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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Empress consort</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Empress_consort-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Empress consort subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Empress_consort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selection_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Selection and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconoclasm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconoclasm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Iconoclasm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconoclasm-sublist" 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id="toc-Fall_and_return_to_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_and_return_to_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fall and return to throne</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fall_and_return_to_throne-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fall and return to throne subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fall_and_return_to_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moechian_controversy_and_conspiracy_to_depose_Constantine_VI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moechian_controversy_and_conspiracy_to_depose_Constantine_VI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Moechian controversy and conspiracy to depose Constantine VI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moechian_controversy_and_conspiracy_to_depose_Constantine_VI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Carolingian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Carolingian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relations with the Carolingian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Carolingian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Assessment and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assessment and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irene of Athens</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_van_Athene" title="Irene van Athene – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irene van Athene" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_von_Athen" title="Irene von Athen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Irene von Athen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إيرين الأثينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيرين الأثينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_de_Bizancio" title="Irene de Bizancio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Irene de Bizancio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rina_(Bizans_imperatri%C3%A7as%C4%B1)" title="İrina (Bizans imperatriçası) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrina (Bizans imperatriçası)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="ایرنه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایرنه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene" title="Irene – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Irene" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Ірына (візантыйская імператрыца) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірына (візантыйская імператрыца)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ирина Атинянката – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирина Атинянката" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_d%27Atenes" title="Irene d'Atenes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irene d'Atenes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Ath%C3%A9nsk%C3%A1" title="Irena Athénská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irena Athénská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_(ymerodres)" title="Irene (ymerodres) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Irene (ymerodres)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejserinde_Irene" title="Kejserinde Irene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kejserinde Irene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_(Kaiserin)" title="Irene (Kaiserin) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irene (Kaiserin)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_(B%C3%BCtsantsi_keisrinna)" title="Irene (Bütsantsi keisrinna) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Irene (Bütsantsi keisrinna)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B7_%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ειρήνη η Αθηναία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ειρήνη η Αθηναία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_de_Atenas" title="Irene de Atenas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irene de Atenas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_de_Ateno" title="Irene de Ateno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irene de Ateno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Atenaskoa" title="Irene Atenaskoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irene Atenaskoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="ایرنه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایرنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_l%27Ath%C3%A9nienne" title="Irène l'Athénienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irène l'Athénienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene" title="Irene – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irene" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene" title="Irene – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Irene" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%88" title="이리니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이리니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1_(%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%AB)" title="Իրինա (բյուզանդական կայսրուհի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրինա (բյուզանդական կայսրուհի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irena_Atenska" title="Irena Atenska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irena Atenska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_dari_Athena" title="Irene dari Athena – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Irene dari Athena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_d%27Atene" title="Irene d'Atene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irene d'Atene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אירנה האתונאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירנה האתונאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ირინე ათენელი (ბიზანტია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირინე ათენელი (ბიზანტია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Atheniensis" title="Irene Atheniensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Irene Atheniensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator%C4%97_Irena" title="Imperatorė Irena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Imperatorė Irena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eir%C3%A9n%C3%A9_biz%C3%A1nci_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rn%C5%91" title="Eiréné bizánci császárnő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eiréné bizánci császárnő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a 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ئەتینا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەرینەی ئەتینا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Ирина (царица) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирина (царица)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_(vizantijska_carica)" title="Irina (vizantijska carica) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irina (vizantijska carica)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine empress regnant from 797 to 802</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Irene of Athens</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augusta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Empress of the Romans</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Irene_solidus_sb_1599_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29.jpg/220px-Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29.jpg/330px-Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29.jpg/440px-Irene_solidus_sb_1599_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1051" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a> of Irene issued during her sole reign</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine empress regnant</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">19 August 797 –<br />31 October 802</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Byzantine co-empress</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">792–797</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Acclamation" title="Acclamation">Acclamation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 792</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Byzantine regent</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regency</th><td class="infobox-data">780–790</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_empresses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Byzantine empresses">Byzantine empress consort</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">775–780</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 769</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Irene Sarantapechaena<br />750–756<br /><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 803 (aged 47–53)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Family</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarantapechos" title="Sarantapechos">Sarantapechos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isaurian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width: 20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="color:#FFF; background:#b80049;"><a href="/wiki/Isaurian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaurian dynasty"><span style="color:white">Isaurian dynasty</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></b> <div style="float: right;">717–741</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> <div style="float: right;">720–741</div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></b> <div style="float: right;">741–775</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a> <div style="float: right;">751–775</div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a>'</b> usurpation <div style="float: right;">741–742</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a> <div style="float: right;">741–742</div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></b> <div style="float: right;">775–780</div></li> <li>with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> <div style="float: right;">776–780</div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></b> <div style="float: right;">780–797</div></li> <li>with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irene</a> as regent <div style="float: right;">780–790</div></li> <li>with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irene</a> as co-ruler<div style="float: right;">792–797</div></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irene</a></b> <div style="float: right;">797–802</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Succession</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;;text-align: center;"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Preceded by<br /><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years%27_Anarchy" title="Twenty Years' Anarchy">Twenty Years' Anarchy</a></td><td> Followed by<br /><a href="/wiki/Nikephorian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikephorian dynasty">Nikephorian dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Isaurian_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Isaurian dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irene of Athens</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Εἰρήνη</span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Eirḗnē</i></span>; 750/756 – 9 August 803), surname <b>Sarantapechaena</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Σαρανταπήχαινα</span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Sarantapḗchaina</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman empress">empress consort</a> to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Leo_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Leo IV">Emperor Leo IV</a> from 775 to 780, <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> during the childhood of their son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> from 780 until 790, co-ruler from 792 until 797, and finally <a href="/wiki/Empress_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress regnant">empress regnant</a> and sole ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> from 797 to 802. A member of the politically prominent <a href="/wiki/Sarantapechos" title="Sarantapechos">Sarantapechos</a> family, she was selected as <a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a>'s bride for unknown reasons in 768. Even though her husband was an <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a>, she harbored <a href="/wiki/Iconophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconophile">iconophile</a> sympathies. During her rule as regent, she called the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> in 787, which condemned iconoclasm as <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretical</a> and brought an end to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm#The_first_iconoclast_period:_730–787" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">first iconoclast period</a> (730–787). During her 5 year sole reign, her public figure was polarizing, due to the setbacks faced by the Empire and her iconophilic stances, often attributed to her gender and the influence of her retinue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021824_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2021824-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her reign as sole ruler made her the first ever empress regnant, ruling in her own right, in Roman and Byzantine imperial history. </p><p>After the death of her husband, Irene secured the throne for her family, setting herself in charge. During her regency with Constantine VI, she became very influential in government policies, largely overshadowing her son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199976–80_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199976–80-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Constantine VI reached maturity, he began to move out from under the influence of his mother. In the early 790s, several revolts attempted to proclaim him as sole ruler. One of these revolts succeeded, but in 792 Irene was re-established in all imperial powers as co-emperor with Constantine VI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199983_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199983-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 797, Irene organized a conspiracy in which her supporters gouged out her son's eyes. Constantine was imprisoned and probably died shortly afterwards. With him out of the way, Irene proclaimed herself sole ruler. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a>—already seeking to break links with the Byzantine East—used Irene's alleged unprecedented status as a female ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> to proclaim <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor of the Romans</a> on Christmas Day of 800 under the pretext that a woman could not rule solely and thus the Roman throne was actually vacant. A revolt in 802 overthrew Irene and exiled her to the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, supplanting her on the throne with <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a>. Irene died in exile less than a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199990_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199990-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021824_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2021824-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irene was born in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> sometime between 750 and 756.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a member of the noble <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarantapechos" title="Sarantapechos">Sarantapechos</a> family, which had significant political influence in central mainland Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she was an orphan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200455_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200455-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her uncle or cousin Constantine Sarantapechos was a <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> and possibly also a <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> ("military general") of the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_administrative_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (Byzantine administrative unit)">theme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Hellas</a> at the end of the eighth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine Sarantapechos's son, Theophylact, was a <i><a href="/wiki/Spatharios" title="Spatharios">spatharios</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin2004113_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2004113-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is mentioned as having been involved in suppressing a revolt in 799.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>, Irene was related to <a href="/wiki/Theophano_of_Athens" title="Theophano of Athens">Theophano of Athens</a> who would become empress consort after her marriage to the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200456_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200456-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavids2002112_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavids2002112-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another unnamed female relative of Irene was later married to the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgar</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Telerig" title="Telerig">Telerig</a> in 776.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200456,_70_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200456,_70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empress_consort">Empress consort</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Empress consort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_and_marriage">Selection and marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selection and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is unclear why and how Irene was selected as the bride for the young Leo IV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312–13_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312–13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of the prominent Sarantepechos family in the theme of <a href="/wiki/Hellas_(theme)" title="Hellas (theme)">Hellas</a> likely played a part in the selection of Irene as the wife of the emperor's son, indicating the emperor's interest in restoring order in the Greek mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200455–57_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200455–57-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021823_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2021823-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially unusual is that, while Constantine V was a militant iconoclast who was known for persecuting venerators of icons, Irene herself displayed iconophile predilections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fact, combined with the limited information available about her family, has led some scholars to speculate that Irene may have been selected in a <a href="/wiki/Bride-show" title="Bride-show">bride-show</a>, in which eligible young women were paraded before the bridegroom until one was finally selected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312–13_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312–13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this was the case, then she would have been the first imperial bride to be selected in this manner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no solid evidence to support this hypothesis other than the apparent oddity of Irene's selection as Leo IV's bride.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irene arrived in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> on 1 November 769, escorted, per <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a>, by decorated <i><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">dromones</a></i> and <i><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">chelandia</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> ang <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a>). She was betrothed to 19-year-old <a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a>, the son of emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a>, on 3 November at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Pharos" title="Church of the Virgin of the Pharos">Church of the Virgin of Pharos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973–74_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973–74-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200451–52_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200451–52-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coronation took place the following month, on 17 December, in <a href="/wiki/Augoustaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Augoustaion">Augoustaion</a> and was followed by the couple's marriage at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Daphne" title="Palace of Daphne">Palace of Daphne</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973–74_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973–74-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200451–52_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200451–52-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6261_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6261-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 January 771, Irene gave birth to a son, the future <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a>, who was named after his grandfather, Irene's father-in-law, Constantine V.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6262_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6262-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Constantine V died in September 775, Leo IV ascended to the throne at the age of twenty-five, and Irene became empress consort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199974-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201313_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201313-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iconoclasm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo IV, though an <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">iconoclast</a> like his father, pursued a policy of moderation towards iconophiles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199974-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He removed the penalties on monasteries that had been imposed by his father and began appointing monks as bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199974-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Nicetas_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nicetas I of Constantinople">Nicetas I of Constantinople</a> died in 780, Leo IV appointed <a href="/wiki/Paul_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Paul IV of Constantinople">Paul of Cyprus</a>, who had iconophile sympathies, as his successor, although he did force him to swear oaths that he would uphold the official iconoclasm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199974-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Lent of 780, however, Leo IV's policies on iconophiles became much harsher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199974-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ordered for a number of prominent courtiers to be arrested, scourged, <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a>, and tortured after they were caught venerating icons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199974-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the death of her husband, Irene appears to have accepted the prevailing iconoclasm, regardless of her private beliefs. During this period, her activities are unknown, recorded only in later obscure accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021823_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2021823-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 11th century historian <a href="/wiki/George_Kedrenos" title="George Kedrenos">George Kedrenos</a>, who wrote many centuries after Irene's death, this crackdown on iconophiles began after Leo IV discovered two icons hidden underneath Irene's pillow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974–75_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199974–75-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leo IV launched an investigation and discovered the courtiers who had brought the icons. He had them tortured and scolded Irene for violating the law and breaking with her faith. Irene insisted that she had not known the icons were there. After the incident, Leo refused to have marital relations with Irene ever again. <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Lynda Garland</a>, a historian of the Byzantine Empire, states that this story too closely resembles a different story told about the later empress <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora, wife of Theophilos</a>, to be historically true. Nonetheless, she maintains that it is possible that Irene may have been trying to fill the palace with supporters of iconophilism, which may have triggered Leo IV's crackdown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regent_and_empress">Regent and empress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regent and empress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irene_solidus_sb_1591_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Irene_solidus_sb_1591_%28obverse%29.jpg/200px-Irene_solidus_sb_1591_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Irene_solidus_sb_1591_%28obverse%29.jpg/300px-Irene_solidus_sb_1591_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Irene_solidus_sb_1591_%28obverse%29.jpg/400px-Irene_solidus_sb_1591_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a> showing Irene as regent along her son Constantine VI; Irene took control of the throne and ruled the empire solo until 790.