions_from_the_Past_—_The_Pagan_Reconstructionists_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006Chapter_9._Religions_from_the_Past_—_The_Pagan_Reconstructionists-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2003888_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2003888-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feraferia" title="Feraferia">Feraferia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ellwood_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellwood-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler200678–79_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200678–79-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Goddess Foundation<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(a feminist voluntary organization founded in 2009, based in Sussex with a sisterhood around the U.K. and beyond)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a><sup id="cite_ref-Salomonsen_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salomonsen-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Re-formed Congregation of the Goddess – International<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(in 1983, Jade River and Lynnie Levy founded RCG-I in Madison, Wisconsin; RCG-I continues today with groups called "circles" in many U. S. localities, as well as an educational program, priestess training, and ordination)</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babalon_Working" class="mw-redirect" title="Babalon Working">Babalon Working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_feminine" title="Eternal feminine">Eternal feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Goddess" title="The Hebrew Goddess">The Hebrew Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavenly Mother">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherpeace_Tarot" title="Motherpeace Tarot">Motherpeace Tarot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekinah">Shekinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third Wave Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory" title="The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory">The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rountree-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rountree_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rountree_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRountree2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rountree, Kathryn (2006). "Goddess movement". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Clarke" title="Peter B. Clarke">Peter B. Clarke</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=heeCAgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of new religious movements</i></a>. London; New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">240–</span>242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-26707-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-26707-6"><bdi>9-78-0-415-26707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Goddess+movement&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+new+religious+movements&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6&rft.aulast=Rountree&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DheeCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolae_2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolae_2023_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolae2023" class="citation journal cs1">Nicolae, Téa (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09667350221135089">"The Western Revival of Goddess Worship"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Theology_(journal)" title="Feminist Theology (journal)">Feminist Theology</a></i>. <b>31</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: <span class="nowrap">130–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09667350221135089">10.1177/09667350221135089</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-5189">1745-5189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254735598">254735598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Western+Revival+of+Goddess+Worship&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254735598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1745-5189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F09667350221135089&rft.aulast=Nicolae&rft.aufirst=T%C3%A9a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F09667350221135089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adler-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adler_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2006) [1979]. <i><a href="/wiki/Drawing_Down_the_Moon_(book)" title="Drawing Down the Moon (book)">Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today</a></i> (Reprint rev. and expand. ed.). New York: Penguin/Arcana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-019536-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-019536-X"><bdi>0-14-019536-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-Worshippers%2C+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint+rev.+and+expand.&rft.pub=Penguin%2FArcana&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-019536-X&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span> | at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawingdownmoonw00adle_3">Archive.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRountree2004" class="citation book cs1">Rountree, Kathryn (2004). <i>Embracing the Witch and the Goddess: Feminist Ritual-makers in New Zealand</i>. London: Psychology Press. pp. ix, 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415303583" title="Special:BookSources/0415303583"><bdi>0415303583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embracing+the+Witch+and+the+Goddess%3A+Feminist+Ritual-makers+in+New+Zealand&rft.place=London&rft.pages=ix%2C+9&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0415303583&rft.aulast=Rountree&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSSR_2024-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSSR_2024_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpenieksBonhag2024" class="citation journal cs1">Upenieks, Laura; Bonhag, Rebecca (March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjssr.12881">"Masculine God Imagery and Sense of Life Purpose: Examining Contingencies with America's "Four Gods"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion" title="Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion">Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</a></i>. <b>63</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester, West Sussex</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion" title="Society for the Scientific Study of Religion">Society for the Scientific Study of Religion</a>: <span class="nowrap">76–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjssr.12881">10.1111/jssr.12881</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-5906">1468-5906</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:265057828">265057828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Masculine+God+Imagery+and+Sense+of+Life+Purpose%3A+Examining+Contingencies+with+America%27s+%22Four+Gods%22&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A265057828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1468-5906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjssr.12881&rft.aulast=Upenieks&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Bonhag%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjssr.12881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sociology_of_Religion-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristianoKivistoSwatos2015" class="citation book cs1">Christiano, Kevin J.; Kivisto, Peter; Swatos, William H. Jr., eds. (2015) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYtjY7GJav4C&pg=PA254">"Excursus on the History of Religions"</a>. <i>Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California" title="Walnut Creek, California">Walnut Creek, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/AltaMira_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="AltaMira Press">AltaMira Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">254–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3512222">10.2307/3512222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1691-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1691-4"><bdi>978-1-4422-1691-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3512222">3512222</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001035412">2001035412</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154932078">154932078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Excursus+on+the+History+of+Religions&rft.btitle=Sociology+of+Religion%3A+Contemporary+Developments&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3512222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3512222&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001035412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154932078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1691-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYtjY7GJav4C%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Jodi (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of Gender and Society</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 709. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452266022" title="Special:BookSources/9781452266022"><bdi>9781452266022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Gender+and+Society&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=709&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781452266022&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid-Bowen2016" class="citation book cs1">Reid-Bowen, Paul (2016). <i>Goddess as Nature: Towards a Philosophical Thealogy</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754656272" title="Special:BookSources/9780754656272"><bdi>9780754656272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+as+Nature%3A+Towards+a+Philosophical+Thealogy&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780754656272&rft.aulast=Reid-Bowen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christ1997-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-christ1997_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-christ1997_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-christ1997_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-christ1997_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-christ1997_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-christ1997_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrist1997" class="citation book cs1">Christ, Carol P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8Z2hPdEn1gC"><i>Rebirth of the Goddess: Finding Meaning in Feminist Spirituality</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1367-6384-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1367-6384-7"><bdi>978-1-1367-6384-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=a8Z2hPdEn1gC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebirth+of+the+Goddess%3A+Finding+Meaning+in+Feminist+Spirituality&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-1367-6384-7&rft.aulast=Christ&rft.aufirst=Carol+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da8Z2hPdEn1gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christ2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-christ2003_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-christ2003_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrist2003" class="citation book cs1">Christ, Carol P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfiMP5nS3GEC"><i>She Who Changes: Re-imagining the Divine in the World</i></a>. Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6083-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-6083-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfiMP5nS3GEC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=She+Who+Changes%3A+Re-imagining+the+Divine+in+the+World&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6083-2&rft.aulast=Christ&rft.aufirst=Carol+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfiMP5nS3GEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Wendy, ed. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900742503488_w8s0/page/n5/mode/1up"><i>Daughters of the Goddess: Studies of Identity, Healing, and Empowerment</i></a></span>. Walnut Creek, Ca: AltaMira Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0347-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0347-X"><bdi>0-7425-0347-X</bdi></a>. Collection of essays on the Goddess movement.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daughters+of+the+Goddess%3A+Studies+of+Identity%2C+Healing%2C+and+Empowerment&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+Ca&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7425-0347-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_2900742503488_w8s0%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span> p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffin2000">Griffin 2000</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2001" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Diane (2001). <i>Diane Stein's Guide to Goddess Craft</i>. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1580910912" title="Special:BookSources/1580910912"><bdi>1580910912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diane+Stein%27s+Guide+to+Goddess+Craft&rft.place=Freedom%2C+CA&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=The+Crossing+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1580910912&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Parsons2002" class="citation book cs1">Frank Parsons, Susan (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00pars"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Feminist Theology</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00pars/page/n99">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052166327X" title="Special:BookSources/052166327X"><bdi>052166327X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Feminist+Theology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=052166327X&rft.aulast=Frank+Parsons&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00pars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiner1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Diener" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertha Diener">Diner, Helen</a> (1965). <i>Mothers and Amazons</i>. Julian Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothers+and+Amazons&rft.pub=Julian+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Diner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1935" class="citation book cs1">Harding, M. Esther, MD (1935). <i>Woman's Mysteries: Ancient and Modern</i>. Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%27s+Mysteries%3A+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=M.+Esther%2C+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTøllefsenGiudice2017" class="citation book cs1">Tøllefsen, Inga Bårdsen; Giudice, Christian (2017). <i>Female Leaders in New Religious Movements</i>. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-61526-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-61526-4"><bdi>978-3-319-61526-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Leaders+in+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-61526-4&rft.aulast=T%C3%B8llefsen&rft.aufirst=Inga+B%C3%A5rdsen&rft.au=Giudice%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why_Women-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Why_Women_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Why_Women_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrist" class="citation web cs1">Christ, Carol P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goddessariadne.org/#!why-women-need-the-goddess-part-1/cufo">"Why Women Need the Goddess"</a>. <i>GoddessAriadne.org</i>. Ariadne Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102041700/https://www.goddessariadne.org/#!why-women-need-the-goddess-part-1/cufo">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoddessAriadne.org&rft.atitle=Why+Women+Need+the+Goddess&rft.aulast=Christ&rft.aufirst=Carol+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goddessariadne.org%2F%23%21why-women-need-the-goddess-part-1%2Fcufo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belili.org/marija/bios/carol_christ.html">"Carol Christ -- interviewed for the Signs out of Time project"</a>. <i>Belili Productions</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183345/http://www.belili.org/marija/bios/carol_christ.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belili+Productions&rft.atitle=Carol+Christ+--+interviewed+for+the+Signs+out+of+Time+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belili.org%2Fmarija%2Fbios%2Fcarol_christ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrist1978" class="citation journal cs1">Christ, Carol P. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/heresies_05#page/n9/mode/2up">"Why Women Need the Goddess"</a>. <i>Heresies Magazine</i>. <b>2</b> (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407231415/https://archive.org/stream/heresies_05#page/n9/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heresies+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+Women+Need+the+Goddess&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Christ&rft.aufirst=Carol+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fheresies_05%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagehabibSummerhawk2000" class="citation book cs1">Gagehabib, La Verne; Summerhawk, Barbara (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zao3wTyYE6MC&pg=PA61"><i>Circle of Power: Shifting Dynamics in a Lesbian-Centered Community</i></a>. New Vitroia Publisher. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892281-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-892281-13-9"><bdi>1-892281-13-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zao3wTyYE6MC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circle+of+Power%3A+Shifting+Dynamics+in+a+Lesbian-Centered+Community&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=New+Vitroia+Publisher&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-892281-13-9&rft.aulast=Gagehabib&rft.aufirst=La+Verne&rft.au=Summerhawk%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZao3wTyYE6MC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebeltanepapers.net/">"I am sorry to announce that TBP is no longer in print"</a>. <i>THe Beltane Papers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912064136/http://thebeltanepapers.net/">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THe+Beltane+Papers&rft.atitle=I+am+sorry+to+announce+that+TBP+is+no+longer+in+print.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebeltanepapers.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaglowska2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_de_Naglowska" title="Maria de Naglowska">Naglowska, Maria de</a> (2011). <i>The Light of Sex: Initiation, Magic, and Sacrament</i>. Introd., notes and trans. by William Traxler. <a href="/wiki/Inner_Traditions_%E2%80%93_Bear_%26_Company" title="Inner Traditions – Bear & Company">Inner Traditions</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594774157" title="Special:BookSources/9781594774157"><bdi>9781594774157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Light+of+Sex%3A+Initiation%2C+Magic%2C+and+Sacrament&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781594774157&rft.aulast=Naglowska&rft.aufirst=Maria+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galtsin-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galtsin_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaltsin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Galtsin, Dmitry (2012). "Gleb Botkin and the Church of Aphrodite (1938–1969)". <i>The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=Gleb+Botkin+and+the+Church+of+Aphrodite+%281938%E2%80%931969%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Galtsin&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clifton-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clifton_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chas_S._Clifton" title="Chas S. Clifton">Clifton, Chas S.</a> (2006). <i>Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America</i>. Lanham, Md: AltaMira Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0202-6"><bdi>978-0-7591-0202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Her+Hidden+Children%3A+The+Rise+of+Wicca+and+Paganism+in+America&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0202-6&rft.aulast=Clifton&rft.aufirst=Chas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöttner-Abendroth1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heide_G%C3%B6ttner-Abendroth" title="Heide Göttner-Abendroth">Göttner-Abendroth, Heide</a> (1987). <i>Matriarchal Mythology in Former Times and Today (pamphlet)</i>. Crossing Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matriarchal+Mythology+in+Former+Times+and+Today+%28pamphlet%29&rft.pub=Crossing+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ttner-Abendroth&rft.aufirst=Heide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeavis2016" class="citation book cs1">Beavis, Mary Ann (2016). <i>Christian Goddess Spirituality: Enchanting Christianity</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138936881" title="Special:BookSources/9781138936881"><bdi>9781138936881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Goddess+Spirituality%3A+Enchanting+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781138936881&rft.aulast=Beavis&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg1979" class="citation book cs1">Goldenberg, Naomi (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingofgodsfe00gold"><i>Changing of the Gods: Feminism & the End of Traditional Religions</i></a></span>. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingofgodsfe00gold/page/96">96</a>–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-1111-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-1111-8"><bdi>0-8070-1111-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+of+the+Gods%3A+Feminism+%26+the+End+of+Traditional+Religions&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=96-99&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8070-1111-8&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingofgodsfe00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2001" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Charlotte (January 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/01/the-scholars-and-the-goddess/5910/">"The Scholars and the Goddess: Historically speaking, the 'ancient' rituals of the Goddess movement are almost certainly bunk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709104916/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/01/the-scholars-and-the-goddess/5910/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Scholars+and+the+Goddess%3A+Historically+speaking%2C+the+%27ancient%27+rituals+of+the+Goddess+movement+are+almost+certainly+bunk&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2001%2F01%2Fthe-scholars-and-the-goddess%2F5910%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starhawk1999-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starhawk1999_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starhawk1999_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starhawk1999_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starhawk1999_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starhawk1999_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarhawk1999" class="citation book cs1">Starhawk (1999) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGzxpDzbqG8C"><i>The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Goddess</i></a>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0621-2522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0621-2522-4"><bdi>978-0-0621-2522-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=XGzxpDzbqG8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiral+Dance%3A+A+Rebirth+of+the+Ancient+Religion+of+the+Goddess&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-0621-2522-4&rft.au=Starhawk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGzxpDzbqG8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budapest1980-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budapest1980_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budapest1980_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budapest1980_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudapest1980" class="citation book cs1">Budapest, Zsuzsanna (1980). <i>The Holy Book of Women's Mysteries, Part II</i>. Susan B. Anthony Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9370-8103-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9370-8103-7"><bdi>978-0-9370-8103-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Book+of+Women%27s+Mysteries%2C+Part+II&rft.pub=Susan+B.+Anthony+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-9370-8103-7&rft.aulast=Budapest&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2015" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, A.G.G. (2015). <i>Robert Graves and the Classical Tradition</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198738053" title="Special:BookSources/9780198738053"><bdi>9780198738053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Graves+and+the+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780198738053&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=A.G.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrist1987" class="citation book cs1">Christ, Carol P. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laughterofaphrod00chri"><i>The Laughter of Aphrodite: Reflections on a Journey to the Goddess</i></a></span>. Harper & Row. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laughterofaphrod00chri/page/109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0625-0146-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0625-0146-2"><bdi>978-0-0625-0146-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laughter+of+Aphrodite%3A+Reflections+on+a+Journey+to+the+Goddess&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-0625-0146-2&rft.aulast=Christ&rft.aufirst=Carol+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaughterofaphrod00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpretnak1978" class="citation book cs1">Spretnak, Charlene (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFU-80jbkH4C&pg=PA106"><i>Lost Goddesses of Ancient Greece: A Collection of Pre-Hellenic Myths</i></a>. Beacon. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1343-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1343-4"><bdi>978-0-8070-1343-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=FFU-80jbkH4C&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Goddesses+of+Ancient+Greece%3A+A+Collection+of+Pre-Hellenic+Myths&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Beacon&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-1343-4&rft.aulast=Spretnak&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFU-80jbkH4C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollack1997-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollack1997_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack1997" class="citation book cs1">Pollack, Rachel (1997). <i>The Body of the Goddess: Sacred Wisdom in Myth, Landscape and Culture</i>. Element. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8523-0871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8523-0871-1"><bdi>978-1-8523-0871-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Body+of+the+Goddess%3A+Sacred+Wisdom+in+Myth%2C+Landscape+and+Culture&rft.pub=Element&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-8523-0871-1&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally2009" class="citation book cs1">McNally, Terrence (2009). <i>What Every Catholic Should Know About Mary</i>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441510525" title="Special:BookSources/9781441510525"><bdi>9781441510525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Every+Catholic+Should+Know+About+Mary&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781441510525&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssidesZeller2014" class="citation book cs1">Chryssides, George; Zeller, Benjamin (2014). <i>The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements</i>. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441190055" title="Special:BookSources/9781441190055"><bdi>9781441190055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=London&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781441190055&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Zeller%2C+Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1996" class="citation book cs1">Russell, David (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffemi00russ/page/131"><i>Dictionary of Feminist Theology</i></a></span>. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffemi00russ/page/131">131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664220584" title="Special:BookSources/0664220584"><bdi>0664220584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Feminist+Theology&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0664220584&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoffemi00russ%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eller-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eller_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eller_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Eller" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynthia Eller">Eller, Cynthia</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0mvTyM6GVUC"><i>The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why an Invented Past Won't Give Women a Future</i></a>. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6793-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6793-2"><bdi>978-0-8070-6793-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=E0mvTyM6GVUC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Matriarchal+Prehistory%3A+Why+an+Invented+Past+Won%27t+Give+Women+a+Future&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-6793-2&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE0mvTyM6GVUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarhawk2001" class="citation web cs1">Starhawk (January 5, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belili.org/marija/allen_response.html">"Starhawk's Response to Charlotte Allen's Article Letter to the Editor of the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019105758/http://www.belili.org/marija/allen_response.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starhawk%27s+Response+to+Charlotte+Allen%27s+Article+Letter+to+the+Editor+of+the+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.date=2001-01-05&rft.au=Starhawk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belili.org%2Fmarija%2Fallen_response.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long1996-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Long1996_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1993" class="citation book cs1">Long, Asphodel P. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inchariotdrawnby0000long"><i>In A Chariot Drawn By Lions: The Search for the Female in Deity</i></a></span>. Crossing Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8959-4576-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8959-4576-1"><bdi>978-0-8959-4576-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+A+Chariot+Drawn+By+Lions%3A+The+Search+for+the+Female+in+Deity&rft.pub=Crossing+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8959-4576-1&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Asphodel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finchariotdrawnby0000long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jayran2000-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jayran2000_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jayran2000_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jayran, Shan. <i>Presentation at Goddess Studies Colloquium</i>. Bristol, United Kingdom (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starhawk1987-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starhawk1987_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starhawk1987_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarhawk1989" class="citation book cs1">Starhawk (1989) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDCjC1Tr0pgC"><i>Truth or Dare: Encounters with Power, Authority, and Mystery</i></a>. HarperSanFrancisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0625-0816-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0625-0816-4"><bdi>978-0-0625-0816-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oDCjC1Tr0pgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+or+Dare%3A+Encounters+with+Power%2C+Authority%2C+and+Mystery&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-0625-0816-4&rft.au=Starhawk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoDCjC1Tr0pgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarhawk1999">Starhawk 1999</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrist2005" class="citation web cs1">Christ, Carol P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belili.org/marija/carol_christ.html">"Musings on the Goddess and Her Cultural Despisers--Provoked by Naomi Goldenberg"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041215224641/http://www.belili.org/marija/carol_christ.