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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Industrial Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blitz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blitz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Blitz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blitz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post-Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Local authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Combined authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_Representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_Representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Parliamentary Representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_Representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Green belt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heavy_industries_and_metallurgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_industries_and_metallurgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Heavy industries and metallurgy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_industries_and_metallurgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Public sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leisure_and_retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure_and_retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Leisure and retail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure_and_retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 City centre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopping_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Shopping centres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Suburbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cars,_coaches_and_cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cars,_coaches_and_cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cars, coaches and cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cars,_coaches_and_cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trams,_trains_and_tramtrains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trams,_trains_and_tramtrains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Trams, trains and tramtrains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trams,_trains_and_tramtrains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Canal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities,_colleges_and_UTCs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities,_colleges_and_UTCs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Universities, colleges and UTCs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities,_colleges_and_UTCs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary,_primary_and_nursery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary,_primary_and_nursery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Secondary, primary and nursery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary,_primary_and_nursery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Rugby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Other Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities_and_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities_and_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Facilities and events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities_and_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks_and_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks_and_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Landmarks and parks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landmarks_and_parks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Landmarks and parks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Landmarks_and_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greenspace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenspace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Greenspace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenspace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Theatres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Culture and Community </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_Community-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and Community subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Public services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Freedom of the City </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Freedom of the City subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Military Units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References and notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sheffield</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" > 105 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C4%93a%C3%B0feld" title="Scēaðfeld – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Scēaðfeld" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="شفيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شفيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="শ্বেফিল্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্বেফিল্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeffild" title="Şeffild – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şeffild" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="شفیلد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شفیلد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="শেফিল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শেফিল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Шэфілд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шэфілд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Шэфілд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шэфілд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Шефилд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шефилд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_(kapital_sa_kondado)" title="Sheffield (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sheffield (kapital sa kondado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Σέφιλντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σέφιλντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="شفیلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شفیلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%B0%ED%95%84%EB%93%9C" title="셰필드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셰필드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Շեֆիլդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շեֆիլդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="शेफ़ील्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शेफ़ील्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Шеффилд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шеффилд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="שפילד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפילד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="შეფილდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შეფილდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefelda" title="Sefelda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sefelda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ef%C4%ABlda" title="Šefīlda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šefīlda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0efildas" title="Šefildas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šefildas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Шефилд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шефилд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഷെഫീൽഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷെഫീൽഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="शेफील्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शेफील्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="شيفيلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيفيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="شفیلد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شفیلد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%97" title="ꯁꯦꯐꯐꯤꯜ꯭ꯗ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯦꯐꯐꯤꯜ꯭ꯗ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ရှက်ဖီးမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှက်ဖီးမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="सेफिल्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सेफिल्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="シェフィールド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シェフィールド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Шеффилд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шеффилд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffild" title="Sheffild – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sheffild" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%88" title="شیفیلڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیفیلڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Шеффилд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шеффилд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%B5%D8%AF" title="شێفیڵد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێفیڵد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Шефилд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шефилд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="செபீல்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செபீல்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Шеффилд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шеффилд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="เชฟฟีลด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชฟฟีลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Шеффілд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шеффілд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%88" title="شیفیلڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شیفیلڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sheffield" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="谢菲尔德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="谢菲尔德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="שעפילד – Yiddish" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in South Yorkshire, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in South Yorkshire. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sheffield (disambiguation)">Sheffield (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">Sheffield</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_skyline_at_night,_June_2013..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sheffield_skyline_at_night%2C_June_2013..JPG/258px-Sheffield_skyline_at_night%2C_June_2013..JPG" decoding="async" width="258" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sheffield_skyline_at_night%2C_June_2013..JPG/387px-Sheffield_skyline_at_night%2C_June_2013..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Sheffield_skyline_at_night%2C_June_2013..JPG/516px-Sheffield_skyline_at_night%2C_June_2013..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div>Central Sheffield skyline at night</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Town_Hall_(geograph_6354874).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sheffield_Town_Hall_%28geograph_6354874%29.jpg/134px-Sheffield_Town_Hall_%28geograph_6354874%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sheffield_Town_Hall_%28geograph_6354874%29.jpg/201px-Sheffield_Town_Hall_%28geograph_6354874%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sheffield_Town_Hall_%28geograph_6354874%29.jpg/268px-Sheffield_Town_Hall_%28geograph_6354874%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Town_Hall" title="Sheffield Town Hall">Town Hall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Gardens" title="Peace Gardens">Peace Gardens</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Moor_Market,_Sheffield_(geograph_6580271).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Moor_Market%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_6580271%29.jpg/120px-The_Moor_Market%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_6580271%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Moor_Market%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_6580271%29.jpg/180px-The_Moor_Market%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_6580271%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Moor_Market%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_6580271%29.jpg/240px-The_Moor_Market%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_6580271%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3553" data-file-height="2665" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Moor_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Moor Market">Moor Market</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Cathedral_(geograph_6906981).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sheffield_Cathedral_%28geograph_6906981%29.jpg/127px-Sheffield_Cathedral_%28geograph_6906981%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sheffield_Cathedral_%28geograph_6906981%29.jpg/191px-Sheffield_Cathedral_%28geograph_6906981%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sheffield_Cathedral_%28geograph_6906981%29.jpg/254px-Sheffield_Cathedral_%28geograph_6906981%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Cathedral" title="Sheffield Cathedral">Sheffield Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Place_(geograph_7050524).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/St_Paul%27s_Place_%28geograph_7050524%29.jpg/127px-St_Paul%27s_Place_%28geograph_7050524%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/St_Paul%27s_Place_%28geograph_7050524%29.jpg/191px-St_Paul%27s_Place_%28geograph_7050524%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/St_Paul%27s_Place_%28geograph_7050524%29.jpg/254px-St_Paul%27s_Place_%28geograph_7050524%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2880" /></a></div><div>St Paul's Place</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4704362.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sheffield_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4704362.jpg/127px-Sheffield_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4704362.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sheffield_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4704362.jpg/191px-Sheffield_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4704362.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sheffield_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4704362.jpg/254px-Sheffield_City_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4704362.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Hall" title="Sheffield City Hall">Sheffield City Hall</a> on <a href="/wiki/Barker%27s_Pool" title="Barker's Pool">Barker's Pool</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Winter_Garden_-_Sheffield_(geograph_7050537).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Winter_Garden_-_Sheffield_%28geograph_7050537%29.jpg/127px-Winter_Garden_-_Sheffield_%28geograph_7050537%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Winter_Garden_-_Sheffield_%28geograph_7050537%29.jpg/191px-Winter_Garden_-_Sheffield_%28geograph_7050537%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Winter_Garden_-_Sheffield_%28geograph_7050537%29.jpg/254px-Winter_Garden_-_Sheffield_%28geograph_7050537%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2880" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Winter_Garden" title="Sheffield Winter Garden">Winter Garden</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sheffield_City_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Sheffield_City_Council.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sheffield_City_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Sheffield_City_Council.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sheffield_City_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Sheffield_City_Council.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sheffield_City_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="584" /></a><div>Coat of arms</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Yorkshire_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheffield is located in South Yorkshire"><img alt="Sheffield is located in South Yorkshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/South_Yorkshire_UK_location_map.svg/240px-South_Yorkshire_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/South_Yorkshire_UK_location_map.svg/360px-South_Yorkshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/South_Yorkshire_UK_location_map.svg/480px-South_Yorkshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="974" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.529%;left:37.345%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Sheffield</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">122.5 km2 (47.3 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">556,500 (2021 census)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,543/km2 (11,770/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sheffielder</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=53.383161~-1.467761&lvl=13&sp=Point.53.383161_-1.467761_Sheffield&sty=s&style=s">SK355875</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Metropolitan borough</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Metropolitan county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas of the city (2011 census BUASD)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Beauchief_and_Greenhill" title="Beauchief and Greenhill">Beauchief and Greenhill</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Birley" title="Birley">Birley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Brightside,_Sheffield" title="Brightside, Sheffield">Brightside</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Broomhill,_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Broomhill, Sheffield">Broomhill</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burngreave" title="Burngreave">Burngreave</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Castle</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Chapel Green</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Centre" title="Sheffield City Centre">City centre</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Darnall" title="Darnall">Darnall</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dore,_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Dore, Sheffield">Dore</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesall" title="Ecclesall">Ecclesall</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Firth_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Firth Park">Firth Park</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Hallam</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Handsworth,_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Handsworth, Sheffield">Handsworth</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Heeley" title="Heeley">Heeley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough,_Sheffield" title="Hillsborough, Sheffield">Hillsborough</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Intake,_Sheffield" title="Intake, Sheffield">Intake</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Manor,_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Manor, Sheffield">Manor</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mosborough" title="Mosborough">Mosborough</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nether_Edge" class="mw-redirect" title="Nether Edge">Nether Edge</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Nether Green</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Netherthorpe,_Sheffield" title="Netherthorpe, Sheffield">Netherthorpe</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Norton,_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton, Sheffield">Norton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Owlerton" title="Owlerton">Owlerton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield" title="Park Hill, Sheffield">Park Hill</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Parson Cross</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sharrow" title="Sharrow">Sharrow</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Stannington,_Sheffield" title="Stannington, Sheffield">Stannington</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Stocksbridge" title="Stocksbridge">Stocksbridge</a> (Town)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Walkley" title="Walkley">Walkley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Woodseats" title="Woodseats">Woodseats</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Wybourn" class="mw-redirect" title="Wybourn">Wybourn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SHEFFIELD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S_postcode_area" title="S postcode area">S1-S17, S20, S35-36</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0114</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Police" title="South Yorkshire Police">South Yorkshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service">South Yorkshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Ambulance_Service" title="Yorkshire Ambulance Service">Yorkshire</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penistone_and_Stocksbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Penistone and Stocksbridge (UK Parliament constituency)">Penistone and Stocksbridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Brightside_and_Hillsborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Central</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Hallam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Heeley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Heeley (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Heeley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_South_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield South East (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield South East</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sheffield.gov.uk">sheffield.gov.uk</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42448#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>List of places</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Yorkshire" title="List of places in Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></dd></dl></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sheffield&params=53_22_51_N_01_28_13_W_region:GB-YOR_type:city(557,000)">53°22′51″N 01°28′13″W / 53.38083°N 1.47028°W / 53.38083; -1.47028</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sheffield is a <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>, England, situated 29 miles (47 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> and 32 miles (51 km) east of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. Its name derives from the <a href="/wiki/River_Sheaf" title="River Sheaf">River Sheaf</a> which runs through it. The city serves as the administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">City of Sheffield</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historically</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a> and some of its southern suburbs were transferred from <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a> to the city council. It is the largest settlement in South Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The city is in the eastern foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> and the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_Yorkshire" title="River Don, Yorkshire">River Don</a> with its four tributaries: the <a href="/wiki/River_Loxley" title="River Loxley">Loxley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Porter_Brook" title="Porter Brook">Porter Brook</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Rivelin" title="River Rivelin">Rivelin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Sheaf" title="River Sheaf">Sheaf</a>. Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield's entire area is green space and a third of the city lies within the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> and is the fifth largest city in England.<a href="#cite_note-sheffgeog-5">[4]</a> There are more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens in the city,<a href="#cite_note-sheffgeog-5">[4]</a> which is estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees.<a href="#cite_note-GEO_treecount-6">[5]</a> Sheffield played a crucial role in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, developing many significant technologies. In the 19th century, the city saw a huge expansion of its traditional cutlery trade, when processes for high-quality <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">crucible steel</a> were invented based on previous discoveries elsewhere. This fuelled an almost tenfold increase in the population. Sheffield received its <a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter" title="Municipal charter">municipal charter</a> in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area. The Yorkshire <a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">ridings</a> became counties in their own right in 1889; the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a> county was disbanded in 1974. The city then became part of the county of <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>; this has been made up of separately-governed <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary authorities">unitary authorities</a> since 1986. The 21st century has seen extensive <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">redevelopment</a> in Sheffield, consistent with other British cities. Sheffield's <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">gross value added</a> (GVA) has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £11.3 billion in 2015. The economy has experienced steady growth, averaging around 5% annually, which is greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Sheffield had a population of 556,500 at the 2021 census, making it the second largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a> region. The <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Urban Area">Sheffield Built-up Area</a>, of which the Sheffield sub-division is the largest part, had a population of 685,369 also including the town of <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">district borough</a>, governed from the city, had a population of 566,242 at the mid-2019 estimate, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">7th</a> most populous district in England. It is one of eleven British cities that make up the <a href="/wiki/Core_Cities_Group" title="Core Cities Group">Core Cities Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> In 2011, the unparished area had a population of 490,070.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> The city has a long sporting heritage and is home both to the world's oldest football club, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_F.C." title="Sheffield F.C.">Sheffield F.C.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-celebration-10">[9]</a> and the world's oldest football ground, <a href="/wiki/Sandygate_(stadium)" title="Sandygate (stadium)">Sandygate</a>. Matches between the two professional clubs, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C." title="Sheffield United F.C.">Sheffield United</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C." title="Sheffield Wednesday F.C.">Sheffield Wednesday</a>, are known as the <a href="/wiki/Steel_City_derby" title="Steel City derby">Steel City derby</a>. The city is also home to the <a href="/wiki/World_Snooker_Championship" title="World Snooker Championship">World Snooker Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Steelers" title="Sheffield Steelers">Sheffield Steelers</a>, the UK's first professional ice hockey team. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Sheffield, has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and derives from the name of a principal river in the city, the <a href="/wiki/River_Sheaf" title="River Sheaf">River Sheaf</a>. This name, in turn, is a corruption of shed or sheth, which refers to a divide or separation.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The second half of the name Sheffield refers to a field, or forest clearing.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Combining the two words, it is believed that the name refers to an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> settlement in a clearing by the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_Yorkshire" title="River Don, Yorkshire">River Don</a> and River Sheaf.<a href="#cite_note-VICKERS1-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sheffield" title="History of Sheffield">History of Sheffield</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England"><img alt="Kingdom of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> c. 12th century–1707 <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> 1707–1801 <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> 1801–1922 <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> 1922–present </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Sheffield_Manor_1819_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lithograph drawing showing a large stately home in ruins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ruins_of_Sheffield_Manor_1819_1.jpg/220px-Ruins_of_Sheffield_Manor_1819_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ruins_of_Sheffield_Manor_1819_1.jpg/330px-Ruins_of_Sheffield_Manor_1819_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ruins_of_Sheffield_Manor_1819_1.jpg/440px-Ruins_of_Sheffield_Manor_1819_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Manor">Sheffield Manor</a> ruins as they appeared <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1819</figcaption></figure> The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have been inhabited since at least the late <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, about 12,800 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Sheffield area was found at <a href="/wiki/Creswell_Crags" title="Creswell Crags">Creswell Crags</a> to the east of the city. In the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a> the area became the southernmost territory of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennine</a> tribe called the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a>. It is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-VICKERS-16">[15]</a> Following the departure of the Romans, the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brittonic</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmet</a>, with the rivers Sheaf and Don forming part of the boundary between this kingdom and the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Gradually, <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Anglian</a> settlers pushed west from the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a>. A Britonnic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called <a href="/wiki/Wales,_South_Yorkshire" title="Wales, South Yorkshire">Wales</a> and Waleswood close to Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the second half of the first millennium, and are of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danish</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-VICKERS-16">[15]</a> In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Northumbria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> reports that <a href="/wiki/Eanred_of_Northumbria" title="Eanred of Northumbria">Eanred of Northumbria</a> submitted to <a href="/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert of Wessex">Egbert of Wessex</a> at the hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Dore,_South_Yorkshire" title="Dore, South Yorkshire">Dore</a> (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> a key event in the unification of the kingdom of England under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Castle" title="Sheffield Castle">Sheffield Castle</a> was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as <a href="/wiki/Castle_Square,_Sheffield" title="Castle Square, Sheffield">Castle Square</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a>. In the 14th century, Sheffield was already noted for the production of <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knives</a>, as mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre of <a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">cutlery</a> manufacture in England outside London, overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Cutlers_in_Hallamshire" title="Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire">Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> From 1570 to 1584, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Manor">Sheffield Manor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Owd_Shevvield%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="19th century picture of Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%27Owd_Shevvield%27.jpg/220px-%27Owd_Shevvield%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%27Owd_Shevvield%27.jpg/330px-%27Owd_Shevvield%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%27Owd_Shevvield%27.jpg/440px-%27Owd_Shevvield%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Sheffield in the 19th century. The dominance of industry in the city is evident.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13th_December_1940-_Sheffield_blitz_-_NARA_-_196508.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bombing in Sheffield during the Sheffield Blitz, WW2." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/13th_December_1940-_Sheffield_blitz_-_NARA_-_196508.jpg/220px-13th_December_1940-_Sheffield_blitz_-_NARA_-_196508.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/13th_December_1940-_Sheffield_blitz_-_NARA_-_196508.jpg/330px-13th_December_1940-_Sheffield_blitz_-_NARA_-_196508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/13th_December_1940-_Sheffield_blitz_-_NARA_-_196508.jpg/440px-13th_December_1940-_Sheffield_blitz_-_NARA_-_196508.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>Sheffield was targeted heavily by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> during WW2, owing to the city's industrial importance. The bombing campaign became known as the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield Blitz</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the 1740s, a form of the <a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">crucible steel</a> process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible.<a href="#cite_note-Tweedale1986-26">[25]</a> In about the same period, a technique was developed for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating, which became widely known as <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield plate">Sheffield plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> These innovations spurred Sheffield's growth as an industrial town,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> but the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th century. The resulting poor conditions culminated in a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic that killed 402 people in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-VICKERS-16">[15]</a> The population of the town grew rapidly throughout the 19th century; increasing from 60,095 in 1801 to 451,195 by 1901.<a href="#cite_note-VICKERS-16">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_and_Rotherham_Railway" title="Sheffield and Rotherham Railway">Sheffield and Rotherham railway</a> was constructed in 1838, connecting the two towns. The town was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a> in 1842, and was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> by <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies, and a number of new reservoirs were constructed on the outskirts of the town. The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sheffield_Flood" title="Great Sheffield Flood">Great Sheffield Flood</a>, which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The growing population led to the construction of many back-to-back dwellings that, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspired <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> in 1937 to write: "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>".<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_of_steel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the statue Women of Steel at barker's Pool, Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Women_of_steel.jpg/170px-Women_of_steel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Women_of_steel.jpg/255px-Women_of_steel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Women_of_steel.jpg/340px-Women_of_steel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="2905" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Women_of_Steel" title="Women of Steel">Women of Steel</a> statue commemorates the women of Sheffield who worked in the city's steel industry during the First and Second World Wars.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blitz">Blitz</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Blitz">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield Blitz</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">The Great Depression</a> hit the city in the 1930s, but as international tensions increased and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> became imminent; Sheffield's steel factories were set to work manufacturing weapons and ammunition for the war effort. As a result, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred on the nights of 12 and 15 December 1940, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield Blitz</a>. The city was partially protected by barrage balloons managed from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Norton" title="RAF Norton">RAF Norton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> More than 660 people died and many buildings were destroyed or left badly damaged, including the Marples Hotel, which was hit directly by a 500lb bomb, killing over 70 people.