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Leo IV died on 8 September 780,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6273_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6273-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rumors were circulated claiming that he had died of a fever after putting on the jeweled crown from the Great Church that had been dedicated by either <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 582–602</span>) or <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 610–641</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain whether Irene herself had promoted this rumor, perhaps in an attempt to smear her iconoclast husband's memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quickly after Leo IV's death, Irene became <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for their nine-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> and secured the throne for him by crushing the usurpation plots in favour of Leo's brothers in the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021823_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2021823-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October, only six weeks after Leo IV's death, Irene was confronted with the conspiracy led by a group of prominent dignitaries that sought to raise <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(Caesar)" title="Nikephoros (Caesar)">Nikephoros</a>, a half-brother of Leo IV, to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irene had Bardas (the former <i>strategos</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Armeniac_Theme" title="Armeniac Theme">Armeniac Theme</a>), Gregory (the <i><a href="/wiki/Logothete" title="Logothete">logothete</a></i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_publicus" title="Cursus publicus">dromos</a></i>), and Konstantinos (the count of the <a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">excubitors</a>) scourged, tonsured, and banished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She replaced all of them with dignitaries who were loyal to her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had Nikephoros and his four brothers <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> as <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, a status which disqualified them from ruling, and forced them to serve communion at the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> on Christmas Day 780.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, Irene returned the crown her husband had removed as part of a full imperial procession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possibly hoping to placate supporters of her husband's family, Irene is reported to have proposed that Leo IV's sister Anthousa should join her as co-regent, but Anthousa is said to have rejected the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975–76_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975–76-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irene_of_Byzantium_(empress_regnant_797-802).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Irene_of_Byzantium_%28empress_regnant_797-802%29.jpg/220px-Irene_of_Byzantium_%28empress_regnant_797-802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Irene_of_Byzantium_%28empress_regnant_797-802%29.jpg/330px-Irene_of_Byzantium_%28empress_regnant_797-802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Irene_of_Byzantium_%28empress_regnant_797-802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Irene of Athens (or <a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene Doukaina</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Pala_d%27Oro" title="Pala d'Oro">Pala d'Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the beginning, Irene seems to have taken more power for herself than was traditionally expected of female regents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199976_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199976-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her earliest coins depict both herself and her son Constantine VI on the obverse, listing them as co-rulers rather than as ruler and regent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199976_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199976-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Irene is shown holding the orb, not Constantine, and only Irene's name is listed on the obverse of the coin, with Constantine VI's name only listed on the reverse, the less important side. Also, in all orders, both oral and written, Irene's name took precedence over her son's name, and she signed her orders in the name of the emperor in her own right and her name took precedence in the oath of allegiance. Apart from that, she did not allow Constantine any voice in public affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199976_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199976-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Irene appears to have been well aware that her position as regent was insecure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199976_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199976-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last female regent of the Byzantine Empire had been <a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Empress Martina</a>, who had only managed to survive as regent for less than a year before her tongue was cut out and she was exiled to the island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people were probably expecting that Irene's reign would come to a similarly swift and bloody end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 781, Irene accused the <i><a href="/wiki/Strat%C4%93gos" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratēgos">stratēgos</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elpidius_(rebel)" title="Elpidius (rebel)">Elpidius</a>, of participating in the conspiracy involving her brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(Caesar)" title="Nikephoros (Caesar)">Nikephoros</a>. The military in Sicily prevented his arrest, so Irene sent a fleet which succeeded in defeating the rebels. Elpidius fled to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, where he defected to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>. The fact that this revolt appears to reflect personal ambition or political conflicts centring in the capital, rather than local separatism, demonstrates the loyalty of the island to the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2008462_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2008462-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the success of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a>'s general, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lachanodrakon" title="Michael Lachanodrakon">Michael Lachanodrakon</a>, who foiled an Abbasid attack on the eastern frontiers, a huge Abbasid army under <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(782)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)">invaded Anatolia</a> in summer 782, reaching <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Chrysopolis</a> on the Asiatic side of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> The <i>stratēgos</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Bucellarian_Theme" title="Bucellarian Theme">Bucellarian Theme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatzates" title="Tatzates">Tatzates</a>, defected to the Abbasids, and Irene had to agree to pay an embarrassing annual <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> of 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinars</a> to the Abbasids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008388_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008388-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 783, <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(eunuch)" title="Staurakios (eunuch)">Staurakios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Eunuchs in the Byzantine Empire">eunuch</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Logothete" title="Logothete">logothete</a></i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_publicus" title="Cursus publicus">dromos</a></i> under Irene led a successful campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, returning with booty and captives. In 784, Irene capitalized on Constantine V's successes in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and ordered <a href="/wiki/Veria" title="Veria">Veria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anchialos,_Thessaloniki" title="Anchialos, Thessaloniki">Anchialos</a> to be "rebuilt".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008257–258_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008257–258-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 786, Harun, then the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Caliph">Abbasid Caliph</a>, had made <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a> his residence in order to secure control over the frontier. In 797/798, the Abbasids were said to have reached the Bosphorus again, but agreed to negotiate with the Byzantines due to the threat of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> in the north. Nonetheless, he engaged in a campaign of assiduously strengthening the frontier with new districts and strongholds (<i><a href="/wiki/Al-Awasim" title="Al-Awasim">al-Awasim</a></i>), specifically from <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> through <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Germanikeia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Melitene" class="mw-redirect" title="Melitene">Melitene</a>. There was significant settlement and economic activity in the frontier region by the Abbasids, which was not typical in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. Harun proved to be a capable commander and Irene and her successor <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> struggled to effectively resist his campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008389–390_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008389–390-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ending_iconoclasm">Ending iconoclasm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ending iconoclasm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seventh_ecumenical_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh ecumenical council">Seventh ecumenical council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iren_and_Constantin2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Iren_and_Constantin2.jpg/220px-Iren_and_Constantin2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Iren_and_Constantin2.jpg/330px-Iren_and_Constantin2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Iren_and_Constantin2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>15th century mural depicting Irene and Constantine VI at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Seventh ecumenical council</a> of 787. </figcaption></figure> <p>Irene's most notable act was the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> (images of Christ or the saints). Upon the death of the iconoclast Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Paul_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Paul IV of Constantinople">Paul IV of Constantinople</a>, Irene elevated <a href="/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople" title="Tarasios of Constantinople">Tarasios</a>, one of her partisans and former secretary, to the position of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> in 784. As he was a layman, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a> disapproved of his election. Irene and Tarasios summoned two church councils to solemnize the reversal of imperial policy to iconodulia. The first of these, assembled on 1 August 786 in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, was dispersed by iconoclast <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)"><i>tagmata</i></a> (battalions stationed in the city) who were backed by iconoclast bishops. In autumn, Irene ordered them to respond to an alleged Arab attack in Asia Minor, then reconstituted the <i>tagmata</i> with soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">thematic</a> corps. Tarasios dealt with the episcopal opposition by allowing notoriously iconoclast bishops to retain their positions so long as they made a public admission of error, and also by disguising two eastern monks as envoys of the patriarchs of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, to justify the council's claim to ecumenical status. On 1 October 787, the monks and bishops assembled at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0znik" title="İznik">Nicaea</a>, a symbolic location as the site of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325, to convene the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">seventh ecumenical council</a>, which formally declared the veneration of icons as an article of faith, reuniting the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern church</a> with that of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, which was signified by Adrian I's sending of two <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagarde1915423_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELagarde1915423-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008287–288_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008287–288-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The