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musings+on+the+Goddess+and+Her+Cultural+Despisers--Provoked+by+Naomi+Goldenberg&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Christ&rft.aufirst=Carol+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belili.org%2Fmarija%2Fcarol_christ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimbutas1982-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas1982_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas1982_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Gimbutas, Marija</a> (1982) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKFFOoPlyjIC"><i>The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe, 6500-3500 B.C.: Myths and Cult Images</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5202-5398-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5202-5398-8"><bdi>978-0-5202-5398-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zKFFOoPlyjIC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Old+Europe%2C+6500-3500+B.C.%3A+Myths+and+Cult+Images&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-5202-5398-8&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKFFOoPlyjIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimbutas2001-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas2001_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas2001_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas2001" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (2001) [1989]. <i>The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-8249-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-8249-6"><bdi>978-0-5002-8249-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+the+Goddess%3A+Unearthing+the+Hidden+Symbols+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-5002-8249-6&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimbutas1993-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas1993_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1993" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (1993) [1991]. <i>The Civilisation of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe</i>. Harper San Francisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062508041" title="Special:BookSources/9780062508041"><bdi>9780062508041</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/924859108">924859108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilisation+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+World+of+Old+Europe&rft.pub=Harper+San+Francisco&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F924859108&rft.isbn=9780062508041&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellaart-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mellaart_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellaart_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellaart1967" class="citation book cs1">Mellaart, James (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Catal-huyuk.ANeolithicTownInAnatolia"><i>Catal-huyuk. A Neolithic Town In Anatolia</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411154925/https://archive.org/details/Catal-huyuk.ANeolithicTownInAnatolia">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catal-huyuk.+A+Neolithic+Town+In+Anatolia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Mellaart&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCatal-huyuk.ANeolithicTownInAnatolia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayden_1987-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayden_1987_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden1987" class="citation book cs1">Hayden, Brian (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qY973Ah43qoC&pg=PA17">"Old Europe: Sacred Matriarchy or Complementary Opposition?"</a>. In Bonanno, Anthony (ed.). <i>Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, the University of Malta, 2-5 September 1985</i>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">B. R. Grüner</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789060322888" title="Special:BookSources/9789060322888"><bdi>9789060322888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Europe%3A+Sacred+Matriarchy+or+Complementary+Opposition%3F&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Fertility+Cult+in+the+Ancient+Mediterranean%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+First+International+Conference+on+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Mediterranean%2C+the+University+of+Malta%2C+2-5+September+1985&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=B.+R.+Gr%C3%BCner&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789060322888&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqY973Ah43qoC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGöttner-Abendroth1987">Göttner-Abendroth 1987</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDashu2000" class="citation web cs1">Dashu, Max (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051203215431/http://www.suppressedhistories.net/articles/eller.html">"Knocking Down Straw Dolls: A critique of Cynthia Eller's 'The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Suppressed Histories</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suppressedhistories.net/articles/eller.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suppressed+Histories&rft.atitle=Knocking+Down+Straw+Dolls%3A+A+critique+of+Cynthia+Eller%27s+%27The+Myth+of+Matriarchal+Prehistory%27&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dashu&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suppressedhistories.net%2Farticles%2Feller.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisler-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisler_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisler_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisler2011" class="citation book cs1">Eisler, Riane (2011) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-nWXwQzH3cC"><i>The Chalice and the Blade: Our History, Our Future</i></a>. HarperSanFrancisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0620-4630-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0620-4630-7"><bdi>978-0-0620-4630-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905122958/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-nWXwQzH3cC">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chalice+and+the+Blade%3A+Our+History%2C+Our+Future&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-0620-4630-7&rft.aulast=Eisler&rft.aufirst=Riane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-nWXwQzH3cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner1986" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Gerda (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationofpatria0000lern"><i>The Creation of Patriarchy</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1950-5185-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1950-5185-8"><bdi>978-0-1950-5185-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Patriarchy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-1950-5185-8&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Gerda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationofpatria0000lern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeskell1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Meskell" title="Lynn Meskell">Meskell, Lynn</a> (1998). "Twin Peaks: The Archaeologies of Çatalhöyuk". In Goodison, Lucy; Morris, Christine (eds.). <i>Ancient Goddesses</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2991-6320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2991-6320-4"><bdi>978-0-2991-6320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twin+Peaks%3A+The+Archaeologies+of+%C3%87atalh%C3%B6yuk&rft.btitle=Ancient+Goddesses&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-2991-6320-4&rft.aulast=Meskell&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTringhamConkey1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Tringham" title="Ruth Tringham">Tringham, Ruth</a>; Conkey, Margaret (1998). "Rethinking Figurines: A Critical View from Archaeology of Gimbutas, the 'Goddess' and Popular Culture". In Goodison, Lucy; Morris, Christine (eds.). <i>Ancient Goddesses</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2991-6320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2991-6320-4"><bdi>978-0-2991-6320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Figurines%3A+A+Critical+View+from+Archaeology+of+Gimbutas%2C+the+%27Goddess%27+and+Popular+Culture&rft.btitle=Ancient+Goddesses&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-2991-6320-4&rft.aulast=Tringham&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Conkey%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1993" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (1993). <i>The Pagan Religions in the Ancient British Isles</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-8946-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-8946-6"><bdi>978-0-6311-8946-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pagan+Religions+in+the+Ancient+British+Isles&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-6311-8946-6&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalalay1999" class="citation journal cs1">Talalay, Lauren E. (October 5, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1999/1999-10-05.html">"Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1999.10.05"</a>. <i>Bryn Mawr Classical Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001217172800/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1999/1999-10-05.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bryn+Mawr+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Bryn+Mawr+Classical+Review+1999.10.05&rft.date=1999-10-05&rft.aulast=Talalay&rft.aufirst=Lauren+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2Fbmcr%2F1999%2F1999-10-05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarler2003" class="citation web cs1">Marler, Joan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belili.org/eller-response.html">"The Myth of Universal Patriarchy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Universal+Patriarchy&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Marler&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belili.org%2Feller-response.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarler2004" class="citation web cs1">Marler, Joan (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109011350/http://www.awakenedwoman.com/marler_hodder.htm">"Correcting the Picture, Letter to the Editor of <i>Scientific American</i>"</a>. <i>Awakened Woman</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awakenedwoman.com/marler_hodder.htm">the original</a> on November 9, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Awakened+Woman&rft.atitle=Correcting+the+Picture%2C+Letter+to+the+Editor+of+Scientific+American&rft.date=2004-03&rft.aulast=Marler&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awakenedwoman.com%2Fmarler_hodder.