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Second_World_War">Post-Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkhill2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panorama of a brutalist housing estate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Parkhill2.jpg/220px-Parkhill2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Parkhill2.jpg/330px-Parkhill2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Parkhill2.jpg/440px-Parkhill2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield" title="Park Hill, Sheffield">Park Hill flats</a>, an example of 1950s and 1960s council housing estates in Sheffield</figcaption></figure> In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the city's slums were demolished, and replaced with housing schemes such as the <a href="/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield" title="Park Hill, Sheffield">Park Hill flats</a>. Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads.<a href="#cite_note-VICKERS-16">[15]</a> In February 1962, the city was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sheffield_Gale" title="Great Sheffield Gale">Great Sheffield Gale</a>; winds of up to 97 mph (156 km/h) killed four people and damaged 150,000 houses, more than two-thirds of the city's housing stock at the time.<a href="#cite_note-rmets-35">[34]</a> Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Steel_crisis" title="Steel crisis">closure of many steel mills</a>. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries, along with those of many other areas of the UK.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The building of the <a href="/wiki/Meadowhall_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadowhall Centre">Meadowhall Centre</a> on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much-needed jobs but hastening the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started when the city hosted the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiade">World Student Games</a>, which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Arena" title="Sheffield Arena">Sheffield Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Valley_Stadium" title="Don Valley Stadium">Don Valley Stadium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ponds_Forge" title="Ponds Forge">Ponds Forge</a> complex.<a href="#cite_note-VICKERS-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> Sheffield is changing rapidly as new projects regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such, the Heart of the City Project, has initiated a number of public works in the city centre: the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Gardens" title="Peace Gardens">Peace Gardens</a> were renovated in 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Galleries">Millennium Galleries</a> opened in April 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Winter_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Winter Gardens">Winter Gardens</a> were opened in May 2003, and a public space to link these two areas, the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Square_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Square (Sheffield)">Millennium Square</a>, was opened in May 2006. Additional developments included the remodelling of <a href="/wiki/Sheaf_Square" title="Sheaf Square">Sheaf Square</a>, in front of the refurbished railway station: the square contains "The Cutting Edge", a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> and made from Sheffield steel. Recent development known as the 'Heart of the City' includes the restoration of the listed Leah's Yard complex.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Sheffield was particularly hard hit during the <a href="/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_floods" title="2007 United Kingdom floods">2007 United Kingdom floods</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Winter_of_2009-2010_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter of 2009-2010 in the United Kingdom">2010 'Big Freeze'</a>. Many landmark buildings such as Meadowhall and the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium" title="Hillsborough Stadium">Hillsborough Stadium</a> flooded due to being close to rivers that flow through the city. In 2010, 5,000 properties in Sheffield were identified as still being at risk of flooding. In 2012 the city narrowly escaped another flood, despite extensive work by the Environment Agency to clear local river channels since the 2007 event. In 2014 Sheffield Council's cabinet approved plans to further reduce the possibility of flooding by adopting plans to increase water catchment on tributaries of the River Don.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_United_Kingdom_floods#Sheffield" title="2019–20 United Kingdom floods">Another flood hit the city in 2019</a>, resulting in shoppers being contained in Meadowhall Shopping Centre.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Between 2014 and 2018, there were <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_tree_felling_protests" title="Sheffield tree felling protests">disputes</a> between the city council and residents over the fate of the city's 36,000 highway trees. Around 4,000 highway trees have since been felled as part of the 'Streets Ahead' <a href="/wiki/Private_Finance_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Finance Initiative">Private Finance Initiative</a> (PFI) contract signed in 2012 by the city council, <a href="/wiki/Amey_plc" title="Amey plc">Amey plc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> to maintain the city streets.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The tree fellings have resulted in many arrests of residents and other protesters across the city even though most felled trees in the city have been replanted, including those historically felled and not previously replanted.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The protests eventually stopped in 2018 after the council paused the tree felling programme as part of a new approach developed by the council for the maintenance of street trees in the city.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In May 2022, Sheffield was named a "<a href="/wiki/Tree_Cities_of_the_World" title="Tree Cities of the World">Tree City of the World</a>" in recognition of its work to sustainably manage and maintain urban forests and trees.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> This honour was given before the release of the independent inquiry's report on the so-called "Sheffield Chainsaw Massacre". The report concluded that "thousands of healthy and loved trees were lost. Many more could have been" and was critical of Sheffield City Council. The latter issued this statement on receipt of the report: "the council has already acknowledged that it got many things wrong in the handling of the street-trees dispute, and we wish to reiterate our previous apologies for our failings".<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council_elections" title="Sheffield City Council elections">Sheffield City Council elections</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_authority">Local authority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Local authority">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield-town-hall-staircase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sheffield Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sheffield-town-hall-staircase.jpg/220px-Sheffield-town-hall-staircase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sheffield-town-hall-staircase.jpg/330px-Sheffield-town-hall-staircase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sheffield-town-hall-staircase.jpg/440px-Sheffield-town-hall-staircase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>The staircase at Sheffield Town Hall</figcaption></figure> Sheffield is governed at the local level by <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council" title="Sheffield City Council">Sheffield City Council</a> and is led by Councillor Tom Hunt (Assumed office 16 May 2023).<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> It consists of 84 councillors elected to represent 28 <a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">wards</a>: three councillors per ward. Following the <a href="/wiki/2024_Sheffield_City_Council_election" title="2024 Sheffield City Council election">2024 local elections</a>, the distribution of council seats is <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> 36, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> 27, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a> 14, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> 0 and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> 7. The city also has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sheffield" title="List of mayors of Sheffield">Lord Mayor</a>; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The position of Lord Mayor is elected on an annual basis. For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party, and was noted for its <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> sympathies; during the 1980s, when Sheffield City Council was led by <a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">David Blunkett</a>, the area gained the epithet the "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_South_Yorkshire" title="People's Republic of South Yorkshire">Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire</a>".<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again from 2008 to 2011. The majority of council-owned facilities are operated by independent charitable trusts. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_International_Venues" title="Sheffield International Venues">Sheffield International Venues</a> runs many of the city's sporting and leisure facilities, including <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Arena" title="Sheffield Arena">Sheffield Arena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_Institute_of_Sport,_Sheffield" title="English Institute of Sport, Sheffield">English Institute of Sport, Sheffield</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Galleries_and_Museums_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust">Museums Sheffield</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Industrial_Museums_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust">Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust</a> take care of galleries and museums owned by the council.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_authority">Combined authority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Combined authority">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Mayoral_Combined_Authority" title="South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority">South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority</a></div> The city of Sheffield is part of the wider <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Mayoral_Combined_Authority" title="South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority">South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority</a>, headed by mayor <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Coppard" title="Oliver Coppard">Oliver Coppard</a> since 2022. The <a href="/wiki/Combined_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">combined authority</a> covers the former 1974–1986 <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_County_Council" title="South Yorkshire County Council">South Yorkshire County Council</a> area which functions either went to local or regional authorities. In 2004, as part of the Moving Forward: <a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Way" title="The Northern Way">The Northern Way</a> document,<a href="#cite_note-Moving_Forward:The_Northern_Way-53">[52]</a> city regions were created in a collaboration with the three northern <a href="/wiki/Regional_development_agency" title="Regional development agency">regional development agencies</a>. These became independent <a href="/wiki/Local_enterprise_partnership" title="Local enterprise partnership">Local enterprise partnerships</a> in 2011. The area's partnership retains the Sheffield City Region name, covering the South Yorkshire authorities, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bolsover_District" title="Bolsover District">Bolsover District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Chesterfield" title="Borough of Chesterfield">Borough of Chesterfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire_Dales" title="Derbyshire Dales">Derbyshire Dales</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_East_Derbyshire" title="North East Derbyshire">North East Derbyshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bassetlaw_District" title="Bassetlaw District">Bassetlaw District</a>. In 2014, the Sheffield City Region Combined authority was formed by the South Yorkshire <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local authorities</a> with the other councils as non-constituent members and the partnership integrated with the authority structure. In September 2020, the authority changed to its current name.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_Representation">Parliamentary Representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parliamentary Representation">edit</a>]</div> The city returns five members of parliament to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, with a sixth, the Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Penistone_and_Stocksbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Penistone and Stocksbridge (UK Parliament constituency)">Penistone and Stocksbridge</a> representing parts of Sheffield and Barnsley.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The former Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a> was an MP for Sheffield, representing <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Hallam</a> from <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005</a> until he was unseated <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a>, when the seat returned a Labour MP for the first time in its history.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sheffield" title="Geography of Sheffield">Geography of Sheffield</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_City_Centre_Panorama_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1930479.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sheffield_City_Centre_Panorama_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1930479.jpg/700px-Sheffield_City_Centre_Panorama_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1930479.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Sheffield_City_Centre_Panorama_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1930479.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Sheffield panorama</figcaption></figure> Sheffield is located at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sheffield&params=53.38297_N_1.4659_W_region:GB-SHF_type:city_source:wikidata">53°22′59″N 1°27′57″W / 53.38297°N 1.4659°W / 53.38297; -1.4659</a>. It lies directly beside <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>, from which it is separated largely by the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1 motorway</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Barnsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley">Barnsley Metropolitan Borough</a> also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. The southern and western borders of the city are shared with <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages,<a href="#cite_note-derbyshire_expansion-57">[56]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Totley" title="Totley">Totley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dore,_South_Yorkshire" title="Dore, South Yorkshire">Dore</a> and the area now known as <a href="/wiki/Mosborough" title="Mosborough">Mosborough</a> Townships. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rivelin_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_171316.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rivelin Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rivelin_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_171316.jpg/220px-Rivelin_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_171316.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rivelin_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_171316.jpg/330px-Rivelin_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_171316.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rivelin_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_171316.jpg/440px-Rivelin_Valley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_171316.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rivelin_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivelin Valley">Rivelin Valley</a></figcaption></figure> Sheffield is a geographically diverse city.<a href="#cite_note-GEO_diverse-58">[57]</a> It nestles in the eastern foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> between the main upland range and <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District National Park</a> to the west, and the lower-lying <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Coalfield" title="South Yorkshire Coalfield">South Yorkshire Coalfield</a> to the east. It lies at the confluence of five rivers: <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="River Don, South Yorkshire">Don</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Sheaf" title="River Sheaf">Sheaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Rivelin" title="River Rivelin">Rivelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Loxley" title="River Loxley">Loxley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porter_Brook" title="Porter Brook">Porter</a>. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. Blake Street, in the S6 postcode area, is the third steepest residential street in England, with a gradient of 16.6°.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The highest point in the City of Sheffield is 548 m (1,798 ft) near <a href="/wiki/High_Stones" title="High Stones">High Stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margery_Hill" title="Margery Hill">Margery Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The city's lowest point is just 29 m (95 ft) above sea level near <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Meadows" title="Blackburn Meadows">Blackburn Meadows</a>. However, 79% of the housing in the city is between 100 and 200 m (330 and 660 ft) above sea level<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> and the highest residential street is Redmires Lane at 302 m (991 ft).<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> This variation of altitudes across Sheffield has led to frequent claims, particularly among locals, that the city was built on Seven Hills. As this claim is disputed, it likely originated as a joke referencing the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Hills_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Hills of Rome">Seven Hills of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-number_of_hills-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gleadless_Valley_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rivelin Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gleadless_Valley_view.jpg/220px-Gleadless_Valley_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gleadless_Valley_view.jpg/330px-Gleadless_Valley_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gleadless_Valley_view.jpg/440px-Gleadless_Valley_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gleadless" title="Gleadless">Gleadless</a> Valley, demonstrating the hilly terrain within the city</figcaption></figure> Estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees,<a href="#cite_note-GEO_treecount-6">[5]</a> Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_four_best_UK_cities_for_green_space-67">[66]</a> which was further reinforced when it won the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Entente_Florale" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente Florale">Entente Florale</a> competition. With more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, it has over 170 woodlands (covering 10.91 sq mi or 28.3 km2), 78 public parks (covering 7.07 sq mi or 18.3 km2) and 10 public gardens. Added to the 52.0 sq mi (134.7 km2) of national park and 4.20 sq mi (10.9 km2) of water this means that 61% of the city is <a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">greenspace</a>. Despite this, about 64% of Sheffield householders live further than 300 m (328 yd) from their nearest greenspace, although access is better in less affluent neighbourhoods across the city.<a href="#cite_note-sheffgeog-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Sheffield also has a very wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>, comparing favourably with any city in the United Kingdom: urban, parkland and woodland, agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater-based habitats. There are six areas within the city that are designated as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_South_Yorkshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in South Yorkshire">sites of special scientific interest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the former <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a> of Sheffield merged with <a href="/wiki/Stocksbridge" title="Stocksbridge">Stocksbridge</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)">Urban District</a> and two parishes from the <a href="/wiki/Wortley_Rural_District" title="Wortley Rural District">Wortley Rural District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sheffgeog-5">[4]</a> This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region. Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District National Park</a>. No other English city had parts of a national park within its boundary,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> until the creation in March 2010 of the <a href="/wiki/South_Downs_National_Park" title="South Downs National Park">South Downs National Park</a>, part of which lies within <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a>. <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbouring_towns_and_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_towns_and_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighbouring towns and cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penistone" title="Penistone">Penistone</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossop" title="Glossop">Glossop</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Sheffield<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Worksop" title="Worksop">Worksop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retford" title="Retford">Retford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buxton" title="Buxton">Buxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakewell" title="Bakewell">Bakewell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matlock,_Derbyshire" title="Matlock, Derbyshire">Matlock</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Derbyshire" title="Chesterfield, Derbyshire">Chesterfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dronfield" title="Dronfield">Dronfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mansfield" title="Mansfield">Mansfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newark-on-Trent" title="Newark-on-Trent">Newark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen classification</a>, Sheffield has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (Cfb) like the rest of the United Kingdom. The uplands of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> to the west can create a cool, gloomy and wet environment, but they also provide shelter from the prevailing westerly winds, casting a "<a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a>" across the area.<a href="#cite_note-Met_NE_England-71">[70]</a> Between 1971 and 2000 Sheffield averaged 824.7 mm (32.47 in) of rain per year; December was the wettest month with 91.9 mm (3.62 in) and July the driest with 51.0 mm (2.01 in). July was also the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of 20.8 °C (69.4 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F), on 19 July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The average minimum temperature in January and February was 1.6 °C (34.9 °F),<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> though the lowest temperatures recorded in these months can be between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), although since 1960, the temperature has never fallen below −9.2 °C (15.4 °F),<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> suggesting that urbanisation around the Weston Park site during the second half of the 20th century may prevent temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) occurring. The coldest temperature to be recorded was −8.2 °C (17.2 °F) in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> (Note: The official Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which can also be viewed at <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Central_Library" title="Sheffield Central Library">Sheffield Central Library</a>, has the temperature at −8.7 °C (16.3 °F), recorded on 20 December, and states that to be the lowest December temperature since 1981.) The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield at <a href="/wiki/Weston_Park,_Sheffield" title="Weston Park, Sheffield">Weston Park</a>, since records began in 1882, is −14.6 °C (5.7 °F), registered in February 1895.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The lowest daytime maximum temperature in the city since records began is −5.6 °C (21.9 °F), also recorded in February 1895.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More recently, −4.4 °C (24.1 °F) was recorded as a daytime maximum at Weston Park, on 20 December 2010 (from the Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which also can be viewed at Sheffield Central Library.) On average, through the winter months of December to March, there are 67 days during which ground frost occurs.<a href="#cite_note-Met_NE_England-71">[70]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Sheffield (<a href="/wiki/Weston_Park,_Sheffield" title="Weston Park, Sheffield">Weston Park</a>) <a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 99107; coordinates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sheffield&params=53.38139_N_1.49137_W_type:landmark_region:GB&title=Sheffield+Cdl">53°22′53″N 1°29′29″W / 53.38139°N 1.49137°W / 53.38139; -1.49137 (Sheffield Cdl)</a>; elevation: 131 m (430 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1882–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3 (73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4 (102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.4 (102.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9 (64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3 (8.1) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.6 (5.7) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.4 (15.1) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.8 (18.0) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 (34.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1 (24.6) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.2 (19.0) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0 (14.0) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.6 (5.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.7 (2.98) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.0 (2.64) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.5 (2.34) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.8 (2.31) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5 (2.15) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.1 (2.96) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.2 (2.45) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1 (2.56) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.5 (2.50) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.7 (3.10) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.7 (3.33) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.9 (3.42) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">831.6 (32.74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">133.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #5B5B5B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.1 </td> <td style="background: #9A9A9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.8 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">121.0 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.2 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.2 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.0 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.7 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.3 </td> <td style="background: #C0C021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.2 </td> <td style="background: #ABAB9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.0 </td> <td style="background: #707070; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.4 </td> <td style="background: #585858; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.3 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,485.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-Met_Averages-77">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">KNMI</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> WeatherAtlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather-Atlas-80">[79]</a> and Meteo Climat<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> The Weston Park Weather station, established in 1882, is one of the longest running weather stations in the United Kingdom. It has recorded weather for more than 125 years, and a 2008 report showed that the climate of Sheffield is warming faster than it has at any time during this period, with 1990 and 2006 being the hottest years on record.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> In collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Environment_Institute" title="Stockholm Environment Institute">Stockholm Environment Institute</a>, Sheffield developed a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> (based on 2004–05 consumption figures) of 5,798,361 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a> per year. This compares to the UK's total carbon footprint of 698,568,010 tonnes per year. The factors with the greatest impact are housing (34%), transport (25%), consumer (11%), private services (9%), public services (8%), food (8%) and capital investment (5%).<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Sheffield City Council has signed up to the <a href="/wiki/10:10" class="mw-redirect" title="10:10">10:10</a> campaign.<a href="#cite_note-planet-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_belt">Green belt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Green belt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/South_and_West_Yorkshire_Green_Belt" title="South and West Yorkshire Green Belt">South and West Yorkshire Green Belt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sheffield" title="Geography of Sheffield">Geography of Sheffield</a></div> Sheffield is within a <a href="/wiki/Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)" title="Green belt (United Kingdom)">green belt</a> region that extends into the wider surrounding counties, and is in place to reduce <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, prevent the towns and areas in the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_urban_area" title="Sheffield urban area">Sheffield built-up area</a> conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encourage <a href="/wiki/Brownfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownfield">brownfield</a> reuse, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.<a href="#cite_note-belt1-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-belt2-86">[85]</a> The main urban area and larger villages of the borough are exempt from the green belt area, but surrounding smaller villages, hamlets and rural areas are 'washed over' with the designation. A subsidiary aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests,<a href="#cite_note-belt1-85">[84]</a> with many rural landscape features and facilities included. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Subdivisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Sheffield" title="Areas of Sheffield">Areas of Sheffield</a></div> Sheffield is made up of many suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages or <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlets</a> that were absorbed into Sheffield as the city grew.<a href="#cite_note-VICKERS-16">[15]</a> These historical areas are largely ignored by the modern administrative and political divisions of the city; instead it is divided into 28 electoral <a href="/wiki/Ward_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (politics)">wards</a>, with each ward generally covering 4–6 areas.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> These electoral wards are grouped into six <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies" title="United Kingdom constituencies">parliamentary constituencies</a>. Sheffield is largely <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">unparished</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Bradfield,_South_Yorkshire" title="Bradfield, South Yorkshire">Bradfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesfield" title="Ecclesfield">Ecclesfield</a> have parish councils, and <a href="/wiki/Stocksbridge" title="Stocksbridge">Stocksbridge</a> has a town council.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sheffield" title="Demographics of Sheffield">Demographics of Sheffield</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population Change</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1801 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">60,095</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1821 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">84,540</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+40.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1841 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">134,599</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+59.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">219,634</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+63.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">335,953</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+53.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">451,195</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">543,336</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">569,884</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">577,050</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">574,915</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">572,794</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">530,844</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">528,708</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">513,234</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">551,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+7.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2019 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">584,028</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left"><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SheffPop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Population of Sheffield from 1700 to 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SheffPop.png/220px-SheffPop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SheffPop.png/330px-SheffPop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SheffPop.png/440px-SheffPop.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Population of Sheffield from 1700 to 2011. The exponential population growth during the 19th century and the subsequent plateauing during the 20th century are evident.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">United Kingdom Census 2001</a> reported a resident population for Sheffield of 513,234, a 2% decline from the 1991 census.<a href="#cite_note-Sheffield_2001-90">[89]</a> The city is part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_urban_area" title="Sheffield urban area">Sheffield urban area</a>, which had a population of 640,720.<a href="#cite_note-SUA_2001-91">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">In 2011</a> the racial composition of Sheffield's population was 84% <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> (81% <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a>, 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">White Irish</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">Romani</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Irish Traveller</a>, 2.3% <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other White</a>), 2.4% of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">mixed race</a> (1.0% White and Black Caribbean, 0.2% White and Black African, 0.6% White and Asian, 0.6% Other Mixed), 8% <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> (1.1% <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indian</a>, 4% <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a>, 0.6% <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a>, 1.3% <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a>, 1.0% Other Asian), 3.6% <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a> (2.1% African, 1% <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a>, 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Other_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Black">Other Black</a>), 1.5% <a href="/wiki/British_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Arab">Arab</a> and 0.7% of other ethnic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] In terms of religion, 53% of the population are Christian, 6% are Muslim, 0.6% are Hindu, 0.4% are Buddhist, 0.2% are Sikh, 0.1% are Jewish, 0.4% belong to another religion, 31% have no religion and 7% did not state their religion.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Quinary" title="Quinary">quinary</a> group is 20- to 24-year-olds (9%) because of the large university student population.