council determined that the honorary veneration (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">timētikē proskynēsis</i></span></i>) of the holy icons was permitted, and that the true adoration (<i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">alēthinē latreia</i></span></i>) was reserved for God alone. It further stated that the honor paid to the icon eventually passes over to the individual that it represents, thus, veneration of an icon could not be idolatrous as the iconoclasts believed. The iconodule position was not justified by <a href="/wiki/Christological" class="mw-redirect" title="Christological">Christological</a> arguments (as in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hieria" title="Council of Hieria">Council of Hieria</a> of 754), rather, the antiquity of iconodulia and the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation of Christ</a>, which was said to make acceptable the depiction of Christ, were emphasized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolaides201477_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaides201477-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Libri_Carolini" title="Libri Carolini">Libri Carolini</a></i> states that the ruling of the council against iconoclasm led to "civil war" within the Empire, and other ninth-century iconodule sources condemn clergymen and laymen who remained iconoclasts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the council greatly improved relations with the papacy, it did not prevent the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_expedition_to_Calabria_(788/789)" title="Byzantine expedition to Calabria (788/789)">a war with the Franks</a>, who took over <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> in 788. In spite of these reverses, Irene's military efforts met with some success: in 782 her favoured courtier <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(eunuch)" title="Staurakios (eunuch)">Staurakios</a> subdued the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> of the Balkans and laid the foundations of Byzantine expansion and re-Hellenization in the area. Nevertheless, Irene was constantly harried by the Abbasids, and in 782 and 798 had to accept the terms of the respective <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_and_return_to_throne">Fall and return to throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fall and return to throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solidus_Irene_ConstantineVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Solidus_Irene_ConstantineVI.jpg/220px-Solidus_Irene_ConstantineVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Solidus_Irene_ConstantineVI.jpg/330px-Solidus_Irene_ConstantineVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Solidus_Irene_ConstantineVI.jpg/440px-Solidus_Irene_ConstantineVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Gold solidus showing Irene and Constantine VI as co-emperors in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 793–797</span> after Irene's return to the throne. </figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> approached maturity he began to grow restless under the autocratic sway of his mother. In 787, the plans for the marriage of Constantine and <a href="/wiki/Rotrude" title="Rotrude">Rotrude</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, were aborted, and in 788, Irene chose <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Amnia" title="Maria of Amnia">Maria of Amnia</a> as a wife for him, beginning their unhappy marriage. In November 788, Irene suffered losses to the Bulgars and the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_expedition_to_Calabria_(788/789)" title="Byzantine expedition to Calabria (788/789)">expedition to Calabria</a>, weakening her position. Although Constantine had reached the age of majority, Irene continued to administer the affairs of state in his place and was autocratess of the Romans. </p><p>Constantine no longer accepted his secondary status and attempted to free himself by force. He plotted with his supporters, including Peter, a <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">magistros</a></i> and confidant of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a>, against Irene's advisers, especially <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(eunuch)" title="Staurakios (eunuch)">Staurakios</a>, who he planned to exile to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. In early 790, Staurakios discovered the plot and informed Irene, who arrested the plotters, confined Constantine to his quarters and demanded that the army across the Empire take an <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_fidelity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of fidelity">oath of fidelity</a> in her name alone. Irene also tried to convince the army to legitimize her absolute power over the state. The discontent which this caused swelled into open resistance and at first the <a href="/wiki/Armeniacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Armeniacs">Armeniacs</a> refused to swear an oath to Irene alone but rather to Constantine and Irene. She sent the Armenian commander <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Mosele_(general)" title="Alexios Mosele (general)">Alexios Mosele</a> to persuade the Armeniacs, but they instead deposed their <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">stratēgos</a></i> (who was appointed by Irene) and proclaimed Alexios the new <i>stratēgos</i>. When word of this spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, other soldiers followed suit and deposed their commanders, marching into the <a href="/wiki/Opsician_Theme" class="mw-redirect" title="Opsician Theme">Opsician Theme</a> outside Constantinople. Irene was pressured to release Constantine, who was then proclaimed sole ruler in November 790 with the support of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011286–288_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011286–288-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constantine restored his supporters including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lachanodrakon" title="Michael Lachanodrakon">Michael Lachanodrakon</a>, the famed general of Constantine V, and banished Staurakios and another eunuch and adviser to Irene, <a href="/wiki/Aetios_(eunuch)" title="Aetios (eunuch)">Aetios</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Armeniac_Theme" title="Armeniac Theme">Armeniac Theme</a>. He confined Irene to her palace but did not formally depose her. He began a distinct foreign policy from his mother, beginning campaigns against the Bulgars in April 791 and the Arabs in September. In a hollow semblance of friendship, Constantine restored Irene's titles and confirmed her position as ruler in 792, even recalling Staurakios from exile. As a result, the official Irene-Constantine <a href="/wiki/Duumvirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Duumvirate">duumvirate</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011288_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011288-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6284_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6284-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine proved incapable of sound governance, and suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Kardam_of_Bulgaria" title="Kardam of Bulgaria">Kardam of Bulgaria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marcellae" title="Battle of Marcellae">Battle of Marcellae</a> of 792. A plot developed in favor of his uncle, the <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(Caesar)" title="Nikephoros (Caesar)">Nikephoros</a> (son of Constantine V). Following the advice of Irene and Staurakios, Constantine had his uncle's eyes put out and the tongues of his father's four other half-brothers cut off. His former Armeniac supporters revolted after he had blinded their <i><a href="/wiki/Strat%C4%93gos" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratēgos">stratēgos</a></i> Alexios due to alleged involvement in the plot. They also disapproved of Irene's return as co-ruler. Constantine crushed this revolt with extreme cruelty in 793.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutlerHollingsworth1991501–502_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutlerHollingsworth1991501–502-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008259_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008259-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011288–289_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011288–289-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summer 793, Arab raiders captured the important fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Kemah,_Erzincan" title="Kemah, Erzincan">Kamachon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thebasa" title="Thebasa">Thebasa</a> in Asia Minor, however a larger force accompanied by the rebellious former <i>stratēgos</i> of Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Elpidius_(rebel)" title="Elpidius (rebel)">Elpidius</a> retreated due to an early winter in 794, and Constantine defeated an Arab army in 795. Nevertheless, Arab raiders reached <a href="/wiki/Amorion" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorion">Amorion</a> in 796, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malagina" title="Malagina">Malagina</a> in 798 and <a href="/wiki/Ephesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesos">Ephesos</a> in 799. Constantine personally led a force to meet <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Caliph">Abbasid Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 786–809</span>), but was sabotaged by agents of Irene who falsely reported an Arab retreat, prompting Constantine himself to retire. In 796, Constantine partially compensated for his previous losses against the Bulgars by ceasing to pay the tribute extracted after Marcellae and avoiding military defeat thereafter. The Balkan frontier was in general successfully stabilized by the Byzantines in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon289–290_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon289–290-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moechian_controversy_and_conspiracy_to_depose_Constantine_VI">Moechian controversy and conspiracy to depose Constantine VI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Moechian controversy and conspiracy to depose Constantine VI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite their collaboration, rivalry remained between the two co-rulers. Irene's faction also returned, with her powerful eunuch minister Staurakios once again at the helm, they began to take revenge on anyone who had opposed them in the past or present. The <i>moechian</i> controversy (from <i>moicheia</i>, "adultery") was begun in 795, when Constantine forced his wife Maria to enter a convent because she allegedly attempted to poison him. He then married his mistress <a href="/wiki/Theodote_(empress)" title="Theodote (empress)">Theodote</a>, which was technically an act of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople" title="Tarasios of Constantinople">Tarasios of Constantinople</a> only offered a light penance for Constantine and Theodote, which caused monks of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> of Sakkoudion including <a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Stoudite" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore the Stoudite">Theodore the Stoudite</a> to condemn the union and excommunicate Tarasios. Constantine closed the monastery and banished Theodore to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. Theodore was a prestigious and influential figure, so his opposition to Constantine was significant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011290_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011290-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_solidus,_Byzantine,_Irene,_797-802.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gold_solidus%2C_Byzantine%2C_Irene%2C_797-802.jpg/220px-Gold_solidus%2C_Byzantine%2C_Irene%2C_797-802.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gold_solidus%2C_Byzantine%2C_Irene%2C_797-802.jpg/330px-Gold_solidus%2C_Byzantine%2C_Irene%2C_797-802.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gold_solidus%2C_Byzantine%2C_Irene%2C_797-802.jpg/440px-Gold_solidus%2C_Byzantine%2C_Irene%2C_797-802.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Irene was the only sovereign in the history of the Empire to place her image on both sides of imperial coinage, whereas her predecessors featured their ancestors to symbolize dynastic rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008274_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008274-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 797, Irene exploited the controversy to prepare the overthrow of her son. She bribed palace officers to remain neutral and encouraged monastic opposition to the marriage. In August, her agents attempted to capture Constantine as he was travelling by boat from Constantinople to his summer residence. He fled to <a href="/wiki/Pylae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pylae">Pylae</a>, but Irene persuaded her supporters there to capture him. On 19 August, Constantine was blinded and confined to a monastery. It is unknown whether he managed to survive this event.