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigoglioso2002" class="citation conference cs1">Rigoglioso, Marguerite (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belili.org/marija/rigoglioso.html"><i>Women's Spirituality Scholars Speak Out: A Report on the 7th Annual Gender and Archeology Conference at Sonoma State</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030415224625/http://www.belili.org/marija/rigoglioso.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Spirituality+Scholars+Speak+Out%3A+A+Report+on+the+7th+Annual+Gender+and+Archeology+Conference+at+Sonoma+State&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rigoglioso&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelili.org%2Fmarija%2Frigoglioso.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilchrist-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilchrist_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilchrist1999" class="citation book cs1">Gilchrist, Roberta (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=88Gurj7qaGAC&pg=PA25"><i>Gender and Archaeology: Contesting the Past</i></a>. Routledge. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1346-0700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1346-0700-6"><bdi>978-1-1346-0700-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=88Gurj7qaGAC&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Archaeology%3A+Contesting+the+Past&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-1346-0700-6&rft.aulast=Gilchrist&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D88Gurj7qaGAC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse2006" class="citation book cs1">Whitehouse, Ruth (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtIQUpgo2cEC&pg=PA756">"Gender Archaeology in Europe"</a>. In Nelson, Sarah Milledge (ed.). <i>Handbook of Gender in Archaeology</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 756. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0678-9"><bdi>978-0-7591-0678-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtIQUpgo2cEC&pg=PA756">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+Archaeology+in+Europe&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Gender+in+Archaeology&rft.pages=756&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0678-9&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEtIQUpgo2cEC%26pg%3DPA756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDever2005" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGR7-OSz7bUC&pg=PA307"><i>Did God have a Wife? Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2852-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2852-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-2852-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=IGR7-OSz7bUC&pg=PA307">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+God+have+a+Wife%3F+Archaeology+and+Folk+Religion+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2852-1&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGR7-OSz7bUC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gardner, Gerald</a> (2004) [1959]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76Q9i-DzIY0C&pg=PA26"><i>The Meaning of Witchcraft</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Boston: Weiser Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5786-3309-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5786-3309-8"><bdi>978-1-5786-3309-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.com/books?id=76Q9i-DzIY0C&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Witchcraft&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Weiser+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-5786-3309-8&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D76Q9i-DzIY0C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dieter_Betz" title="Hans Dieter Betz">Betz, Hans Dieter</a>, ed. (1989). <i>The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation: Including the Demotic Spells</i>. Vol. 1: Texts (second ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2260-4447-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2260-4447-7"><bdi>978-0-2260-4447-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Magical+Papyri+in+Translation%3A+Including+the+Demotic+Spells&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-2260-4447-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051218212914/http://goddessmystic.com/Miscellaneous/about.shtml">Goddessians</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudapest2007" class="citation book cs1">Budapest, Zsuzsanna (2007) [1989]. <i>The Holy Book of Women's Mysteries</i>. Red Wheel Weiser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5786-3413-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5786-3413-2"><bdi>978-1-5786-3413-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Book+of+Women%27s+Mysteries&rft.pub=Red+Wheel+Weiser&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-5786-3413-2&rft.aulast=Budapest&rft.aufirst=Zsuzsanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjrupChristensen2009" class="citation book cs1">Sjrup, L.E.; Christensen, Hilda (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pietiesgenderint00sjor"><i>Pieties and Gender</i></a></span>. Leiden: BRILL. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pietiesgenderint00sjor/page/n215">207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004178267" title="Special:BookSources/9789004178267"><bdi>9789004178267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pieties+and+Gender&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004178267&rft.aulast=Sjrup&rft.aufirst=L.E.&rft.au=Christensen%2C+Hilda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpietiesgenderint00sjor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrarFarrar2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" title="Stewart Farrar">Farrar, Stewart</a>; <a href="/wiki/Janet_Farrar" title="Janet Farrar">Farrar, Janet</a> (2012) [1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhF1tE1ZE_UC"><i>A Witches' Bible: The Complete Witches' Handbook</i></a>. London: David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4463-5790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4463-5790-3"><bdi>978-1-4463-5790-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211154622/https://books.google.com/books?id=YhF1tE1ZE_UC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Witches%27+Bible%3A+The+Complete+Witches%27+Handbook&rft.place=London&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4463-5790-3&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=Farrar%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhF1tE1ZE_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrar1984" class="citation book cs1">Farrar, Stewart (1984). <i>The Witches' Way: Principles, Rituals and Beliefs of Modern Witchcraft</i>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9193-4571-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9193-4571-3"><bdi>978-0-9193-4571-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witches%27+Way%3A+Principles%2C+Rituals+and+Beliefs+of+Modern+Witchcraft&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-9193-4571-3&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrar1981" class="citation book cs1">Farrar, Stewart (1981). <i>Eight Sabbats for Witches, and Rites for Birth, Marriage, and Death</i>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9193-4526-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9193-4526-3"><bdi>978-0-9193-4526-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Sabbats+for+Witches%2C+and+Rites+for+Birth%2C+Marriage%2C+and+Death&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-9193-4526-3&rft.aulast=Farrar&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeselton2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Heselton, Philip</a> (2003). <i>Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration: An Investigation Into the Sources of Gardnerian Witchcraft</i>. Capall Bann Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8616-3164-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8616-3164-0"><bdi>978-1-8616-3164-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+Gardner+and+the+Cauldron+of+Inspiration%3A+An+Investigation+Into+the+Sources+of+Gardnerian+Witchcraft&rft.pub=Capall+Bann+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-8616-3164-0&rft.aulast=Heselton&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuickbie2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Ruickbie" title="Leo Ruickbie">Ruickbie, Leo</a> (2004). <i>Witchcraft Out of the Shadows:A Complete History</i>. Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7090-7567-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7090-7567-7"><bdi>978-0-7090-7567-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+Out+of+the+Shadows%3AA+Complete+History&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7090-7567-7&rft.aulast=Ruickbie&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer1995" class="citation book cs1">Greer, Mary K. (1995). <i>Women of the Golden Dawn</i>. Park Street Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8928-1516-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8928-1516-6"><bdi>978-0-8928-1516-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Golden+Dawn&rft.pub=Park+Street+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8928-1516-6&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=Mary+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadermanLeon2003" class="citation book cs1">Laderman, Gary; Leon, Luis (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionamerican00lade"><i>Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions</i></a></span>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC_CLIO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionamerican00lade/page/n261">243</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/157607238X" title="Special:BookSources/157607238X"><bdi>157607238X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+American+Cultures%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Traditions&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=ABC_CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=157607238X&rft.aulast=Laderman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Leon%2C+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionamerican00lade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckfordDemarath2007" class="citation book cs1">Beckford, James; Demarath (2007). <i>The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion</i>. London: Jay. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412911955" title="Special:BookSources/9781412911955"><bdi>9781412911955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Handbook+of+the+Sociology+of+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Jay&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781412911955&rft.aulast=Beckford&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Demarath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1988" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Joseph (1988). <a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Myth" title="The Power of Myth"><i>The Power of Myth</i></a> (first ed.). Knopf Doubleday. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerofmyth00camprich/page/n203">166</a>–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3077-9472-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3077-9472-7"><bdi>978-0-3077-9472-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Myth&rft.pages=166-167&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-3077-9472-7&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1988">Campbell 1988</a>, Chapter 6, "The Gift of the Goddess"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tv.com/joseph-campbell-and-the-power-of-myth/love-and-the-goddess/episode/459330/summary.html">"Love and the Goddess"</a>. <i>Joseph Campbell and The Power of Myth</i>. Season 1. Episode 5. June 25, 1988. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709044825/http://www.tv.com/joseph-campbell-and-the-power-of-myth/love-and-the-goddess/episode/459330/summary.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Campbell+and+The+Power+of+Myth&rft.series=Season+1.+Episode+5&rft.date=1988-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tv.com%2Fjoseph-campbell-and-the-power-of-myth%2Flove-and-the-goddess%2Fepisode%2F459330%2Fsummary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1988">Campbell 1988</a>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1988">Campbell 1988</a>, pp. 166–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1988">Campbell 1988</a>, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2012" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Joseph (2012) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Kw5OWibZ0oC&pg=PA3"><i>Thou Art That: Transforming Religious Metaphor</i></a>. ReadHowYouWant. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-5773-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-5773-9"><bdi>978-1-4587-5773-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109063144/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1Kw5OWibZ0oC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thou+Art+That%3A+Transforming+Religious+Metaphor&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=ReadHowYouWant&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4587-5773-9&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Kw5OWibZ0oC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde-Gaia2018" class="citation book cs1">de-Gaia, Susan (2018). <i>Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions: Faith and Culture across History [2 volumes]</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440848506" title="Special:BookSources/9781440848506"><bdi>9781440848506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+World+Religions%3A+Faith+and+Culture+across+History+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781440848506&rft.aulast=de-Gaia&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid-Bowen2007" class="citation book cs1">Reid-Bowen, Paul (2007). <i>Goddess as Nature: Towards a Philosophical Thealogy</i>. London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754656272" title="Special:BookSources/9780754656272"><bdi>9780754656272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+as+Nature%3A+Towards+a+Philosophical+Thealogy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780754656272&rft.aulast=Reid-Bowen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2002" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Susan (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00pars"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Feminist Theology</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00pars/page/n109">89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521663806" title="Special:BookSources/0521663806"><bdi>0521663806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Feminist+Theology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521663806&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00pars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salomonsen-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salomonsen_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salomonsen_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salomonsen, Jone (2002), <i>Enchanted Feminism: The Reclaiming Witches of San Francisco</i>, London; New York: Routledge, p. 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22392-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22392-X">0-415-22392-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarhawk1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308101322/http://www.reclaiming.org/about/directions/fivepoint-agenda.html"><i>The Five-Point Agenda</i></a>. Reclaiming. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reclaiming.org/about/directions/fivepoint-agenda.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five-Point+Agenda&rft.pub=Reclaiming&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Starhawk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reclaiming.org%2Fabout%2Fdirections%2Ffivepoint-agenda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Clarke" title="Peter B. Clarke">Clarke, Peter B.</a>, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=heeCAgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of new religious movements</i></a>. London; New York: Routledge. p. 522. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-26707-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-26707-6"><bdi>9-78-0-415-26707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+new+religious+movements&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=522&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DheeCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar"><i>New Religions in Global Perspective</i></a></span>. Oxon: Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar/page/n137">122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415257484" title="Special:BookSources/0415257484"><bdi>0415257484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religions+in+Global+Perspective&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415257484&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewreligionsglob00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006101-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006101_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a> (2003) [1978]. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of American religions">Encyclopedia of American religions</a></i> (7th ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Gale Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6384-1"><bdi>978-0-7876-6384-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+religions&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Mi&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-6384-1&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span> p. 915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006Chapter_8._Women,_Feminism,_and_the_Craft-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006Chapter_8._Women,_Feminism,_and_the_Craft_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, Chapter 8. Women, Feminism, and the Craft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2003916-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2003916_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelton2003">Melton 2003</a>, p. 916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton2006-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClifton2006_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClifton2006">Clifton 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006Chapter_9._Religions_from_the_Past_—_The_Pagan_Reconstructionists-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006Chapter_9._Religions_from_the_Past_—_The_Pagan_Reconstructionists_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, Chapter 9. Religions from the Past — The Pagan Reconstructionists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2003888-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2003888_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelton2003">Melton 2003</a>, p. 888.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maignant, Catherine (2011), "Irish base, global religion: the Fellowship of Isis". In Olivia Cosgrove et al. (eds), <i>Ireland's New Religious Movements</i>, Cambridge Scholars, pp. 53–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellwood-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ellwood_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwood1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Ellwood" title="Robert S. Ellwood">Ellwood, Robert S.</a> (1971). "Notes on a Neopagan Religious Group in America". <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462645">10.1086/462645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162222699">162222699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Notes+on+a+Neopagan+Religious+Group+in+America&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462645&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162222699%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200678–79-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler200678–79_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goddessfoundation.org.uk/">The Goddess Foundation</a> official website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcgi.org/">Re-formed Congregation of the Goddess – International</a> official website.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2006) [1979]. <i><a href="/wiki/Drawing_Down_the_Moon_(book)" title="Drawing Down the Moon (book)">Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today</a></i> (Reprint rev. and expand. ed.). New York: Penguin/Arcana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-019536-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-019536-X"><bdi>0-14-019536-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-Worshippers%2C+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint+rev.+and+expand.&rft.pub=Penguin%2FArcana&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-019536-X&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoddess+movement" class="Z3988"></span> | at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawingdownmoonw00adle_3">Archive.org</a></li> <li>Bailey, Douglass. (2005). <i>Prehistoric Figurines: Representation and Corporeality in the Neolithic.