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> served as a catalyst for considerable population growth and demographic change in Sheffield. Large numbers of people were driven to the city as the <a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">cutlery</a> and steel industries flourished. The population continued to grow until the mid-20th century, at which point, due to industrial decline, the population began to contract. However, by the early 21st century, the population had begun to grow once again. The population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and has since declined steadily. However, the mid-2007 population estimate was 530,300, representing an increase of about 17,000 residents since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Although a city, Sheffield is informally known as "the <a href="/wiki/Largest_village_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest village in England">largest village in England</a>",<a href="#cite_note-BaldwinBottomsWalker-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Binfield-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-BurgoyneClark-98">[97]</a> because of a combination of topographical isolation and demographic stability.<a href="#cite_note-BaldwinBottomsWalker-96">[95]</a> It is relatively geographically isolated, being cut off from other places by a ring of hills.<a href="#cite_note-Hampton-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-TaylorEvansFraser-100">[99]</a> Local folklore insists that, like Rome, Sheffield was built "on seven hills".<a href="#cite_note-TaylorEvansFraser-100">[99]</a> The land surrounding Sheffield was unsuitable for industrial use,<a href="#cite_note-BaldwinBottomsWalker-96">[95]</a> and now includes several protected <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a> areas.<a href="#cite_note-Mann-101">[100]</a> These topographical factors have served to restrict urban spread,<a href="#cite_note-Mann-101">[100]</a> resulting in a relatively stable population size and a low degree of mobility. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Labour profile </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Jobs </th> <th scope="col">Number </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total employee jobs</td> <td>255,700</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Full-time</td> <td>168,000</td> <td>65.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Part-time</td> <td>87,700</td> <td>34.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manufact. & Construct.</td> <td>40,300</td> <td>15.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manufacturing</td> <td>31,800</td> <td>12.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Construction</td> <td>8,500</td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Services</td> <td>214,900</td> <td>84.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="left-padding: 20pt">Distribution, hotels & restaurants</td> <td>58,800</td> <td>23.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="left-padding: 20pt">Transport & communications</td> <td>14,200</td> <td>5.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="left-padding: 20pt">Finance, IT, other business activities</td> <td>51,800</td> <td>20.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="left-padding: 20pt">Public admin, education & health</td> <td>77,500</td> <td>30.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="left-padding: 20pt">Other services</td> <td>12,700</td> <td>5.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="left-padding: 20pt">Tourism-related</td> <td>18,400</td> <td>7.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Economy of Sheffield</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Sheffield" title="List of companies in Sheffield">List of companies in Sheffield</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Place_Sheffield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="St Paul's Tower, a new, mixed use development which forms part of the St Paul's Place development. In the top left corner is the Main St Paul's tower itself. Below it is the Tower 2, connected to the main tower but half the height. To the right is another office building in the same development. All have been completed within the last 5 years and represent some of the newest architecture in the city." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St_Pauls_Place_Sheffield.png/220px-St_Pauls_Place_Sheffield.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St_Pauls_Place_Sheffield.png/330px-St_Pauls_Place_Sheffield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St_Pauls_Place_Sheffield.png/440px-St_Pauls_Place_Sheffield.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Place" title="St Paul's Place">St Paul's Place</a>, 2010. <a href="/wiki/St_Pauls_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="St Pauls Tower">St Paul's Tower</a>, the tallest building in Sheffield, is in the centre. The St Paul's Place development constitutes a major redevelopment of the area and has attracted numerous large companies to the complex, such as <a href="/wiki/DLA_Piper" title="DLA Piper">DLA Piper</a>, <a href="/wiki/PwC" title="PwC">PwC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Innovation_%26_Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Business, Innovation & Skills">Department for Business, Innovation & Skills</a> have also established a presence within St Paul's Place.</figcaption></figure> After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. The 2004 <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays Bank">Barclays Bank</a> Financial Planning study<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. A survey by <a href="/wiki/Knight_Frank" title="Knight Frank">Knight Frank</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. This can be seen in a surge of redevelopments, including the <a href="/wiki/St_Pauls_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="St Pauls Tower">City Lofts Tower</a> and accompanying <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Place" title="St Paul's Place">St Paul's Place</a>, Velocity Living and the Moor redevelopment,<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/New_Retail_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="New Retail Quarter">NRQ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Winter_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Winter Gardens">Winter Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace_Gardens" title="Peace Gardens">Peace Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Galleries">Millennium Galleries</a> and many projects completed under the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield One">Sheffield One</a> redevelopment agency. The Sheffield economy grew from £5.6 billion in 1997 (1997 <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> to £9.2 billion in 2007 (2007 GVA).<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The "UK Cities Monitor 2008" placed Sheffield among the top ten "best cities to locate a business today", the city occupying third and fourth places respectively for best office location and best new <a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">call centre</a> location. The same report places Sheffield in third place regarding "greenest reputation" and second in terms of the availability of financial incentives.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_industries_and_metallurgy">Heavy industries and metallurgy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Heavy industries and metallurgy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Brearley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Harry_Brearley.jpg/220px-Harry_Brearley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Harry_Brearley.jpg/330px-Harry_Brearley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Harry_Brearley.jpg/440px-Harry_Brearley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Brearley" title="Harry Brearley">Harry Brearley</a> and the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> at the former <a href="/wiki/Firth_Brown_Steels" title="Firth Brown Steels">Brown Firth Research Laboratories</a> </figcaption></figure> Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The earliest official record of cutlery production, for which Sheffield is particularly well known, is from 1297 when a tax return for 'Robert the Cutler' was submitted.<a href="#cite_note-welcometosheffield.co.uk-109">[108]</a> A key reason for Sheffield's success in the production of cutlery lies in its geographic makeup. The abundance of streams in the area provided water power and the geological formations in the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Valley,_Derbyshire" title="Hope Valley, Derbyshire">Hope Valley</a>, in particular, provided sufficient grit stones for grinding wheels.<a href="#cite_note-welcometosheffield.co.uk-109">[108]</a> In the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Cutlers_in_Hallamshire" title="Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire">Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire</a>, which oversaw the booming cutlery industry in the area and remains to this day, was established and focused on markets outside the Sheffield area, leading to the gradual establishment of Sheffield as a respected producer of cutlery.<a href="#cite_note-welcometosheffield.co.uk-109">[108]</a> this gradually developed from a national reputation into an international one.<a href="#cite_note-welcometosheffield.co.uk-109">[108]</a> Playing a crucial role in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the city became an industrial powerhouse in the 18th century, and was dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Steel_City" title="Steel City">Steel City</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Steel_BBC-110">[109]</a> Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield, for example <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Huntsman" title="Benjamin Huntsman">Benjamin Huntsman</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Crucible_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucible technique">crucible technique</a> in the 1740s at his workshop in <a href="/wiki/Handsworth,_South_Yorkshire" title="Handsworth, South Yorkshire">Handsworth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> This process was rendered obsolete in 1856 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer">Henry Bessemer</a>'s invention of the <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessemer converter">Bessemer converter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boulsover" title="Thomas Boulsover">Thomas Boulsover</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield plate">Sheffield plate</a> (silver-plated copper) in the early 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Brearley" title="Harry Brearley">Harry Brearley</a> in 1912, bringing affordable <a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">cutlery</a> to the masses.<a href="#cite_note-Steel_BBC-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The work of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Brian_Pickering" title="Frederick Brian Pickering">F. B. Pickering</a> and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s was fundamental to the development of modern high-strength low-alloy steels.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Further innovations continue, with new advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques being developed on the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Manufacturing_Park" title="Advanced Manufacturing Park">Advanced Manufacturing Park</a>, situated just over the boundary in the borough of Rotherham, by Sheffield's universities and other independent research organisations.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Organisations located on the AMP include the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC, a research partnership between the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Company">Boeing Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>), Castings Technology International (CTI), <a href="/wiki/The_Welding_Institute" title="The Welding Institute">The Welding Institute</a> (TWI),<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce plc</a> and <a href="/wiki/McLaren_Automotive" title="McLaren Automotive">McLaren Automotive</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Forgemasters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_517979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the Forgemasters steel works, Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sheffield_Forgemasters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_517979.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Forgemasters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_517979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sheffield_Forgemasters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_517979.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Forgemasters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_517979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sheffield_Forgemasters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_517979.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Forgemasters_-_geograph.org.uk_-_517979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Forgemasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Forgemasters">Forgemasters</a> steel works in Sheffield. The site was formerly run by <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Limited" title="Vickers Limited">Vickers Limited</a> which was founded in Sheffield in 1828 and became one of the most prominent engineering companies in the world.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Forgemasters" title="Sheffield Forgemasters">Forgemasters</a>, founded in 1805, is the sole remaining independent <a href="/wiki/Steel_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel works">steel works</a> in the world and dominates the north-east of Sheffield around the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Don_Valley" title="Lower Don Valley">Lower Don Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The firm has a global reputation for producing the largest and most complex steel forgings and castings and is certified to produce critical nuclear components, with recent projects including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Astute-class_submarine" title="Astute-class submarine">Astute-class</a> submarines.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The firm also has the capacity for pouring the largest single ingot (570 tonnes) in Europe and is currently in the process of expanding its capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In July 2021 Forgemasters was bought outright by the UK <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> for £2.56 million, with the intention of investing a further £400 million over the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian1-119">[118]</a> The decision was based on the important role Forgemasters plays in the construction of the UK nuclear submarine fleet as well other vessels for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian1-119">[118]</a> While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield, <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> has also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> in London was built using <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarries</a> in the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Anston" title="Anston">Anston</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_sector">Public sector</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public sector">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_UoS_2_26_May_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="University of Sheffield Diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Diamond_UoS_2_26_May_2017.jpg/220px-Diamond_UoS_2_26_May_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Diamond_UoS_2_26_May_2017.jpg/330px-Diamond_UoS_2_26_May_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Diamond_UoS_2_26_May_2017.jpg/440px-Diamond_UoS_2_26_May_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Diamond, at the University of Sheffield. The university is a major public sector employer in the city</figcaption></figure> Sheffield has a large public sector workforce, numbering 77,500 workers. During the period 1995 – 2008 (a period of growth for the city and many others in the UK), the number of jobs in the city increased by 22% and 50% of these were in the public sector.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Major public sector employers include the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, The University of Sheffield, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University" title="Sheffield Hallam University">Sheffield Hallam University</a>, and numerous government departments and agencies including the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> (Visas & Immigration), <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a> & <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Innovation_%26_Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Business, Innovation & Skills">Department for Business, Innovation & Skills</a>. Recently developed offices in St Paul's Place and <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverside Exchange">Riverside Exchange</a> play host to the aforementioned government departments. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council" title="Sheffield City Council">Sheffield City Council</a>, which is also a major public sector employer in the city, employs over 8,000 people, spread across four different sections (known as portfolios). Sheffield City Council is also the <a href="/wiki/Local_Education_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Education Authority">Local Education Authority</a> (LEA) and as such manages all states schools and their associated staff. As part of its mandate to provide public services, Sheffield City Council maintains contracts with three private contractors – <a href="/wiki/Amey_plc" title="Amey plc">Amey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veolia" title="Veolia">Veolia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Capita" title="Capita">Capita</a> (contract ending in 2020). Together, these contractors provide additional employment in the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure_and_retail">Leisure and retail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Leisure and retail">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_centre">City centre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: City centre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SheffieldCitySkyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An aerial view of Sheffield City Centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SheffieldCitySkyline.jpg/220px-SheffieldCitySkyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SheffieldCitySkyline.jpg/330px-SheffieldCitySkyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SheffieldCitySkyline.jpg/440px-SheffieldCitySkyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Centre" title="Sheffield City Centre">Sheffield City Centre</a>. Some of the major shopping precincts can be seen in the left and centre of the image.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Moor,_Sheffield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Moor%2C_Sheffield.jpg/220px-The_Moor%2C_Sheffield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Moor%2C_Sheffield.jpg/330px-The_Moor%2C_Sheffield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Moor%2C_Sheffield.jpg/440px-The_Moor%2C_Sheffield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption>The Moor shopping precinct</figcaption></figure> Sheffield is a major retail centre, and is home to many <a href="/wiki/High_Street" title="High Street">High Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a> as well as designer boutiques.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The main shopping areas in the city centre are on <a href="/wiki/The_Moor_Quarter" title="The Moor Quarter">The Moor</a> precinct, <a href="/wiki/Fargate" title="Fargate">Fargate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchard_Square" title="Orchard Square">Orchard Square</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Quarter" title="Devonshire Quarter">Devonshire Quarter</a>. Department stores in the city centre include <a href="/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="Marks and Spencer">Marks and Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atkinsons" title="Atkinsons">Atkinsons</a>. Sheffield's main market was once <a href="/wiki/Castle_Market" title="Castle Market">Castle Market</a>, built above the remains of the castle. This has since been demolished.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Moor_Quarter#Moor_Market" title="The Moor Quarter">Sheffield Moor Market</a> opened in 2013 and became the main destination for fresh produce. The market has 196 stalls and includes local and organic produce, as well as international fusion cuisine such as Russian, Jamaican and Thai.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In March 2021 it was announced that the Sheffield branch of <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners" title="John Lewis & Partners">John Lewis</a> would close due to falling sales and a move to online shopping, which had increased because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. John Lewis received £3 million of public funding from Sheffield City Council in 2020 to keep the local store open.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The local <a href="/wiki/Debenhams" title="Debenhams">Debenhams</a> branches are expected to re-open after the lifting of the 2021 COVID-19 lockdown restrictions, but only to clear existing stock, after which it is expected the stores will close.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> With the decline in high street shopping around the UK, efforts have been made to rejuvenate Sheffield City Centre and improve the retail and leisure offering. Major developments include <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Square" title="Leopold Square">Leopold Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Moor_Quarter" title="The Moor Quarter">The Moor</a>, St Paul's Place (a mixed use development) and the <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_the_City,_Sheffield" title="Heart of the City, Sheffield">Heart of the City</a> I & II projects. In March 2022 Sheffield City Council announced that a new leisure hub would be constructed at the southern end of Fargate. The £300,000 hub will feature cafes, shops and large screen TVs for sports events.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The development is also related to other efforts to rejuvenate the Fargate area, such as a new mixed-use events and coworking hub at 20–26 Fargate, also overseen by Sheffield City Council.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shopping_centres">Shopping centres</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Shopping centres">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meadowhall_Shopping_Complex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1194733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Meadowhall (shopping centre)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Meadowhall_Shopping_Complex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1194733.jpg/220px-Meadowhall_Shopping_Complex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1194733.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Meadowhall_Shopping_Complex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1194733.jpg/330px-Meadowhall_Shopping_Complex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1194733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Meadowhall_Shopping_Complex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1194733.jpg/440px-Meadowhall_Shopping_Complex_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1194733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meadowhall_(shopping_centre)" title="Meadowhall (shopping centre)">Meadowhall</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Meadowhall_(shopping_centre)" title="Meadowhall (shopping centre)">Meadowhall</a> shopping centre, located to the North East of Sheffield close to the boundary with <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a> and next to the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1 motorway</a>, is a major regional shopping destination and currently ranked <a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_centres_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_size" title="List of shopping centres in the United Kingdom by size">eleventh largest</a> in the UK with a floorspace of 1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2). Attracting over 30 million visitors a year (up from 19 million in its first year), the centre hosts 270 shops, 37 restaurants and a cinema.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Many nationally renowned brands have a presence at the centre including <a href="/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Boss" title="Hugo Boss">Hugo Boss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaeger_(clothing)" title="Jaeger (clothing)">Jaeger</a>. The centre is connected to the city centre by rail, <a href="/wiki/Supertram_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supertram (Sheffield)">Supertram</a> and bus services.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-129">[128]</a> Prior to the opening of Meadowhall, the site was occupied for East Hecla (steel) works, a major employer in the north-east of the city. The opening of Meadowhall in 1990 marked the beginning of major rejuvenation in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Don_Valley" title="Lower Don Valley">Lower Don Valley</a> as the steel industry contracted. In a 2010 survey of forecast expenditure at retail centres in the United Kingdom, Meadowhall was ranked 12th and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Centre" title="Sheffield City Centre">Sheffield City Centre</a> 19th.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ikea,_Sheffield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ikea%2C_Sheffield.jpg/220px-Ikea%2C_Sheffield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ikea%2C_Sheffield.jpg/330px-Ikea%2C_Sheffield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ikea%2C_Sheffield.jpg/440px-Ikea%2C_Sheffield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>IKEA, Sheffield</figcaption></figure> To the South of Meadowhall shopping centre is Meadowhall Retail Park, a 190,500 sq ft (17,700 m2) retail park with 13 retail and food units.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Next to the retail park is the Sheffield <a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a> store, opened in 2017. The opening ceremony was attended by dignitaries including the Swedish Ambassador to the UK.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The Sheffield store was the 20th opened in the UK and led to the creation of 480 new local jobs. The second largest shopping centre in Sheffield is <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Peaks" title="Crystal Peaks">Crystal Peaks</a>, located in the south-east of the city, alongside Drakehouse Retail Park. Both the shopping centre and the retail park opened in 1988 and now attract around 11 million visitors a year.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> In total there are 101 retailers (including eateries) at Crystal Peaks and Drakehouse, including a range high street brands. Crystal Peaks also includes a travel interchange which serves as the hub for bus travel in the east and south-east of Sheffield. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Suburbs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecclesall_Road,_Sheffield_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ecclesall Road, Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ecclesall_Road%2C_Sheffield_%281%29.jpg/220px-Ecclesall_Road%2C_Sheffield_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ecclesall_Road%2C_Sheffield_%281%29.jpg/330px-Ecclesall_Road%2C_Sheffield_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ecclesall_Road%2C_Sheffield_%281%29.jpg/440px-Ecclesall_Road%2C_Sheffield_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3173" data-file-height="2098" /></a><figcaption>Ecclesall Road</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Kelham_buildings,_Sheffield,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Little Kelham in the Kelham Island Quarter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Little_Kelham_buildings%2C_Sheffield%2C_UK.jpg/220px-Little_Kelham_buildings%2C_Sheffield%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Little_Kelham_buildings%2C_Sheffield%2C_UK.jpg/330px-Little_Kelham_buildings%2C_Sheffield%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Little_Kelham_buildings%2C_Sheffield%2C_UK.jpg/440px-Little_Kelham_buildings%2C_Sheffield%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3976" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Little Kelham in the Kelham Island Quarter</figcaption></figure> Beyond the city centre there are numerous other leisure and shopping areas. To the south-west of the city centre is <a href="/wiki/Ecclesall_Road" title="Ecclesall Road">Ecclesall Road</a>, a major thoroughfare connecting the south-western suburbs to the city centre and lined with bars, restaurants and cafes, as well as housing.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The area has a large student community owing to the presence of the Sheffield Hallam University Collegiate Campus adjacent to Ecclesall Road. The leisure section of the road is approximately 1.6 mi (2.5 km) long, with the south-western end becoming Ecclesall Road South and a predominantly residential area. Another popular shopping and leisure area is <a href="/wiki/London_Road_(Sheffield)" title="London Road (Sheffield)">London Road</a>, to the south of the city centre. The road is famous for its multicultural community which has led to an abundance of international cuisines being served at restaurants along the road. To the west of the city centre is <a href="/wiki/Broomhill_and_Sharrow_Vale" title="Broomhill and Sharrow Vale">Broomhill</a>, a student-centric neighbourhood which also caters for school students as well local university students and NHS staff. To the north-west of the city centre are <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough,_Sheffield" title="Hillsborough, Sheffield">Hillsborough</a>, a large retail and sports hub, and <a href="/wiki/Stocksbridge" title="Stocksbridge">Stocksbridge</a> Fox Valley, a modern leisure and retail centre built on a brownfield industrial site.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In the late 2010s and early 2020s several new developments began to the north of the city centre in the <a href="/wiki/Kelham_Island_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelham Island Quarter">Kelham Island Quarter</a>, an increasingly popular mixed-use development. The area has become known for its independent cafes, restaurants and pubs and has seen significant residential development in recent years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> Tourism plays a major role in the city's economy on account of <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Sheffield" title="List of tourist attractions in Sheffield">numerous attractions</a> – namely the Peak District, sports events (in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Snooker_World_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Snooker World Championships">Snooker World Championships</a>) and musical festivals (such as <a href="/wiki/Tramlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramlines">Tramlines</a>). In 2019, the tourism industry in Sheffield was valued at £1.36 billion and supported 15,000 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Region_Enterprise_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield City Region Enterprise Zone">Sheffield City Region Enterprise Zone</a> was launched to promote development in a number of sites in Sheffield and across the wider region. In March 2014 additional sites were added to the zone.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sheffield" title="Transport in Sheffield">Transport in Sheffield</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cars,_coaches_and_cycling">Cars, coaches and cycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cars, coaches and cycling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Park_Square_from_Park_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of Park Square, where the Sheffield Parkway meets the Sheffield Inner Ring Road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/View_of_Park_Square_from_Park_Hill.jpg/220px-View_of_Park_Square_from_Park_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/View_of_Park_Square_from_Park_Hill.jpg/330px-View_of_Park_Square_from_Park_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/View_of_Park_Square_from_Park_Hill.jpg/440px-View_of_Park_Square_from_Park_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Park Square, where the Sheffield Parkway meets the Sheffield Inner Ring Road</figcaption></figure> Motorways near the city are the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a> and <a href="/wiki/M18_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M18 motorway (Great Britain)">M18</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OS-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Parkway" title="Sheffield Parkway">Sheffield Parkway</a> connects the city centre to the motorways. The M1 skirts the city's north-east and crossing <a href="/wiki/Tinsley_Viaduct" title="Tinsley Viaduct">Tinsley Viaduct</a> near Rotherham. The M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> and ending at <a href="/wiki/Goole" title="Goole">Goole</a>. The <a href="/wiki/A57_road" title="A57 road">A57</a> and <a href="/wiki/A61_road" title="A61 road">A61 roads</a> are the major <a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">trunk roads</a> through Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-OS-139">[138]</a> These run east–west and north–south respectively, crossing in the city centre, from where the other major roads generally radiate spoke-like. An inner <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Inner_Ring_Road" title="Sheffield Inner Ring Road">ring road</a>, mostly constructed in the 1970s and extended in 2007 to form a complete ring,<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and an <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Outer_Ring_Road" title="Sheffield Outer Ring Road">outer ring road</a> runs to the east, south-east and north, nearer the edge of the city, but does not serve the western side of Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-OS-139">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shefield_Interchange_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sheffield bus and coach Interchange is in the foreground, in the bottom left corner is the main entrance. In the centre are long bus stands that form the interchange. Above that is the Digital Campus built upon an unused part of the interchange. In the top left corner is the 1960s Park Hill flats and to the right is Sheffield Station." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Shefield_Interchange_2022.jpg/220px-Shefield_Interchange_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Shefield_Interchange_2022.jpg/330px-Shefield_Interchange_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Shefield_Interchange_2022.jpg/440px-Shefield_Interchange_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Interchange" title="Sheffield Interchange">Sheffield Interchange</a>, served by <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express Coaches</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wright_StreetDeck_Hybrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wright_StreetDeck_Hybrid.jpg/220px-Wright_StreetDeck_Hybrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wright_StreetDeck_Hybrid.jpg/330px-Wright_StreetDeck_Hybrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Wright_StreetDeck_Hybrid.jpg/440px-Wright_StreetDeck_Hybrid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/First_South_Yorkshire" title="First South Yorkshire">First South Yorkshire</a> service</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Interchange" title="Sheffield Interchange">Sheffield Interchange</a> is the city's bus main hub; other bus stations are at <a href="/wiki/Halfway,_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfway, Sheffield">Halfway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough,_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillsborough, South Yorkshire">Hillsborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darnall#Meadowhall" title="Darnall">Meadowhall</a>. After deregulation in 1986,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> there were multiple new service providers. Current providers are <a href="/wiki/First_South_Yorkshire" title="First South Yorkshire">First South Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Yorkshire" title="Stagecoach Yorkshire">Stagecoach Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/TM_Travel" title="TM Travel">TM Travel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hulleys_of_Baslow" title="Hulleys of Baslow">Hulleys of Baslow</a> and Sheffield Community Transport. First South Yorkshire, is the largest bus operator.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> There is also the <a href="/wiki/Bus_Rapid_Transit_North" title="Bus Rapid Transit North">Bus Rapid Transit North</a> route between Sheffield and <a href="/wiki/Maltby,_South_Yorkshire" title="Maltby, South Yorkshire">Maltby</a> via Rotherham. It was planned as two routes: the Northern route to Rotherham via Meadowhall and <a href="/wiki/Templeborough" title="Templeborough">Templeborough</a>, and the southern route via the developing employment centre and Waverley.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The northern route opened in September 2016; it involved an 800m Tinsley Road Link to be built between Meadowhall and the A6178 road.