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarasios was reconciled with Theodore, who was made the abbot of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Stoudios" title="Monastery of Stoudios">Monastery of Stoudios</a> and became one of Irene's most loyal supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011291_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011291-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is often asserted that, as monarch, Irene called herself "<i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i>" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">βασιλεύς</span>), "emperor", rather than "<i>basilissa</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">βασίλισσα</span>), "empress", in fact there are only three instances where it can be proven that she used the title "basileus": two legal documents in which she signed herself as "Emperor of the Romans" and a gold coin of hers found in Sicily bearing the title of "basileus". In relation to the coin, the lettering is of poor quality and the attribution to Irene may be problematic. She used the title "basilissa" in all other documents, coins, and seals.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_the_Carolingian_Empire">Relations with the Carolingian Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relations with the Carolingian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors" title="Problem of two emperors">problem of two emperors</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg/200px-Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg/300px-Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg/400px-Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Refusing to recognize Irene's claim to be Roman Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> crowned <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> as <i>Emperor of the Romans</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Irene's unprecedented position as an empress ruling in her own right was emphasized by the coincidental rise of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, which rivaled Irene's Byzantium in size and power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201931–33_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201931–33-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 773, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, annexing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a>, in order to neutralize a threat to his succession in the form of his late brother <a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a>'s wife and sons, who fled to the Lombard court in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> when Charlemagne seized his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also campaigned against the Saxon tribes in northern Germany for more than thirty years, annexing their territory and compelling them to convert to Christianity, and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2019326–327_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019326–327-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>, Charlemagne increasingly modelled his rule after that of the Roman emperors, sponsoring construction programs in conscious imitation of Roman and Byzantine architecture, as well as intellectual and artistic revival in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContreni198459,_63_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198459,_63-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> had reformed the currency and standardized weights, tightening royal control over mints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2009_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2009-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 781, Irene began to seek a closer relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> in Rome, and Charlemagne's conquest of <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> had allowed for renewed relations with the Byzantines. Through the eunuch Elissaeus, Irene negotiated a marriage between her son Constantine and <a href="/wiki/Rotrude" title="Rotrude">Rotrude</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> by his third wife <a href="/wiki/Hildegard,_wife_of_Charlemagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildegard, wife of Charlemagne">Hildegard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time Charlemagne was at war with the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, and would later become the new king of the Franks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irene went as far as to send an official to instruct the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> princess in the "language and literature of the Greeks and [...] in Roman imperial ways", according to Theophanes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2019191_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019191-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Charlemagne's biographer <a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Einhard</a>, he could not bear to lose his daughter and broke off the engagement. However it is also possible that the new Frankish-Byzantine border, along with the oscillating allegiance of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a>, soured relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 787, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Pope Adrian I</a> informed Charlemagne of reports of Byzantine invasion to restore <a href="/wiki/Adalgis" title="Adalgis">Adalgis</a>, the deposed Lombard king, with the support of Benevento, and drive the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> from Italy. The invasion began in 788, but the Duke of Benevento sided with the Franks and defeated the Byzantines in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alcuin_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuin of York">Alcuin of York</a> claimed that 4,000 Byzantines were killed and 1,000 captured, including Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople" title="Tarasios of Constantinople">Tarasios</a>' brother, Sisinnius. The defeat led to a breakdown of Frankish-Byzantine relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008416_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008416-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 798, Irene diplomatically secured the return of Sisinnius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011292_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011292-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 797, Irene once again attempted to normalize relations with the Franks, and a Byzantine legation arrived in the Frankish court in 798. However on Christmas Day, 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a>. The clergy and nobles attending the ceremony proclaimed Charlemagne <i>Augustus</i>. In support of Charlemagne's coronation, some argued that the imperial position was actually vacant, deeming a woman unfit to be emperor; however, Charlemagne made no claim to the Eastern Roman Empire. Whether he actually desired a coronation at all, remains controversial—Einhard related that Charlemagne had been surprised by the Pope—but the Eastern Empire felt its role as the sole <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> threatened and began to emphasize its superiority and its Roman identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2019380–385_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019380–385-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 802, there were reports of a possible Frankish invasion of Sicily, to which Irene responded by sending a legation under the <i><a href="/wiki/Spatharios" title="Spatharios">spatharios</a></i> Leo. However the campaign was abandoned and the Franks resumed marriage negotiations with the Byzantines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between the two empires remained difficult. The coronation was viewed by the Byzantines as merely another Italian usurpation against imperial authority. Rather than opting for a military response, Irene maintained her contacts and endeavored to bring about a marriage between herself and Charlemagne, which was reciprocated to some degree by his court. However as reported by <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>, the scheme was frustrated by <a href="/wiki/Aetios_(eunuch)" title="Aetios (eunuch)">Aetios</a>, eunuch and favorite of Irene, who was attempting to usurp her on behalf of his brother Leo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199989_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199989-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discussions proved fruitless by the time Irene was overthrown, and Charlemagne remained resolute in his imperial ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008417_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008417-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarcofago_Irene_d%27Atene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sarcofago_Irene_d%27Atene.jpg/230px-Sarcofago_Irene_d%27Atene.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sarcofago_Irene_d%27Atene.jpg/345px-Sarcofago_Irene_d%27Atene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sarcofago_Irene_d%27Atene.jpg/460px-Sarcofago_Irene_d%27Atene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Presumed sarcophagus of Empress Irene, currently in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In her four-and-a-half years of sole rule (797–802), Irene renewed diplomatic contact with the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and negotiated a tribute to <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> to cease hostilities, but also brutally crushed rebellions against her rule, blinding four of Constantine V's five sons. Irene's rule was popular due to her financial concessions, but weakened by factionalism, notably between two of her eunuch advisers, Staurakios and <a href="/wiki/Aetios_(eunuch)" title="Aetios (eunuch)">Aetios</a>. In 800, Aetios accused Staurakios of plotting against Irene, but he died before the matter was resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293–294_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293–294-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 802, officers led by the minister of finance (<i><a href="/wiki/Logothet%C4%93s_tou_genikou" class="mw-redirect" title="Logothetēs tou genikou">logothetēs tou genikou</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros</a> deposed Irene. They were motivated both by Irene's financial laxity and benevolent tax policy as well as by the implications of a marriage alliance with the Franks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293–294_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293–294-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008278_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008278-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 October, Nikephoros was crowned "Nikephoros I" by Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople" title="Tarasios of Constantinople">Tarasios of Constantinople</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>. Irene was initially exiled to the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkada" title="Büyükada">Prinkipo</a>, but was suspected of plotting with Aetios, and was soon banished to <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293–294_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293–294-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where she supported herself by spinning <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in Lesbos the following year, on 9 August 803; her remains were later moved to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021324_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2021324-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Assessment and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irene's reign represents the decline of the Isaurian dynasty. The legacy of the first and greatest Isaurian emperors, <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a>, was the rescue of the Empire from destruction at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, while Irene's reign saw increasing losses and threat of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008254_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008254-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her character also departs significantly from her Isaurian predecessors, who were typically warlike, just and <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a>. She contradicted them in the blinding of her son, abolishing of iconoclasm and military weakness. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">tagmata</a></i>, old guard units stationed in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> who surrounded the emperor on the battlefield, were supported by Constantine V but demoted and reconstituted by Irene for frustrating the meeting of the iconodule council in 786. She elevated <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Eunuchs in the Byzantine Empire">eunuchs</a> to power against the imperial administration, one of the most significant of whom was <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(eunuch)" title="Staurakios (eunuch)">Staurakios</a>. In contrast, Constantine V supported the imperial office, which proved resilient to the political and military crises of the eighth century. It was Irene's financial laxity and benevolent tax policy that led to the palace coup by the minister of the treasury, <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros</a>, in 802, which was witnessed by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s ambassadors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008267,_277–278_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008267,_277–278-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008399_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008399-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A female relative of Irene, <a href="/wiki/Theophano,_wife_of_Staurakios" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophano, wife of Staurakios">Theophano</a>, was chosen by Nikephoros (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 802–811</span>) as the bride of his son and heir <a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011359_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011359-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Irene was an iconodule, <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a>, one of the few major primary sources of the eighth century, depicts her very unsympathetically due to his dislike of the involvement of women in imperial matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth2008125_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2008125-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Irene's zeal in restoring the icons and <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> made <a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a> praise her as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also commended her for ending the Isaurian policy of demanding payments from soldiers' widows as compensation for the loss of military personnel, in order for their households to continue receiving tax exemptions and a pension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011745_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011745-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008269_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008269-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is listed in some Byzantine Catholic and Eastern Orthodox sources as a saint commemorated on 7 August, but her name is not found in the <a href="/wiki/Menaion" title="Menaion">Menaion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard" title="H. Rider Haggard">H. Rider Haggard</a> incorporated Irene as a villain in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wanderer%27s_Necklace" title="The Wanderer's Necklace">The Wanderer's Necklace</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Greek pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[sarandaˈpixena]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i> gives her birth date as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 752,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is not corroborated by contemporary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBW[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD23F09htm_Eirene_1]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBW[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD23F09htm_Eirene_1]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPMBZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12537html_Eirene_(#1439/corr.)]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPMBZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12537html_Eirene_(#1439/corr.)]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Ecloga</i> issued by <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a> established the minimum age of marriage at 15 for men and 13 for women.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her marriage took place in 769, so she was born in 756 at the latest. On the other hand, Leo IV was 19 years old at the time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i> gives 19 April,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1008_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is a mistake. <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a> writes: "[They] <i>reached the City on Saturday morning, 15 August</i>." The 15th was Tuesday, so the correct date would be August 19.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6289_(n._8–10)_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6289_(n._8–10)-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2021824-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021824_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021824_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2021">Turner 2021</a>, p. 824.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199976–80-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199976–80_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 76–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199983-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199983_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199990-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199990_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaragianni2013">Karagianni 2013</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1008-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1008_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1008_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBW[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD23F09htm_Eirene_1]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBW[httpwwwpbekclacukdataD23F09htm_Eirene_1]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPBW">PBW</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbe.kcl.ac.uk/data/D23/F09.htm">Eirene 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPMBZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12537html_Eirene_(#1439/corr.)]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPMBZ[httpswwwdegruytercomdatabasePMBZentryPMBZ12537html_Eirene_(#1439/corr.)]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPMBZ">PMBZ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/database/PMBZ/entry/PMBZ12537/html">Eirene (#1439/corr.)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNikolaou2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nikolaou, Katerina (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/bchmc/285">"The Byzantines between Civil and Sacramental Marriage"</a>. <i>Bulletin de correspondance hellénique moderne et contemporain</i>. <b>1</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbchmc.285">10.4000/bchmc.285</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213898030">213898030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+correspondance+hell%C3%A9nique+moderne+et+contemporain&rft.atitle=The+Byzantines+between+Civil+and+Sacramental+Marriage&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbchmc.285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213898030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nikolaou&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fbchmc%2F285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200455-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200455_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrin2004">Herrin 2004</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin2004113-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin2004113_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrin2004">Herrin 2004</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200456-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200456_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrin2004">Herrin 2004</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavids2002112-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavids2002112_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavids2002">Davids 2002</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200456,_70-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200456,_70_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrin2004">Herrin 2004</a>, pp. 56, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312–13-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312–13_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201312–13_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaragianni2013">Karagianni 2013</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200455–57-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200455–57_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrin2004">Herrin 2004</a>, pp. 55–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2021823-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021823_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021823_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021823_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2021">Turner 2021</a>, p. 823.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199973–74-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973–74_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199973–74_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrin200451–52-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200451–52_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrin200451–52_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrin2004">Herrin 2004</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6261-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6261_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheophanes">Theophanes</a>, AM 6261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6262-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6262_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheophanes">Theophanes</a>, AM 6262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199974-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201313-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaragianni201313_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaragianni2013">Karagianni 2013</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199974–75-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199974–75_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6273-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6273_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheophanes">Theophanes</a>, AM 6273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199975–76-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199975–76_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199976-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199976_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199976_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199976_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199976_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2008462-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2008462_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2008">Brown 2008</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008388-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008388_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaegi2008">Kaegi 2008</a>, p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008257–258-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008257–258_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuzépy2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, pp. 257–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008389–390-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi2008389–390_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaegi2008">Kaegi 2008</a>, pp. 389–390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELagarde1915423-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELagarde1915423_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagarde1915">Lagarde 1915</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008287–288-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008287–288_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuzépy2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, pp. 287–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolaides201477-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolaides201477_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolaides2014">Nicolaides 2014</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008288_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuzépy2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011286–288-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011286–288_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011">Brubaker & Haldon 2011</a>, pp. 286–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011288-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011288_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011">Brubaker & Haldon 2011</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6284-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6284_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheophanes">Theophanes</a>, AM 6284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECutlerHollingsworth1991501–502-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutlerHollingsworth1991501–502_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCutlerHollingsworth1991">Cutler & Hollingsworth 1991</a>, pp. 501–502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008259-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008259_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuzépy2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011288–289-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011288–289_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011">Brubaker & Haldon 2011</a>, pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon289–290-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon289–290_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon">Brubaker & Haldon</a>, pp. 289–290.