</i> Routledge Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33152-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33152-8">0-415-33152-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Shinoda_Bolen" title="Jean Shinoda Bolen">Bolen, Jean Shinoda</a>, <i>Goddesses in Everywoman: A New Psychology of Women</i>, 1984</li> <li>Bolen, Jean Shinoda, <i>Goddesses in Older Women: Archetypes in Women over Fifty</i>, 2001</li> <li>Budapest, Zsuzsanna, <i>The Holy Book of Women's Mysteries</i>, Susan B. Anthony Coven No. 1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914-72867-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-914-72867-9">0-914-72867-9</a></li> <li>Christ, Carol P., <i>She Who Changes</i>, Palgrave MacMillan, 2003.</li> <li>Christ, Carol P., "Why Women Need The Goddess", in <i>Womanspirit Rising</i>, Harper & Row, 1979, p. 273.</li> <li>Cohen, Daniel, "Iphigenia: A Retelling", in Christ, 1997, p. 179.</li> <li>Daly, Mary, <i>Beyond God The Father</i>, Beacon Press, 1978.</li> <li>Daly, Mary, <i>Gyn/Ecology</i>, Beacon Press, 1978.</li> <li>Dexter, Miriam Robbins, <i>Whence the Goddesses</i>, Pergamon Press,1990.</li> <li>Dexter, Miriam Robbins, "Earth Goddess" In Mallory, J.P. and Douglas Q. Adams, eds., The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London and Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997: 174.</li> <li>Fisher, Elizabeth, "Rise Up and Call Her Name" curriculum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riseupandcallhername.com">Rise Up and Call Her Name – An Earth-Based Spirituality Journey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goddessalive.co.uk">Goddess Alive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601143145/http://goddessalive.co.uk/">Archived</a> 2023-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UK print publication with online presence.</li> <li>Beavis, Mary Ann and Helen Hye-Sook Hwang (eds). <i>Goddesses in Myth, History and Culture,</i> Mago Books, 2018. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1976331021" title="Special:BookSources/1976331021">1976331021</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goddess-pages.co.uk">Goddess Pages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614183715/https://goddess-pages.co.uk/">Archived</a> 2023-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UK online publication.</li> <li>Henning, Jan and Cohen, Daniel, <i>Hawk and Bard Reborn: Revisions of Old Tales</i>, Wood and Water, 1988.</li> <li>Hodder, Ian, "Catalhoyuk", <i>Scientific American</i>, January 2004.</li> <li>Hwang, Helen Hye-Sook. <i>The Mago Way: Re-discovering Mago, the Great Goddess from East Asia (Volume 1),</i> Mago Books, 2015. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1516907922" title="Special:BookSources/1516907922">1516907922</a>)</li> <li>Long, Asphodel P., <i>In A Chariot Drawn By Lions</i>, Crossing Press, 1993.</li> <li>Long, Asphodel P., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asphodel-long.com/html/the_one_or_the_many.html">"The One or the Many--The Great Goddess Revisited,"</a> presented at the Feminist Theology Annual Conference, Dublin, Ireland, July 1996.</li> <li>MatriFocus A cross-quarterly web magazine for and by Goddess women, 2001-2009 archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matrifocus.com/">Home</a>.</li> <li>Monaghan, Patricia. "Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines" (2010) Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.</li> <li>Monaghan, Patricia, <i>The Goddess Path</i>, Llewellyn Worldwide, 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Brinton_Perera" title="Sylvia Brinton Perera">Sylvia Brinton Perera</a>, <i>Descent to the Goddess</i> (Toronto 1982).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a> (1720–1781) <i>Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair : Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess</i>. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934252-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-934252-94-7">0-934252-94-7</a>)</li> <li>Ranck, Shirley Ann, <i>Cakes for the Queen of Heaven</i>, Delphi Press, 1995.</li> <li>Ranck, Shirley Ann, <i>Cakes for the Queen of Heaven</i> curriculum, UU Women and Religion, 2007-8, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cakesforthequeenofheaven.org">Cakes for the Queen of Heaven</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagewoman.com">SageWoman</a> U.S.print magazine with online presence</li> <li>Sjoo, Monica and Mor, Barbara <i>The Great Cosmic Mother : Rediscovering the Religion of the Earth</i>, Harper and Row, 1987.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebeltanepapers.net">The Beltane Papers</a> U.S.print magazine with online presence</li> <li>Spencer, Aida Besançon, Donna Hailson, Catheirne Clark Kroeger, "The Goddess Revival: A Biblical Response to God(dess) Spirituality", The House of Prisca and Aquila Series (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-921-7">978-1-60899-921-7</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Goddess_movement_-_Thealogy_symbols" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Goddess movement - Thealogy symbols">Goddess movement - Thealogy symbols</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sheijgs.space/"><i>S/HE: An International Journal of Goddess Studies</i>, a peer-reviewed academic journal. ISSN 2693-9363.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magobooks.com/">Mago Books, currently publishing.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magoism.net/"><i>Return to Mago E-Magazine,</i> currently publishing daily.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matrifocus.com/">MatriFocus Web Magazine Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womanspirit.ws/"><i>Woman Spirit Magazine</i>, a magazine of feminist spirituality, published between 1974-1984</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_paganism147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#c1c1c1;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopaganism" title="Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopaganism" title="Template talk:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_paganism147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_paganism" title="Eclectic paganism">Eclectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">Nature religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_and_New_Age" title="Modern paganism and New Age">New Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/50px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/75px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/100px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="608" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Arts and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-pagan_festivals_and_events" title="List of neo-pagan festivals and events">Festivals and events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_music" title="Modern pagan music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_temples" title="List of modern pagan temples">Temples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">By country or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" title="Modern paganism in German-speaking Europe">German-speaking Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Hungary" title="Neopaganism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-paganism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Neo-paganism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Italy" title="Neopaganism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_Scandinavia" title="Modern paganism in Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_South_Africa" title="Neopaganism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern paganism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Minnesota" title="Neopaganism in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Movements (<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian (Berber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian-Scythian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Wicca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Daco-Thracian (Romanian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_Native_Faith_organisations" title="List of Slavic Native Faith organisations">Rodnovery (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">RUNVira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Turko-Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Interfaith: <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a> · <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Traditional_Religions" title="Foundation for Traditional Religions">Foundation for Traditional Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonism" title="Adonism">Adonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christo-Paganism" title="Christo-Paganism">Christo-Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Worlds" title="Church of All Worlds">Church of All Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Aphrodite" title="Church of Aphrodite">Church of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Unitarian_Universalist_Pagans" title="Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans">Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Federation" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Priapus" title="Temple of Priapus">Temple of Priapus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochranianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-paganism" title="Crypto-paganism">Crypto-paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">LGBTQ+ and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">Pagan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_modern_paganism" title="List of writers on modern paganism">Writers on modern paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_religious_movements155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Religious_Movements" title="Template talk:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Religious_Movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Religious Movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_religious_movements155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Seventh_Day)" title="Church of God (Seventh Day)">CoG7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">SDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement">Lahore Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMORC" title="AMORC">AMORC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinism" title="Antoinism">Antoinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrongism" title="Armstrongism">Armstrongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_Davidians" title="Branch Davidians">Branch Davidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Cross_and_Star" title="Brotherhood of the Cross and Star">Brotherhood of the Cross and Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese salvationist religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Divine_Science" title="Church of Divine Science">Church of Divine Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Church of the Guanche People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_International" title="The Family International">The Family