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Terrier_(bus_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Terrier (bus company)">Yorkshire Terrier</a>, Andrews and the parent company <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Traction" title="Yorkshire Traction">Yorkshire Traction</a> formerly operated in the city and were taken-over by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagecoach Sheffield">Stagecoach Sheffield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Group" title="Stagecoach Group">Stagecoach Group</a> also operates the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Supertram">Supertram</a> and has an integrated ticketing system with buses and tram.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coach_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach (vehicle)">Coach</a> services running through Sheffield are operated by <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(Europe)" title="Megabus (Europe)">Megabus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flixbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flixbus">Flixbus</a>. National Express services call at <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Interchange" title="Sheffield Interchange">Sheffield Interchange</a>, Meadowhall Interchange and Meadowhead Bus Stop. Megabus and Flixbus services only call at Meadowhall. National Express services 564, 560, 350, 320, 310 and 240 call at Sheffield, as do others on a less frequent basis.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The 560/564 service is a direct connection to London <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Victoria Coach Station</a> via Chesterfield and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Coachway" title="Milton Keynes Coachway">Milton Keynes</a>, operating 12 times a day in both directions. The 350 and 240 services connect Sheffield to <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick</a> Airports respectively.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Two Megabus services, the M12 and M20, call at Sheffield en route to London from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads, therefore <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_South_Yorkshire" title="Cycling in South Yorkshire">cycling in Sheffield</a> is a popular method of transport. It is on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pennine_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Pennine Trail">Trans-Pennine Trail</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Network" title="National Cycle Network">National Cycle Network</a> route running from West to East from <a href="/wiki/Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a> in Merseyside to <a href="/wiki/Hornsea" title="Hornsea">Hornsea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a> and North to South from <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> in West Yorkshire to <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield,_Derbyshire" title="Chesterfield, Derbyshire">Chesterfield</a> in Derbyshire.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> There are many cycle routes going along country paths in the woods surrounding the city, and an increasing number of cycle lanes in the city itself. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trams,_trains_and_tramtrains">Trams, trains and tramtrains</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Trams, trains and tramtrains">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Station_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sheffield_Station_2022.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Station_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sheffield_Station_2022.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Station_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sheffield_Station_2022.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Station_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3980" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_station" title="Sheffield station">Sheffield station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meadowhall_-_Interchange_and_Don_Footbridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Meadowhall_-_Interchange_and_Don_Footbridge.jpg/220px-Meadowhall_-_Interchange_and_Don_Footbridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Meadowhall_-_Interchange_and_Don_Footbridge.jpg/330px-Meadowhall_-_Interchange_and_Don_Footbridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Meadowhall_-_Interchange_and_Don_Footbridge.jpg/440px-Meadowhall_-_Interchange_and_Don_Footbridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meadowhall_Interchange" title="Meadowhall Interchange">Meadowhall Interchange</a>, a combined bus, coach, rail and tram interchange</figcaption></figure> Train services in Sheffield are operated by <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway" title="East Midlands Railway">East Midlands Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a>, <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Trains" title="Northern Trains">Northern</a>. Major railway routes through <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_station" title="Sheffield station">Sheffield station</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Main_Line" title="Midland Main Line">Midland Main Line</a> (to London via the East Midlands), the <a href="/wiki/Cross_Country_Route" title="Cross Country Route">Cross Country Route</a> (which runs between eastern Scotland and south-west England) and the lines linking Liverpool and Manchester with <a href="/wiki/Hull_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull railway station">Hull</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> With the redevelopment of <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">London St Pancras</a> completed, Sheffield has a direct connection to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway" title="East Midlands Railway">East Midlands Railway</a>, to St Pancras and the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> to France and Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> East Midlands Railway also operates three premium trains: the <a href="/wiki/Master_Cutler_(train)" title="Master Cutler (train)">Master Cutler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Continental" title="Sheffield Continental">Sheffield Continental</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshireman" title="South Yorkshireman">South Yorkshireman</a>. <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_2" title="High Speed 2">High Speed 2</a> had been planned to serve a city centre station in Sheffield as a spur from the main eastern HS2 line. It was scheduled to be operational by 2033, with four trains an hour, reducing journey times to London and Birmingham to 1 hour 19 minutes and 48 minutes respectively.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> In November 2021, the UK government published the Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands which announced HS2's eastern spur route (between the East Midlands and Leeds, including Sheffield) had been cancelled. The document announced upgrades to the Midland Mainline, with HS2 trains able to run on this upgraded and electrified route.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> There are several local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>. These local routes include the <a href="/wiki/Penistone_Line" title="Penistone Line">Penistone Line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dearne_Valley_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Dearne Valley Line">Dearne Valley Line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Valley_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hope Valley Line">Hope Valley Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hallam_Line" title="Hallam Line">Hallam Line</a>. As well as the main stations of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield railway station">Sheffield</a> and Meadowhall, there are five suburban stations at <a href="/wiki/Chapeltown_railway_station" title="Chapeltown railway station">Chapeltown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darnall_railway_station" title="Darnall railway station">Darnall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodhouse_railway_station" title="Woodhouse railway station">Woodhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dore_%26_Totley_railway_station" title="Dore & Totley railway station">Dore & Totley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> As part of improvements to rail services along the Hope Valley Line between Sheffield and Manchester, a new platform, station facilities and track are being built at Dore & Totley Station with the expanded station due to open in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Supertram_-_Tram_Train_399_204_(geograph_5940823).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Sheffield Supertram in current blue, orange and red Stagecoach livery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sheffield_Supertram_-_Tram_Train_399_204_%28geograph_5940823%29.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Supertram_-_Tram_Train_399_204_%28geograph_5940823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sheffield_Supertram_-_Tram_Train_399_204_%28geograph_5940823%29.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Supertram_-_Tram_Train_399_204_%28geograph_5940823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sheffield_Supertram_-_Tram_Train_399_204_%28geograph_5940823%29.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Supertram_-_Tram_Train_399_204_%28geograph_5940823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5376" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Supertram">Sheffield Supertram</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Supertram">Sheffield Supertram</a> (not derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Tramway" title="Sheffield Tramway">previous tramways</a>), opened in 1994 and was operated by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Group" title="Stagecoach Group">Stagecoach</a>. The opening was shortly after the similar <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Metrolink</a> scheme in Greater Manchester. The Supertram network consists of 37 mi (60 km) of track and four lines (with all lines running via the city centre): from Halfway to <a href="/wiki/Malin_Bridge" title="Malin Bridge">Malin Bridge</a> (Blue Line), from Meadowhall to <a href="/wiki/Middlewood,_South_Yorkshire" title="Middlewood, South Yorkshire">Middlewood</a> (Yellow Line), from Cathedral to <a href="/wiki/Herdings_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Herdings Park">Herdings Park</a> (Purple Line),<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> and the from <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Cathedral" title="Sheffield Cathedral">Cathedral</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Parkgate_tram_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotherham Parkgate tram stop">Rotherham Parkgate</a> (Black Line). The system contains both on-street and segregated running, depending upon the section and line. The Black Line opened in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> with tram-trains; these are trams that are able to share a line with conventional heavy rail trains between Sheffield and Rotherham. In March 2024, control of the network passed to the South Yorkshire Combined Mayoral Authority.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canal">Canal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Canal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Quays_-_Sheffield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victoria Quays, Sheffield Canal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Victoria_Quays_-_Sheffield.jpg/220px-Victoria_Quays_-_Sheffield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Victoria_Quays_-_Sheffield.jpg/330px-Victoria_Quays_-_Sheffield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Victoria_Quays_-_Sheffield.jpg/440px-Victoria_Quays_-_Sheffield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Quays" title="Victoria Quays">Victoria Quays</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_%26_South_Yorkshire_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation">Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation</a> (S&SY) is a system of navigable inland waterways (<a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> and canalised rivers) in Yorkshire and <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Chiefly based on the <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="River Don, South Yorkshire">River Don</a>, it runs for a length of 43 mi (69 km) and has 29 <a href="/wiki/Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">locks</a>. It connects Sheffield, <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> with the <a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">River Trent</a> at <a href="/wiki/Keadby" title="Keadby">Keadby</a> and (via the <a href="/wiki/New_Junction_Canal" title="New Junction Canal">New Junction Canal</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Aire_%26_Calder_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aire & Calder Navigation">Aire & Calder Navigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The terminus of the canal is at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Quays" title="Victoria Quays">Victoria Quays</a>, a redevelopment mixed-used area adjacent to Park Square in Sheffield City Centre. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> The closest airports are in <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Bradford_Airport" title="Leeds Bradford Airport">Leeds Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humberside_Airport" title="Humberside Airport">Humberside</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Airport" title="East Midlands Airport">East Midlands</a> (within an hour's drive of the city), <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester</a> (hourly direct service by <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a>). Due to the topographical nature of the city, Sheffield was not served by its own airport. In May 1990, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Development_Corporation" title="Sheffield Development Corporation">Sheffield Development Corporation</a> entered into an agreement with A. F. Budge (Mining) Ltd for the construction and operation of the airport and the development of adjacent land. In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Airport" title="Sheffield City Airport">Sheffield City Airport</a> was opened on land close to the M1 and the Sheffield Parkway. The airport was operated on STOLPORT model similar to <a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">London City Airport</a> and operated a limited range of short range business focused flights to destinations in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. The airport fell into decline with the growth of low cost airlines in the late 1990s and the last scheduled flight took place in 2002. The airport closed and lost its <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)">Civil Aviation Authority</a> license in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Sheffield_Airport" title="Doncaster Sheffield Airport">Doncaster Sheffield Airport</a> (also known as Robin Hood Airport) then became the closest international airport to Sheffield, located 18 mi (29 km) from the city centre. It opened on 28 April 2005 on the former <a href="/wiki/RAF_Finningley" title="RAF Finningley">RAF Finningley</a> site and was served mainly by charter and budget airlines, with about one million passengers a year.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Destinations had included the Canary Islands, Balearics, Greece, Turkey, Poland and the Baltic countries with <a href="/wiki/TUI_Airways" title="TUI Airways">TUI Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wizz_Air" title="Wizz Air">Wizz Air</a> operating from the airport. A link road, called the Great Yorkshire Way, connects Doncaster Sheffield Airport to the M18 motorway, reducing the journey time from Sheffield city centre from 40 to 25 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The airport closed in 2022. In June 2023 South Yorkshire's mayor <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Coppard" title="Oliver Coppard">Oliver Coppard</a> handed Doncaster council £3.1 million to help the council build a case for legal action in pursuit of a compulsory purchase order, which it believes will cost up to £6.25 million.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sheffield" title="Education in Sheffield">Education in Sheffield</a></div> Within the city of Sheffield there are two universities, 141 primary schools and 28 secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelham_Island_Museum,_Sheffield_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kelham_Island_Museum%2C_Sheffield_UK.jpg/220px-Kelham_Island_Museum%2C_Sheffield_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kelham_Island_Museum%2C_Sheffield_UK.jpg/330px-Kelham_Island_Museum%2C_Sheffield_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kelham_Island_Museum%2C_Sheffield_UK.jpg/440px-Kelham_Island_Museum%2C_Sheffield_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2808" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kelham_Island_Museum" title="Kelham Island Museum">Kelham Island Museum</a> (left). The museum is home to The <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessemer converter">Bessemer Converter</a>, the most important technique for making <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> from the 1850s to the 1950s.</figcaption></figure> Sheffield's museums are managed by two distinct organisations. <a href="/wiki/Museums_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums Sheffield">Museums Sheffield</a> manages the <a href="/wiki/Weston_Park_Museum" title="Weston Park Museum">Weston Park Museum</a> (a Grade II* listed Building), <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Galleries">Millennium Galleries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graves_Art_Gallery" title="Graves Art Gallery">Graves Art Gallery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> These museums constitute the oldest extant museums in the city, with Graves Art Gallery and Weston Park Museum being gifted to the city by industrialist philanthropists in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Millennium Galleries, being established in the early 2000s, is one of the newest museums and constitutes part of the Heart of the City development, connecting directly to the Winter Garden and Millennium Square. All three museums host a broad range of exhibits which reflect Sheffield's history and numerous other themes, including exhibitions on loan from other major galleries and museums. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Industrial_Museums_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust">Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust</a> manages the museums dedicated to Sheffield's industrial heritage of which there are three.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kelham_Island_Museum" title="Kelham Island Museum">Kelham Island Museum</a> (located just to the North of the city centre) is located on the site of a 19th-century iron foundry and showcases the city's history of steel manufacturing and includes a range of important historical artifacts, including a preserved <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessemer converter">Bessemer Converter</a> (which won an Engineering Heritage Award in 2004 from the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Institution of Mechanical Engineers">Institution of Mechanical Engineers</a>), munitions and mechanical components from WW2 aircraft (Including a crankshaft from a <a href="/wiki/Spitfire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spitfire">Spitfire</a> which, during the early stages of the war, could only be produced in Sheffield) and a fully functional 12,000 horsepower steam engine dating to the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The museum is an Anchor Point for the ERIH, <a href="/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritage" title="European Route of Industrial Heritage">The European Route of Industrial Heritage</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abbeydale_Industrial_Hamlet" title="Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet">Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet</a> (in the south of the city) is a Grade I listed building and a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Ancient_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Ancient Monument">Scheduled Ancient Monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Wheel" title="Shepherd Wheel">Shepherd Wheel</a> (in the south-East of the city) is a former water-powered grinding <a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">workshop</a>, Grade II listed and a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Ancient_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Ancient Monument">Scheduled Ancient Monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Also there are <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Archives" title="Sheffield Archives">Sheffield Archives</a>. In August 2022 the Yorkshire Natural History Museum opened on Holme Lane in Sheffield. Many of the exhibits come from the collection of James Hogg and feature a collection of Jurassic marine life, such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">ammonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belemnitida" title="Belemnitida">belemnites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaurus" title="Plesiosaurus">plesiosaurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a>, many of which were collected from the Lias of the Yorkshire Coast. The museum has Europe's first publicly accessible fossil preparation and conservation laboratory with ultrasonic preparation facilities, an acid preparation laboratory, 3D scanning, CT scanning and 3D printing.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> On the opening day palaeontologist Dean Lomax exmined one of the fossils on display and declared it to be the oldest example of a vertebrate embryo found in Britain and the oldest complete ichthyosaur embryo ever found in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> There are also a number of independent museums in the city including the <a href="/wiki/National_Videogame_Museum_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Videogame Museum (United Kingdom)">National Videogame Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Services_Museum" title="National Emergency Services Museum">National Emergency Services Museum</a>, as well as the University of Sheffield's <a href="/wiki/Turner_Museum_of_Glass" title="Turner Museum of Glass">Turner Museum of Glass</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities,_colleges_and_UTCs">Universities, colleges and UTCs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Universities, colleges and UTCs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Uni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red brick university building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sheffield_Uni.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Uni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sheffield_Uni.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Uni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sheffield_Uni.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Uni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Firth_Court" title="Firth Court">Firth Court</a>, the administrative and ceremonial centre of the University of Sheffield</figcaption></figure> The city's universities are <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Sheffield">the University of Sheffield</a> and Sheffield Hallam University. The two combined bring about 60,000 students to the city every year.<a href="#cite_note-HESA_citation-178">[177]</a> The University of Sheffield is the city's oldest university. It was established in 1897 as University College Sheffield and gained university status in 1905. Its history traces back to Sheffield Medical School found in 1828, Firth College in 1879 and Sheffield Technical School in 1884. The university is one of the original <a href="/wiki/Red_brick_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Red brick universities">red brick universities</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_City_Centre_and_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sheffield_City_Centre_and_station.jpg/220px-Sheffield_City_Centre_and_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sheffield_City_Centre_and_station.jpg/330px-Sheffield_City_Centre_and_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sheffield_City_Centre_and_station.jpg/440px-Sheffield_City_Centre_and_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Sheffield Hallam University city campus seen from South Street Park</figcaption></figure> Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a university on two sites in Sheffield. City Campus is located in the city centre, close to Sheffield railway station, and <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Crescent" title="Collegiate Crescent">Collegiate Crescent</a> Campus is about 2 mi (3.2 km) away, adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Ecclesall_Road" title="Ecclesall Road">Ecclesall Road</a> in south-west Sheffield. Sheffield Hallam University's history goes back to 1843 with the establishment of the Sheffield School of Design. During the 1960s several independent colleges (including the School of Design) joined to become Sheffield Polytechnic (Sheffield City Polytechnic from 1976) and was finally renamed Sheffield Hallam University in 1992. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/UTC_Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park" title="UTC Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park">UTC Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park</a> (left) and Sheffield Hallam University (right)</figcaption></figure> Sheffield has three main <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> providers: <a href="/wiki/The_Sheffield_College" title="The Sheffield College">The Sheffield College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longley_Park_Sixth_Form" title="Longley Park Sixth Form">Longley Park Sixth Form</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chapeltown_Academy" title="Chapeltown Academy">Chapeltown Academy</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sheffield_College" title="The Sheffield College">The Sheffield College</a> is organised on a federal basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city: Sheffield City (formerly Castle),<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Olive Grove and Eyre Street near the city centre, Hillsborough and Fir Vale, serving the north of the city and Peaks to the south.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Launched by the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_2010-2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Government 2010-2015">coalition government</a> in 2010, the <a href="/wiki/University_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University Technical College">University Technical College</a> program was designed to foster greater interest in <a href="/wiki/STEM" class="mw-redirect" title="STEM">STEM</a> subjects amongst students aged 14 to 18. Sheffield currently hosts two UTCs, <a href="/wiki/UTC_Sheffield_City_Centre" title="UTC Sheffield City Centre">UTC Sheffield City Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTC_Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park" title="UTC Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park">UTC Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park</a>. All UTCs, including those in Sheffield, are sponsored by the Baker Dearing Educational Trust,<a href="#cite_note-bakertrust-181">[180]</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Lord Baker</a>. The two UTCs in Sheffield are also sponsored and supported by Sheffield Hallam University. Whilst the UTCs are equivalent to regular secondary schools and sixth forms, their governance structure and curriculum are different, owing to their status as free schools and focusing on STEM, as opposed to a broader curriculum. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary,_primary_and_nursery">Secondary, primary and nursery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Secondary, primary and nursery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Sheffield" title="List of schools in Sheffield">List of schools in Sheffield</a></div> There are 137 primary schools, 26 secondary schools – of which 10 have <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">sixth forms</a>: (<a href="/wiki/High_Storrs_School_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Storrs School (Sheffield)">High Storrs</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Ecgbert_School" title="King Ecgbert School">King Ecgberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_School_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII School (Sheffield)">King Edward VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silverdale_School_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverdale School (Sheffield)">Silverdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meadowhead_School" title="Meadowhead School">Meadowhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapton_School" title="Tapton School">Tapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_School_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame School (Sheffield)">Notre Dame Catholic High</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Catholic_High_School,_Sheffield" title="All Saints Catholic High School, Sheffield">All Saints Catholic High</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a>) – and a sixth-form college, <a href="/wiki/Longley_Park_Sixth_Form" title="Longley Park Sixth Form">Longley Park Sixth Form</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> The city's five independent private schools include <a href="/wiki/Birkdale_School" title="Birkdale School">Birkdale School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_High_School_(South_Yorkshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield High School (South Yorkshire)">Sheffield High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> There are also 12 special schools and a number of Integrated Resource Units in mainstream schools which are, along with all other schools, managed by Sheffield City Council.<a href="#cite_note-sheffield2010-185">[184]</a> All schools are non-selective, mixed sex schools (apart from <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_High_School,_South_Yorkshire" title="Sheffield High School, South Yorkshire">Sheffield High School</a> and Al-Mahad Al-Islami, both all-girls schools).<a href="#cite_note-sheffield2010-185">[184]</a> <a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> The Early Years Education and Childcare Service of Sheffield City Council manages 32 nurseries and children's centres in the city.<a href="#cite_note-sheffield2010-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Sheffield is home to a centre of multicultural events, institutions, and places of worship. Some of the city's most notable buildings include its main <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Sheffield" title="Diocese of Sheffield">Diocese of Sheffield</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Cathedral" title="Sheffield Cathedral">cathedral</a> on Church Street and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Hallam">Diocese of Hallam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_St_Marie,_Sheffield" title="Cathedral Church of St Marie, Sheffield">cathedral</a> on Norfolk Row. The city also has other churches including <a href="/wiki/St_Vincent%27s_Church,_Sheffield" title="St Vincent's Church, Sheffield">St Vincent's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Matthew%27s_Church,_Sheffield" title="St Matthew's Church, Sheffield">St Matthew's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Wordsworth_Avenue" title="St Paul's Church, Wordsworth Avenue">St Paul's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church_and_Centre,_Norton_Lees,_Sheffield" title="St Paul's Church and Centre, Norton Lees, Sheffield">St Paul's Church and Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Hall,_Sheffield" title="Victoria Hall, Sheffield">Victoria Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Fulwood,_Sheffield" title="Christ Church, Fulwood, Sheffield">Christ Church</a>. Other places of worship include the <a href="/wiki/Madina_Mosque_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madina Mosque (Sheffield)">Madina Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_%26_District_Reform_Jewish_Congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield & District Reform Jewish Congregation">Sheffield & District Reform Jewish Congregation</a> and Kingfield Synagogue. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Marie_Sheffield_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheffield St Marie Cathedral"><img alt="Sheffield St Marie Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_Marie_Sheffield_2017.jpg/180px-St_Marie_Sheffield_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_Marie_Sheffield_2017.jpg/270px-St_Marie_Sheffield_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_Marie_Sheffield_2017.jpg/360px-St_Marie_Sheffield_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_St_Marie,_Sheffield" title="Cathedral Church of St Marie, Sheffield">Sheffield St Marie Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Cathedral_(28056214926).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheffield Cathedral, one of the oldest churches in the city and the mother church of the Diocese of Sheffield."><img alt="Sheffield Cathedral, one of the oldest churches in the city and the mother church of the Diocese of Sheffield." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sheffield_Cathedral_%2828056214926%29.jpg/180px-Sheffield_Cathedral_%2828056214926%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sheffield_Cathedral_%2828056214926%29.jpg/270px-Sheffield_Cathedral_%2828056214926%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sheffield_Cathedral_%2828056214926%29.jpg/360px-Sheffield_Cathedral_%2828056214926%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3489" data-file-height="3245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Cathedral" title="Sheffield Cathedral">Sheffield Cathedral</a>, one of the oldest churches in the city and the mother church of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Sheffield" title="Diocese of Sheffield">Diocese of Sheffield</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield%27s_Madina_Masjid_Mosque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3711733.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madina Mosque"><img alt="Madina Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sheffield%27s_Madina_Masjid_Mosque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3711733.jpg/180px-Sheffield%27s_Madina_Masjid_Mosque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3711733.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sheffield%27s_Madina_Masjid_Mosque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3711733.jpg/270px-Sheffield%27s_Madina_Masjid_Mosque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3711733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sheffield%27s_Madina_Masjid_Mosque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3711733.jpg/360px-Sheffield%27s_Madina_Masjid_Mosque_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3711733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4893" data-file-height="3670" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Madina_Mosque_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madina Mosque (Sheffield)">Madina Mosque</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sheffield" title="Sport in Sheffield">Sport in Sheffield</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bramall_Lane_End.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bramall_Lane_End.jpg/220px-Bramall_Lane_End.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bramall_Lane_End.jpg/330px-Bramall_Lane_End.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bramall_Lane_End.jpg/440px-Bramall_Lane_End.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bramall_Lane" title="Bramall Lane">Bramall Lane</a>, the home of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C." title="Sheffield United F.C.">Sheffield United</a>, is close to the city centre.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg/220px-Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg/330px-Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg/440px-Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium" title="Hillsborough Stadium">Hillsborough</a>, the home of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C." title="Sheffield Wednesday F.C.">Sheffield Wednesday</a>, is the city's largest stadium with a capacity of just under 40,000</figcaption></figure> Sheffield has a long sporting heritage, and the city claims to be the birthplace of professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> In 1857 a collective of <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricketers</a> formed the world's first-ever official football club, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_F.C." title="Sheffield F.C.">Sheffield F.C.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> and the world's second-ever, <a href="/wiki/Hallam_F.C." title="Hallam F.C.">Hallam F.C.</a>, who also play at the <a href="/wiki/Sandygate_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandygate Road">world's oldest football ground</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Crosspool" title="Crosspool">Crosspool</a>. Sheffield and Hallam are today Sheffield's two major non-league sides, although Sheffield now play just outside the city in nearby <a href="/wiki/Dronfield" title="Dronfield">Dronfield</a>, Derbyshire. Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby. By 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield, with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Sheffield is best known for its two professional football teams, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C." title="Sheffield United F.C.">Sheffield United</a>, nicknamed The Blades, and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C." title="Sheffield Wednesday F.C.">Sheffield Wednesday</a>, nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C.#Nickname" title="Sheffield Wednesday F.C.">The Owls</a>. United, who play at <a href="/wiki/Bramall_Lane" title="Bramall Lane">Bramall Lane</a> south of the city centre, compete in the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> and Wednesday, who play at <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium" title="Hillsborough Stadium">Hillsborough</a> in the north-west of the city, compete in the <a href="/wiki/EFL_Championship" title="EFL Championship">EFL Championship</a>. The two clubs contest the <a href="/wiki/Steel_City_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel City Derby">Steel City Derby</a>, which is considered by many to be one of the most fierce football rivalries in English Football.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> In the pre-war era, both Wednesday and United enjoyed large amounts of success and found themselves two of the country's top clubs; Sheffield Wednesday have been champions of the Football League four times – in <a href="/wiki/1902%E2%80%9303_Football_League" title="1902–03 Football League">1902–03</a>, <a href="/wiki/1903-04_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="1903-04 Football League">1903–04</a>, <a href="/wiki/1928-29_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="1928-29 Football League">1928–29</a> and <a href="/wiki/1929-30_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="1929-30 Football League">1929–30</a>, whilst Sheffield United have won it once, in <a href="/wiki/1897-98_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="1897-98 Football League">1897–98</a>. During the 1970s and early 1980s the two sides fell from grace, with Wednesday finding themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division" title="Football League Third Division">Third Division</a> by the mid-70s and United as far as the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division" title="Football League Fourth Division">Fourth Division</a> in <a href="/wiki/1980-81_in_English_football" class="mw-redirect" title="1980-81 in English football">1981</a>. Wednesday once again became one of England's high-flying clubs following promotion back to the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_First_Division" title="Football League First Division">First Division</a> in <a href="/wiki/1983-84_in_English_football" class="mw-redirect" title="1983-84 in English football">1984</a>, winning the <a href="/wiki/1991_Football_League_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Football League Cup Final">League Cup in 1991</a>, competing in the <a href="/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Cup" title="1992–93 UEFA Cup">UEFA Cup in 1992–93</a>, and reaching the final of both the <a href="/wiki/1993_Football_League_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Football League Cup Final">League Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/1993_FA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 FA Cup Final">FA Cup</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1992-93_in_English_football" class="mw-redirect" title="1992-93 in English football">same season</a>. United and Wednesday were both founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">FA Premier League</a> in 1992, but The Blades were relegated in <a href="/wiki/1993-94_in_English_football" class="mw-redirect" title="1993-94 in English football">1994</a>. The Owls remained until <a href="/wiki/1999-00_in_English_football" class="mw-redirect" title="1999-00 in English football">2000</a>. Both clubs had gone into decline in the 21st  century, Wednesday twice relegated to <a href="/wiki/Football_League_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League One">League One</a> and United suffering the same fate in <a href="/wiki/2010-11_in_English_football" class="mw-redirect" title="2010-11 in English football">2011</a>, despite a brief spell in the Premier League in <a href="/wiki/2006-07_in_English_football" class="mw-redirect" title="2006-07 in English football">2006–07</a>. United was promoted to the Premier League in 2019 under manager, and Sheffield United Fan, Chris Wilder. Despite being written off by most football pundits, and declared favourites for relegation from the Premier League, United exceeded expectations and finished in the top half of the table in the 2019–20 season. In the 2020–21 season, United sat at the bottom of the Premier League table by the conclusion of the season and were relegated. Sheffield was the site of the deadliest sports venue disaster in the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster" title="Hillsborough disaster">Hillsborough disaster</a> in 1989, when 97 <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool</a> supporters were killed in a stampede and crush during an <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> semi-final at the venue. <a href="/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C." title="Rotherham United F.C.">Rotherham United</a>, who play in the Championship, did play their home games in the city between 2008 and 2012, having moved to play at Sheffield's <a href="/wiki/Don_Valley_Stadium" title="Don Valley Stadium">Don Valley Stadium</a> in 2008 following a dispute with their previous landlord at their traditional home ground of <a href="/wiki/Millmoor" title="Millmoor">Millmoor</a>, Rotherham. However, in July 2012, the club moved to the new 12,000 seat <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stadium" title="New York Stadium">New York Stadium</a> in Rotherham. There are also facilities for golf, <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a> and bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated national ice-skating arena (<a href="/wiki/IceSheffield" title="IceSheffield">IceSheffield</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Rugby">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park_(overview).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park_%28overview%29.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park_%28overview%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park_%28overview%29.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park_%28overview%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park_%28overview%29.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Park_%28overview%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Legacy_Park" title="Olympic Legacy Park">Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Eagles" title="Sheffield Eagles">Sheffield Eagles</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Eagles" title="Sheffield Eagles">Sheffield Eagles</a> RLFC are the city's professional <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> team and play their matches at <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Olympic_Legacy_Stadium" title="Sheffield Olympic Legacy Stadium">Sheffield Olympic Legacy Stadium</a>. They currently play in the second tier of the professional league, the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Championship">Championship</a> and won back to back titles in 2012 and 2013. Their most successful moment came in 1998, when, against all the odds they defeated <a href="/wiki/Wigan_Warriors" title="Wigan Warriors">Wigan</a> in the Challenge Cup final, despite being huge underdogs. The team then hit troubled times before reforming in 2003. Since then they have played their rugby in the Championship (second tier). In 2011, they made the playoffs finishing in fifth place. They made the Grand Final, by defeating <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Centurions" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh Centurions">Leigh</a>, who were huge favourites in a playoff semi final. In the final, they were comprehensively beaten by <a href="/wiki/Featherstone_Rovers" title="Featherstone Rovers">Featherstone Rovers</a>. Sheffield also put in a bid to be a host city for the <a href="/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2013 Rugby League World Cup">2013 Rugby League World Cup</a>, but their bid was unsuccessful. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Sports">Other Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other Sports">edit</a>]</div> Sheffield has a number of <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> clubs that compete in the <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_England_Hockey_League" title="Men's England Hockey League">Men's England Hockey League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_England_Hockey_League" title="Women's England Hockey League">Women's England Hockey League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Hockey_Association" title="North Hockey Association">North Hockey League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Hockey_Association" title="Yorkshire Hockey Association">Yorkshire Hockey Association League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Universities_and_Colleges_Sport" title="British Universities and Colleges Sport">BUCS leagues</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hockey_Club" title="Sheffield Hockey Club">Sheffield Hockey Club</a> (partnered with <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University" title="Sheffield Hallam University">Sheffield Hallam University</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_University_Bankers_Hockey_Club" title="Sheffield University Bankers Hockey Club">Sheffield University Bankers Hockey Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> Hockey Club.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Giants" title="Sheffield Giants">Sheffield Giants</a> are an <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> team who play in the <a href="/wiki/BAFA_National_Leagues" title="BAFA National Leagues">BAFA National Leagues</a> Premier Division, the highest level of British American Football. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IceSheffield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/IceSheffield.jpg/220px-IceSheffield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/IceSheffield.jpg/330px-IceSheffield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/IceSheffield.jpg/440px-IceSheffield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>iceSheffield</figcaption></figure> Sheffield is home to the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Steelers" title="Sheffield Steelers">Sheffield Steelers</a> professional ice hockey team who play out of the 9.300 seater <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Arena" title="Sheffield Arena">Sheffield Arena</a> and are known as one of the top teams in the UK, regularly selling out the arena. They have the 28th highest average attendance rating in Europe, and the highest in the UK. They play in the 10 team professional <a href="/wiki/Elite_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Elite Ice Hockey League">Elite Ice Hockey League</a>. Sheffield is also home to the semi-professional ice hockey team Sheffield Steeldogs who play in the NIHL. The Sheffield Ice Hockey Academy also are based in Sheffield, and play out of <a href="/wiki/IceSheffield" title="IceSheffield">IceSheffield</a>, competing in the EIHA Junior North Leagues and have had one player, <a href="/wiki/Liam_Kirk_(ice_hockey)" title="Liam Kirk (ice hockey)">Liam Kirk</a>, become the first born and trained British player to be drafted into the NHL, when he was drafted in the <a href="/wiki/NHL_entry_draft" title="NHL entry draft">NHL entry draft</a> 189th overall in 2018 by the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes" title="Arizona Coyotes">Arizona Coyotes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> was made in Sheffield in 1892. Sheffield is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Steel_Rollergirls" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Steel Rollergirls">Sheffield Steel Rollergirls</a>, a roller derby team. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilities_and_events">Facilities and events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Facilities and events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Institute_of_Sport_Sheffield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Modern sporting facility. The building is roughly rectangular in shape and is quite modern, with a wooden clad design. It is surrounded by greenery and has several tall, white spikes on its roof." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/English_Institute_of_Sport_Sheffield.png/220px-English_Institute_of_Sport_Sheffield.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/English_Institute_of_Sport_Sheffield.png/330px-English_Institute_of_Sport_Sheffield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/English_Institute_of_Sport_Sheffield.png/440px-English_Institute_of_Sport_Sheffield.png 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>English Institute of Sport, Sheffield</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Skyline_from_Park_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large sports centre situated in Sheffield City Centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sheffield_Skyline_from_Park_Hill.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Skyline_from_Park_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sheffield_Skyline_from_Park_Hill.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Skyline_from_Park_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sheffield_Skyline_from_Park_Hill.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Skyline_from_Park_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ponds_Forge" title="Ponds Forge">Ponds Forge</a> (bottom left) with Sheffield City Centre behind and Park Square in the bottom right</figcaption></figure> Many of Sheffield's sporting facilities were built for the <a href="/wiki/Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiade">World Student Games</a>, which the city hosted in 1991, including Sheffield Arena and the <a href="/wiki/Ponds_Forge" title="Ponds Forge">Ponds Forge</a> international diving and swimming complex. Ponds Forge is also the home of Sheffield City Swimming Club, a local swimming club competing in the <a href="/wiki/Speedo" title="Speedo">Speedo</a> league. The former <a href="/wiki/Don_Valley_Stadium" title="Don Valley Stadium">Don Valley International Athletics Stadium</a>, once the largest athletics stadium in the UK, was also constructed for the Universiade games.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Following the closure and demolition of Don Valley Stadium in 2013, The Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park was established and constructed on the same site, adjacent to the English Institute for Sport. The park is designed to a collaborative project with input from numerous stakeholders including both universities in Sheffield, the English Institute of Sport Sheffield, the NHS and private medical companies.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-199">[198]</a> A key part of this collaboration is Sheffield Hallam University's £14 million Advanced Well-being Research Centre (AWRC), which was established along similar lines to the University of Sheffield's <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Manufacturing_Park" title="Advanced Manufacturing Park">Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre</a>'s (AMRC's).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-199">[198]</a> The site also includes teaching facilities, a stadium and research & innovation facilities.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-199">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Ski_Village" title="Sheffield Ski Village">Sheffield Ski Village</a> was the largest artificial <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">ski</a> resort in Europe, before being destroyed in a series of suspected arson attacks in 2012 and 2013. The city also has six indoor climbing centres and is home to a significant community of professional climbers, including Britain's most successful competitive climber <a href="/wiki/Shauna_Coxsey" title="Shauna Coxsey">Shauna Coxsey</a>. Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to the <a href="/wiki/English_Institute_of_Sport_%E2%80%93_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="English Institute of Sport – Sheffield">English Institute of Sport – Sheffield</a>, where British athletes trained for the 2012 Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Sheffield also has close ties with <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a>, with the city's <a href="/wiki/Crucible_Theatre" title="Crucible Theatre">Crucible Theatre</a> being the venue for the <a href="/wiki/World_Snooker_Championship" title="World Snooker Championship">World Snooker Championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> The English Institute of Sport hosts most of the top fencing competitions each year, including the National Championships for Seniors, Juniors (U20's) and Cadets (U17's) as well as the 2011 Senior European Fencing Championships. The English <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a> open is also held in the city every year. The International Open and World Matchplay Championship <a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">bowls</a> tournaments have both been held at <a href="/wiki/Ponds_Forge" title="Ponds Forge">Ponds Forge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> The city also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Tigers_RUFC" title="Sheffield Tigers RUFC">Sheffield Tigers</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Sharks" title="Sheffield Sharks">Sheffield Sharks</a>, American Football team the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Giants" title="Sheffield Giants">Sheffield Giants</a>, basketball, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_University_Bankers_Hockey_Club" title="Sheffield University Bankers Hockey Club">Sheffield University Bankers</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Steelers" title="Sheffield Steelers">Sheffield Steelers</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Tigers_(Speedway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Tigers (Speedway)">Sheffield Tigers</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">speedway</a> teams. Sheffield also has many golf courses all around the city. Sheffield was selected as a candidate host city by the <a href="/wiki/The_FA" class="mw-redirect" title="The FA">Football Association (FA)</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/English_2018_and_2022_FIFA_World_Cup_bid" class="mw-redirect" title="English 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bid">English 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bid</a> on 16 December 2009.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium" title="Hillsborough Stadium">Hillsborough Stadium</a> was chosen as the proposed venue for matches in Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The bid failed. Sheffield hosted the finish of Stage 2 of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Tour_de_France" title="2014 Tour de France">2014 Tour de France</a>. Within the City limits and located just 4 km (2.5 mi) from the finish, was the ninth and final climb of the stage, the Category 4 Côte de Jenkin Road. The one point in the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Mountains" title="King of the Mountains">King of the Mountains</a> competition was claimed by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Froome" title="Chris Froome">Chris Froome</a> of <a href="/wiki/Team_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Sky">Team Sky</a>. The climb was just 0.8 km (0.5 mi) long at an average gradient of 10.8%. The stage was won by the eventual overall winner, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Nibali" title="Vincenzo Nibali">Vincenzo Nibali</a> of <a href="/wiki/Astana_Pro_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Pro Team">Astana Pro Team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/IceSheffield" title="IceSheffield">IceSheffield</a>, an Ice Rink with 2 <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_rink" title="Ice hockey rink">Olympic sized rinks</a>, was opened in May 2003, and is home to the Sheffield Steeldogs, Sheffield Ice Hockey Academy, and Sutton Sting amongst other teams. It is the host to the yearly EIHA Conference Tournament, EIHA Nationals, and Sheffield Junior Tournament. The <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Half_Marathon" title="Sheffield Half Marathon">Sheffield Half Marathon</a> is held annually.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> It has thousands of participants every year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks_and_parks">Landmarks and parks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Landmarks and parks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visitor_attractions_in_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Visitor attractions in Sheffield">Visitor attractions in Sheffield</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Weston_Park_Museum" title="Weston Park Museum">Weston Park Museum</a> is a museum telling the stories of Sheffield and its people. The museum was originally opened in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Park_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Western_Park_Museum.jpg/220px-Western_Park_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Western_Park_Museum.jpg/330px-Western_Park_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Western_Park_Museum.jpg/440px-Western_Park_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Park_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Park Museum">Western Park Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishops_House_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bishops_House_2011.jpg/220px-Bishops_House_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bishops_House_2011.jpg/330px-Bishops_House_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bishops_House_2011.jpg/440px-Bishops_House_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_House" title="Bishops' House">Bishops' House</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_House" title="Bishops' House">Bishops' House</a> was built in 1500 and is a <a href="/wiki/Listed_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Listed Building">Grade II listed building</a> which is now a museum.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Legends" title="Sheffield Legends">Sheffield Walk of Fame</a> in the City Centre honours famous Sheffield residents past and present in a similar way to the Hollywood version.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Sheffield also had its own Ferris Wheel known as the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Sheffield" title="Wheel of Sheffield">Wheel of Sheffield</a>, located atop Fargate shopping precinct. The Wheel was dismantled in October 2010 and moved to London's Hyde Park.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Heeley City Farm and <a href="/wiki/Graves_Park" title="Graves Park">Graves Park</a> are home to Sheffield's two farm animal collections, both of which are fully open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Sheffield also has its own zoo; the Tropical Butterfly House, Wildlife & Falconry Centre.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> There are about <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Sheffield" title="Listed buildings in Sheffield">1,100 listed buildings in Sheffield</a> (including the whole of the <a href="/wiki/S_postcode_area" title="S postcode area">Sheffield postal district</a>).<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Of these, only five are Grade I listed. Sixty-seven are Grade II*, but the overwhelming majority are listed as Grade II.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Compared to other English cities, Sheffield has few buildings with the highest Grade I listing: <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, for example, has <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Liverpool" title="Listed buildings in Liverpool">26 Grade I</a> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed buildings</a>. This situation led the noted architecture historian <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a>, writing in 1959, to comment that the city was "architecturally a miserable disappointment", with no pre-19th-century buildings of any distinction.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> By contrast, in November 2007, Sheffield's Peace and Winter Gardens beat London's South Bank to gain the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a>' Academy of Urbanism "Great Place" Award, as an "outstanding example of how cities can be improved, to make urban spaces as attractive and accessible as possible".<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> In the summer of 2016 a public art event across the city occurred called the <a href="/wiki/Herd_of_Sheffield" title="Herd of Sheffield">Herd of Sheffield</a> which raised £410,000 for the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Sheffield Children's Hospital">Sheffield Children's Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-herd-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenspace">Greenspace</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Greenspace">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Botanical_Gardens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sheffield_Botanical_Gardens.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Botanical_Gardens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sheffield_Botanical_Gardens.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Botanical_Gardens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sheffield_Botanical_Gardens.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Botanical_Gardens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Botanical_Gardens" title="Sheffield Botanical Gardens">Sheffield Botanical Gardens</a></figcaption></figure> Sheffield has a reputed 4.5 million trees<a href="#cite_note-GEO_treecount-6">[5]</a> and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_four_best_UK_cities_for_green_space-67">[66]</a> There are many parks and woods throughout the city and beyond. Containing more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, there are around 78 public parks and 10 public gardens in Sheffield,<a href="#cite_note-sheffgeog-5">[4]</a> including 83 managed parks (13 'City' Parks, 20 'District' Parks and 50 'Local' Parks) located throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-About_the_Parks_&_Countryside_Service-220">[219]</a> Included in the city parks category are 3 of Sheffield's 6 public gardens (the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Botanical_Gardens" title="Sheffield Botanical Gardens">Sheffield Botanical Gardens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Gardens" title="Peace Gardens">Peace Gardens</a> and Hillsborough Walled Gardens, with the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Winter_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Winter Gardens">Sheffield Winter Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauchief_Gardens" title="Beauchief Gardens">Beauchief Gardens</a> and Lynwood Gardens being the separate entities). The Sheffield Botanical Gardens are on a 19-acre site located to the south-west of the city centre and date back to 1836. The site includes a large, Grade II listed, Victorian era <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">glasshouse</a>. The Peace Gardens, neighboured next to the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Town_Hall" title="Sheffield Town Hall">Town Hall</a> and forming part of the Heart of the City project, occupy a 0.67 hectares (1.7 acres) site in the centre of the city. The site is dominated by its water features, principal among which is the Goodwin Fountain. Made up of 89 individual jets of water, this fountain lies at the corner of the quarter-circle shaped Peace Gardens and is named after <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Goodwin" title="Stuart Goodwin">Stuart Goodwin</a>, a notable Sheffield industrialist. Since their redevelopment in 1998, the Peace gardens have received a number of regional and national accolades.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Hillsborough Walled Garden is located in <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Park" title="Hillsborough Park">Hillsborough Park</a>, to the north-west of the city centre. The gardens date back to 1779 and have been dedicated to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillsborough Disaster">Hillsborough Disaster</a> since the redevelopment of the gardens in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Winter_Garden" title="Sheffield Winter Garden">The Winter Garden</a>, lying within the <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_the_City_(development)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart of the City (development)">Heart of the City</a>, is a large wood framed, glass skinned <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> housing some 2,500 plants from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Also within the city there are a number of <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature reserves">nature reserves</a> which when combined occupy 1,600 acres (6.5 km2) of land.<a href="#cite_note-sheffield1-224">[223]</a> There are also 170 <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> areas within the city, 80 of which are classed as ancient.<a href="#cite_note-sheffield1-224">[223]</a> The south-west boundary of the city overlaps with the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District National Park</a>, the first national park in England (est. 1951).<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> As a consequence, several communities actually reside within both entities. The Peak District is home to many notable, natural, features and also human-made features such as <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_House" title="Chatsworth House">Chatsworth House</a>, the setting for the BBC series <a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice_(1995_TV_series)" title="Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)">Pride and Prejudice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council" title="Sheffield City Council">Sheffield City Council</a> has created a new chain of parks spanning the hillside behind <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Station">Sheffield Station</a>. The park, known as Sheaf Valley Park, has an open-air amphitheatre and will include an arboretum.<a href="#cite_note-sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk-227">[226]</a> The site was once home to a medieval deer park, latterly owned by the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Heritage_Park" title="Norfolk Heritage Park">Duke of Norfolk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk-227">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatres">Theatres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Theatres">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Theatres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sheffield_Theatres.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Theatres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sheffield_Theatres.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Theatres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sheffield_Theatres.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Theatres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crucible_Theatre" title="Crucible Theatre">Crucible Theatre</a> (centre) and Lyceum Theatre (right)</figcaption></figure> Sheffield has two large theatres, the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyceum Theatre (Sheffield)">Lyceum Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crucible_Theatre" title="Crucible Theatre">Crucible Theatre</a>, which together with the smaller <a href="/wiki/Studio_Theatre_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio Theatre (Sheffield)">Studio Theatre</a> make up the largest theatre complex outside London, located in <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Square" title="Tudor Square">Tudor Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> The Crucible Theatre, a grade II listed building, is the home (since 1977) of the <a href="/wiki/World_Snooker_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Snooker Championships">World Snooker Championships</a>, which sees most of Tudor Square and the adjoining Winter Garden used for side events, and hosts many well-known stage productions throughout the year from local, national and international performance groups. The theatre was awarded the Barclays 'Theatre of the Year Award' in 2001. Between 2007 and 2009, the theatre underwent a £15 million refurbishment during which time major internal and external improvements were carried out. The Lyceum, which opened in 1897, serves as a venue for touring <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End productions</a> and operas by <a href="/wiki/Opera_North" title="Opera North">Opera North</a>, as well as locally produced shows. Sheffield also has the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montgomery_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montgomery Theatre (page does not exist)">Montgomery Theatre</a>, a small 420 seater theatre located a short distance from Tudor Square, opposite the town hall on Surrey Street.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> There are also a large number of smaller amateur theatres scattered throughout the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_Community">Culture and Community</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Culture and Community">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sheffield" title="Culture of Sheffield">Culture of Sheffield</a></div> Sheffield made the shortlist for the first city to be designated <a href="/wiki/UK_City_of_Culture" title="UK City of Culture">UK City of Culture</a>, but in July 2010 it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> had been selected.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> Sheffield has a number of <a href="/wiki/Pubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs">pubs</a> throughout the city. West Street, running through the heart of the <a href="/wiki/West_End,_Sheffield" title="West End, Sheffield">West End</a> district of the city centre, is home to pubs, bars and clubs and attracts student visitors. Recent additions to the city's leisure scene include <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Square" title="Leopold Square">Leopold Square</a>, situated just off the northern end of West Street and <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Square,_Sheffield" title="Millennium Square, Sheffield">Millennium Square</a>, which are home to several restaurants offering international cuisine. Aagrah, an Indian restaurant in the square which serves <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri cuisine</a>, was prior to 2014 voted "Best Restaurant Group in the UK" at the <a href="/wiki/British_Curry_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="British Curry Awards">British Curry Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> Sheffield was once home to a number of historically important nightclubs in the early dance music scene of the 1980s and 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Gatecrasher" title="Gatecrasher">Gatecrasher One</a> was one of the most popular clubs in the North of England until its destruction by fire on 18 June 2007.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> Sheffield has a thriving poetry and spoken word scene: from Wordlife's events across the city to the sustained work of Sheffield Authors; from the vibrant monthly arts night, Verse Matters, at the Moor Theatre Deli to the longstanding work of The Poetry Business, there are always opportunities for new and experienced writers to get writing and to share their work. The city is home to thirteen <a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">morris dance</a> teams – thought to be one of the highest concentration of sides in the country. Nearly all forms of the dance are represented in the city, including <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_morris" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotswold morris">Cotswold</a> (Five Rivers Morris,<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Pecsaetan Morris,<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> Harthill Morris,<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Lord Conyer's Morris Men,<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> Sheffield City Morris,<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> William Morris<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Border_Morris" title="Border Morris">border</a> (Boggart's Breakfast<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a>), <a href="/wiki/North_West_morris" class="mw-redirect" title="North West morris">North West</a> (Yorkshire Chandelier,<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> Silkstone Greens,<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> Lizzie Dripping<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rapper_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapper dance">rapper</a> (Sheffield Steel Rapper<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Long_Sword_dance" title="Long Sword dance">Longsword</a>. Sheffield hosts a number of festivals, including the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Debate" title="Festival of Debate">Festival of Debate</a>, the Grin Up North Sheffield Comedy Festival,<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sensoria_Music_%26_Film_Festival" title="Sensoria Music & Film Festival">Sensoria Music & Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tramlines_Festival" title="Tramlines Festival">Tramlines Festival</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_from_Sheffield" title="List of musicians from Sheffield">List of musicians from Sheffield</a></div> The Tramlines Festival was launched as an annual music festival in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> it is held at Hillsborough Park (the main stage) and at venues throughout <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Centre" title="Sheffield City Centre">Sheffield City Centre</a>, and features local and national artists.