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrubakerHaldon (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011290-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011290_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011">Brubaker & Haldon 2011</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008274-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008274_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuzépy2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6289_(n._8–10)-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheophanesAM_6289_(n._8–10)_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheophanes">Theophanes</a>, AM 6289 (n. 8–10).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011291-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011291_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011">Brubaker & Haldon 2011</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liz James, "Men, Women, Eunuchs: Gender, Sex, and Power" in <i>A Social History of Byzantium</i> (J. Haldon, ed.) pp. 45, 46; published 2009; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3241-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3241-1">978-1-4051-3241-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201931–33-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson201931–33_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 31–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008415_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2008">McCormick 2008</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019326–327-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2019326–327_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198459,_63-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContreni198459,_63_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFContreni1984">Contreni 1984</a>, pp. 59, 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2009-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2009_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen2009">Allen 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019191-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2019191_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008416-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008416_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2008">McCormick 2008</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011292-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011292_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011">Brubaker & Haldon 2011</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019380–385-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2019380–385_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2019">Nelson 2019</a>, pp. 380–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011">Brubaker & Haldon 2011</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland199989-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland199989_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland1999">Garland 1999</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008417-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008417_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2008">McCormick 2008</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyndikusRogge2013" class="citation book cs1">Syndikus, Candida; Rogge, Sabine (2013). <i>Caterina Cornaro, Last Queen of Cyprus and Daughter of Venice Ultima Regina Di Cipro E Figlia Di Venezia</i>. Waxmann Verlag. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783830979074" title="Special:BookSources/9783830979074"><bdi>9783830979074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caterina+Cornaro%2C+Last+Queen+of+Cyprus+and+Daughter+of+Venice+Ultima+Regina+Di+Cipro+E+Figlia+Di+Venezia&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Waxmann+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783830979074&rft.aulast=Syndikus&rft.aufirst=Candida&rft.au=Rogge%2C+Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293–294-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293–294_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293–294_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011293–294_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011">Brubaker & Haldon 2011</a>, pp. 293–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008278-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008278_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuzépy2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2021324-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2021324_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2021">Turner 2021</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEODB1008–1009_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFODB">ODB</a>, p. 1008–1009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008254-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008254_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuzépy2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008267,_277–278-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008267,_277–278_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuzépy2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, pp. 267, 277–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008399-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick2008399_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick2008">McCormick 2008</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011359-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011359_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011">Brubaker & Haldon 2011</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELouth2008125-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouth2008125_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLouth2008">Louth 2008</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Theodori Studitae Epistulae</i>, Volume 2 (Berlin, 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011745-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakerHaldon2011745_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011">Brubaker & Haldon 2011</a>, p. 745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008269-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuzépy2008269_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAuzépy2008">Auzépy 2008</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHieromonk_Makarios_of_Simonos_Petra2008" class="citation book cs1">Hieromonk Makarios of Simonos Petra (2008). <i>"The Synaxarion: The Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church," Volume Six</i>. Ormylia, Chalkidiki, Greece: Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady. pp. 403–04. <q>[Irene's] commemoration is . . . to be found in some manuscripts of the "Synaxarion of Constantinople.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Synaxarion%3A+The+Lives+of+the+Saints+of+the+Orthodox+Church%2C%22+Volume+Six&rft.place=Ormylia%2C+Chalkidiki%2C+Greece&rft.pages=403-04&rft.pub=Holy+Convent+of+the+Annunciation+of+Our+Lady&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Hieromonk+Makarios+of+Simonos+Petra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel D. McGarry, Sarah Harriman White (1963). <i>Historical Fiction Guide: Annotated Chronological, Geographical, and Topical List of Five Thousand Selected Historical Novels</i>. Scarecrow Press, p. 58.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Primary sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophanes" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a> (1997) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 820]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicle-of-theophanes-the-confessor"><i>Chronographia</i></a>. Translated by Mango, Cyril. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198225683" title="Special:BookSources/9780198225683"><bdi>9780198225683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronographia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780198225683&rft.au=Theophanes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicle-of-theophanes-the-confessor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Modern sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2009" class="citation cs2">Allen, Larry (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4kgDkYxGrcC&pg=PA59">"Carolingian Reform"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4kgDkYxGrcC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Money</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Sta. Barbara</a>: ABC Clio, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4kgDkYxGrcC&pg=PA59">59–60</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-251-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-251-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-251-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carolingian+Reform&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Money&rft.place=Sta.+Barbara&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=ABC+Clio&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-251-7&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX4kgDkYxGrcC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuzépy2008" class="citation book cs1">Auzépy, Marie-France (2008). "State of emergency (700–850)". In Shepard, Jonathan (ed.). <i>The Cambridge history of the Byzantine Empire (c. 500–1492)</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83231-1"><bdi>978-0-521-83231-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+of+emergency+%28700%E2%80%93850%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+%28c.+500%E2%80%931492%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83231-1&rft.aulast=Auz%C3%A9py&rft.aufirst=Marie-France&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Barbe, Dominique (1990). <i>Irène de Byzance: La femme empereur</i>. Paris.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2008" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Thomas S. (2008). "Byzantine Italy (680–876)". In Shepard, Jonathan (ed.). <i>The Cambridge history of the Byzantine Empire (c. 500–1492)</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83231-1"><bdi>978-0-521-83231-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Italy+%28680%E2%80%93876%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+%28c.+500%E2%80%931492%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83231-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2011" class="citation book cs1">Brubaker, Leslie; Haldon, John (2011). <i>Byzantium in the iconoclast era, c. 680–850</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43093-7"><bdi>978-0-521-43093-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+in+the+iconoclast+era%2C+c.+680%E2%80%93850&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43093-7&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft.au=Haldon%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContreni1984" class="citation cs2">Contreni, John G. (1984), "The Carolingian Renaissance", <i>Renaissances before the Renaissance: cultural revivals of late antiquity and the Middle Ages</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Carolingian+Renaissance&rft.btitle=Renaissances+before+the+Renaissance%3A+cultural+revivals+of+late+antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Contreni&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavids2002" class="citation book cs1">Davids, Adelbert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Nf-GHTgnEC&q=%22Theophano+%281%29%22+&pg=RA1-PA112"><i>The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52467-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52467-4"><bdi>978-0-521-52467-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empress+Theophano%3A+Byzantium+and+the+West+at+the+Turn+of+the+First+Millennium&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52467-4&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=Adelbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9Nf-GHTgnEC%26q%3D%2522Theophano%2B%25281%2529%2522%2B%26pg%3DRA1-PA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Irene" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Irene">Irene <i>s.v.</i> Irene (752–803)</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 792.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irene+s.v.+Irene+%28752%E2%80%93803%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=792&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrene+of+Athens" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutlerHollingsworth1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cutler, Anthony; Hollingsworth, Paul A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-oxfrod-dictionary-of-byzantium-vol.-1-oup-1991/The%20Oxfrod%20Dictionary%20of%20Byzantium_Vol.%201_OUP_1991/page/499/mode/1up">"Constantine VI"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. 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Murray.