International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fung_Loy_Kok_Institute_of_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism">Fung Loy Kok</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Mission_movement" title="International Peace Mission movement">International Peace Mission movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_Life" title="Invitation to Life">Invitation to Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Kopimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahikari_movement" title="Mahikari movement">Mahikari movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Divine_Light" title="World Divine Light">World Divine Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Rodnovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition" title="New Kadampa Tradition">New Kadampa Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Ar%C3%A8s" title="Pilgrims of Arès">Pilgrims of Arès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathyaksha_Raksha_Daiva_Sabha" title="Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha">Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Church_of_the_Final_Judgment" title="Process Church of the Final Judgment">The Process Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Daime" title="Santo Daime">Santo Daime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">Joy of Satan Ministries</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Training" title="Shambhala Training">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Chandra_Mission" title="Shri Ram Chandra Mission">Shri Ram Chandra Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Buddha_School" title="True Buddha School">True Buddha School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism#United_Submitters_International" title="Quranism">United Submitters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">Universal White Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">Eastern Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixinism" title="Weixinism">Weixinjiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mission_Society_Church_of_God" title="World Mission Society Church of God">World Mission Society Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Applewhite" title="Marshall Applewhite">Marshall Applewhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Angelo_Aquino" title="Michael Angelo Aquino">Michael Angelo Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berg" title="David Berg">David Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso" title="Kelsang Gyatso">Kelsang Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_Ja_Han" title="Hak Ja Han">Hak Ja Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81ngel_Livraga_Rizzi" title="Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi">Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen" title="Lu Sheng-yen">Lu Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Miki" title="Nakayama Miki">Nakayama Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Parkhurst_Quimby" title="Phineas Parkhurst Quimby">Phineas Parkhurst Quimby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sahng-hong" title="Ahn Sahng-hong">Ahn Sahng-hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh" title="Shiv Dayal Singh">Shiv Dayal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tkach" title="Joseph W. Tkach">Joseph W. Tkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykayil_Yohannan" title="Poykayil Yohannan">Poykayil Yohannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="New religious movements in the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Classifications of religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_religion" title="Self religion">Self religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INFORM" title="INFORM">INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religions_and_Spirituality_Project" title="World Religions and Spirituality Project">World Religions and Spirituality Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Persecution of Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Religious discrimination against modern pagans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_and_cults_in_popular_culture" title="New religious movements and cults in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&oldid=1260380061">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&oldid=1260380061</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_spirituality" title="Category:Feminist spirituality">Feminist spirituality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_traditions" title="Category:Modern pagan traditions">Modern pagan traditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism_and_history" title="Category:Feminism and history">Feminism and history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matriarchy" title="Category:Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_modern_paganism" title="Category:1970s in modern paganism">1970s in modern paganism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_paganism_and_politics" title="Category:Modern paganism and politics">Modern paganism and politics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2024">Articles with dead external links from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from July 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from July 2022">Articles with disputed statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 12:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goddess_movement&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Goddess movement</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>15 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-8g44p","wgBackendResponseTime":152,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.546","walltime":"2.082","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9574,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":439762,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10037,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":372345,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1701.386 1 -total"," 39.74% 676.107 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.64% 351.169 64 Template:Cite_book"," 19.36% 329.333 1 Template:Langx"," 7.30% 124.129 3 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 6.41% 109.081 1 Template:Women_and_Spirituality_Trilogy"," 6.09% 103.567 1 Template:Sidebar"," 5.84% 99.319 8 Template:Sfn"," 4.43% 75.424 1 Template:Religion_topics"," 4.26% 72.414 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.936","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19709985,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeavis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckfordDemarath2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetz1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudapest1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudapest2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrist\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrist1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrist1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrist1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrist2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrist2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristianoKivistoSwatos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChryssidesZeller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClifton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDashu2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiner1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEller2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllwood1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrar1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrar1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrarFarrar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_Parsons2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagehabibSummerhawk2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaltsin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilchrist1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenberg1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreer1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöttner-Abendroth1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayden1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeselton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadermanLeon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerner1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNally2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellaart1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeskell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaglowska2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolae2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollack1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid-Bowen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid-Bowen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigoglioso2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRountree2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRountree2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuickbie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSjrupChristensen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpretnak1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarhawk1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarhawk1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarhawk1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarhawk2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalalay1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTringhamConkey1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTøllefsenGiudice2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpenieksBonhag2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehouse2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde-Gaia2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 64,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Clarification needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Goddess Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Neopaganism\"] = 1,\n [\"New Religious Movements\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Women and Spirituality Trilogy\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-868759585b-hrxs5","timestamp":"20250214040744","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Goddess movement","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goddess_movement","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3866624","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3866624","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-21T04:05:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T12:41:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b1\/Spiral_Goddess_symbol_neo-pagan.svg","headline":"modern revival of divine feminine or female-centered spirituality"}</script> </body> </html>