<a href="#cite_note-tramlines-246">[245]</a> A number of major music acts, including <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cocker" title="Joe Cocker">Joe Cocker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ace_(band)" title="Ace (band)">Ace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Def_Leppard" title="Def Leppard">Def Leppard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Carrack" title="Paul Carrack">Paul Carrack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon" title="Bring Me the Horizon">Bring Me the Horizon</a>, <a href="/wiki/65daysofstatic" title="65daysofstatic">65daysofstatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolo_Tomassi" title="Rolo Tomassi">Rolo Tomassi</a>, <a href="/wiki/While_She_Sleeps" title="While She Sleeps">While She Sleeps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(band)" title="Pulp (band)">Pulp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moloko" title="Moloko">Moloko</a>, hail from the city.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indie_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie (music)">Indie</a> band <a href="/wiki/The_Long_Blondes" title="The Long Blondes">the Long Blondes</a> originated from the city,<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> as part of what the <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a> dubbed the <a href="/wiki/New_Yorkshire" title="New Yorkshire">New Yorkshire</a> scene.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> Sheffield has been home to several bands and musicians, with a number of <a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">synth-pop</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> bands originating from the city.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> These included <a href="/wiki/The_Human_League" title="The Human League">the Human League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heaven_17" title="Heaven 17">Heaven 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABC_(band)" title="ABC (band)">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Twins" title="Thompson Twins">Thompson Twins</a> and the more <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrially</a> inclined <a href="/wiki/Cabaret_Voltaire_(band)" title="Cabaret Voltaire (band)">Cabaret Voltaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clock_DVA" title="Clock DVA">Clock DVA</a>. This electronic tradition has continued: <a href="/wiki/Techno_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno music">techno</a> label <a href="/wiki/Warp_Records" title="Warp Records">Warp Records</a> was a central pillar of the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Bleeps_and_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass">Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass</a> scene of the early 1990s, and has gone on to become one of the UK's oldest and best-loved dance music labels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More recently, other popular genres of electronic music such as <a href="/wiki/Bassline_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassline house">bassline house</a> have originated in the city.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Hall,_Barkers_Pool,_Sheffield_(geograph_2846119).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sheffield City Hall, a Neo-classical design with a large portico and prominent pillars which were damaged when a bomb fell on the adjoining Barkers Pool during the Second World War. It is a grade II* listed building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/City_Hall%2C_Barkers_Pool%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_2846119%29.jpg/220px-City_Hall%2C_Barkers_Pool%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_2846119%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/City_Hall%2C_Barkers_Pool%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_2846119%29.jpg/330px-City_Hall%2C_Barkers_Pool%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_2846119%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/City_Hall%2C_Barkers_Pool%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_2846119%29.jpg/440px-City_Hall%2C_Barkers_Pool%2C_Sheffield_%28geograph_2846119%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Hall" title="Sheffield City Hall">Sheffield City Hall</a>, a Grade II* listed building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Arena_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sheffield_Arena_2022.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Arena_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sheffield_Arena_2022.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Arena_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sheffield_Arena_2022.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Arena_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Arena" title="Sheffield Arena">Sheffield Arena</a></figcaption></figure> In 1999 the <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Popular_Music" title="National Centre for Popular Music">National Centre for Popular Music</a>, a museum dedicated to the subject of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, was opened in the city.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> It was not as successful as was hoped, however, and later evolved to become a live music venue; then in February 2005, the unusual steel-covered building became the <a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">students' union</a> for Sheffield Hallam University.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> Live music venues in the city include <a href="/wiki/Leadmill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadmill">Leadmill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boardwalk_(nightclub)" title="Boardwalk (nightclub)">Boardwalk</a>, The Cremorne, <a href="/wiki/Corporation_(nightclub)" title="Corporation (nightclub)">Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Hall" title="Sheffield City Hall">City Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield_Students%27_Union" title="University of Sheffield Students' Union">University of Sheffield Students' Union</a>, the Studio Theatre at the <a href="/wiki/Crucible_Theatre" title="Crucible Theatre">Crucible Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/O2_Academy_Sheffield" title="O2 Academy Sheffield">O2 Academy Sheffield</a> and The Grapes.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> The city is home to several orchestras and choirs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Sheffield Symphony Orchestra">Sheffield Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra">Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Chamber_Orchestra" title="Sheffield Chamber Orchestra">Sheffield Chamber Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield_Youth_Orchestra" title="City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra">City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Philharmonic_Chorus" title="Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus">Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chorus_UK" title="Chorus UK">Chorus UK</a> community choir.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> It is also home to <a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Round" title="Music in the Round">Music in the Round</a>, a charitable organisation that exists to promote chamber music. Sheffield has a folk music, song and dance community. Singing and music sessions occur weekly in pubs around the city and it also hosts the annual Sheffield Sessions Festival.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> The University of Sheffield runs a number of courses and research projects dedicated to folk culture.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> The tradition of singing carols in pubs around Christmas is still kept alive in the city. The Sheffield Carols, as they are known locally, predate modern carols by over a century and are sung with alternative words and verses.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Although there is a core of carols that are sung at most venues, each particular place has its own mini-tradition. The repertoire at two nearby places can vary widely, and woe betide those who try to strike up a 'foreign' carol. Some are unaccompanied, some have a piano or organ, there is a flip chart with the words on in one place, a string quartet (quintet, sextet, septet) accompanies the singing at another, some encourage soloists, others stick to audience participation, a brass band plays at certain events, the choir takes the lead at another.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> Sheffield was shortlisted to host the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2023">2023 Eurovision Song Contest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> which took place between 9 and 13 May 2023 in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBC_Radio_Sheffield,_Shoreham_Street_(geograph_5844248).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BBC_Radio_Sheffield%2C_Shoreham_Street_%28geograph_5844248%29.jpg/220px-BBC_Radio_Sheffield%2C_Shoreham_Street_%28geograph_5844248%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BBC_Radio_Sheffield%2C_Shoreham_Street_%28geograph_5844248%29.jpg/330px-BBC_Radio_Sheffield%2C_Shoreham_Street_%28geograph_5844248%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/BBC_Radio_Sheffield%2C_Shoreham_Street_%28geograph_5844248%29.jpg/440px-BBC_Radio_Sheffield%2C_Shoreham_Street_%28geograph_5844248%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>BBC Radio Sheffield</figcaption></figure> Sheffield has two commercial newspapers, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Star">The Star</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Telegraph" title="Sheffield Telegraph">Sheffield Telegraph</a>, both published by <a href="/wiki/JPIMedia" class="mw-redirect" title="JPIMedia">JPIMedia</a>, which took over the assets of <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Press" title="Johnston Press">Johnston Press PLC</a>. The Star has been published daily since 1897; the Sheffield Telegraph, now a weekly publication, originated in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> Sheffield has its own TV station; <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Live!" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Live!">Sheffield Live TV</a>, a not-for-profit company which began broadcasting on 23 September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> SLTV has been awarded a 12-year licence to provide the digital terrestrial broadcasting service.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> Regional broadcasters <a href="/wiki/BBC_Yorkshire" title="BBC Yorkshire">BBC Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Television">Yorkshire Television</a> also cover the city. Five local radio stations broadcast in the city are <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Sheffield" title="BBC Radio Sheffield">BBC Radio Sheffield</a>, the independent <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_South_Yorkshire" title="Hits Radio South Yorkshire">Hits Radio South Yorkshire</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Hallam_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallam FM">Hallam FM</a>) and its sister station <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_South_Yorkshire" title="Greatest Hits Radio South Yorkshire">Greatest Hits Radio South Yorkshire</a>. Sheffield is also home to two <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> licensed <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> stations: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Live" title="Sheffield Live">Sheffield Live</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burngreave_Community_Radio" title="Burngreave Community Radio">Burngreave Community Radio</a>. Sheffield Hospital Radio (Hospital Broadcasting Sheffield) broadcasts a 24-hour service to the Royal Hallamshire, Jessop Wing, Northern General and Weston Park Hospital and also offers a dedicated patient visiting service. The charity is operated by volunteers from studios at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> The films and plays <a href="/wiki/The_Full_Monty" title="The Full Monty">The Full Monty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threads_(1984_film)" title="Threads (1984 film)">Threads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Looks_and_Smiles_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Looks and Smiles (film)">Looks and Smiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/When_Saturday_Comes_(film)" title="When Saturday Comes (film)">When Saturday Comes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whatever_Happened_to_Harold_Smith%3F" title="Whatever Happened to Harold Smith?">Whatever Happened to Harold Smith?</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_History_Boys" title="The History Boys">The History Boys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Four_Lions" title="Four Lions">Four Lions</a> are set in the city.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/F.I.S.T._(film)" title="F.I.S.T. (film)">F.I.S.T.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kill_List" title="Kill List">Kill List</a>, <a href="/wiki/%2771_(film)" title="'71 (film)">'71</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Bride_(film)" title="The Princess Bride (film)">The Princess Bride</a> also include several scenes filmed in Sheffield and a substantial part of <a href="/wiki/Among_Giants" title="Among Giants">Among Giants</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> was filmed in the city. The documentary festival <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Doc/Fest" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Doc/Fest">Sheffield Doc/Fest</a> has been run annually since 1994 at the <a href="/wiki/Showroom_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Showroom Cinema">Showroom Cinema</a>,<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> and in 2007 Sheffield hosted the <a href="/wiki/Awards_of_the_International_Indian_Film_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards of the International Indian Film Academy">Awards of the International Indian Film Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> The 2018 series of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a>, which features the <a href="/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield" title="Park Hill, Sheffield">Park Hill</a> estate and other Sheffield locations, premiered in Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> A follow-up series of the same name, to the 1997 film The Full Monty, which released on <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> in 2023 was filmed in Sheffield<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> and Manchester<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> between 2022 and 2023. Furthermore, scenes in <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> miniseries <a href="/wiki/The_Regime_(miniseries)" title="The Regime (miniseries)">The Regime</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grant" title="Hugh Grant">Hugh Grant</a>, were filmed in Sheffield as well as in <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Woodhouse" title="Wentworth Woodhouse">Wentworth Woodhouse</a>, a stately home in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valley_Centertainment,_Sheffield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Valley_Centertainment%2C_Sheffield.jpg/220px-Valley_Centertainment%2C_Sheffield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Valley_Centertainment%2C_Sheffield.jpg/330px-Valley_Centertainment%2C_Sheffield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Valley_Centertainment%2C_Sheffield.jpg/440px-Valley_Centertainment%2C_Sheffield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3540" data-file-height="2276" /></a><figcaption>Valley Centertainment, Sheffield</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Valley_Centertainment" title="Valley Centertainment">Valley Centertainment</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Don_Valley" title="Lower Don Valley">Don Valley</a>, is the main out of town leisure complex in Sheffield. It opened in the 1990s and was built on land previously occupied by <a href="/wiki/Steel_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel mills">steel mills</a> across the road from what is now Sheffield Arena. It is anchored by a 20 screen <a href="/wiki/Cineworld" title="Cineworld">Cineworld</a> complex which is the largest in the chain and contains the only <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> screens and <a href="/wiki/4DX" title="4DX">4DX</a> screen in Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> Other features of the complex include a <a href="/wiki/Bowling_alley" title="Bowling alley">bowling alley</a>, several chain restaurants, an indoor play area as well as indoor <a href="/wiki/Laser_tag" title="Laser tag">laser tag</a>. Sheffield has six other cinema complexes, five of which are in the city centre and a one at Meadowhall – <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Sheffield" title="Odeon Sheffield">Odeon Sheffield</a>, situated on Arundel Gate in the city centre, <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Cinemas" title="Curzon Cinemas">Curzon</a>, which opened in 2015 in the former Sheffield Banking Company building on George Street,<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Light_Cinemas" title="The Light Cinemas">The Light</a>, located on The Moor and opened in 2017 as part of the regeneration project, and <a href="/wiki/Vue_(cinema)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vue (cinema)">Vue</a>, located within Meadowhall Shopping Centre, are the three other mainstream cinemas in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Showroom_Cinema,_Sheffield" title="Showroom Cinema, Sheffield">Showroom</a>, an independent cinema showing non-mainstream productions, is located in <a href="/wiki/Sheaf_Square" title="Sheaf Square">Sheaf Square</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_station" title="Sheffield station">Sheffield station</a>. In 2002 the Showroom was voted as the best Independent cinema in the country by Guardian readers.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_services">Public services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Public services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Hallamshire_Hospital_and_%27B%27_Road,_viewed_from_Glossop_Road,_Broomhill,_Sheffield_-_geograph-3813556.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Royal_Hallamshire_Hospital_and_%27B%27_Road%2C_viewed_from_Glossop_Road%2C_Broomhill%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph-3813556.jpg/220px-Royal_Hallamshire_Hospital_and_%27B%27_Road%2C_viewed_from_Glossop_Road%2C_Broomhill%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph-3813556.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Royal_Hallamshire_Hospital_and_%27B%27_Road%2C_viewed_from_Glossop_Road%2C_Broomhill%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph-3813556.jpg/330px-Royal_Hallamshire_Hospital_and_%27B%27_Road%2C_viewed_from_Glossop_Road%2C_Broomhill%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph-3813556.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Royal_Hallamshire_Hospital_and_%27B%27_Road%2C_viewed_from_Glossop_Road%2C_Broomhill%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph-3813556.jpg/440px-Royal_Hallamshire_Hospital_and_%27B%27_Road%2C_viewed_from_Glossop_Road%2C_Broomhill%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph-3813556.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hallamshire_Hospital" title="Royal Hallamshire Hospital">Royal Hallamshire Hospital</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield_Graves_Art_Gallery_%26_Central_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sheffield_Graves_Art_Gallery_%26_Central_Library.jpg/220px-Sheffield_Graves_Art_Gallery_%26_Central_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sheffield_Graves_Art_Gallery_%26_Central_Library.jpg/330px-Sheffield_Graves_Art_Gallery_%26_Central_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sheffield_Graves_Art_Gallery_%26_Central_Library.jpg/440px-Sheffield_Graves_Art_Gallery_%26_Central_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Central_Library" title="Sheffield Central Library">Sheffield Central Library</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service_HQ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service_HQ.png/220px-South_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service_HQ.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service_HQ.png/330px-South_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service_HQ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service_HQ.png/440px-South_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service_HQ.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue" title="South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue">South Yorkshire Fire & Rescue</a> HQ</figcaption></figure> Sheffield is policed by <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Police" title="South Yorkshire Police">South Yorkshire Police</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Territorial_police_force" title="Territorial police force">territorial police force</a>) whose headquarters are in the city. Sheffield constitutes one of its four District commands (Barnsley, Doncaster and Rotherham being the other three).<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> The force polices an area of approximately 600 sq mi (1,554 km2) and is the 13th largest force in <a href="/wiki/Police_forces_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces in the United Kingdom">England, Wales and Northern Ireland</a>. Oversight of South Yorkshire Police is conducted by the Police and Crime Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Billings" title="Alan Billings">Alan Billings</a>. Medical services in Sheffield are provided by three NHS Foundation Trusts: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Teaching_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust" title="Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust">Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Children%27s_NHS_Foundation_Trust" title="Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust">Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust</a></li> <li>Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust</li></ul> Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare to people (primarily adults) throughout Sheffield and South Yorkshire. The trusts title includes the word 'teaching' because it undertakes training of medical students at the University of Sheffield and has strong links to Sheffield Hallam University as well. The trust has two campuses: The West Campus containing the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hallamshire_Hospital" title="Royal Hallamshire Hospital">Royal Hallamshire Hospital</a>, the Jessop Wing (maternity wing), <a href="/wiki/Weston_Park_Hospital" title="Weston Park Hospital">Weston Park Hospital</a> (specialist cancer treatment) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Clifford_Dental_Hospital" title="Charles Clifford Dental Hospital">Charles Clifford Dental Hospital</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_General_Hospital" title="Northern General Hospital">Northern General Hospital</a> is the second 'campus' and is a large facility in the northern suburbs of Sheffield, containing the city's A&E department. Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare for children within the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire and the UK as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> On 12 June 2020, 66 confirmed deaths caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">coronavirus</a> were reported in the <a href="/wiki/Burngreave_(ward)#Fir_Vale" title="Burngreave (ward)">Crabtree and Fir Vale district</a> in the three months up to May 2020. The <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> said this was the highest number of coronavirus deaths of any area of England and Wales.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust provides mental health services, services for people with learning disabilities, substance misuse services, long term neurological conditions, as well as a consortium of GP practises.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> The Sheffield Institute for Motor Neurone Disease (also known as Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience – SITraN) has been developed by the University of Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> Ambulances are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Ambulance_Service" title="Yorkshire Ambulance Service">Yorkshire Ambulance Service</a>, which itself is an NHS trust.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> Fire services in Sheffield are provided by <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service">South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service</a>. For the purposes of fire-fighting and rescue, Sheffield is divided into East and West sub-divisions.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council" title="Sheffield City Council">Sheffield City Council</a> is responsible for running fifteen libraries within the city and the Hospital Library Service at Weston Park Hospital. A further sixteen are run by community and volunteer groups with over 1,000 volunteers trained by Sheffield City Council.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> The largest is <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Central_Library" title="Sheffield Central Library">Sheffield Central Library</a> which is collocated with <a href="/wiki/Graves_Art_Gallery" title="Graves Art Gallery">Graves Art Gallery</a> on Surrey Street, in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Centre" title="Sheffield City Centre">Sheffield City Centre</a>. The Sheffield Central Library also contains the Local Studies Library with 30,000 items related to local history. Domestic waste services in Sheffield are provided by <a href="/wiki/Veolia#Veolia_Environmental_Services" title="Veolia">Veolia Environmental Services</a> under contract from and on behalf of the council. Council owned/run buildings are maintained by <a href="/wiki/Kier_Group" title="Kier Group">Kier Group Sheffield</a> in partnership with the council.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> Sheffield has a District Energy system that exploits the city's domestic waste, by <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Incinerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Incinerator">incinerating</a> it and converting the energy from it to electricity. It also provides hot water, which is distributed through over 25 mi (40 km) of pipes under the city, via two networks. These networks supply heat and hot water for many buildings throughout the city. These include not only cinemas, hospitals, shops and offices, but also universities (Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Sheffield), and residential properties.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> Energy generated in a waste plant produces 60 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> of thermal energy and up to 19 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> of electrical energy from 225,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a> of waste.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> The Sheffield International Linking Committee promotes Sheffield overseas, especially with six <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">sister cities</a>:<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshan" title="Anshan">Anshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk Oblast</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD" title="Estelí">Estelí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD_Department" title="Estelí Department">Estelí Department</a>, Nicaragua</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi" title="Khmelnytskyi">Khmelnytskyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Oblast" title="Khmelnytskyi Oblast">Khmelnytskyi Oblast</a>, Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a></li></ul> A further four cities have a Friendship Agreement with Sheffield: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Kawasaki, Kanagawa">Kawasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanagawa">Kanagawa</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitwe" title="Kitwe">Kitwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt Province</a>, Zambia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotli" title="Kotli">Kotli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Pakistan-administered Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, United States – This is mainly due to both cities' link with the manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, with both cities being known as "<a href="/wiki/Steel_City" title="Steel City">Steel City</a>".</li></ul> Two roads in Sheffield have been named after sister cities; a section of the A6102 in Norton is named Bochum Parkway; and a road in <a href="/wiki/Hackenthorpe" title="Hackenthorpe">Hackenthorpe</a> is named Donetsk Way. Likewise in Bochum, Germany, there is a major road called the Sheffield-Ring. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City">edit</a>]</div> The following people and military units have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a> of Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (December 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fitzalan-Howard,_15th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk">Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk</a>: 25 October 1899.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Mappin" title="Frederick Mappin">Sir Frederick Mappin</a>: 25 October 1899.</li> <li>Sir Henry Stephenson: 25 October 1899.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum</a>: 13 August 1902.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Bearsted" title="Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted">Sir Marcus Samuel</a>: 10 June 1903.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">William Morris Hughes</a>: 26 May 1916.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Christian Smuts</a>: 10 October 1917.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Jellicoe,_1st_Earl_Jellicoe" title="John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe">Sir John Jellicoe</a>: 10 October 1917.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>: 13 August 1919.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Sir Douglas Haig</a>: 13 August 1919.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Beatty,_1st_Earl_Beatty" title="David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty">Sir David Beatty</a>: 13 August 1919.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Massey" title="William Massey">William Ferguson Massey</a>: 10 August 1921.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clegg_(footballer)" title="William Clegg (footballer)">Sir William Edwin Clegg</a>: 21 April 1922.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> : 9 November 1923.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Stanley Bruce</a>: 9 November 1923.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Roberts,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Samuel Roberts, 1st Baronet">Sir Samuel Roberts</a>: 30 July 1924.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sheffield" title="List of mayors of Sheffield">Robert Styring</a>: 30 July 1924.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sheffield" title="List of mayors of Sheffield">William Farewell Wardley</a>: 30 July 1924.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coward" title="Henry Coward">Sir Henry Coward</a>: 24 March 1926.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Coates" title="Gordon Coates">Joseph Gordon Coates</a>: 30 November 1926.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">James Ramsay MacDonald</a>: 4 December 1929.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_Graves" title="John George Graves">John George Graves</a>: 4 December 1929.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Stephenson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Stephenson, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Stephenson</a>: 4 December 1929.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Wilson_(politician)" title="Cecil Wilson (politician)">Cecil Henry Wilson</a>: 4 December 1929.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Richard Bedford Bennett</a>: 29 October 1930.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Henry Scullin</a>: 29 October 1930.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hedley_Burrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Hedley Burrows">Leonard Hedley Burrows</a>: 6 June 1939.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hadfield" title="Robert Hadfield">Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield</a>: 6 June 1939.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Brearley" title="Harry Brearley">Harry Brearley</a>: 6 June 1939.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill</a>: 6 October 1943.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sheffield" title="List of mayors of Sheffield">Frank Thraves</a>: 7 March 1945.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Warters_Jackson" title="Harold Warters Jackson">Harold Warters Jackson</a>: 7 March 1945.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_James_Bailey" title="Alfred James Bailey">Alfred James Bailey</a>: 7 March 1945.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sheffield" title="List of mayors of Sheffield">Arthur James Blanchard</a>: 7 March 1945.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough</a>: 1 October 1947.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Dooley_(footballer)" title="Derek Dooley (footballer)">Derek Dooley</a>: 7 April 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Caborn" title="Richard Caborn">Richard Caborn</a>: 9 May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Units">Military Units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Military Units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Battery_(The_Chestnut_Troop)_Royal_Horse_Artillery" title="A Battery (The Chestnut Troop) Royal Horse Artillery">A Battery (The Chestnut Troop) Royal Horse Artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/1st_Regiment_Royal_Horse_Artillery" title="1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery">1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery</a>: 7 November 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_(City_of_Sheffield)_Signal_Regiment" title="38th (City of Sheffield) Signal Regiment">38th (City of Sheffield) Signal Regiment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Reserve (United Kingdom)">Volunteers</a>): 7 November 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/212_(Yorkshire)_Field_Hospital" title="212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital">212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Army Medical Corps">RAMC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Reserve (United Kingdom)">Volunteers</a>): 7 November 2001.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment" title="Duke of Wellington's Regiment">Duke of Wellington's Regiment</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding</a>): 7 November 2001.</li> <li>106 (West Riding) Field Squadron <a href="/wiki/103_(Tyne_Electrical_Engineers)_Field_Squadron" title="103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron">103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron</a>: 6 March 2002.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Regiment">Yorkshire Regiment</a>: 6 September 2006.</li> <li>64 (City of Sheffield) Signal Squadron <a href="/wiki/37th_Signal_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)" title="37th Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)">37th Signal Regiment</a>: 18 October 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/32px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/48px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/64px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yorkshire" title="Portal:Yorkshire">Yorkshire portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">List of metropolitan areas in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sheffield" title="List of people from Sheffield">List of people from Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_Sheffield" title="List of companies in Sheffield">List of companies in Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Sheffield">People of Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Gang_Wars" title="Sheffield Gang Wars">Sheffield Gang Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_names_of_Sheffield" title="Street names of Sheffield">Street names of Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sheffield_history" title="Timeline of Sheffield history">Timeline of Sheffield history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Meadows_Power_Station" title="Blackburn Meadows Power Station">Blackburn Meadows power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neepsend_power_station" title="Neepsend power station">Neepsend power station</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References and notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The area that is the subject of this article does not have legal city status of itself, but is widely regarded as a city since it is the main and nominate settlement in the City of Sheffield local government area. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yorkshiretimes.co.uk/facts.php">"Here's Yorkshire in a Nutshell"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yorkshire.guide&rft.atitle=Most+populated+districts+in+Yorkshire+%7C+Yorkshire+guide+gazetteer+of+cities%2C+towns+and+villages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyorkshire.guide%2Fcontent.pl%3Faction%3Dpopulations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorkshirenetwork.co.uk/yorkshire/yorkshire-facts-and-statistics/">"Yorkshire Facts and Statistics"</a>. Yorkshire Enterprise Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211230170243/https://www.yorkshirenetwork.co.uk/yorkshire/yorkshire-facts-and-statistics/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2021. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326022242/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-43492887">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sheffield+tree-felling%3A+Gove+will+%27do+anything%27+to+end+row&rft.date=2018-03-23&rft.aulast=Sofos&rft.aufirst=Dino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-south-yorkshire-43492887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-facts-figures/sheffield-economy/income--wealth">"Income & Wealth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council" title="Sheffield City Council">Sheffield City Council</a>. 30 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100521085049/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/sheffield-facts-figures/sheffield-economy/income--wealth">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2010. 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Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheffield&rft.pub=City+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fuk%2Fyorkshireandthehumber%2Fadmin%2Fsheffield%2FE43000173__sheffield%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-celebration-10"><a href="#cite_ref-celebration_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawcliffe2015" class="citation news cs1">Rawcliffe, Jonathan (24 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7081034.stm">"Pelé joins Sheffield celebrations"</a>. BBC News. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112151430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/7081034.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pel%C3%A9+joins+Sheffield+celebrations&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft.aulast=Rawcliffe&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ffootball%2F7081034.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodall1913" class="citation book cs1">Goodall, Armitage C. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028042962">Place-Names of South-West Yorkshire; that is, of so much of the West Riding as lies south of the Aire from Keighley onwards</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place-Names+of+South-West+Yorkshire%3B+that+is%2C+of+so+much+of+the+West+Riding+as+lies+south+of+the+Aire+from+Keighley+onwards&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=253-254&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Goodall&rft.aufirst=Armitage+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028042962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddy1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Oldall_Addy" title="Sidney Oldall Addy">Addy, Sidney Oldall</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/glossaryofwordsu00addyuoft">A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield. Including a Selection of Local Names, and Some Notices of Folk-Lore, Games, and Customs</a>. 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"Verification of the age of the Palaeolithic cave art at Creswell Crags, UK". Journal of Archaeological Science. 32 (11): 1649–1655. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JArSc..32.1649P">2005JArSc..32.1649P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2005.05.002">10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Verification+of+the+age+of+the+Palaeolithic+cave+art+at+Creswell+Crags%2C+UK&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1649-1655&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2005.05.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JArSc..32.1649P&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Alistair+W.+G.&rft.au=Gilmour%2C+Mabs&rft.au=Pettitt%2C+Paul&rft.au=Jacobid%2C+Roger&rft.au=Ripoll%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Bahn%2C+Paul&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VICKERS-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VICKERS_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VICKERS_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VICKERS_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VICKERS_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VICKERS_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VICKERS_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VICKERS_16-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers1999" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, J. Edward (1999). Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany (2nd ed.). The Hallamshire Press Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874718-44-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-874718-44-X"><bdi>1-874718-44-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Sheffield+Town.+An+Historical+Miscellany&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Hallamshire+Press+Limited&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-874718-44-X&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=J.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Tony (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm">"The Ancient Kingdom of Elmet"</a>. The Barwicker. 39: 43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Barwicker&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Kingdom+of+Elmet&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FFeaturesBritain%2FBritishElmet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The word Wales derives from the Germanic word <a href="/wiki/Walhaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">Walhaz</a>, and was originally used by the Anglo-Saxons to refer to the native Britons. In reference to the villages of Wales and Waleswood, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Oldall_Addy" title="Sidney Oldall Addy">S.O. Addy</a>, in his A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield, p. 274, states "The Anglo-Saxon invaders or settlers called the old inhabitants or aborigines of this country wealas, or foreigners." See also, "Welsh" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonRoud1989" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Stephen (1989). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-210019-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-210019-X"><bdi>0-19-210019-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-210019-X&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Roud%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> In an entry dated 827, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> states "Egbert led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html">transcription</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124643/http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html">Archived</a> 13 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Most sources (for example Vickers, Old Sheffield Town) state that the date given in the chronicle is incorrect, and that 829 is the more likely date for this event. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFry1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plantagenet_Somerset_Fry" title="Plantagenet Somerset Fry">Fry, Plantagenet Somerset</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng00some/page/11">The Kings & Queens of England & Scotland</a>. Grove Atlantic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingsqueensofeng00some/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-1386-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-1386-9"><bdi>0-8021-1386-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+%26+Queens+of+England+%26+Scotland&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Grove+Atlantic+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8021-1386-9&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Plantagenet+Somerset&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingsqueensofeng00some%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1819" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Joseph (1819). "Sheffield under <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Busli" title="Roger de Busli">De Busli</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_de_Lovetot" title="William de Lovetot">De Lovetot</a>". <a href="/wiki/Hallamshire" title="Hallamshire">Hallamshire</a>: The History and Topography of the Parish of Sheffield in the County of York. Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mayor, and Jones. pp. 24–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sheffield+under+De+Busli+and+De+Lovetot&rft.btitle=Hallamshire%3A+The+History+and+Topography+of+the+Parish+of+Sheffield+in+the+County+of+York&rft.pages=24-29&rft.pub=Lackington%2C+Hughes%2C+Harding%2C+Mayor%2C+and+Jones&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611230740/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before">"Markets history – 1700s and before"</a>. Sheffield City Council. 30 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/business-economy/markets/history-and-visits/history-of-the-markets-in-sheffield/markets-history---1700s-and-before">the original</a> on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Markets+history+%E2%80%93+1700s+and+before&rft.pub=Sheffield+City+Council&rft.date=2008-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffield.gov.uk%2Fbusiness-economy%2Fmarkets%2Fhistory-and-visits%2Fhistory-of-the-markets-in-sheffield%2Fmarkets-history---1700s-and-before&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Reeve%27s_Prologue_and_Tale" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reeve's Prologue and Tale">The Reeve's Tale</a> from his book <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a> wrote: "Ther was no man, for peril, dorste hym touche. A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose. Round was his face, and camus was his nose" </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHey1997" class="citation book cs1">Hey, David (1997). "The Establishment of the Cutlers Company". In Binfield, Clyde; Hey, David (eds.). Mesters to Masters: a History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-828997-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-828997-9"><bdi>0-19-828997-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Establishment+of+the+Cutlers+Company&rft.btitle=Mesters+to+Masters%3A+a+History+of+the+Company+of+Cutlers+in+Hallamshire&rft.pages=12-25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-828997-9&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeader1880" class="citation book cs1">Leader, John Daniel (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maryqueenofscots00lead_0">Mary queen of Scots in captivity: a narrative of events from January 1569, to December, 1584, whilst George Earl of Shrewsbury was the guardian of the Scottish Queen</a>. Leader & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-177-40664-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-177-40664-0"><bdi>1-177-40664-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57701910">57701910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+queen+of+Scots+in+captivity%3A+a+narrative+of+events+from+January+1569%2C+to+December%2C+1584%2C+whilst+George+Earl+of+Shrewsbury+was+the+guardian+of+the+Scottish+Queen&rft.pub=Leader+%26+Sons&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57701910&rft.isbn=1-177-40664-0&rft.aulast=Leader&rft.aufirst=John+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaryqueenofscots00lead_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tweedale1986-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Tweedale1986_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTweedale1986" class="citation journal cs1">Tweedale, Geoffrey (1986). "Metallurgy and Technological Change: A Case Study of Sheffield Specialty Steel and America, 1830–1930". Technology and Culture. 27 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Society for the History of Technology: 189–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3105143">10.2307/3105143</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3105143">3105143</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:112532430">112532430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Metallurgy+and+Technological+Change%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Sheffield+Specialty+Steel+and+America%2C+1830%E2%80%931930&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-222&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A112532430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3105143%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3105143&rft.aulast=Tweedale&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Phillips, Helen L. (2004). "Boulsover, Thomas (1705–1788)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F53918">10.1093/ref:odnb/53918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F53918&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Helen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthall2000" class="citation book cs1">Southall, Aidan William (2000). "The transformation of the city: from the Feudal to the Capitalist mode of production, and on to the apocalypse". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citytimespace00sout_491">The city in time and space</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citytimespace00sout_491/page/n315">306</a>–419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78432-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78432-8"><bdi>0-521-78432-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+transformation+of+the+city%3A+from+the+Feudal+to+the+Capitalist+mode+of+production%2C+and+on+to+the+apocalypse&rft.btitle=The+city+in+time+and+space&rft.pages=306-419&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-78432-8&rft.aulast=Southall&rft.aufirst=Aidan+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitytimespace00sout_491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019173804/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/roles-who/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor.html">"History of the Lord Mayor"</a>. Sheffield City Council. 17 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/roles-who/lord-mayor/history-of-lord-mayor.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Lord+Mayor&rft.pub=Sheffield+City+Council&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffield.gov.uk%2Fyour-city-council%2Froles-who%2Flord-mayor%2Fhistory-of-lord-mayor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette26374" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26374/page/944">"No. 26374"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 21 February 1893. p. 944.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+26374&rft.pages=944&rft.date=1893-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26374%2Fpage%2F944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1864" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Samuel (1864). A complete history of the great flood at Sheffield on March 11 & 12, 1864. S. Harrison. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904293-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-904293-01-7"><bdi>0-904293-01-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2905832">2905832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+complete+history+of+the+great+flood+at+Sheffield+on+March+11+%26+12%2C+1864&rft.pub=S.+Harrison&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2905832&rft.isbn=0-904293-01-7&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (1937). "Chapter 7". <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Ltd</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905712-45-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-905712-45-5"><bdi>0-905712-45-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Wigan+Pier&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz+Ltd&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=0-905712-45-5&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/rafnortonaerodrome/">"RAF Norton"</a>. sites.google.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015185815/https://sites.google.com/site/rafnortonaerodrome/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.google.com&rft.atitle=RAF+Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Frafnortonaerodrome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonLamb1980" class="citation book cs1">Walton, Mary; Lamb, Joseph Percy (1980). Raiders over Sheffield: the story of the air raids of 12th & 15th December 1940. Sheffield City Libraries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900660-55-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-900660-55-4"><bdi>0-900660-55-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7273086">7273086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raiders+over+Sheffield%3A+the+story+of+the+air+raids+of+12th+%26+15th+December+1940&rft.pub=Sheffield+City+Libraries&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7273086&rft.isbn=0-900660-55-4&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Lamb%2C+Joseph+Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rmets-35"><a href="#cite_ref-rmets_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden" class="citation web cs1">Eden, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmets.org/sites/default/files/hisnews1201.pdf">"The Sheffield Gale of 1962"</a> (PDF). 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Ltd. pp. 149–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86077-569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86077-569-7"><bdi>978-1-86077-569-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blunkett+and+the+Socialist+Republic+of+South+Yorkshire&rft.btitle=Sheffield+Troublemakers%3A+Rebels+and+Radicals+in+Sheffield+History&rft.pages=149-160&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86077-569-7&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/coresite/html/background.asp">"Introducing Museums Sheffield"</a>. Museums Sheffield website. Sheffield Galleries & Museums Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090621014917/http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/coresite/html/background.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museums+Sheffield+website&rft.atitle=Introducing+Museums+Sheffield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museums-sheffield.org.uk%2Fcoresite%2Fhtml%2Fbackground.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simt.co.uk/about">"About SIMT"</a>. Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust website. 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Retrieved 24 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moving+Forward%3AThe+Northern+Way&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenorthernway.co.uk%2Ftrackdoc.asp%3Fid%3D19%26pId%3D55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923103343/https://sheffieldcityregion.org.uk/about-us-governance-policy/who-we-are/">"It's fun to become the YMCA!"</a>. sheffieldcityregion.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sheffieldcityregion.org.uk/about-us-governance-policy/who-we-are/">the original</a> on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+fun+to+become+the+YMCA%21&rft.pub=sheffieldcityregion.org.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsheffieldcityregion.org.uk%2Fabout-us-governance-policy%2Fwho-we-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarston" class="citation web cs1">Harston, Jonathan G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdfs.net/User/JGH/Docs/Politics/ParlReview/per2.htm">"Sheffield Parliamentary Boundary Review"</a>. MDFS. Jonathan G. Harston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229214632/http://mdfs.net/User/JGH/Docs/Politics/ParlReview/per2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MDFS&rft.atitle=Sheffield+Parliamentary+Boundary+Review&rft.aulast=Harston&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdfs.net%2FUser%2FJGH%2FDocs%2FPolitics%2FParlReview%2Fper2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerraudin2017" class="citation web cs1">Perraudin, Frances (10 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/10/nick-clegg-loss-surprises-lib-dems-and-labour-alike">"Nick Clegg loss surprises Lib Dems and Labour alike"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200910125857/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/10/nick-clegg-loss-surprises-lib-dems-and-labour-alike">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nick+Clegg+loss+surprises+Lib+Dems+and+Labour+alike&rft.date=2017-06-10&rft.aulast=Perraudin&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2Fjun%2F10%2Fnick-clegg-loss-surprises-lib-dems-and-labour-alike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-derbyshire_expansion-57"><a href="#cite_ref-derbyshire_expansion_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarston2005" class="citation web cs1">Harston, Jonathan G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Borders/">"The borders of Sheffield from 1843 to 1994"</a>. MDFS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060327011104/http://www.mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Borders/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+borders+of+Sheffield+from+1843+to+1994&rft.pub=MDFS&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Harston&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdfs.net%2FDocs%2FSheffield%2FBorders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GEO_diverse-58"><a href="#cite_ref-GEO_diverse_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229084359/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/sheffield-case.htm">"Greenstructure and Urban Planning – Case Study – Sheffield, UK"</a>. Greenstructures and Urban Planning. European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenstructureplanning.eu/COSTC11/sheffield.htm">the original</a> on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenstructures+and+Urban+Planning&rft.atitle=Greenstructure+and+Urban+Planning+%E2%80%93+Case+Study+%E2%80%93+Sheffield%2C+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenstructureplanning.eu%2FCOSTC11%2Fsheffield.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Short-History--PDF--428-KB-.pdf">"A Short History of Sheffield"</a> (PDF). Sheffield City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100137/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/content/dam/sheffield/docs/libraries-and-archives/archives-and-local-studies/research/Short-History--PDF--428-KB-.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Sheffield&rft.pub=Sheffield+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffield.gov.uk%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fsheffield%2Fdocs%2Flibraries-and-archives%2Farchives-and-local-studies%2Fresearch%2FShort-History--PDF--428-KB-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierhans2017" class="citation news cs1">Meierhans, Jennifer (19 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38568893">"Where is England's steepest street?"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319021931/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-38568893">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Where+is+England%27s+steepest+street%3F&rft.date=2017-03-19&rft.aulast=Meierhans&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-38568893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBathurst2012" class="citation book cs1">Bathurst, David (2012). Walking the county high points of England. Chichester: Summersdale. pp. 192–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-953239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-953239-6"><bdi>978-1-84-953239-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+the+county+high+points+of+England&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=192-201&rft.pub=Summersdale&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84-953239-6&rft.aulast=Bathurst&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeer2000" class="citation web cs1">Beer, A. R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062412/http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/arb-sheff.htm">"Sheffield Metropolitan District – Major Greenspace and other Land Use Statistics"</a>. Greenstructure and Greenspace in Urban Planning. Map21 Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.map21ltd.com/COSTC11/arb-sheff.htm">the original</a> on 4 January 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenstructure+and+Greenspace+in+Urban+Planning&rft.atitle=Sheffield+Metropolitan+District+%E2%80%93+Major+Greenspace+and+other+Land+Use+Statistics&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.map21ltd.com%2FCOSTC11%2Farb-sheff.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessen2024" class="citation news cs1">Kessen, David (16 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/environment/highest-streets-in-sheffield-these-are-the-four-sky-scraping-city-streets-closest-to-the-clouds-4744634">"Highest streets in Sheffield: These are the four sky-scraping city streets closest to the clouds"</a>. The Star. Retrieved 1 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Highest+streets+in+Sheffield%3A+These+are+the+four+sky-scraping+city+streets+closest+to+the+clouds&rft.date=2024-08-16&rft.aulast=Kessen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Fhighest-streets-in-sheffield-these-are-the-four-sky-scraping-city-streets-closest-to-the-clouds-4744634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-number_of_hills-64"><a href="#cite_ref-number_of_hills_64-0">^</a> It is often stated that Sheffield is built on seven hills (for an example, see <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a>). However, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Hills/">a study by J.G.Harston</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225034634/http://mdfs.net/Docs/Sheffield/Hills/">Archived</a> 25 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> found there to be eight. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/local-news/do-sheffield-seven-hills-exist-17962063">"The myth surrounding the seven hills of Sheffield and if they actually exist"</a>. Yorkshire Live. 28 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515230225/https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/local-news/do-sheffield-seven-hills-exist-17962063">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yorkshire+Live&rft.atitle=The+myth+surrounding+the+seven+hills+of+Sheffield+and+if+they+actually+exist&rft.date=2020-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.examinerlive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fdo-sheffield-seven-hills-exist-17962063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611231238/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/tourist-information/visitor-attractions/green-spaces-gardens">"Gardens and Open Spaces"</a>. Sheffield City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/tourist-information/visitor-attractions/green-spaces-gardens">the original</a> on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gardens+and+Open+Spaces&rft.pub=Sheffield+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffield.gov.uk%2Fout--about%2Ftourist-information%2Fvisitor-attractions%2Fgreen-spaces-gardens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_four_best_UK_cities_for_green_space-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_four_best_UK_cities_for_green_space_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_four_best_UK_cities_for_green_space_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strike.co.uk/latest-news/the-four-best-uk-cities-for-green-space">"The four best UK cities for green space"</a>. 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A case study from Sheffield, UK". 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Great Britain Historical GIS Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202826/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10076882&c_id=10001043&add=N">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Vision+of+Britain+Through+Time&rft.atitle=Sheffield+District%3A+Total+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TOT_POP%26u_id%3D10076882%26c_id%3D10001043%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheffield_2001-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Sheffield_2001_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="citation web cs1">United Kingdom Census 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013184904/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&c=&i=1001&m=0&enc=1&areaSearchText=sheffield&areaSearchType=13&extendedList=true&searchAreas=Search">"Sheffield (Local Authority)"</a>. Office for National Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&c=&i=1001&m=0&enc=1&areaSearchText=sheffield&areaSearchType=13&extendedList=true&searchAreas=Search">the original</a> on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheffield+%28Local+Authority%29&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.au=United+Kingdom+Census+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdissemination%2FLeadAreaSearch.do%3Fa%3D7%26c%3D%26i%3D1001%26m%3D0%26enc%3D1%26areaSearchText%3Dsheffield%26areaSearchType%3D13%26extendedList%3Dtrue%26searchAreas%3DSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SUA_2001-91"><a href="#cite_ref-SUA_2001_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203914/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D8271.xls">"Usual Resident population: Census 2001, Key statistics for urban areas"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D8271.xls">the original</a> (XLS File) on 28 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usual+Resident+population%3A+Census+2001%2C+Key+statistics+for+urban+areas&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2FStatBase%2FExpodata%2FSpreadsheets%2FD8271.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks202ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. ONS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116113227/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks202ew.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=ONS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks202ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks209ew.xls">"2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. United Kingdom Census 2011. Office for National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126035854/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks209ew.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Kingdom+Census+2011&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Religion%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks209ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030212733/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9585&Pos=&ColRank=1&Rank=128">"Mid-2005 Population Estimates; Quinary age groups and sex for Primary Care Organisations (PCOs) for England; estimated resident population (experimental). On boundaries as of 1 October 2006"</a>. National Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=9585&Pos=&ColRank=1&Rank=128">the original</a> on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-2005+Population+Estimates%3B+Quinary+age+groups+and+sex+for+Primary+Care+Organisations+%28PCOs%29+for+England%3B+estimated+resident+population+%28experimental%29.+On+boundaries+as+of+1+October+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2FStatBase%2Fssdataset.asp%3Fvlnk%3D9585%26Pos%3D%26ColRank%3D1%26Rank%3D128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106">"Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland"</a>. National Statistics Online. Office for National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216083533/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics+Online&rft.atitle=Population+estimates+for+UK%2C+England+and+Wales%2C+Scotland+and+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fstatbase%2FProduct.asp%3Fvlnk%3D15106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaldwinBottomsWalker-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BaldwinBottomsWalker_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaldwinBottomsWalker_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BaldwinBottomsWalker_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwinBottomsWalker1976" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, John; Bottoms, A. E.; Walker, Monica A. (1976). The urban criminal: a study in Sheffield. Social science paperbacks. Vol. 159. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-422-74870-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-422-74870-4"><bdi>978-0-422-74870-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+urban+criminal%3A+a+study+in+Sheffield&rft.series=Social+science+paperbacks&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-422-74870-4&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bottoms%2C+A.+E.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Monica+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Binfield-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Binfield_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinfield1993" class="citation book cs1">Binfield, Clyde, ed. (1993). The History of the City of Sheffield, 1843–1993: Society. Vol. 2. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-431-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-431-2"><bdi>978-1-85075-431-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+City+of+Sheffield%2C+1843%E2%80%931993%3A+Society&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-431-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurgoyneClark-98"><a href="#cite_ref-BurgoyneClark_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgoyneClark1984" class="citation book cs1">Burgoyne, Jacqueline Lesley; Clark, David (1984). Making a go of it: a study of stepfamilies in Sheffield. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-0318-2"><bdi>978-0-7102-0318-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+a+go+of+it%3A+a+study+of+stepfamilies+in+Sheffield&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-0318-2&rft.aulast=Burgoyne&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+Lesley&rft.au=Clark%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hampton-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Hampton_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampton1970" class="citation book cs1">Hampton, William A. 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International library of sociology. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taletwocitiesglo00evan/page/n50">28</a>, 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-13828-4"><bdi>978-0-415-13828-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+tale+of+two+cities%3A+global+change%2C+local+feeling+and+everyday+life+in+the+North+of+England+%3A+a+study+in+Manchester+and+Sheffield&rft.series=International+library+of+sociology&rft.pages=28%2C+87-88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-13828-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ian+R.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Karen&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaletwocitiesglo00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1965" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Peter H. 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Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/approachtourbans0000mann_v1t8/page/91">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-3453-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-3453-3"><bdi>978-0-7100-3453-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+approach+to+urban+sociology&rft.series=International+library+of+sociology+and+social+reconstruction&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-3453-3&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapproachtourbans0000mann_v1t8%2Fpage%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3871857.stm">"Wealth hotspots 'outside London'"</a>. BBC News. 7 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100711214408/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3871857.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wealth+hotspots+%27outside+London%27&rft.date=2004-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F3871857.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4314628.stm">"Sheffield 'hotbed' for investment"</a>. BBC News. 6 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306074300/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/south_yorkshire/4314628.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sheffield+%27hotbed%27+for+investment&rft.date=2005-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fsouth_yorkshire%2F4314628.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130114045148/http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/commercial/Metamorphosis-of-The-Moor.3637645.jp">"Metamorphosis of The Moor"</a>. Sheffield Telegraph. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/commercial/Metamorphosis-of-The-Moor.3637645.jp">the original</a> on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sheffield+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Metamorphosis+of+The+Moor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk%2Fcommercial%2FMetamorphosis-of-The-Moor.3637645.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326083726/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf">"Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2006, released 2008"</a> (PDF). Office for National Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1208.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+for+National+Statistics+GVA+figures+2006%2C+released+2008&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fpdfdir%2Fgva1208.