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_of_Athens&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Irene of Athens </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Isaurian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 752</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 9 August 803</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine empress-regnant</a> </b><br />19 August 797 – 31 October 802 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF">Royal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eudokia,_wife_of_Constantine_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudokia, wife of Constantine V">Eudokia</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_Empresses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Byzantine Empresses">Byzantine empress-consort</a> </b><br />775–780 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Amnia" title="Maria of Amnia">Maria of Amnia</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_empresses" title="Template:Roman empresses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_empresses" title="Template talk:Roman empresses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_empresses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman empresses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Roman and Byzantine</a> empresses</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia_Orestilla" title="Livia Orestilla">Livia Orestilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollia_Paulina" title="Lollia Paulina">Lollia Paulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milonia_Caesonia" title="Milonia Caesonia">Milonia Caesonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppaea_Sabina" title="Poppaea Sabina">Poppaea Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statilia_Messalina" title="Statilia Messalina">Statilia Messalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Fundana" title="Galeria Fundana">Galeria Fundana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Longina" title="Domitia Longina">Domitia Longina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruttia_Crispina" title="Bruttia Crispina">Bruttia Crispina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Titiana" title="Flavia Titiana">Flavia Titiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlia_Scantilla" title="Manlia Scantilla">Manlia Scantilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallustia_Orbiana" title="Sallustia Orbiana">Sallustia Orbiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–285</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caecilia_Paulina" title="Caecilia Paulina">Caecilia Paulina</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillina" title="Tranquillina">Tranquillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Otacilia_Severa" title="Marcia Otacilia Severa">Marcia Otacilia Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herennia_Etruscilla" title="Herennia Etruscilla">Herennia Etruscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Supera" title="Cornelia Supera">Cornelia Supera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Salonina" title="Cornelia Salonina">Cornelia Salonina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Severina" title="Ulpia Severina">Ulpia Severina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnia_Urbica" title="Magnia Urbica">Magnia Urbica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisca_(empress)" title="Prisca (empress)">Prisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropia" title="Eutropia">Eutropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Valeria" title="Galeria Valeria">Galeria Valeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Maximiana_Theodora" title="Flavia Maximiana Theodora">Flavia Maximiana Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minervina" title="Minervina">Minervina</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta" title="Fausta">Fausta</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Maximilla" title="Valeria Maximilla">Valeria Maximilla</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Julia_Constantia" title="Flavia Julia Constantia">Flavia Julia Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebia_(empress)" title="Eusebia (empress)">Eusebia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_(wife_of_Constantius_II)" title="Faustina (wife of Constantius II)">Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(wife_of_Julian)" title="Helena (wife of Julian)">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charito" title="Charito">Charito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnica" title="Domnica">Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantia_(wife_of_Gratian)" title="Constantia (wife of Gratian)">Constantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laeta" title="Laeta">Laeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Flaccilla" title="Aelia Flaccilla">Aelia Flaccilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(empress)" title="Maria (empress)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermantia" title="Thermantia">Thermantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla_Placidia" title="Galla Placidia">Galla Placidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Licinia Eudoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Euphemia" title="Marcia Euphemia">Marcia Euphemia</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Placidia" title="Placidia">Placidia</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos%27s_wife" title="Julius Nepos's wife">Julius Nepos's wife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–610</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia" title="Aelia Eudoxia">Aelia Eudoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudocia" title="Aelia Eudocia">Aelia Eudocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulcheria" title="Pulcheria">Pulcheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verina" title="Verina">Verina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(empress)" title="Ariadne (empress)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenonis" title="Zenonis">Zenonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_(empress)" title="Euphemia (empress)">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Justinian_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Justinian I)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(empress)" title="Sophia (empress)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ino_Anastasia" title="Ino Anastasia">Ino Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantina_(empress)" title="Constantina (empress)">Constantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontia" title="Leontia">Leontia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />610–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabia_Eudokia" title="Fabia Eudokia">Fabia Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_(empress)" title="Martina (empress)">Martina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregoria" title="Gregoria">Gregoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausta_(wife_of_Constans_II)" title="Fausta (wife of Constans II)">Fausta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(wife_of_Constantine_IV)" title="Anastasia (wife of Constantine IV)">Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Justinian_II)" title="Eudokia (wife of Justinian II)">Eudokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Khazaria" title="Theodora of Khazaria">Theodora of Khazaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Leo_III)" title="Maria (wife of Leo III)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzak" title="Tzitzak">Tzitzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Maria (wife of Constantine V)">Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_(wife_of_Constantine_V)" title="Eudokia (wife of Constantine V)">Eudokia</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Anna_(wife_of_Artabasdos)" title="Anna (wife of Artabasdos)">Anna</a></u></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Irene</b> of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Amnia" title="Maria of Amnia">Maria of Amnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodote_(empress)" title="Theodote (empress)">Theodote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_of_Athens" title="Theophano of Athens">Theophano of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokopia" title="Prokopia">Prokopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosia_(wife_of_Leo_V)" title="Theodosia (wife of Leo V)">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(wife_of_Michael_II)" title="Thekla (wife of Michael II)">Thekla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_(9th_century)" title="Euphrosyne (9th century)">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Dekapolitissa" title="Eudokia Dekapolitissa">Eudokia Dekapolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ingerina" title="Eudokia Ingerina">Eudokia Ingerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_Martinakia" title="Theophano Martinakia">Theophano Martinakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Zaoutzaina" title="Zoe Zaoutzaina">Zoe Zaoutzaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Ba%C3%AFana" title="Eudokia Baïana">Eudokia Baïana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Karbonopsina" title="Zoe Karbonopsina">Zoe Karbonopsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Lekapene" title="Helena Lekapene">Helena Lekapene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Romanos_I)" title="Theodora (wife of Romanos I)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophano_(born_Anastaso)" title="Theophano (born Anastaso)">Theophano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(daughter_of_Constantine_VII)" title="Theodora (daughter of Constantine VII)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(daughter_of_Alypius)" title="Helena (daughter of Alypius)">Helena</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoë</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bulgaria" title="Catherine of Bulgaria">Catherine of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria of Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Doukaina" title="Irene Doukaina">Irene Doukaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Hungary" title="Irene of Hungary">Irene of Hungary</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Dobrodeia_of_Kiev" title="Dobrodeia of Kiev">Dobrodeia of Kiev</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Sulzbach" title="Bertha of Sulzbach">Bertha of Sulzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Byzantine_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of France, Byzantine Empress">Agnes of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Hungary" title="Margaret of Hungary">Margaret of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_Doukaina_Kamatera" title="Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera">Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Angelina" title="Eudokia Angelina">Eudokia Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Angelina" title="Anna Komnene Angelina">Anna Komnene Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Armenia" title="Philippa of Armenia">Philippa of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Courtenay" title="Maria of Courtenay">Maria of Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Laskarina" title="Irene Laskarina">Irene Laskarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hohenstaufen" title="Anna of Hohenstaufen">Anna of Hohenstaufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Asenina_of_Bulgaria" title="Elena Asenina of Bulgaria">Elena Asenina of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Theodora Palaiologina</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hungary_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Anna of Hungary (Byzantine empress)">Anna of Hungary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_of_Armenia" title="Rita of Armenia">Rita of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Brunswick" title="Irene of Brunswick">Irene of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Kantakouzene" title="Helena Kantakouzene">Helena Kantakouzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Asanina" title="Irene Asanina">Irene Asanina</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Irene Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)">Irene Palaiologina</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratsa_of_Bulgaria" title="Keratsa of Bulgaria">Keratsa of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Gattilusio" title="Irene Gattilusio">Irene Gattilusio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Draga%C5%A1" title="Helena Dragaš">Helena Dragaš</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Moscow" title="Anna of Moscow">Anna of Moscow</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Montferrat" title="Sophia of Montferrat">Sophia of Montferrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene_(daughter_of_Alexios_IV)" title="Maria Komnene (daughter of Alexios IV)">Maria of Trebizond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates a consort to a junior co-emperor, <u>underlining</u> indicates a consort to an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper, and <b>bold</b> incidates an empress regnant.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206737#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206737#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span 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