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703022257/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1209.pdf">"Office for National Statistics GVA figures 2007, released 2009"</a> (PDF). Office for National Statistics. December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/gva1209.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+for+National+Statistics+GVA+figures+2007%2C+released+2009&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fpdfdir%2Fgva1209.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">UK Cities Monitor 2008. Cushman & Wakefield. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UK+Cities+Monitor+2008&rft.pub=Cushman+%26+Wakefield&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> There are numerous sources showing the international reputation of Sheffield for metallurgy, and in particular steel and cutlery manufacture. Some examples are: the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, which begins its entry for Sheffield, "The name of a manufacturing city of Yorkshire, famous for cutlery"; and the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, which in its entry for "Sheffield" states that by 1830 Sheffield had earned "recognition as the world centre of high-grade steel manufacture". <a href="/wiki/David_Hey" title="David Hey">David Hey</a> in the preface to his 1997 book Mesters to Masters: A History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire. (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-828997-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-828997-9">0-19-828997-9</a>) states "It (Sheffield) was known for its cutlery wares long before the incorporation of the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Cutlers_in_Hallamshire" title="Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire">Cutlers' Company</a> in 1624, and long before it acquired an international reputation as the steel capital of the world." </li> <li id="cite_note-welcometosheffield.co.uk-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-welcometosheffield.co.uk_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-welcometosheffield.co.uk_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-welcometosheffield.co.uk_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-welcometosheffield.co.uk_109-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/invest/engineering-and-manufacturing/made-in-sheffield">"Welcome to Sheffield | Made In Sheffield"</a>. www.welcometosheffield.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026165456/http://www.welcometosheffield.co.uk/invest/engineering-and-manufacturing/made-in-sheffield">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.welcometosheffield.co.uk&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Sheffield+%26%23124%3B+Made+In+Sheffield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welcometosheffield.co.uk%2Finvest%2Fengineering-and-manufacturing%2Fmade-in-sheffield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steel_BBC-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steel_BBC_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steel_BBC_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bpz4ks">"Made in Great Britain, Series 1, Steel"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328125550/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bpz4ks">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Made+in+Great+Britain%2C+Series+1%2C+Steel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb0bpz4ks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMezenin1972" class="citation journal cs1">Mezenin, N. (1972). "Huntsman". Metallurgist. 16 (7). Springer: 510–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00731738">10.1007/BF00731738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metallurgist&rft.atitle=Huntsman&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=510-512&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00731738&rft.aulast=Mezenin&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061121041226/http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/brear.html">"Harry Brearley 1871–1948"</a>. Tilt Hammer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tilthammer.com/bio/brear.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tilt+Hammer&rft.atitle=Harry+Brearley+1871%E2%80%931948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tilthammer.com%2Fbio%2Fbrear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlewellynHudd1998" class="citation book cs1">Llewellyn, D. T.; Hudd, Roger C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/steelsmetallurgy00scie_222">Steels: metallurgy and applications</a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/steelsmetallurgy00scie_222/page/n208">196</a>–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-3757-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-3757-9"><bdi>0-7506-3757-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steels%3A+metallurgy+and+applications&rft.pages=196-290&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7506-3757-9&rft.aulast=Llewellyn&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft.au=Hudd%2C+Roger+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsteelsmetallurgy00scie_222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRae2008" class="citation news cs1">Rae, Bob (25 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417061059/http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/Hitech-centre-celebrates-a-year.3710800.jp">"Hi-tech centre celebrates a year of success"</a>. The Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.co.uk/business/Hitech-centre-celebrates-a-year.3710800.jp">the original</a> on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Hi-tech+centre+celebrates+a+year+of+success&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft.aulast=Rae&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2FHitech-centre-celebrates-a-year.3710800.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502185232/http://www.attheamp.com/the-amp">"The AMP"</a>. Advanced Manufacturing Park website. Advanced Manufacturing Park. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attheamp.com/the-amp">the original</a> on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Manufacturing+Park+website&rft.atitle=The+AMP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attheamp.com%2Fthe-amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823040943/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/history/1800s">"History: 19th century"</a>. Sheffield Forgemasters International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/history/1800s">the original</a> on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+19th+century&rft.pub=Sheffield+Forgemasters+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffieldforgemasters.com%2Fsfm%2Fhistory%2F1800s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823033426/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview">"Overview – Sheffield Forgemasters International Ltd"</a>. Sheffield Forgemasters International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview">the original</a> on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+%E2%80%93+Sheffield+Forgemasters+International+Ltd.&rft.pub=Sheffield+Forgemasters+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffieldforgemasters.com%2Fsfm%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100823033426/http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview">"Steel forgings, steel castings and engineering solutions"</a>. Sheffield Forgemasters International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheffieldforgemasters.com/sfm/overview">the original</a> on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steel+forgings%2C+steel+castings+and+engineering+solutions&rft.pub=Sheffield+Forgemasters+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffieldforgemasters.com%2Fsfm%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian1-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian1_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian1_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly2021" class="citation web cs1">Jolly, Jasper (28 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jul/28/sheffield-forgemasters-nationalised-after-takeover-ministry-of-defence">"Sheffield Forgemasters nationalised after £2.6m takeover by MoD"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618211638/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/jul/28/sheffield-forgemasters-nationalised-after-takeover-ministry-of-defence">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sheffield+Forgemasters+nationalised+after+%C2%A32.6m+takeover+by+MoD&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2021%2Fjul%2F28%2Fsheffield-forgemasters-nationalised-after-takeover-ministry-of-defence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centreforcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/11-10-17_Sheffield_Appendix.pdf">"Appendix: Sheffield data analysis"</a> (PDF). centreforcities.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815043253/https://www.centreforcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/11-10-17_Sheffield_Appendix.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=centreforcities.org&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+Sheffield+data+analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centreforcities.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2F11-10-17_Sheffield_Appendix.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorEvansFraser1996" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Ian R.; Evans, Karen; Fraser, Penny (1996). "Shop 'Til You Drop: The 'Nice Shops' and the Markets in Manchester and Sheffield". A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England: a study in Manchester and Sheffield. 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Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+libraries&rft.pub=Sheffield+City+Council&rft.date=2023-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffield.gov.uk%2Flibraries-archives%2Four-libraries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302170312/https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/community-libraries-in-sheffield">"Community libraries in Sheffield"</a>. GOV.UK. 14 April 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/community-libraries-in-sheffield">the original</a> on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Community+libraries+in+Sheffield&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fcase-studies%2Fcommunity-libraries-in-sheffield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kier.co.uk/press-office/press-release/2013/07-05-2013.aspx">"Kier Sheffield Receives Award for its Health & Safety Approach"</a>. Kier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824053006/https://www.kier.co.uk/media/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kier&rft.atitle=Kier+Sheffield+Receives+Award+for+its+Health+%26+Safety+Approach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kier.co.uk%2Fpress-office%2Fpress-release%2F2013%2F07-05-2013.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kier.co.uk/press-office/press-release/2013/24-01-2013.aspx">"Kier Partnership Homes appointed for Sheffield Housing Development"</a>. Kier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824052952/https://www.kier.co.uk/media/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kier&rft.atitle=Kier+Partnership+Homes+appointed+for+Sheffield+Housing+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kier.co.uk%2Fpress-office%2Fpress-release%2F2013%2F24-01-2013.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce1996" class="citation web cs1">Pierce, Morris A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421220354/http://www.energy.rochester.edu/uk/sheffield/">"Sheffield Heat and Power"</a>. District Energy in Great Britain. World Wide Web Virtual Library for District Energy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energy.rochester.edu/uk/sheffield/">the original</a> on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=District+Energy+in+Great+Britain&rft.atitle=Sheffield+Heat+and+Power&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Morris+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.rochester.edu%2Fuk%2Fsheffield%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425210948/http://www.veoliaenvironmentalservices.co.uk/sheffield/pages/district_facts.asp">"Facts & Figures"</a>. Veolia Environmental Services website. Veolia Environmental Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veoliaenvironmentalservices.co.uk/sheffield/pages/district_facts.asp">the original</a> on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veolia+Environmental+Services+website&rft.atitle=Facts+%26+Figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veoliaenvironmentalservices.co.uk%2Fsheffield%2Fpages%2Fdistrict_facts.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100507015258/http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/international-links">"International Links"</a>. Sheffield City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/international-links">the original</a> on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Links&rft.pub=Sheffield+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffield.gov.uk%2Fout--about%2Finternational-links&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decentralization.ua/en/news/15913">"Khmelnytskyi and Sheffield became sister cities"</a>. 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Khmelnytskyi+and+Sheffield+became+sister+cities&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdecentralization.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2F15913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/parks-sport-recreation/civic-honours">"Civic Honours"</a>. Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civic+Honours&rft.pub=Sheffield+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheffield.gov.uk%2Fparks-sport-recreation%2Fcivic-honours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sheffnews.com/news/richard-caborn-awarded-city-s-highest-honour-freedom-of-the-city">"Richard Caborn awarded city's highest honour, Freedom of the City"</a>. Sheff News. 14 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sheff+News&rft.atitle=Richard+Caborn+awarded+city%27s+highest+honour%2C+Freedom+of+the+City&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsheffnews.com%2Fnews%2Frichard-caborn-awarded-city-s-highest-honour-freedom-of-the-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sheffnews.com/news/freedom-of-the-city-ceremony-for-richard-caborn">"Freedom of the City ceremony for Richard Caborn"</a>. Sheff News. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sheff+News&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+the+City+ceremony+for+Richard+Caborn&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsheffnews.com%2Fnews%2Ffreedom-of-the-city-ceremony-for-richard-caborn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheffield" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oreald.com/book11.html">The Story of Sheffield</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013135119/http://oreald.com/book11.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by John Derry, 1915</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223342/http://www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/research/sheffield/index.html">A tale of two cities: the Sheffield Project</a> a report by University of Sheffield commissioned by David Blunkett about inequality within the city</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (40 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="2371" data-mwtitle="Sheffield.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Sheffield.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Sheffield.ogg/Sheffield.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheffield.ogg" title="File:Sheffield.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 1 April 2007 (2007-04-01), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Sheffield at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sheffield" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sheffield">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sheffield" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sheffield">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sheffield" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Sheffield">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sheffield" class="extiw" title="q:Sheffield">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sheffield" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Sheffield">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sheffield" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sheffield">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sheffield" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Sheffield">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sheffield" class="extiw" title="voy:Sheffield">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sheffield.gov.uk">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42448#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendomesday.org/place/SK3487/sheffield/">Sheffield</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sytimescapes.org.uk/">South Yorkshire Historic Environment Characterisation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sheffield" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sheffield" title="Template:Sheffield"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sheffield" title="Template talk:Sheffield"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sheffield" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sheffield"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sheffield" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sheffield</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About Sheffield</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Sheffield" title="Areas of Sheffield">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Sheffield" title="Art in Sheffield">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_structures_in_Sheffield" title="Buildings and structures in Sheffield">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Centre" title="Sheffield City Centre">City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sheffield" title="Culture of Sheffield">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sheffield" title="Demographics of Sheffield">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sheffield" title="Education in Sheffield">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sheffield" title="Geography of Sheffield">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sheffield" title="History of Sheffield">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Sheffield" title="Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Sheffield">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sheffield" title="List of people from Sheffield">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Sheffield" title="Category:Rivers of Sheffield">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sheffield" title="Sport in Sheffield">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sheffield_history" title="Timeline of Sheffield history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sheffield" title="Transport in Sheffield">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral wards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauchief_and_Greenhill" title="Beauchief and Greenhill">Beauchief and Greenhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beighton_(ward)" title="Beighton (ward)">Beighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birley" title="Birley">Birley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomhill_and_Sharrow_Vale" title="Broomhill and Sharrow Vale">Broomhill and Sharrow Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burngreave_(ward)" title="Burngreave (ward)">Burngreave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_ward,_Sheffield" title="City ward, Sheffield">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crookes_%26_Crosspool_(ward)" title="Crookes & Crosspool (ward)">Crookes & Crosspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darnall_(ward)" title="Darnall (ward)">Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dore_and_Totley" title="Dore and Totley">Dore and Totley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ecclesfield" title="East Ecclesfield">East Ecclesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesall" title="Ecclesall">Ecclesall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth_Park_(ward)" title="Firth Park (ward)">Firth Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulwood_(ward),_South_Yorkshire" title="Fulwood (ward), South Yorkshire">Fulwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleadless_Valley_(ward)" title="Gleadless Valley (ward)">Gleadless Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graves_Park_(ward)" title="Graves Park (ward)">Graves Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_(ward)" title="Hillsborough (ward)">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manor,_South_Yorkshire" title="Manor, South Yorkshire">Manor Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosborough_(ward)" title="Mosborough (ward)">Mosborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nether_Edge_(ward)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nether Edge (ward)">Nether Edge and Sharrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbourthorne" title="Arbourthorne">Park and Arbourthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Sheffield" title="Richmond, Sheffield">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiregreen_and_Brightside" title="Shiregreen and Brightside">Shiregreen and Brightside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southey,_South_Yorkshire" title="Southey, South Yorkshire">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stannington_(ward)" title="Stannington (ward)">Stannington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocksbridge_and_Upper_Don" title="Stocksbridge and Upper Don">Stocksbridge and Upper Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkley_(ward)" title="Walkley (ward)">Walkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ecclesfield" title="West Ecclesfield">West Ecclesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhouse,_South_Yorkshire" title="Woodhouse, South Yorkshire">Woodhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penistone_and_Stocksbridge_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Penistone and Stocksbridge (UK Parliament constituency)">Penistone and Stocksbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Brightside_and_Hillsborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Hallam (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Heeley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield Heeley (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield Heeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_South_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sheffield South East (UK Parliament constituency)">Sheffield South East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Suburbs_of_Sheffield" title="Category:Suburbs of Sheffield">Suburbs and estates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attercliffe" title="Attercliffe">Attercliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beighton,_South_Yorkshire" title="Beighton, South Yorkshire">Beighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burngreave" title="Burngreave">Burngreave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapeltown,_South_Yorkshire" title="Chapeltown, South Yorkshire">Chapeltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crookes" title="Crookes">Crookes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosspool" title="Crosspool">Crosspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darnall" title="Darnall">Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulwood,_Sheffield" title="Fulwood, Sheffield">Fulwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frecheville" title="Frecheville">Frecheville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleadless" title="Gleadless">Gleadless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleadless_Valley" title="Gleadless Valley">Gleadless Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenoside" title="Grenoside">Grenoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsworth,_South_Yorkshire" title="Handsworth, South Yorkshire">Handsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsworth,_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemsworth, Sheffield">Hemsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heeley" title="Heeley">Heeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Green" title="High Green">High Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough,_Sheffield" title="Hillsborough, Sheffield">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake,_Sheffield" title="Intake, Sheffield">Intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longley,_Sheffield" title="Longley, Sheffield">Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowedges,_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowedges, Sheffield">Lowedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxley,_South_Yorkshire" title="Loxley, South Yorkshire">Loxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malin_Bridge" title="Malin Bridge">Malin Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manor,_South_Yorkshire" title="Manor, South Yorkshire">Manor Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meersbrook" title="Meersbrook">Meersbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlewood,_South_Yorkshire" title="Middlewood, South Yorkshire">Middlewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millhouses" title="Millhouses">Millhouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosborough" title="Mosborough">Mosborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neepsend" title="Neepsend">Neepsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherthorpe,_Sheffield" title="Netherthorpe, Sheffield">Netherthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osgathorpe,_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Osgathorpe, South Yorkshire">Osgathorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owlerton" title="Owlerton">Owlerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Hall" title="Page Hall">Page Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Hill,_Sheffield" title="Park Hill, Sheffield">Park Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsmoor" title="Pitsmoor">Pitsmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranmoor" title="Ranmoor">Ranmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharrow" title="Sharrow">Sharrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stannington,_Sheffield" title="Stannington, Sheffield">Stannington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsley,_South_Yorkshire" title="Tinsley, South Yorkshire">Tinsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totley" title="Totley">Totley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upperthorpe,_Sheffield" title="Upperthorpe, Sheffield">Upperthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadsley" title="Wadsley">Wadsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadsley_Bridge" title="Wadsley Bridge">Wadsley Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkley" title="Walkley">Walkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Westfield, Sheffield">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlow" title="Whirlow">Whirlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisewood" title="Wisewood">Wisewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodseats" title="Woodseats">Woodseats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil parishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradfield,_South_Yorkshire" title="Bradfield, South Yorkshire">Bradfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesfield" title="Ecclesfield">Ecclesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocksbridge" title="Stocksbridge">Stocksbridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsterstone" title="Bolsterstone">Bolsterstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightholmlee" title="Brightholmlee">Brightholmlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepcar" title="Deepcar">Deepcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dore,_South_Yorkshire" title="Dore, South Yorkshire">Dore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungworth" title="Dungworth">Dungworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewden_Valley" title="Ewden Valley">Ewden Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackenthorpe" title="Hackenthorpe">Hackenthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bradfield" title="High Bradfield">High Bradfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdworth" title="Holdworth">Holdworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Meadows" title="Hollow Meadows">Hollow Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Bradfield" title="Low Bradfield">Low Bradfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhopestones" title="Midhopestones">Midhopestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normanton_Spring" title="Normanton Spring">Normanton Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oughtibridge" title="Oughtibridge">Oughtibridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringinglow" title="Ringinglow">Ringinglow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storrs,_South_Yorkshire" title="Storrs, South Yorkshire">Storrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ughill" title="Ughill">Ughill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midhope" title="Upper Midhope">Upper Midhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharncliffe_Side" title="Wharncliffe Side">Wharncliffe Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrall" title="Worrall">Worrall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbeydale,_Sheffield" title="Abbeydale, Sheffield">Abbeydale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightside,_Sheffield" title="Brightside, Sheffield">Brightside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbrook,_Sheffield" title="Carbrook, Sheffield">Carbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradfield_Dale" title="Bradfield Dale">Bradfield Dale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sheffield" title="Category:Sheffield">Category:Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">Portal:England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Yorkshire&#124;link=South_Yorkshire_Ceremonial_county_of_South_Yorkshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Yorkshire" title="Template:South Yorkshire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Yorkshire" title="Template talk:South Yorkshire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Yorkshire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Yorkshire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=South_Yorkshire&#124;link=South_Yorkshire_Ceremonial_county_of_South_Yorkshire" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire"><img alt="South Yorkshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FlagOfSouthYorkshire.svg/23px-FlagOfSouthYorkshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FlagOfSouthYorkshire.svg/35px-FlagOfSouthYorkshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FlagOfSouthYorkshire.svg/45px-FlagOfSouthYorkshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yorkshire" title="Portal:Yorkshire">Yorkshire Portal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Barnsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley">Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">City of Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rotherham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham">Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">City of Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adwick_le_Street" title="Adwick le Street">Adwick le Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askern" title="Askern">Askern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawtry" title="Bawtry">Bawtry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapeltown,_South_Yorkshire" title="Chapeltown, South Yorkshire">Chapeltown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conisbrough" title="Conisbrough">Conisbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudworth,_South_Yorkshire" title="Cudworth, South Yorkshire">Cudworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinnington,_South_Yorkshire" title="Dinnington, South Yorkshire">Dinnington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edlington" title="Edlington">Edlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_South_Yorkshire" title="Hatfield, South Yorkshire">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyland" title="Hoyland">Hoyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltby,_South_Yorkshire" title="Maltby, South Yorkshire">Maltby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexborough" title="Mexborough">Mexborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosborough" title="Mosborough">Mosborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penistone" title="Penistone">Penistone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawmarsh" title="Rawmarsh">Rawmarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossington" title="Rossington">Rossington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royston,_South_Yorkshire" title="Royston, South Yorkshire">Royston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainforth,_South_Yorkshire" title="Stainforth, South Yorkshire">Stainforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocksbridge" title="Stocksbridge">Stocksbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinton,_South_Yorkshire" title="Swinton, South Yorkshire">Swinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne,_South_Yorkshire" title="Thorne, South Yorkshire">Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tickhill" title="Tickhill">Tickhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wath_upon_Dearne" title="Wath upon Dearne">Wath upon Dearne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wombwell" title="Wombwell">Wombwell</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in South Yorkshire">List of civil parishes in South Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Dearne" title="River Dearne">Dearne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Don,_Yorkshire" title="River Don, Yorkshire">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dove,_Barnsley" title="River Dove, Barnsley">Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Idle" title="River Idle">Idle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Loxley" title="River Loxley">Loxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Rivelin" title="River Rivelin">Rivelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Rother,_South_Yorkshire" title="River Rother, South Yorkshire">Rother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Sheaf" title="River Sheaf">Sheaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Torne_(England)" title="River Torne (England)">Torne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places in South Yorkshire">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_South_Yorkshire_by_population" title="List of settlements in South Yorkshire by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_South_Yorkshire" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in South Yorkshire">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_South_Yorkshire" title="High Sheriff of South Yorkshire">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_South_Yorkshire" title="Category:Country houses in South Yorkshire">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_in_South_Yorkshire" title="Castles in South Yorkshire">Castles</a></li> <li>Listed buildings: <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_South_Yorkshire" title="Grade I listed buildings in South Yorkshire">Grade I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_South_Yorkshire" title="Grade II* listed buildings in South Yorkshire">Grade II*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_South_Yorkshire" title="Scheduled monuments in South Yorkshire">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_South_Yorkshire" title="List of people from South Yorkshire">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_South_Yorkshire" title="List of monastic houses in South Yorkshire">Monastic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Yorkshire" title="List of rivers of Yorkshire">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_South_Yorkshire" title="List of windmills in South Yorkshire">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_South_Yorkshire" title="List of museums in South Yorkshire">Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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(page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Core_Cities_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Core Cities Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Core_Cities_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Core_Cities_Group" title="Core Cities Group">Core Cities Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42448#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42448#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42448#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000088728493">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124322655">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205665/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmjYGFm9PXypKtvdvbVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4118617-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79072766">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge307155&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564340305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/3ce737cb-f5bb-403d-a98a-e0602670229f">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027649113">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045617">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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